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  • growth
  • stability
  • Springer  (184)
  • Annapolis, MD
  • Firenze University Press
  • Kiel: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Open Book Publishers
  • 1985-1989  (184)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone and its analogs against larvae of Pieris brassicae (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162857
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dynamics of coupled planar rigid bodies. II. Bifurcations, periodic solutions, and chaos (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 1 (1989), S. 269-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Geometric mechanics ; reduction ; stability ; chaos ; rigid body dynamics ; periodic orbits ; 58F
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We give a complete bifurcation and stability analysis for the relative equilibria of the dynamics of three coupled planar rigid bodies. We also use the equivariant Weinstein-Moser theorem to show the existence of two periodic orbits distinguished by symmetry type near the stable equilibrium. Finally we prove that the dynamics is chaotic in the sense of Poincaré-Birkhoff-Smale horseshoes using the version of Melnikov's method suitable for systems with symmetry due to Holmes and Marsden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053929
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumer memory and price fluctuations in commodity markets: An integrodifferential model (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 1 (1989), S. 299-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Commodity markets ; time delays ; stability ; Hopf bifurcation ; 34K15 ; 45J05 ; 90A16
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model for the dynamics of price adjustment in a single commodity market is developed. Nonlinearities in both supply and demand functions are considered explicitly, as are delays due to production lags and storage policies, to yield a nonlinear integrodifferential equation. Conditions for the local stability of the equilibrium price are derived in terms of the elasticities of supply and demand, the supply and demand relaxation times, and the equilibrium production-storage delay. The destabilizing effect of consumer memory on the equilibrium price is analyzed, and the ensuing Hopf bifurcations are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053930
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nekhoroshev estimate for isochronous non resonant symplectic maps (1989)
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 47 (1989), S. 333-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: symplectic maps ; stability ; normal forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We prove that non resonant isochronous symplectic maps in a neighborhood of an elliptic fixed point are stable for exponentially long times with the inverse of the distance from the fixed point. In the proof we make use of the majorant series method together with an idea for optimizing remainder estimates first applied to Hamiltonian problems by Nekhoroshev.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051010
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propagation and stability of kinks in driven and damped nonlinear klein-gordon chains1 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 54 (1989), S. 1427-1427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Kink propagation ; kink width ; characteristic functions ; stability ; continuum of modes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the propagation of kinks in an elastic chain in a bistable or multistable potential under the action of a driving force [M. Büttiker and H. Thomas,Phys. Rev. A 37:235 (1988)]. Each element of the chain is subject to a damping force proportional to its velocity. We show that both the propagation velocity of the kinks as a function of the driving field, and the kink width as a function of propagation velocity, are determined by characteristic functions which depend only on the form of the potential. These functions can be found by considering a single particle moving in the upside-down potential of the chain. The general properties of these functions are studied and illustrated by several examples. The stability of these driven kinks is discussed. Interestingly, we find in addition to the expected discrete localized eigenmodes a two-dimensional continuum of oscillatory modes with a localized envelope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01044726
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition in two-dimensional hierarchical Coulomb gases (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 55 (1989), S. 141-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Kosterlitz-Thouless ; Coulomb gas ; hierarchical model ; renormalization group ; screening ; stability ; bifurcation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A hierarchical version of two-dimensional lattice Coulomb gases is investigated. Forβ〉β c=8π there is a locally stable line of fixed points for the renormalization group (“block charges”) transformations. For $$\beta 〉 \bar \beta _c (\beta _c \leqslant \bar \beta _c \leqslant \tfrac{3}{2}\pi \beta _c )$$ , these fixed points are globally stable. As a consequence we show that there is no screening of external charges for any activity if $$\beta 〉 \bar \beta _c $$ . Atβ c a supercritical bifurcation takes place and we investigate the behavior of the model forβ≲β c to show a weak form of screening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01042594
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The general ecological model of the Slovak Socialist Republic — Methodology and contents (1989)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 3 (1989), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Czechoslovakia ; CSSR ; Slovakia ; ecological model ; planning ; landscape management ; stability ; disturbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development of the general ecological model (EM) of the CSSR has been included in the state program for environmental policy - the Ecoprogramme of the CSSR — at a scale of 1:1 000 000 for the entire Czechoslovak territory and at a scale of 1:500 000 for the Czech Socialist Republic (CSR) and the Slovak Socialist Republic (SSR). The objective of the first EM stage was to make a survey of spatial differentiation of the major ecological problems of the country. The EM consists of four parts, three analytical and one synthetic. These parts are: a. The ecological state (value) of the current spatial structure of the landscape. b. Ecological stress factors in the landscape. c. Protection of nature and natural resources. From the spatial synthesis of these three groups (from their spatial encounters), the following synthetic group of conditions was obtained: d. Regional ecological problems, a system of ecologically stable areas, environmental stress factors and factors endangering the ecological stability of the landscape, the natural resources and the human environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157755
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method toward the construction of Liapunov function for discrete time systems and determination of their stability (1989)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 2 (1989), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: Liapunov function ; stability ; discrete time system ; decision matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a new method for constructing Liapunov function and determining the stability of discrete time systems with a computer on the basis of the similarity transformation theory by directly applying the system matrix of the system under discussion instead of solving the discrete Liapunov's matrix equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02208207
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on multiple flow equilibria (1989)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 130 (1989), S. 743-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Dynamic systems ; multiple equilibrium ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A set of ordinary differential equations describing a mechanical system subject to forcing and dissipation is considered. A topological argument is employed to show that if all time-dependent solutions of the governing equations are bounded, the equations admitN steady solutions, whereN is a positive odd integer and where at least (N−1)/2 of the steady solutions are unstable. The results are discussed in the context of atmospheric flows, and it is shown that truncated forms of the quasigeostrophic equations of dynamic meteorology and of Budyko-Sellers climate models satisfy the hypotheses of the theorem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00881609
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth pattern and maturation in arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) of Lake Walenstadt, Switzerland (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 296-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Arctic char ; growth ; maturation ; reoligotrophication ; Lake Walenstadt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within one decade the yield in arctic char fishery of Lake Walenstadt (Switzerland) has dropped from 1.7 kg · ha−1 to 0.7 kg · ha−1. In the same period growth decreased by about 15%. The fish considered as “degenerated dwarfed chars” by fishermen are supposed to mature in very young ages. The change of the growth pattern can be related to reoligotrophication of the lake and impoverishments of the food source. Compared to other arctic char populations in Switzerland maturation takes place at least one year later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877173
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operculum development in theEudesmieae B eucalypts andEucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmieae ; Floral morphology ; calyx ; corolla ; operculum ; growth ; allometry ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In theEudesmieae B eucalypts and inEucalyptus caesia, the perianth of the mature flower consists of a single, anatomically continuous, opercular structure that is crowned by the tips of the original free and separate calycine and corolline whorls. Ontogenetic and comparative evidence supports the hypothesis that this operculum is mostly corolline in composition, and that the calycine parts have been elevated distally onto the dorsal surface. In theEudesmieae B eucalypts this condition appears to be due to precocious initiation of the corolline primordia, followed by expansion and continuity of their growth centres which incorporates the areas at or below the base of the still differentiating calycine whorl. InEucalyptus caesia the corolline primordia are not precocious, but a similar situation is effected by a seemingly retarded increase in receptacle diameter relative to lateral expansion of the corolline growth centre(s). In these two examples the same final perianth form apparently derives from two different sets of growth processes which, nonetheless, result in the same allometric relationships within the developing flower. Although identical at maturity, the operculum form in these two taxa is best described in terms of convergence, rather than homology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936004
