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  • Articles  (67)
  • 07.65  (33)
  • 85.30  (32)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Springer  (67)
  • 1980-1984  (67)
  • Physics  (67)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The application of laser deceleration and monochromatization of atoms in the schemes of single atom fluorescent detection is examined. The analysis performed shows that the use of resonant-light pressure in experiments with atomic beams enables one to obtain an ultimate value of detection selectivity that ranges from 1013 to 1016.
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  • 2
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66 ; 85.30 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The gettering efficiency for Au induced by Ne+ and Ar+ implantation has been studied. The depth distribution of gettered Au as a function of annealing temperature and dose of implanted Ne+ and Ar+ ions are presented. The experiment shows that the maximum efficiency of gettering occurs when the implantation doses are comparable with amorphization dose.
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  • 3
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    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 175-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the design and development of an amorphous silicon (a-Si) image sensing element that combines the excellent photo-conductive properties ofa-Si with the proven switching performance ofa-Si field effect transistor (FET) devices. In the present design the switching element is fabricated on top of the photoconductor, making possible an imaging element that is compact, and capable of being produced in linear or two-dimensional arrays. The output current of an integrated elementary device varies from about 10 ΜA at a white light intensity of 1017 photons s−1 cm−2 to about 10 nA at 1013 photons s−1 cm−2. This large dynamic range, providing an excellent grey scale, can be achieved with read-times of about 20 Μs.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of mobile space charge on avalanche zone width and conversion efficiency of single drift region (SDR) indium phosphide impatts at 12 and 60 GHz has been investigated. The results show thatp +nn+ InP diodes have a narrower avalanche zone and a higher conversion efficiency compared ton +pp+ diodes for both the frequencies at normal operating current densities. The expansion of avalanche zone and efficiency degradation at high current levels are more pronounced inp +nn+ at 12 GHz and inn +pp+ at 60 GHz.
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  • 5
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A current oscillation phenomenon in SOGICON type Si device fabricated by the use of a planar process is studied. The oscillation is generated in the region between anode and notch which is located at the center on the sample. A considerably high electric field is observed in the notch region. Considering the hot-electron effect due to the high electric field, the mechanism underlying the current oscillation is discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: H+-ATPase complex ; assembly defect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondrial biogenesis ; membrane association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the extent to which the assembly of the cytoplasmically synthesized subunits of the H+-ATPase can proceed in a mtDNA-less (rho°) strain of yeast, which is not capable of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Three of the membrane sector proteins of the yeast H+-ATPase are synthesized in the mitochondria, and it is important to determine whether the presence of these subunits is essential for the assembly of the imported subunits to the inner mitochondrial membrane. A monoclonal antibody against the cytoplasmically synthesized β-subunit of the H+-ATPase was used to immunoprecipitate the assembled subunits of the enzyme complex. Our results indicate that the imported subunits of the H+-ATPase can be assembled in this mutant, into a defective complex which could be shown to be associated with the mitochondrial membrane by the analysis of the Arrhenius kinetics of the mutant mitochondrial ATPase activity.
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  • 7
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 34 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The sensitivity of laser spectroscopy on barium ions stored in a radio frequency quadrupole trap was drastically increased by using hydrogen for quenching the optically pumped metastable states. The attained fluorescence intensity per ion permits the detection of single ions. The method will be applied to environmental studies on actinides.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 06 ; 07.60 ; 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a new and highly effective optical frequency discriminator and laser stabilization system based on signals reflected from a stable Fabry-Perot reference interferometer. High sensitivity for detection of resonance information is achieved by optical heterodyne detection with sidebands produced by rf phase modulation. Physical, optical, and electronic aspects of this discriminator/laser frequency stabilization system are considered in detail. We show that a high-speed domain exists in which the system responds to the phase (rather than frequency) change of the laser; thus with suitable design the servo loop bandwidth is not limited by the cavity response time. We report diagnostic experiments in which a dye laser and gas laser were independently locked to one stable cavity. Because of the precautions employed, the observed sub-100 Hz beat line width shows that the lasers were this stable. Applications of this system of laser stabilization include precision laser spectroscopy and interferometric gravity-wave detectors.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy is a new method of optical heterodyne spectroscopy capable of sensitive and rapid measurement of the absorption or dispersion associated with narrow spectral features. The absorption or dispersion is measured by detecting the heterodyne beat signal that occurs when the FM optical spectrum of the probe wave is distorted by the spectral feature of interest. A short historical perspective and survey of the FM spectroscopy work performed to date is presented. Expressions describing the nature of the beat signal are derived. Theoretical lineshapes for a variety of experimental conditions are given. A signal-to-noise analysis is carried out to determine the ultimate sensitivity limits.
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  • 10
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 15-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 35 ; 07.65 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An absorption method which permits time-selective measurements at different wavelengths has been developed in order to explore magnetic field effects on photoinduced electron transfer reactions in linked and unlinked donor-acceptor systems.
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  • 11
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some new experimental data on the time development of ultrashort superfluorescence (SF) in the dye solution are presented. The correlation between temporal behaviour change and the change of the spectral and spatial intensity distribution gives direct evidence of the important role of the selffocusing phenomenon in the formation of the ultrashort SF pulse synchronized with the pumping one. The oriental relaxation of solvent molecules in the dye solution not only influences the duration of the dye SF via the selffocusing mechanism but also causes a temporal change of spontaneous emission spectrum. At least two different relaxation times were found in the fluorescence spectrum of the dye in several polar solutions.
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  • 12
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 93-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.40 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new experimental method for measuring the optical anisotropy induced at photochemical reactions is proposed. The method is based on polarization holography and is a zero-background high sensitive technique. It is used to measure the molecular dichroism of fluorescein and the birefrigence induced at the additional photopolymerization of PMMA.
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  • 13
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 61.80 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with the effect ofγ-radiation from a Co60 source on the electronic properties of amorphous silicon field effect transistors. These thin film devices, deposited by the glow discharge technique, are being developed for addressable liquid crystal displays, logic circuits and other applications. 1 Mrad (Si) and 5 Mrad (Si) doses were used and the transistors were held at gate voltages between −8V and +8V during irradiation. Measurements on irradiated specimens showed shifts in threshold voltage of less than 3 V and a change in transconductance below 10%, both of which could be removed by annealing above 130 °C. These results are compared with presently available “radiation hardened” crystalline silicon device structures and it is concluded that in spite of the thicker gate insulation layer (0.3 μm of silicon nitride) of the amorphous devices, the latter are remarkably radiation tolerant, with little degradation in performance. Measurements on irradiatedα-Si films deposited on glass show pronounced conductivity changes, not observed in the transistors. It is suggested that these effects arise at the Si/glass interface, and are prevented by the presence of the silicon nitride film in the devices.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments aimed at improving the performance of amorphous silicon field effect transistors has been carried out. The dc and dynamic characteristics of the optimised devices are described. Stable devices capable of ON-currents of the order of 100 μA with OFF-currents ≃10−11 A can be fabricated which could, in principle, be used to address more than 1000 lines of a liquid crystal display. The properties of the highly conducting ON-state channel have also been studied. The field effect mobility, 0.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature, has an activation energy of 0.1 eV at the higher gate voltages. The possible reasons for the improvement in performance over earlier devices are discussed.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An extensive analysis of the substitutional dopant diffusion phenomena in silicon during oxidation is presented. The analysis covers qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of the oxidation-enhanced and -retarded diffusion (OED and ORD) phenomena, and examines three different possible assumptions that can be made on the nature of the silicon thermal equilibrium point defect species: silicon self-interstitials (I) only, vacancies (V) only, coexistence of I and V. The only consistent way to interpret all properly documented OED/ORD data is to assume that I and V coexist under oxidation as well as under thermal equilibrium conditions at high temperatures.
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  • 16
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 85.30 ; 71.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Deep-level transient spectroscopy has been used to investigate the defects remaining in ion implantedp-n junctions in silicon after various pulsed annealing techniques, including ruby and YAG lasers as well as pulsed electron beams (PEBA). The nature and distribution of the various identified levels are discussed for each procedure as a function of various experimental parameters.