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability characteristics of laminar boundary layers over compliant walls (1989)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 5 (1989), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: stability ; boundary layer ; compliant wall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability characteristics of laminar boundary layers over compliant walls was studied by the linear theory. Unlike the previous authors, the coupled motion of the fluid and solid was required to satisfy the continuity conditions of both the velocity and stress at the interface. Results of calculations show that as the speed ratio or density ratio exceeds a certain threshold value, the two types of unstable waves will no longer be distinguishable, and the tangential component of the disturbance stress is no longer negligible. So the neglect of it, as the previous authors did, is unjustified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02489135
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Light, temperature and nitrogen starvation effects on the total lipid and fatty acid content and composition ofSpirulina platensis UTEX 1928 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 1 (1989), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; blue-green algae ; biosynthesis ; growth ; gamma linolenic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The total lipid and fatty acid content ofSpirulina platensis UTEX 1928 was 7.2 and 2.2% respectively of cellular dry weight under controlled conditions supporting high growth rates. With increases in irradiance from 170 to 870 μmol photon m−2 s−1, growth rate increased, total lipid decreased, and fatty acid composition was unaffected. At 1411 μmol photon m−2 s−1, total lipid increased slightly and percent composition of the fatty acid gamma linolenic acid increased. Growth and total lipid content ofS. platensis were affected by changes in growth temperature from 25 to 38 °C. With increased growth rate, total lipid content increased. This suggests that the storage of carbon increases at temperatures supporting high growth rates. The degree of saturation increased with temperature. Although the percent composition of gamma linolenic acid was higher at lower growth temperature, production was still primarily a function of growth rate. The effect of temperature on fatty acid content and degree of saturation was of secondary importance. Nitrogen starvation increased total lipid content but decreased fatty acid content as a percentage of dry weight; composition of the fatty acids was unaffected. N-starvation appeared to suspend synthesis of long chain fatty acids inS. platensis, suggesting that some other compound stores fixed carbon when nitrogen is limiting. It was concluded that fatty acid production inS. platensis is maximized by optimizing culture conditions for growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003646
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Alternative stable states in eutrophic, shallow freshwater systems: A minimal model (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 23 (1989), S. 73-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: model ; fish ; vegetation ; eutrophication ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple mathematical model was constructed, describing the relationships between pike, bream, aquatic macrophytes and the nutrient loading of shallow lakes. The model is analyzed with the use of zero-isoclines. It is concluded that, over a certain range of nutrient concentrations, the ecological relations incorporated in the model can give rise to the existence of two alternative stable equilibria;viz. a turbid bream-dominated one, and a clear state in which pike and aquatic vegetation are abundant. Under oligotrophic conditions, the clear-water state represents the only stable equilibrium; however, at high nutrient levels, the clear state is absent, or only locally stable. The response of the model to both increase and decrease of the nutrient level is characterised by hysteresis. The results indicate that manipulation of fish densities as a measure to improve water quality is only likely to produce long-term results when the nutrient level is below a certain threshold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02286429
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth and phosphorus and zinc nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in an Oxisol from subtropical Australia (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nutrition ; peanuts ; phosphorus ; VA mycorrhizae ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut plants (cv. Shulamit) were grown in an Oxisol soil in pots in the glasshouse to assess effects of soil sterilization and inoculation with spores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) on the response to five rates of phosphorus (0 to 240 kg P ha−1) and two rates of zinc (0 and 10 kg Zn ha−1) fertilizers. Both P and Zn nutrition were affected by VAMF activity but the dominant role of VAMF in this soil type was in uptake of P. In the absence of VAMF there was a clear threshold level of P application (60 kg P ha−1) below which plants grew poorly, which resulted in a sigmoidal response of dry matter to applied P. The maximum response was not fully defined because dry matter production continued to increase up to 240 kg P ha−1. Tissue P concentration of non-mycorrhizal plants increased linearly with P rate and was always significantly less than that in mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants responded without threshold to increasing P rate, attaining maximum dry matter at 120 kg P ha−1 in inoculated sterilized soil and at 30 kg P ha−1 in nonsterile soil. These differences in maximal P rates and in the greater dry matter produced in sterile soil at high P rates were attributed to the negative effects of the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne hapla in nonsterile soil. Plant weight did not respond to zinc fertilizer but tissue Zn concentration increased with applied Zn. Tissue Zn concentration and uptake were increased by VAMF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206256
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  • 16
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    Influence of suboptimal temperature on biomass production of potato populations of Andean and European origin (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 23-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum sp. ; Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; biomass production ; growth ; frost tolerance ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plants grown from seed derived by crossing conventional European S. tuberosum material were compared with plants grown from seed derived by crossing S. tuberosum with various, Andean frost resistant tuberbearing Solanum species. Biomass growth at optimal (20°/10°) and suboptimal (10°/4°) temperatures was studied. Differences in increase of fresh and dry matter were found between populations of Andean and European orgins at 10°/4°. At 20°/10° no such differences were found. At suboptimal temperature, Andean hybrids produced significantly more fresh and dry matter than European crosses in two harvests (64 and 178 days old plants). Statistically, Andean hybrids were found to produce the same amount of dry matter per day at both temperatures, over the complete growth period. Height increase and flower development were strongly depressed in European crosses under the suboptimal temperatures, but much less so in Andean crosses. The Andean material appears to be an under utilized resource in potato breeding for cool climates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022595
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  • 17
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    Adaptation and environmental sensitivity of mungbean genotypes evaluated in the international mungbean nursery (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 41 (1989), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vigna radiata ; mungbean ; stability ; genotype-environment interaction ; wide adaptability ; AVRDC ; segmented regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Yield data from the 5th–12th international mungbean nursery (IMN) trials conducted at 23 sites in 15 countries were analyzed by conventional stability analysis—regression of genotype mean on the environmental index, and by segmented regression analysis—fitting separate linear regressions in low yielding and high yielding environments. The gene pool base concept allows comparison of genotypes from different IMN trials grown in different years and sites. A very high positive linear relationship was observed between the regression coefficient and the average yield of cultivars, indicating that high yielding cultivars were less stable across environments. When data points of the regression of genotype mean and site mean for VC 1973A, a high yielding and widely adapted cultivar, were examined, the relationship appeared not to be linear. The segmented regression analysis improved the coefficient of determination (r2) and the genotypes were grouped based on regression coefficients in high yielding and low yielding environments. Different categories of genotypes suitable for high input environments, widely adaptable genotypes, and highly stable genotypes were identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021592
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  • 18
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    Effect of ‘Mixtalol’ on growth, yield and yield components of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Mixtalol ; long chain alcohols ; Indian mustard ; Brassica juncea ; growth ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mixtalol (a mixture of long chain aliphatic alcohols varying in chain length from C24 to C32) applied to Brassica juncea plants as foliar spray caused an increase in secondary and tertiary branching with consequent enhancement in seed yield through increased number of inflorescences and siliquae per plant. The percentage of immature siliquae and shattering of siliquae decreased with this treatment. Mixtalol increased total dry matter of plants, partitioning coefficient and harvest index. The contents of starch, protein and oil were also higher in seeds from Mixtalol treated plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024775
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  • 19
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    The diet and growth of O-group flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.), in the River Dee, North Wales (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 178 (1989), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diet ; growth ; flounder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many O-group flounder, Platichthys flesus, live in the lower reaches of rivers in North West Europe; while there is extensive information on the niche that they occupy in estuarine and marine environments, little is known of their life in freshwater. The diet of O-group flounder in the Lower Welsh River Dee was studied by stomach contents analysis of diel and seasonal samples. The dominant prey were chironomid larvae and pupae, tubificid oligochaetes and cyclopoid copepods. There was little quantitative variation in diet temporally, although a weak crepuscular pattern of stomach fullness was shown. There was wide variation in length and weight in all months, but the mean values at age I were 60 mm and 2.9 g respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006026