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  • 17
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 183-185 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 85.30 ; 71.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The N2, O2, H2O, and CO2 molecules that have condensed on the surface of a pyroelectric tourmaline crystal were degassed successively by means of electron bombardment. The temperature dependence of the electrostatic field strength on the specimen surface was observed by electron diffraction; it decreased as the degassing advanced. The tourmaline surface behaved as a gas Chromatographic adsorbent.
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  • 18
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To use the sensitivity and the measurement accuracy of the optothermal detector (OT) better for linear absorption detection, a theory of the signal behaviour, worth for the most important range of application, is developed and compared with experimental data. By means of the example of CO2-laser light absorption by ammonia, containing two different nitrogen isotopes, the possibility of correcting measured values to get more exact information of the absorption behaviour is shown. The limits of error, as well as the reproducibility of the measurments could be kept in a range of about 1%.
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  • 19
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 06 ; 35 ; 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The space-time properties of the correlator of the light intensities scattered from resonant atoms are studied. It is shown that in measuring such a correlator by the method of optical shifts, an appreciable contribution appears from the anomalous correlator of the scattered field amplitudes. It is simple to observe this correlator in the field of a standing wave by measuring the correlation of oppositely scattered rays. The spectral and polarization properties of such a correlator are studied. Its investigation is of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy because it allows information to be obtained on the natural width of a line in conditions of strong Doppler broadening. It is important to stress that this is possible in a linear approximation with respect to the strength of the external field in contrast to the methods of laser spectroscopy based on nonlinear effects.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 36 ; 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A supersonic molecular beam, pulsed laser and time-of-flight mass spectrometer are arranged together in order to study photo- and auto-ionization, two-photon-ionization and fragmentation processes of alkali clusters as a function of the laser wavelength. In spite of an unfavourable duty cycle, however, the apparatus reaches a considerably higher sensitivity than cw experiments. Alkali clustersM n (n≲21) have been observed and investigated. The well resolved TOF mass spectra are commonly accompanied by significant and broad signals of metastable ions, a phenomenon which cannot be observed by quadrupole mass spectrometry. ParticlesM n (n≲4) have been investigated by twophoton ionization using two different laser wavelengths. Several new electronic transitions for Na3 are found; commonly, however, the excitation and ionization channels are accompanied by strong fragmentation processes. The fragment patterns are very sensitively dependent upon the laser wavelength even when working near the ionization threshold. The results are a strong indication, that the peak intensities of cluster mass spectra cannot easily be related to the intensity distribution of the neutral cluster beam.
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  • 22
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is described to confine ions, created externally and accelerated to some energy, in an rf quadrupole trap. 4 keV Ba+ ions were stopped on a Ni foil, placed in an aperture of one trap electrode. The Ba then was evaporated from the heated foil and ionized by electron impact. At background pressure of about 10−5 mbar of various light buffer gases (He, H2, N2), the trap was filled once with 105 ions, at a minimum primary ion number of 1010. The storage time was 10 min. From the data obtained the possibility of spectroseopic experiments on rare isotopes, created with accelerators or nuclear reactors, is discussed.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 25
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.80 ; 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A sub-Doppler spectroscopic technique involving the detection of vibrational energy transfer in excited molecules with selected velocity components at a microphone diaphragm is demonstrated. The technique is applied to the investigation of thev 3 R(16) transition in HCN and the results compared with a previously derived theoretical model.
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  • 26
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.60 ; 07.65 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A sync-pumped cw dye laser system has been used to produce subpicosecond pulses. Pulses as short as 0.7 ps, assuming a single-sided exponential pulse shape, were observed. A set of experiments was performed to investigate the origin and effects of noise in the sync-pumped system. A digital and an analog feedback loop have been designed to optimize the pulse width. The noise has been lowered by 10 dB for frequencies up to 10 kHz; long-term drift is also controlled by this method. A four-stage dye laser amplifier, pumped by a Nd:YAG laser which operates at a 10-Hz repetition rate, is synchronized electronically to the dye-laser picosecond pulses. A gain of 3×106 has been achieved.