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  • 20
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    A holistic approach to ecosystem health assessment using fish population characteristics (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 188-189 (1989), S. 123-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ecosystem stress ; fish populations ; growth ; fecundity ; condition factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The status of a fish population is a reflection of the overall condition of the aquatic environment in which that population resides. As such, fish population characteristics can be used as indicators of environmental health. Simple and inexpensive methods to follow fish population responses to environmental degradation are lacking. This paper outlines a protocol whereby environmental impacts on fish populations are classified by five patterns based on characteristics such as mean age, fecundity and condition factor. The patterns summarize population changes and describe responses to exploitation, recruitment failure, the presence of multiple stressors, food limitation and niche shifts. Classification is best based on the selection, and appropriate sampling, of a comparable reference population. Population characteristics can be used to examine ecosystems exposed to stressors for evidence of long-term damage, and when used with biochemical indicators, can be a powerful tool for ecosystem health assessment. The five responses are illustrated using published data on a number of species challenged by increased predation pressure, acidification, eutrophication, mine waste and reservoir impoundment. Application of this scheme will aid in directing and focusing research efforts on crucial aspects impacted by changing conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027777
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  • 21
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    The life cycle and growth ofIsoperla grammatica andI. difformis (Plecoptera) in southernmost Sweden: intra- and interspecific considerations (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 175 (1989), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Plecoptera ; Isoperla ; life cycles ; growth ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on the life cycle and growth ofIsoperia grammatica andI. difformis from eight southern Swedish streams demonstrated that the former species shows greater between-stream differences than the latter species.I. grammatica larvae had typically two periods of rapid growth, autumn and spring, whileI. difformis larvae grew mainly in autumn-winter. In one of the streams, however,I grammatica grew rapidly throughout all winter. Maximum larval size differed between streams, and so did the timing of the first appearance of nymphs and nymphal maturation. Temperature was probably the most influential factor explaining all these differences. While sexual dimorphism inI. grammatica is slight but significant, it is very prominent inI. difformis. The sizes of larvae overlapped little between species as well as sexes suggesting that intra- and interspecific competition was, or had been, important. InI. grammatica this reduced overlap was expressed in several size-classes of males and females successively replacing each other, resulting in a meandering pattern of the size distribution charts. There were additional indications of possible interactions, such as a significant negative correlation between the densities of the two species.
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    Cyclomorphosis inDaphnia galeata mendotae: variation and stability in phenotypic cycles (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 171 (1989), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Daphnia galeata mendotae ; Daphnidae ; Cladocera ; Crustacea ; cyclomorphosis ; phenotypic variability ; stability ; temperate lake ; coefficient of variation ; invertebrate predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phenotypic change is studied in a cyclomorphicDaphnia galeata mendotae population known from previous studies to be clonally diverse. Morphological analyses revealed cyclical changes in both adult and juvenile helmet length and tailspine length which were: 1) strongly correlated with mean water temperature; and 2) repeated annually during the 3-year study period. Field populations exhibited high (5% to 30%) coefficients of variation (CV) for both helmet length and tailspine length; the CV also exhibited seasonal fluctuations such that it was lowest in late summer. The period of highestDaphnia helmet development coincides with peak densities of the common invertebrate predatorsChaoborus andLeptodora. The fluctuations in CV may be due to both differential phenotypic expression of the coexisting clones and invertebrate predation.
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    Thermal structure, heat content and stability of two lakes in The National Park of Rio Doce Valley (Minas Gerais, Brazil) (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 171 (1989), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: thermal structure ; heat content ; stability ; annual cycle ; diel variation ; tropical lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal structure, heat content and stability were studied in Lakes Dom Helvécio and Carioca during an annual cycle. It was found that the maximum heat content, stability and work of the wind in Lake Dom Helvécio correspond to two, four and four times, respectively, the values for the Lake Carioca. These difference can be attributed to morphometric differences in the lakes. A long-term record of heat content and stability for lake Carioca is also presented. Diel variations were studied in summer and winter. The tropicality of the lakes is discussed and compared with other lacustrine systems.
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    Effect of copper and zinc on the growth and emergence of Epeorus latifolium (Ephemeroptera) in an indoor model stream (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 174 (1989), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: effects ; heavy metals (Cu, Zn) ; mayfly ; growth ; emergence ; indoor artificial streams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of Cu and Zn through food as well as through the water on the growth and emergence of the young larvae of Epeorus latifolium (Ephemeroptera), were investigated using an indoor model stream. The critical lowest concentrations of Cu which have significant effects on the growth of the larvae were between 10 and 15 µg l-1 Cu. Growth and emergence of the larvae fed on the algae (diatoms) which accumulated more than 1000 µg Cu g-1 (dry wt.) were significantly impaired. Growth of the mayfly larvae exposed to 100 or 300 µg l-1 Zn ceased after the second week, and all died before emergence. At 30 µg l-1 Zn, the growth rate decreased gradually and many larvae died before emergence. The molt interval also nearly doubled that of the control at these concentrations. Growth and emergence of the mayfly fed the algae which accumulated more than 2000 µg g-1 of Zn were significantly affected.
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    Daily changes of uptake of inorganic carbon and nitrogen, and their relation to phytoplankton blooms in late spring-early summer in Lake Nakanuma, Japan (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 185 (1989), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonium uptake ; carbon uptake ; chlorophyll a ; growth ; loss ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Daily changes of inorganic carbon and nitrogen uptake were measured in May in 1986 in Lake Nakanuma, Japan. Uptake of inorganic carbon and ammonium in the light-bottle experiments in the 1 m layers, showed daily changes similar to chlorophyll a changes, though the uptake activities peaked before chlorophyll a peaks (phytoplankton blooms) appeared. Potential growth rates of phytoplankton and observed growth rates were calculated from the uptake rates and chlorophyll a changes. The potential growth rates did not always correspond to the observed growth rates. The potential growth rates did not correlate with the loss rates. The correlation between the observed growth rates and the loss rates was better. These results suggest that though the increase of uptake activities may be necessary for occurrence of phytoplankton blooms, loss processes may affect the occurrence of blooms.
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    Endocrinology and fish farming: Aspects in reproduction, growth, and smoltification (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 395-405 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: endocrinology ; fish ; farming ; reproduction ; spawning ; sex control ; growth ; smoltification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004734
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    Growth and acetylene reduction activity by intact plants ofAlnus incana under field conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 61-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus incana ; field ; Frankia ; growth ; intact plants ; nitrogenase activity ; nitrogen fixation ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nitrogen-fixing grey alder,Alnus incana (L.) Moench, has a potential use in forest soil restoration and as part of energy forestry plantations. As a first step to estimate nitrogen fixation byA. incana under field conditions we performed studies on nitrogenase activity and its possible relation to abiotic factors and growth of the alders. Nitrogenase activity was measured as acetylene reduction activity (ARA) on eleven 1-year-old seedlings ofA. incana inoculated with a local source ofFrankia and planted in an experimental plot located in Umeå, northern Sweden. Each alder was planted into an open-ended cylinder which was closed with a gas tight lid around the stem base to serve as cuvette during ARA measurements. Propane served as tracer gas. ARA was measured in the middle of the day at 15 occasions during 26 June to 29 September 1987. Growth was recorded as leaf area and top shoot length at each ARA measurement until the end of August. Weather conditions were recorded for the whole growing season. Maximal ARA was recorded in late July or early August and ranged from 1.86 to 106μmol C2H4plant−1h−1. Final leaf area ranged from 0.022 to 0.124 m2. A relationship between ARA and the number of hours of sunshine during the same day was observed. ARA in relation to soil temperature increased during the study period, except for the last measurements. ARA in relation to leaf area was initially high but decreased later on. It is suggested that as leaves got older their contribution to photosynthesis per unit leaf area decreased and their potential to deliver nitrogen for retranslocation within plant increased. Both of these events would cause reduced ARA per unit leaf area. The data on ARA, growth, and abiotic factors taken together supported the view that sunshine and weather conditions affected photosynthesis and thereby delivery of assimilates to the nodules.