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  • 27
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The minimum absorption detectable by a tunable diode laser spectrometer utilising harmonic techniques is often limited by interference fringes generated by scattered light. The sensitivity of the spectrometer to absorption can be increased by applying a jitter modulation. In this paper, the theory of harmonic response for single- and two-tone modulation over optical fringes and Lorentzian absorption lines is developed and compared to experimental measurements. A simple analytic expression for the two-tone harmonic line shape is derived. This expression provides a physical understanding of the effects of the second modulation, and a means to unravel the effects of the second modulation on the linewidth and line shape. For a specific choice of the jitter frequency and phase, it is possible to simultaneously minimise the fringe signal and increase the harmonic absorption signal. The results of this investigation are applicable to trace gas detection using tunable diode lasers, and to other areas of spectroscopy and magnetic resonance where harmonic techniques are used.
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  • 28
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 34 ; 35 ; 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The population lifetimes of the symmetric CH2-stretching mode of several methylene halides were measured after infrared excitation by spontaneous anti-Stokes Raman scattering of delayed picosecond probe pulses. Data ranging from 6.5 to 45 ps are reported. The results give evidence for vibrational energy transfer via anharmonic coupling to neighbouring vibrational combination bands and overtones.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photovoltaicp-n junctions inn-type Pb1−xMn x Sx≦0.04, have been made by sulphur diffusion. Current-voltage and resistance-voltage characteristics have been examined at various temperatures. The spectral responses of the diodes have been measured within the temperature range from 5 to 300 K at a zero bias. From these measurements the energy band gap of Pb1−x Mn x S solid solution has been determined as a function of temperature and manganese content. A phenomenological expression describing the variation of the energy gap of Pb1−x Mn x S with temperature and alloy composition has been proposed.
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  • 30
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 HJ ; 73.60 F ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Carrier heating is shown to be responsible for unusualI(V) characteristics observed in small-sizep + nn + silicon on sapphire (SOS) devices. The classical quadratic law of the “semiconductor” regime becomes linear for high fields. The influence of dimensions and doping is experimentally checked and a model, based on the regional approximation method, is proposed. The key role is assumed by the hot-carrier region, growing from the cathode, where the electron and hole mobilities are field dependent: µ~E−γ. A full agreement with the experiment in SOS is found forγ=0.5. The operating of hot carrierp + nn + devices can be described concretely with usual formalism by using the concept of “effective” carrier mobilities, which depend on the applied voltage.
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  • 31
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 123-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 81.10 ; 73.60
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract GaAs MIS field effect transistors with a Ge3N4 dielectric gate have been investigated. No hysteresis loop and drain current drift has been observed in theI D -V Dcharacteristics. However, performance of the devices have been found to be limited by the contact resistance. FromI DS 1/2 -V G plot, the threshold voltage and effective channel mobility of the transistor have been obtained as -4.5V and 2800cm2v−1s−1, respectively. A maximum dc transconductance of 68 mS/mm of gate width has been achieved.
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  • 32
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 171-176 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66 ; 85.30
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a theoretical study of the diffusion of gold into dislocated silicon wafers in terms of the kick-out mechanism Au i ⇄Au s +I, where Au i , Au s , andI mean Au interstitials, substitutional Au atoms, and Si self-interstitials, respectively. In agreement with experiments it is found that the Au s concentration in the centre of a wafer,C s m , increases with the durationt of the diffusion anneal according toC s m =C s eq (k 0 t)1/2 except forC s m values in the vicinity of the solubility limitC s eq of Au s . Approximate analytical expressions fork 0 as a function of the densityN I of the dislocations acting asI sinks are given for the entire regime 0≦NI〈+t8.
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  • 33
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55 ; 85.30
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Admittance measurements have been performed to reveal trap levels within the space charge region of CdZnS/p-GaAs heterojunctions prepared by chemical vapour deposition in the close-spaced geometry. The presence, between GaAs and the CdZnS layer, of a transition region containing a high concentration of acceptor-like traps is hypothesized. Taking into account electric field effects, a ionization energy greater than 0.28 eV is estimated for the trap state.
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  • 34
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 79-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The information available on the diffusion of oxygen and on the formation of thermal donors in silicon is critically reviewed. In this context the effects of intrinsic point defects on the diffusion-controlled growth of oxygen precipitates is investigated in some detail. Seemingly contradictory experimental results on the diffusivity of oxygen in silicon at temperatures around 400° C are explained in terms offast-diffusing gas-like molecular oxygen in silicon. The concept of molecular oxygen is also invoked in a newly suggested model of thermal donor formation in silicon. The diffusivity of molecular oxygen in silicon is estimated to be around 10−9cm2s−1 at 450° C, almost nine orders of magnitude higher than the diffusivity of atomic oxygen in interstitial position.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Respiratory chain ; ATP synthesis ; mitochondria ; ubiquinone ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cytochrome oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria, isolated from the ubiquinone-deficient nuclear mutant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae E3-24, are practically unable to oxidize exogenous substrates. Respiratory activity, coupled to ATP synthesis, can, however, be reconstituted by the simple addition of ethanolic solutions of ubiquinones. A minimal length of the isoprenoid side chain (≥3) was required for the restoration. Saturation of the reconstitution required a large amount of exogeneous ubiquinone, in excess over the normal content present in the mitochondria of the wild type strain. A similar pattern of reconstituted activities could be also obtained using sonicated inverted particles. Mitochondria and sonicated particles are also able to carry out a dye-mediated electron flow coupled to ATP synthesis in the absence of added ubiquinone, using ascorbate or succinate as electron donor. This demonstrates that the energy conserving mechanism at the third coupling site of the respiratory chain is fully independent of the presence of the large mobile pool of ubiquinone in the membrane.
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments are carried out by current modulating a tunable diode laser, and slowly ramping the wavelength to scan weak absorption lines in gases at pressures ranging from 2 to 60 Torr. A lock-in amplifier detects the second harmonic (2f) of the modulation frequency, and the experimental 2f signals are compared with theory. Detailed measurements are made on Lorentzian, Voigt, and Gaussian line profiles, over a wide range of modulation amplitudes. Excellent agreement between experiment and calculation is obtained in all cases. This quantitative understanding enables one to derive true lineshapes and linewidths of very weak absorption lines from measurements of 2f lineshapes only. Results are applicable to trace gas detection using tunable diode lasers, and to other areas of spectroscopy and magnetic resonance where harmonic detection techniques are routinely employed to monitor weak signals.
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  • 37
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 34,61 ; 80 ; 85.30
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The range parameters of boron in silicon have been measured using the10B(n,α)7 Li-nuclear reaction. The results indicate that the distributions can be perfectly modeled using Pearson IV distributions with 4 moments. The range is very well described by theoretical calculations, whereas the higher moments show a strong deviation from theory.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 42.80 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract An analytical treatment of the thermal phenomena during free-running ruby laser annealing of boron implanted silicon is presented. The heat equation was solved for a simplified shape of the pulse train consisting of a uniform succession of triangular spikes, identical in energy. During one spike the optical and thermal parameters of the sample were taken constant, but for each new spike, new values of these parameters were calculated taking into account their temperature dependence. Such a model predicts the melting of the top surface before the laser pulse has ended, for energy densities higher than 9×104 J/m2. RHEED confirms the presence of recristallization at about the same value of the laser-pulse energy densities.
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  • 39
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 11-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 07.65 ; 33.90
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    Notes: Abstract Experimental observation of optical Ramsey interference in saturated absorption of methane in a low-pressure gas cell with three spacially separated laser beams at 3.39 μm is reported.
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  • 40
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.10
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    Notes: Abstract A recent holographic technique makes it possible to manufacture a new kind of grating, the “Fourier grating”, whose profile is given by a superposition of a fundamental and a finite number of harmonics. A local theoretical optimization shows that this type of grating can have an efficiency better, than that of the echelette, for a broad wavelength range. In this paper, we show the validity of this theoretical prediction by an experimental verification in the microwave region.
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  • 41
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 73 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract The diffusion behavior of implanted arsenic in polycrystalline silicon was investigated, using backscattering and electrical measurements. The diffusion coefficient isD=8.5×10−3 exp (−2.74/kT) for polycrystalline silicon deposited on freshly-etched silicon andD=1.66 exp (−3.22/kT) for the deposition on silicon having natural oxide. At the interface to the single-crystalline silicon, a pile-up of arsenic occurs, which depends also on the surface treatment prior to the deposition of the polycrystalline silicon.