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    Influence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose upon growth and invertase activity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures (1989)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 16 (1989), S. 89-102 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; suspension cultures ; 2-deoxy-D-glucose ; invertase ; sugars ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures grew well when provided with glucose, fructose, sucrose or raffinose. Galactose and melibiose supported less growth unless supplemented with glucose or fructose. In combination with ten different sugar mixtures, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc) inhibited culture growth. Inhibitory effects of dGlc were more marked with fructose, melibiose, raffinose or mixtures of these sugars in the culture medium. The presence of glucose or galactose reduced the inhibitory effects of dGlc on culture growth. Experiments with radioactive labelled sugars demonstrated that dGLc uptake was greater in the presence of fructose than glucose, and that growth inhibition of dGlc coincided with its uptake. Reduced protein content was also associated with the inhibitory effects of dGlc. Cultured cells contained lower levels of invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity during the active phase of culture growth (up to 25 days after subculture) than when growth had peaked and subsequently declined. Acid and alkaline invertase activities were not greatly reduced by exogenous hexoses. Invertase activity was greatest during periods of low protein content in all cultures and was inhibited by dGlc during the latter phases of the culture period. Free intracellular sugars throughout the culture period consisted mainly of glucose and fructose.
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    Smoltification induced by a ‘skeleton’ photoperiod in underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 11-18 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: skeleton photoperiod ; smolt ; endogenous rhythm ; growth ; osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Underyearling coho salmon fry were subjected to three initial photoperiod treatments (6L∶18D, 10L∶14D, 14L∶10D) for two months and subsequently to three final treatments (16L∶8D, 9L∶6D∶1L∶8D, 10L∶14D) in a factorial design. Growth rates and seawater adaptability were monitored regularly. The groups that were exposed initially to 6L∶18D or 10L∶14D and then to 16L∶8D grew faster and had lower plasma sodium ion levels after seawater challenge tests than any of the other groups. Fish which were initially exposed to 6 L or 10 L daylength and then to a 9L∶6D∶1L∶8D skeleton photoperiod, showed a slightly lower growth rate and seawater adaptability than those given the corresponding complete 16L∶8D photoperiod. However fish maintained on skeleton photoperiods had significantly greater growth rates and seawater adaptability than those kept on the 10L∶14D photoperiod. This indicates that it is not the accumulated number of hours of exposure to light that initiates smolting, but rather the time during the day when light is experienced. Fish exposed initially to 14L∶10D showed little or no response to subsequent changes in photoperiod, suggesting that responsiveness to inductive photoperiods depends on the initial photoperiod treatment.
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    Endocrinology and fish culture (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; endocrinology ; reproduction ; hypophysation ; growth ; stress ; behavior ; fish culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the current practice of fish culture the use of hormones is mainly limited to the field of reproduction, and more precisely to induce or synchronize ovulation and stimulate spermiation. The practice of pituitary homogenates injection (called hypophysation) which started in the early 1930's has allowed spectacular developments in the culture of some cyprinid species, especially in China, India and Europe. HCG has been used successfully in a limited number of species and LHRH-A, often associated with antidopaminergic compounds, started to be used in some species, especially cyprinids, on a commercial scale. Sex steroids are now commonly used to reverse the sex of some species in salmonids, cyprinids, tilapias. Due to legal restriction and consumer opposition, the tendency is to limit the use of steroids, especially in fish which are later offered to consumption. GH, which significantly stimulates growth and reduces the food conversion rate in laboratory experiments, will possibly be used on a large scale in fish farms. Endocrinology has considerably increased the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling some physiological functions; this has allowed the identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity, and helps in the management and the process of domestication (most of the cultured fish species have been taken form the wild recently).
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    The growth and reproductive endocrinology of adult triploid Pacific salmonids (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 113-120 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: growth ; endocrinology ; reproduction ; triploid ; salmonid ; sterilization ; aquaculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the effect of triploidy on growth and reproductive endocrinology in the months leading up to and including spawning in rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri, and pink salmon,Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Growth rates were the same for diploid and triploid rainbow trout, but triploid female pink salmon were smaller than maturing diploid females and diploid and triploid males of the same age. Triploid males of both species developed typical secondary sexual characteristics and had normal endocrine profiles, although their cycle appeared to be delayed by about one month. Triploid females remained silvery in appearance and showed no endocrine signs of maturation, even at the level of the pituitary. Thus, although triploids of both sexes are genetically sterile, only the females do not undergo physiological maturation.
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    The effect of feeding three anabolic steroids in different combinations on the growth, food conversion efficiency and protein and nucleic acid levels of liver, kidney, brain and muscle of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: carp ; anabolic-androgenic steriods ; growth ; tissue RNA/DNA ratios
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study on the effect of three different anabolic-androgenic steroids on the growth, food conversion efficiency and nucleic acid contents of liver, kidney, brain and muscle of carp,Cyprinus carpio was undertaken. The three steroids, methyltestosterone (MT), ethylestrenol (EE) and oxandrolone (ON), were fed in different combinations at final concentrations of 5 or 6 mg/kg diet for 60 days. No effect on the growth was observed in any of the experimental groups. A decrease in the specific growth rate (11–21%) and food conversion efficiency (20–29%) was noted. Feeding of drugs increased the cranio-somatic and reno-somatic index in all except one group. Hepatosomatic (ON+MT) and viscero-somatic (ON+MT; EE+MT+ON) indices decreased. Protein increased and RNA/DNA decreased in only one group while a decrease in protein/DNA was observed in the liver of all experimental groups. RNA/DNA increased and protein/RNA decreased only in one group while no effect was seen in protein and protein/DNA contents in any of the treated kidneys. Proteins, protein/RNA and protein/DNA decreased in certain groups in brain tissue. In muscle, no effect was seen in proteins or protein/DNA. Protein/RNA decreased in all but one group while RNA/DNA was higher only in the group fed all the three steroids together.
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    Toxicokinetics of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) in the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1989-2001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; corn ; DIMBOA ; 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; tritiated DIMBOA ; toxicokinetics ; topical application ; body burden ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), the major hydroxamic acid present in corn, and its tritiated derivative, were prepared synthetically for use in the determination of the toxicokinetics of this insect deterrent in the European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis. In growth studies with DIMBOA (0, 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/g diet), the mean time to pupation and adult emergence were significantly lengthened by an increase in concentration. Pupal and adult weights, for both female and male, decreased with an increase in concentration. Increased larval and pupal mortality occurred at the highest concentration of DIMBOA. DIMBOA, at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 mg/g diet, resulted in a decrease in the number of egg masses produced per female, and at 0.5 mg/g diet, in a decrease in the number of eggs per egg mass. Larvae fed from the neonate stage on a diet containing 0.2 mg [3H]- + [1H]DIMBOA/g diet showed an increase in the content of label from fourth to fifth instar, but levels declined at pupation and emergence. A large amount of the labeled compounds was excreted by the insect in the pupal case. In dose-related studies, both uptake and excretion increased with an increase in concentration of DIMBOA (0.05, 0.2, 0.4 mg/g diet), while a body burden (concentration in the tissues/concentration in the frass) of approximately 0.25 was maintained for all concentrations. At the highest dose of DIMBOA (0.4 mg/g), the ECB increased consumption, possibly to compensate for the toxic effects of the compound. In topical application studies, elimination of the labeled compound in the frass was rapid, reaching 65% by 4 hr and 88% by 48 hr. Accumulation of label in tissues other than hemolymph was low. The results show that the ECB does possess adaptive mechanisms to deal with the effects of this host-derived compound.