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  • 42
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract A photoelectrochemical etching technique which was formerly used to improve the performance of CdSe1 and Cd(Se, Te)2 based photoelectrochemical cells (PEC's) was further used to improve the short-circuit current and the fill factor of CdS based PEC's. It is suggested that this method can be used to improve photovoltaic cells having CdS as one of their components.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 72.20 ; 72.15
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    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to study the effect of a quantizing magnetic field on the effective electron mass in degeneraten-type narrow-gap semiconductors at low temperatures. It is found, takingn-Hg1−x Cd x Te as an example, that the effective electron mass shows an oscillatory magnetic-field dependence as is expected because of the dependence of the effective mass in degenerate non-parabolic bands on Fermi energy which oscillates with changing magnetic field. The amplitude of oscillations is, however, found to be significantly influenced by the alloy composition whereas the period is found to be independent of the band non-parabolicity, i.e. of the compositional parameter in ternary semiconductors.
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  • 44
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.40 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
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    Notes: Abstract An infinite stack ofp—n junctions with smoothly varying bandgap from ∞ to 0 is considered. AnI —V characteristic is derived, which is more correct than the classical exponential characteristic. It is shown that open-circuit operation is a reversible process and leads to the Carnot efficiency, if one defines the efficiency in the way that is usual in the theory of thermodynamic engines. If instead one uses the definition of efficiency usual in photovoltaics, open-circuit mode gives rise to zero efficiency. Then operation at maximum efficiency equals operation at maximum power and is not reversible.
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  • 45
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 78.30 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract High power density electron beams offer new opportunities for studies of epitaxial growth of semiconductor materials. Assuming that the mechanism of epitaxial growth can be understood as a surface melting followed by supercooling regrowth, the heat flow equation has been applied to calculate the temperature reached after an electron beam pulse of power density between 0.5–2 J/cm2. Comparison with laser annealing is made.
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  • 46
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 43.85
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    Notes: Abstract Photoacoustic cells consisting of two chambers connected by a long narrow tube were studied at room temperature. Amplitude and phase angle of the PA signal were measured as a function of chopping frequency, tube length and buffer gas. Multipleresonance spectra were observed which can be interpreted quantitatively by a modified model of the acoustic Helmholtz resonator. The theoretical description is based on the analogy to the electrical transmission line theory.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
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    Notes: Abstract The work described in this paper is concerned with the possible applications in integrated circuits of thin-film field effect transistors (FETs) made from glow discharge amorphous (a-) silicon and silicon nitride. The construction and performance of inverter circuits, employing integrated a-Si load resistors, are described in some detail. The extension of this basic circuit to NAND and NOR gates, to a bistable multivibrator and to a shift register is reported. Based on the excellent photoconductive properties of a-Si an integrated addressable photosensing element has been constructed, which could have potential applications in imaging arrays.
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  • 48
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract The space charge analysis within depletion layers in semiconductors containing deep trap levels is reconsidered. A simple approach to the frequency dependence of the admittance ofp +/n junctions is properly generalized in order to deal with the effect of interface states at heterojunctions and Schottky barriers, as well as with a special case for the space distribution of the trap density. The density of interface states atp-Ge/CdS heterojunctions is so derived. Approximate analytical solutions accounting for a spatially distributed time constant are obtained for the admittance ofp +/n junctions with a single trap state. A comparison with experimental data is given and discussed.
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  • 49
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    Keywords: 73.60 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to investigate the effect of size quantization on the diffusivity-mobility ratio of the carriers in ultrathin films of semiconductors having Kane-type nonparabolic energy bands. It is shown, takingn-type InSb as an example, that the ratio oscillates both with increasing film thickness and with increasing carrier concentration under degenerate conditions and remains unaffected otherwise. The corresponding results for parabolic semiconductors are also obtained from the expressions derived.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that thin-film field effect transistors (FETs) made from amorphous (a-) silicon deposited by the glow-discharge technique have considerable potential as switching elements in addressable liquid crystal display panels. The fabrication of the elements and their characteristics with steady and pulsed applied potentials are discussed in some detail. Two important points are stressed: (i) a-Si device arrays can be produced by well-established photolithographic techniques, and (ii) satisfactory operation at applied voltages below 15VV is possible. Small experimental 7×5 transistor panels have been investigated and it is shown that with the present design up to 250-way multiplexing could be achieved. The reproducibility of FET characteristics is good and in tests so far no change has been observed after more than 109 switching operations.