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    Taylor-Couette stability analysis for a Doi-Edwards fluid (1989)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 28 (1989), S. 504-510 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Taylor-Couette flow ; stability ; Doi-Edwards equation ; inertia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability of Taylor-Couette flow of entangled polymeric solutions to small axisymmetric stationary disturbances is analyzed using the Doi-Edwards constitutive equation in the small gap limit. A previous analysis of Karlsson, Sokolov, and Tanner for the general K-BKZ equation, of which the Doi-Edwards equation is a special case, reduces the problem to one of numerically evaluating seven viscoelastic functions of the shear rate $$\dot \gamma$$ in the gap. Of these seven, only three — two of which are related to the second normal stress difference, and one of them to shear thinning — significantly affect the flow stability. The negative second normal stress difference of the Doi-Edwards fluid stabilizes the flow at low values of the Weissenberg number λ1 $$\dot \gamma$$ , while shear thinning produces strong destabilization at moderate Weissenberg number. Hereλ 1 is the longest relaxation time. Non-monotonic effects of viscoelasticity on Taylor-Couette stability analogous to those predicted here have been observed in experiments of Giesekus. The extreme shear thinning of the Doi-Edwards fluid is also predicted to produce a large growth in the height of the Taylor cells, a phenomenon that has been seen experimentally by Beavers and Joseph.
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    A purely elastic transition in Taylor-Couette flow (1989)
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    Rheologica acta 28 (1989), S. 499-503 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Taylor-Couetteflow ; stability ; Boger fluid ; Oldroyd-B equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental evidence of a non-inertial, cellular instability in the Taylor-Couette flow of a viscoelastic fluid is presented. A linear stability analysis for an Oldroyd-B fluid, which is successful in describing many features of the experimental fluid, predicts the critical Deborah number,De c , at which the instability is observed. The dependence ofDe c on the value of the dimensionless gap between the cylinders is also determined.
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    Recent results in mathematical modeling of infectious diseases (1989)
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 14 (1989), S. 125-133 
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    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 92A07 ; stationary solution ; immune response ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Some results connected with a simple mathematical model of infectious disease are discussed in order to demonstrate the approach to the modelling of such real processes. A more complicated model of antiviral immune response is presented. A new modification of this model in which targets for the viruses are immunocompetent cells is suggested.
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    Stability analysis of a rotating flexible system (1989)
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 15 (1989), S. 211-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 70F99 ; 70K20 ; 73C02 ; 35P30 ; Flexible body ; Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics ; stability ; partial differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We analyse here the equations of motion of a planar body consisting of a rigid body with attached flexible rod. These equations take the form of coupled ordinary and partial differential equations. We analyse the equations both with and without centrifugal stiffening effects. Using the ‘energy-momentum’ method, we analyse nonlinear stability of the equilibria in each case. We also analyse the Hamiltonian and Poisson bracket structure of the system as well as the energy-momentum map and associated relative equilibria.
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    Network description of the immune system: Dormant B cells stabilize cycles (1989)
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    Journal of statistical physics 56 (1989), S. 533-545 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Immune system ; dormant B cells ; cycles ; Jerne theory ; memory ; nonlinear phenomena ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of dormant B cells and cycles is analyzed in the context of a Lotka-Volterra network. It is shown that dormant B cells stabilize a cycle and that in this way both cooperate to preserve the internal image (memory) of an antigen. The network is embedded in a hierarchical scheme which allows adaptation, learning, and innovation by biased and random mutation.
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    An Unexpected pH Effect on the Stability of Moexipril Lyophilized Powder (1989)
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    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 971-975 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: lyophilization ; stability ; pH effect ; moexipril
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Because of the limited stability of moexipril (RS-10085; 1) in aqueous solution, lyophilized parenteral formulations were evaluated as a function of pH in this study. In general, the lyophilized powder of 1 showed about two orders of magnitude less reactivity at 50°C than in aqueous solution at pH values below 3 or above 6. At pH 5.1, however, the lyophilized powder had maximum reactivity, with the rate actually comparable to that observed in aqueous solution. When the distribution of the two major products, diketopiperazine (DKP) 2 and ester hydrolysis analogue 3, was compared to the observed kinetics as a function of pH, it was clear that removal of water via lyophilization suppressed the spontaneous k 1 cyclization process, the spontaneous k 3 hydrolysis process, and the specific base-catalyzed k 4 hydrolysis process. The overall spontaneous k 2 cyclization process, however, was not affected by lyophilization. The latter result is accounted for by the increased equilibrium constant for the formation of the tetrahedral intermediate, To, as a result of lyophilization. This study demonstrates that stability data in solution can not be used for predicting the stability of moexipril in lyophilized powder form.
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    Continuity of the feasible solution sets of probabilistic constrained programs (1989)
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 63 (1989), S. 79-89 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Probabilistic constrained programs ; feasible solution sets ; stability ; point-to-set maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we show the continuity of the feasibility set with respect to the reliability levels and with respect to the distribution of the random elements of a stochastic program with probabilistic constraints. Continuity is then used to obtain stability results for this type of stochastic program. An easy criterion is given for checking the conditions which guarantee the continuity of the feasibility set.
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    Structural constrained controllers for discrete-time linear systems (1989)
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 61 (1989), S. 73-94 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Decentralized control ; stabilization by output feedback ; stability ; numerical methods ; discrete-time linear systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we present an approach for designing structural constrained controllers for discrete-time linear systems, based on a new stabilizability property of the Riccati equation solution. First, the feedback stabilization problem under a general structural constraint is considered and a simple numerical procedure to solve it is presented. Special attention is given to the output feedback stabilization problem, for which sufficient conditions for the existence and convergence toward a stabilizing matrix are provided. Some examples are solved and comparisons with other methods available in the literature are made.
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    An isoperimetric inequality in the optimization of circular rings under normal pressure (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 61 (1989), S. 403-408 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Isoperimetric inequalities ; stability ; circular rings ; structural optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of determining the optimal cross section of a circular ring so as to maximize the buckling pressure under a given total volume is formulated and solved. An isoperimetric inequality is proved: Among all the circular rings of given mass and radius, the ring with constant bending rigidity along the arc length has the largest critical buckling pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941826
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    On regular minimax optimization (1989)
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 62 (1989), S. 419-447 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Minimax optimization ; parametric optimization ; transversality ; sensitivity ; stability ; Chebyshev approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider functions of maximum type (max functions for short), subject to (in)equality constraints. The space dimension is finite, and the maximum is taken over a compact manifold with boundary. Effective local minimization algorithms based on Newton's method can be derived in the case where a local minimum is nondegenerate (in a two-level sense). In fact, nondegeneracy refers on the one hand to a local (implicit) reduction of the original max function to another one, where the maximum is taken over a finite set. On the other hand, it refers to strict complementarity and nondegeneracy of the underlying quadratic form with respect to the reduced stationary situation. As the main goal, we show that the set ofn-parameter families of functions, for which the stationary points of the corresponding max function are nondegenerate, constitutes an open and dense subset in the space of alln-parameter families (the topology used takes derivatives up to second order into account). An application to approximation problems of Chebyshev type is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00939815
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    The interaction of modified 7S soy protein with mono- and di-glycerides at the oil-water interface and its effect on the stability of concentrated corn oil-in-water emulsions (1988)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 930-936 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Emulsions ; stability ; interfacial properties of emulsions ; soybean protein ; glycerides ; stabilised O/W emulsions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of chemically modified 7S fraction of soybean protein (7MSPF), and its partial replacement by mono- and di-glycerides in various ratios, on the rate of drop coalescence in concentrated corn oil-in-water emulsions has been investigated. A total emulsifier concentration of 2.0 % (wt/wt) was used. The minimum drop coalescence rate was achieved when using 1.0% (wt/wt) 7MSPF in conjunction with 0.5% (wt/wt) monoglyceride and 0.5 % (wt/wt) di-glyceride at pH 5.5. At other mono-/di-glycerides and protein/glycerides ratios, and at other pHs, the rate of drop coalescence was higher than when 2.0% (wt/wt) 7MSPF was used. The reduction in drop coalescence rate under these conditions is attributed to association of 7MSPF with the glycerides at the oil-water interface. The influence of protein/glycerides ratio on the viscoelastic properties of mixed interfacial films supports this view.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410849
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    Acyrthosiphon pisum performance in response to the sugar and amino acid composition of artificial diets, and its relation to lucerne varietal resistance (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 283-292 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Medicago sativa ; resistance ; amino acids ; sucrose ; phloem sap ; artificial diet ; ingestion ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Sur des milieux holidiques se différenciant par leur concentration en acides aminés ou en saccharose ou par leur spectre en acides aminés et copiant la sève de deux variétés de luzerne (sensible et résistante) nous avons étudié différents paramètres biologiques d'un biotype d'Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance à ce puceron. Que ce soit pour le reproduction et la survie des adultes ou pour la croissance et le développment larvaire, nous montrons l'influence spécifique de la concentration en saccharose et en acides aminés ainsi que celle du spectre en acides aminés des régimes artificiels. Ces différences de performances de A. pisum peuvent en partie être expliquées par les différences d'ingestion. Néanmoins pour des rapport saccharose/acides aminés identiques et pour des niveaux d'ingestion égaux, il existe selon les milieux de grandes différences de taux de reproduction et donc d'efficacités métaboliques. Les milieux copiant la sève de variétés sensible et résistante permettent jusqu'à présent d'expliquer une partie des observations faites sur végétal, mais démontrent que l'ignorance de certains facteurs phagostimulants présents dans la plante empêche une interprétation complète des effets observés.
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the mechanisms of resistance of two lucerne cultivars (susceptible ‘Resistador’ and resistant ‘Lahontan’ clones) to a French biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, several biological parameters of this aphid were investigated on sap-copied holidic diets differing either by their amino acid or sucrose concentrations or by the relative proportions of some amino acids. We recorded the quantitative influence of nutrient levels and amino acid profiles on adult survival and reproduction, as well as on larval growth and development. The differences in A. pisum performances on artificial diets may partly by explained by variable ingestion rates, but also by differences in metabolic efficiency of the ingested nutrients, which greatly depends on amino acid composition. Although holidic diet experiments partially confirm the biological assays of resistance on plants, they also point out a lack in our understanding of the factors present in the sap which are involved in phagostimulation in vivo, thus preventing a complete interpretation of observed resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376409
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    L'élevage de deux coccinelles Harmonia axyridis et Semiadalia undecimnotata à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella tués aux rayons ultraviolets (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 235-244 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Semiadalia undecimnotata ; Aphids ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Pyralidae ; Anagasta kuehniella ; growth ; reproduction ; breeding ; natural prey ; unnatural prey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aphidophagous coccinellids Harmonia axyridis and Semiadalia undecimnotata were reared on eggs of the pyralid moth, Anagasta kuehniella during three generations previously killed by exposure to ultra violet radiation. Incidentally, these eggs are used for the mass production of Trichogramma. For H. axyridis larvae, this prey has the same nutritional value as the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (control). In adults, it causes an increase in reproductive activity which persisted during three generations. Decreased egg fertility is compensated for by stimulated oviposition. However, regardless of generations, the number of larvae produced per female per day remained equal to or became larger than the control. When the adults are transferred to aphid prey after 15 days of oviposition on the substitution food, a high level of fecundity is maintained and egg fertility improved, particulary during the last two generations. In S. undecimnotata, a specific aphid predator, preying on substitute prey is associated with prolonged pre-imaginal development and increased mortality, the latter affecting up to 50% of the larvae during the third generation. In adults, it induces a deterioration of the reproductive capacities (fecundity, fertility) which however seemed to improve during the third generation. Substitute prey has negative effect on these adults. At present, only H. axyridis might be considered for temporary mass production, as suggested by the results obtained at the end of the first generation.
    Notes: Résumé Les coccinelles aphidiphages Harmonia axyridis Pallas et Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider (Coccinellidae) ont été élevées pendant trois générations à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella Zell. (Pyralidae) tués par une exposition à un rayonnement ultraviolet. Chez la première espèce, cette proie de substitution présente une valuer alimentaire comparable si ce n'est pas supérieure à celle du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Ces résultats permettent d'envisager, dès à présent, une production massive dans ces conditions trophiques. La mise en place d'un élevage continu dépend de l'évolution sur un grand nombre de générations de certains paramètres biologiques notamment de la fertilité des femelles. Chez la seconde espèce, une telle application paraît impossible pour l'instant.
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    Resistance in the wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya and Hordeum bogdani to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 225-232 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Avena macrostachya ; Hordeum bogdani ; resistance ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; growth ; excretion ; amino acids ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumè Lors d'examens systématiques antérieurs, Avena macrostachya (Bal. ex Coss. & Dur.) et Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) ont présenté une résistance élevée au puceron Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Lorsqu'ils avaient un choix comprenant de l'avoine et de l'orge cultivés, les pucerons ailés ont atterri en nombres moins importants sur les espèces sauvages. Les résultats étaient cependant variables dans le complexe avoine. La production de nymphes et le poids des adultes étaient plus élevés sur espèces cultivées, ainsi que la durée du développement était plus longue sur les espèces sauvages. A partir du troisième stade, l'excrétion de miellat a été significativement plus faible sur les espèces résistantes. En général, le miellat y contenait moins de 1% d'acides aminés bien que sur H. vulgare il en contînt 3,5%. Les pourcentages d'acides aminés libres du miellat étaient semblables sur toutes les plantes (5,2–7,6%), à l'exception de H. vulgare sur lequel les pucerons excrétaient 22% des taux ingérés. Les acides aminés excrétés en fortes quantités sur les différentes plantes, comprenaient l'asparagine, l'acide γ-aminobutyrique, l'acide glutamique et la glycine. Des coupes de tissus n'ont révélé aucun obstacle mécanique clair à la pénétration des stylets. Les possibilités d'utiliser ces espèces sauvages comme source de résistance aux pucerons dans la sélection de l'avoine et de l'orge ont été examinées.