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  • 51
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 407-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 82.50
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    Notes: Abstract We report about possibilities of application of the optothermal detector (OT) for sub-Doppler spectroscopy experiments. Investigating transitions of SF6 in the 10 μm region we demonstrate two variants of obtaining high-frequency resolution-using a standing or a travelling wave.
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  • 52
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 07.65
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    Notes: Abstract Recent developments of tunable IR compressed-H2 and liquid-N2 Raman Lasers as well as resonantly pumped NH3 lasers are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on research carried out at the Quantum Radiophysics Laboratory of the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow.
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  • 53
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    Notes: Abstract The application of the high-pressure chamber with a pressure transmitting medium (liquid at room temperature) to diode-laser tuning was found to be a useful method for high-resolution spectroscopy. Ammonia absorbtion spectra in the 10 μm region were recorded with a resolution approaching the Doppler limit.
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 32
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    Notes: Abstract The results of fluorescence detection of single Na atoms in atomic beams have been presented. It has been shown that, in recording single atoms via the fluorescence signal from the photoelectron of thek〉1 atom, it is possible to achieve extremely high selectivity (S≃1020) of detection of these atoms against a great number of other atoms. The probability of recording the atom is slightly decreased.
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  • 55
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 251-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 06.50 ; 07.65
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    Notes: Abstract The input format of fast digital correlators, such as used in photon correlation or recurrence rate correlation, is often exceeded by input signals, if high count rates coincide with sample times of the order of several hundred nanoseconds or more. Clipping, random clipping, and scaling are well known methods to reduce such signals appropriately. We discuss these procedures with special attention to noise performance possible errors introduced into the correlogram. Generalizations from single to multi-bit correlators are presented with a thorough discussion of random preset scaling, a new process suitable for multi-bit correlation of signals with arbitrary statistics. Furthermore we describe a new additional preprocessor which offers significant decrease of quantization noise, if constant background contributions are present in the signal. Though demonstrated on optical measurements, the methods treated in this paper generally apply, whenever the format of digital data has to be reduced prior to correlation.
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  • 56
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    Notes: Abstract The noise characteristic of available laser sources limits the sensitivity of saturated absorption spectroscopy. Time averaging is one method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. A computer controlled dye-laser spectrometer is described which has the capability to scan several times any selected frequency range with an absolute accuracy of ±200 kHz. The sensitivity of this system is demonstrated by measuring the isotope shift of the low abundant38Ar and by detecting a weak83Kr-hyperfine component.
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  • 57
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 61.80
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    Notes: Abstract The implantation of nitrogen into silicon to produce Si3N4 layers was investigated to find an alternative to CVD-Si3N4 layers used in ISOPLANAR-and LOCOS-technology. The technological properties of the implanted Si3N4 layers in respect to oxidation inhibition and etching are comparable or superior to CVD-Si3N4 layers. The implanted layers are more resistent against oxidation for nitrogen doses of 2.4×1017 cm−2 at 30keV. The etching behavior is comparable for both types of Si3N4-layers. In the implanted layers no pinholes are found and threre is no formation of a bird's beak, as is well known in the case of CVD-nitride.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: 72.20 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract An analytical expression of the modified form of the Einstein relation in heavily doped semiconductors in which Gaussian band tails are formed near the lower limit of heavy doping is derived for studying the temperature dependence of the diffusivity-mobility ratio of the carriers in such semiconductors. It is found that, with increasing temperature from relatively low values, the ratio first increases in a nonlinear manner and then decreases till, at high temperatures, it approaches its value corresponding to the non-degenerate condition resulting in a peak over a narrow range of temperatures.