    Notes: Abstract In previous screening tests the two wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya (Bal., ex Coss. et Dur.) and Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) demonstrated a high degree of resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). In a choice situation using wild and cultivated oats and barley, alate aphids settled in lower numbers on the wild species. The results were, however, variable in the Avena combination. Nymph production was significantly higher, development time shorter and adult weight higher on the cultivated varieties. From the third instar and onwards the excretion of honeydew was significantly lower on the resistant plants. In general the honeydew contained less than 1% free amino acids although excreta from H. vulgare contained 3.5%. The percentage of free amino acids found in the honeydew was similar for all plant species (5.2–7.6%) except for H. vulgare, on which the aphids excreted 22% of the amounts ingested. Amino acids excreted in high proportions on all plants included asparagine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, and glycine. Tissue sectioning did not reveal any obvious mechanical barriers to stylet penetration. The potential use of these wild species as sources for aphid resistance breeding in oats and barley is considered.
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    The stability theorem for smooth pseudoisotopies (1988)
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    K-Theory 2 (1988), S. 1-355 
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    ISSN: 1573-0514
    Keywords: Pseudoisotopy ; stability ; Morse theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The stability theorem states that the suspension map C(M) → C(M X I) defined on the pseudoisotopy space C(M)=Diff(M X I rel M X O U ∂M X I) of a compact smooth n-manifold M is ∼ n/3-connected. This implies that C(M) has the R~ n/3-homotopy type of the stable pseudoisotopy space P(M) which is related to Waldhausen's algebraic K-theory of spaces by Waldhausen's formula A(X) Ω∞S∞(X+) X B2P(X). This paper gives a detailed proof of the smooth stability theorem following ideas by Hatcher for the proof of a PL stability theorem.
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    Yield and growth response to potassium of grain sorghum as influenced by variety in a savanna soil of Nigeria (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 217-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Potassium fertilization ; grain sorghum ; savanna soil ; yield ; growth ; varietal difference ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted at Samaru over a three-year period (1980–82) to study the yield, growth and nutrient concentration of three grain sorghum varieties (L. 187, SK5912 and FFBL) in relation to potassium fertilization in a savanna soil. Potassium application rates were 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1. Year × potassium interactions were not significant although there were significant variety × K interactions. The highest grain yields for var. L.187, SK5912 and FFBL occurred from the application of 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1 respectively. Straw yield was generally increased by K application, which also promoted tillering and hastened flowering in grain sorghum. Although grain weight per head, head number per m2, grain number and 1000-grain weight were unaffected by this nutrient, weight per head was reduced by 22.8 per cent. K application enhanced N concentration of sorghum plants but caused decline in P concentration. The highest K rate gave the highest K concentration in each of the three varieties at 7 weeks after planting. Optimum K requirement of grain sorghum would seem to be between 25 and 50 kg K ha−1.
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    Growth, yield components and micronutrient nutrition of field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization and plant density (1988)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 189-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zea mays L. ; nitrogen fertilization ; plant density ; yield components ; growth ; micronutrient nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and yield components in field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) were enhanced by nitrogen fertilization ranging from 50 to 200 kg N ha−1. Ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio, number of ears plant−1, plant height and dry matter production increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 100 or 150 kg N ha−1. Tasselling in maize was hastened by N fertilization. Increasing plant density from 25000 to 75000 plants ha−1 increased plant height, dry matter production and delayed tasseling but reduced ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio and number of ears plant−1. Increased N supply and plant density had no influence on the concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in ear leaf; except that Mn concentration increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 150 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen × plant density interactions on the concentrations of the micronutrients in maize ear leaf were not significant.
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    Fourier analysis of vertebral shape change due to growth and selection for large and small body size (1988)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 776-777 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; growth ; selection ; size ; shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourier analysis of videodigitised outlines of mouse vertebrae from two stocks, a pseudo-longitudinal series of mice aged 25–60 days and one selected for large or small body size over many generations shows that the shape changes due to normal growth are not similar to those produced by selection for body size.
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    Resolving causes of developmental continuity or “tracking.” I. Longitudinal twin studies during growth (1988)
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 133-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: genes ; environment ; development ; growth ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Models of developmental continuity and change in quantitative phenotypes may be tested using longitudinal data from twins. We illustrate a procedure for establishing the power and required sample sizes for detecting developmental transmission against an alternative common-factor hypothesis. We explore the general effects of different heritabilities, different fidelities of environmental and genetic developmental transmission, and varying numbers of occasions of measurement. In addition, a constraint of wide application is postulated for the action of the environment; either environmental effects are transmitted (learned) and occasion specific or they exert a constant influence which is not transmitted (learned). While the situations we examine are necessarily restricted here, our explorations of power show that, providing that we measure on at least four occasions, it is easy to detect developmental transmission with workable sample sizes.
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    Anorexia and sexual maturity in female white rock chickens. I. Increasing the feed intake (1988)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 383-387 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: anorexia ; maturity ; feed intake ; growth ; chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term selection for low juvenile body weight has resulted in a line of chickens where sexual maturity is retarded or prevented because of anorexia.Ad libitum-fed pullets which had not commenced egg production by 240 days of age were randomly assigned to be force-fed or fedad libitum. Increasing food intake via force-feeding caused a significantly greater proportion of females to commence egg production than was noted forad libitum-fed controls. Moreover, of those pullets that commenced lay, age at onset was significantly earlier in those force-fed than in those fedad libitum.
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    Phenobarbital Stability in Different Dosage Forms: Alternatives for Elixirs (1988)
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    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 803-805 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: phenobarbital ; stability ; solubility ; emulsions ; solutions ; elixirs ; high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015901121107
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    The effects of kinetin on callus characters in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 249-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Medicago sativa ; alfalfa ; lucerne ; callus culture ; initiation ; growth ; morphology ; histology ; regeneration ; cytokinin autotrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three callus initiation media, B2-k, B2, and 7951, were used to study the effects of kinetin on callus initiation, morphology, histology, and regenerability in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The presence of kinetin in callus initiation media retarded callus initiation, but enhanced division and differentiation of callus cells. Calluses induced on kinetin-containing media (B2 and 7951) had many compact cell aggregations, which were considered meristematic regions that might differentiate to plantlets on a regeneration medium. Visually, these calluses were compact and had many nodular structures. In contrast, most calluses induced on a kinetin-free medium were composed of large, individual cells and had friable structures without nodules. After transfer to a hormone-free medium, calluses induced on kinetin-containing media regenerated more frequently than those induced on a kinetin-free medium, but cytokinin (kinetin) autotrophism also occurred. Autotrophism was sexually transmissable and especially affected by the female parent.
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    Comparative growth and condition of northern stream-dwelling rock bass,Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque) (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 160 (1988), S. 199-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ambloplites rupestris ; growth ; condition ; latitude ; lake ; stream
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth and condition of rock bass,Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque), inhabiting the Middle Thames River near London, Ontario, Canada, are compared with growth in other northern streams and lakes, across the species' range in latitude, and between the sexes. Growth in streams was not less than in lakes, contrary to expectation. The condition and maximum size and age attained by stream inhabitants reflected the rigours of their environment. Growth in northern streams was less than in southern streams, due likely to the decreased ‘growing season’ length. Northern fish were typically in better condition, however. Sexual dimorphism in size was demonstrated, males being heavier and longer at age than females, although the sexes did not differ in condition.