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  • 59
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73 ; 85.30 ; 06
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    Notes: Abstract The Al2O3−CdSe interface of a thin-film transistor is investigated in the frequency range 30 Hz-30 kHz under weak depletion and accumulation. The surface states are, most likely, located in the insulator Al2O3 with a concentration varying from 4·1018 to 1019 cm−3 eV−1. The surface states have a negligible influence on the thin-film transistor operation.
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  • 60
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 361-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract The diffusion of Au in Si is known to take place via the interchange of Au atoms between substitutional (Au s ) and interstitial (Au i ) sites. So far it has generally been believed that this interchange involves lattice vacancies (V) and that it occurs via the Frank-Turnbull mechanism V+Au i ⇆Au s . It is stated in the literature that this model explains the observation that the Au s concentrationC s m in the centre of Au-diffused Si wafers increases with timet according to $$C_s^m \propto \sqrt t $$ . We show that this statement is incorrect, i.e., the Frank-Turnbull model cannot account for the $$C_s^m \propto \sqrt t $$ law. Such a dependence is expected in the case of Si wafers with a sufficiently low density of internal sinks for self-interstitials if the Au i −Au s interchange is controlled by the so-called kick-out mechanism Au i ⇆Au s +1. Since this mechanism involves self-interstitials (I) the present result is in accordance with the fact that under high-temperature equilibrium conditions the dominating intrinsic point defects in Si are self-interstitials and not vacancies as in Ge or metals.
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65
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    Notes: Abstract Refined values for molecular constants of14NH3 and less precise values for those of15NH3 and14NH2D were obtained with laser Stark spectroscopy.
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 95-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 77.20 ; 79.20 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of the frequency of the applied voltage on the breakdown of semiconductors is investigated. Unlike earlier observations, our experiment yields, in some cases, a breakdown voltage versus frequency curve which is similar in nature to the high-frequency breakdown characteristics in gas devices wherein the breakdown voltage shows a minimum at a certain frequency. A possible theoretical explanation for the above behaviour of semiconductor devices based on dielectric heating is given, which is in fair agreement with the observations.
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 07.65 ; 33.90
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the optical Ramsey resonance signal of two-level molecules in three separated fields consisting of one standing wave and two traveling waves of opposite directions with each other. Their separations and phase differences are given by a corner reflector. The transition probability of a molecule that traverses the three interaction regions is calculated by using an optical Bloch vector formalism. It is then integrated over distributions of molecular velocities and positions to evaluate the signal observed with a gas cell. The result is applied to compute the optical Ramsey resonance signal in the absorption line of CH4 at 3.39 μm. Variations of the Ramsey resonance lineshape and the intensity with the gas pressure and the field intensity are obtained.
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  • 64
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    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to investigate the effect of a quantizing magnetic field on the capacitance of MOS structures of small-gap semiconductors havingn-channel inversion layers under the weak electric-field limit. It is found, takingn-channel InSb as an example, that both the MOS and surface capacitances show spiky oscillations with changing magnetic field. It is further observed that the sharpness and the depths of the spikes increase with increasing magnetic field whereas the depths are found to decrease with increasing thickness of the insulating layer.
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 433-437 
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    Keywords: 07.65
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    Notes: Abstract Generation of backward photon echoes and proposed backward optical free induction decays is discussed in detail. Separation of the signals from excitation pulses by propagation and polarization directions suggests a new field of picosecond experiments.
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 06 ; 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract We report a new design for an acoustically resonant spectrophone well suited for intracavity operation with widely tunable lasers. Operation with Brewster angle windows or in a windowless mode is possible, and high quality factors (560 and 509, respectively) are achieved. Windowless operation permits continuous monitoring of ambient air. We discuss factors limiting the sensitivity, ∼10−7 cm−1, and present a double chopping scheme capable of significantly reducing the acoustical background encountered in windowless operation. The sensitivity of the spectrophone's performance to misalignment is also examined.
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    Notes: Abstract Novel techniques to observe coherent transients are successfully demonstrated on microwave transitions of NH3, H2O, OCS, and O2. The relaxation rate constants in thev 2 excited state of NH3 are obtained by infrared experiments.
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