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    Population dynamics of Ceratium spp. in three English lakes, 1945–1985 (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 161 (1988), S. 133-148 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ceratium spp ; nutrients ; stability ; long-term ; parasites of phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the annual population densities of Ceratium spp. in three adjacent English lakes, Windermere, Esthwaite Water and Blelham Tarn, are summarised over the 41 year period 1945–1985. In these lakes the genus is represented by two species, C. hirundinella (O.F. Müll) Bergh. and C. furcoides (Levander) Langhans. Although the species have not been distinguished over the entire study period, they have been shown by examination of preserved samples to undergo marked changes of relative abundance in Esthwaite Water. Both long-term (years) and short-term (within year) changes of populations densities of Ceratium spp. are considered in relation to possible controlling factors including recruitment of the inoculum, nutrient enrichment, physical stability and fungal epidemics. Given an early inoculum, the relative success of Ceratium populations in these lakes decreases along gradients of increasing mixed depths, increasing turbulence and decreasing retention times. The potential for good population growth is regulated by energy inputs, lake bathymetry and hydraulic characteristics. The realisation of such growth is governed by nutrient availability and microbial grazing. The significance of large between-year differences of populations of Ceratium spp. for general lake metabolism is illustrated for summers of contrasting production in Esthwaite Water.
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    Seasonal and spatial distribution of cryptophycean species in the deep, stratifying, alpine lake Mondsee and their role in the food web (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 161 (1988), S. 185-201 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cryptophyceae ; flagellates ; seasonality ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative data are presented on the depth-time distribution of four cryptophycean species (Cryptomonas marssonii, C. cf. ovata, C. pusilla and Rhodomonas minuta var. nannoplanktica) over a three year investigation period in Mondsee, Austria, a deep, stratifying alpine lake. Net rates of population increase and decrease are calculated and related to environmental variables (temperature, light, turbulence) and impact by herbivorous zooplankton. Although cryptophyceans rarely comprise more than 15 – 20% of total phytoplankton biovolume they contribute considerably to plankton community dynamics.
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    Effect of temperature on growth, reproduction and survival of the freshwater planorbid snail, Gyraulus convexiusculus, vector of echinostomiasis (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 164 (1988), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: freshwater snail ; growth ; reproduction ; survival ; temperature ; vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out to investigate the effects of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40° and 45°C on growth, sexual maturity, reproduction and survival of the freshwater planorbid snail, Gyraulus convexiusculus, vector of echinostomiasis, under laboratory conditions. The growth rate of juvenile and sexually mature snails was at minimum at 15°C and was maximum at 35°C. Sexual maturation time was minimum at 35°C and maximum at 20°C. Fecundity was minimum at 15°C and maximum at 35°C. The minimum average and maximum number of eggs per egg capsule was reached at 35°C and lowest at 15°C. 30°C was the optimum temperature for survival of juvenile snails, while sexually mature snails reached maximum survival time at 20°C.
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    Larval Mirogrex terraesanctae (Cyprinidae) of Lake Kinneret (Israel): growth rate, plankton selectivities, consumption rates and interaction with rotifers (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 169 (1988), S. 91-106 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cyprinid larvae ; growth ; plankton selectivities ; food requirement ; predator-prey interaction ; rotifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rotifer Synchaeta pectinata dominated gut content of first feeding Mirogrex larvae (7 mm, 10 days age) and was a selected prey of neuston-caught larvae up to 15 mm TL. A negative L-value (linear index of selection) applied to predation on nauplii and copepodites by 7 and 8 mm larvae; nevertheless, caloric intake was dominated by copepods in 8–10 mm larvae. Neuston-caught larvae 13–20 mm TL fed selectively on Cladocera, especially Bosmina, and on the rotifer Asplanchna spp. Growth, estimated from otolith ring counts and from analysis of size distribution data, ranged from 3 to 7 mm mo−1, with higher rates for early spawned larvae. When consumption as estimated from gut content, was compared to amounts of food required for growth, it appeared that the smallest larvae were underfed, while 13–16 mm fish obtained rations close to sufficiency. Rotifer standing stock biomass in Lake Kinneret has decreased in recent years, especially in winter, the spawning period of Mirogrex. Postulated causes are predation by an increasingly large population of Mirogrex larvae, and decrease of external supply. Larval distribution appeared to be linked to S. pectinata abundance; highest densities of both organisms occurred in the area of inflow from the Jordan and Golan streams. Larval food enrichment of inflow water by fish pond drainage might have caused observed increases in Mirogrex stock size since 1960.
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    Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some different fertilizers applied at planting (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 89-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: slow release fertilizers ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient uptake ; planting stock ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four fertilization at planting experiments were conducted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on eastern Vancouver Island. In experiment 1 Agriform (20-10-5, AGR) and Osmocote (17-7-12, OSM) supplied N at 0, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8 or 33.6 g/tree either broadcast, within 15 cm of the tree, or in a hole 15 cm from the tree (adjacent). In experiment 2 AGR, diammonium phosphate (21-55-0, DAP), ammonium sulphate (21-0-0, AMS), sulphur coated urea (35-0-0, SCU) supplied N at 0, 8.4, 16.8 and 25.2 g/tree. Triple superphosphate (0-45-0, TSP) supplied P at the same levels as DAP: 0, 9.6, 19.2 and 28.8 g/tree. In experiment 3 AGR and SCU (32-0-0) supplied N at 0, 8.4 and 16.8 g/tree. In experiment 4 DAP was used to fertilize trees on five different dates, between March and October, and each treatment supplied 16 g N/tree. Two-year old, bare root, planting stock was used except in experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12 to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 years with fertilizers supply 8.4 to 16.8 g N per tree. Growth responses were little affected by the type of fertilizer and were primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to this was TSP which did not increase growth but did increase survival. Survival was reduced by AMS and to a lesser extent by AGR. Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concentrations and contents declined following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July. Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concentration regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured six weeks later.
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    Temperature-dependent development and growth of Calanus sinicus (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the laboratory (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 167-168 (1988), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Calanus sinicus ; Copepoda ; development ; growth ; Inland Sea of Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The calanoid copepod Calanus sinicus was reared in the laboratory under excess food conditions, and its development and growth rates were measured at various temperatures. Egg development time (DH, days) was dependent on temperature (T °C), and was expressed as DH = 55.3 (T + 0.7)−1.44. Post-embryonic development followed the equiproportional rule. The stage duration was short in NI and NII, but compensatingly longer in NIII. Between NIV and CII, it was nearly isochronal, and beyond CII, it tended to increase gradually. The time from egg to adult was expressed as DCVI = 1258 (T + 0.7)−1.44. The specific growth rate was also temperature-dependent and highest from CI to CIII, intermediate from NII to CI and from CIII to CV, and lowest from CV to CVI. The growth rates of C. sinicus are higher than those of co-occurring small copepods such as Paracalanus, Acartia and Microsetella.
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    Growth in a freshwater snail under laboratory conditions in relation to eutrophication (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 157 (1988), S. 125-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Potamopyrgus jenkinsi ; Hydrobiidae ; growth ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shell growth in the snail Potamoryrgus jenkinsi (Prosobranchia, Hydrobiidae) was measured under laboratory conditions. Individuals of populations from two lakes differing in trophic status were kept in water with sandy substrates from each environment. Growth was faster in the environment of the more eutrophic lake, regardless of the origin of the snails; this held in particular for the smallest size class.
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    The annual cycle of heat content and mechanical stability of hypersaline Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 165 (1988), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heat budget ; stability ; saline lake ; Vestfold Hills ; Antarctica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deep Lake, a hypersaline lake of about ten times seawater concentration, rarely freezes and is characterized by a monomictic thermal cycle, Winter circulation, at c. −17 °C, lasts for two to three months. In summer, epilimnetic temperatures from 7–11 °C result in large vertical thermal gradients (21–26 °C) which combine with the enhanced rate of density change per degree Celsius, accompanying such high salt concentration, to produce a particularly stable density configuration in Deep Lake (Schmidt stability c. 8000 g-cm cm−2; 0.785 J cm−2). The Birgean annual heat budget (c. 24500 cal cm−2; 102.7 103 J cm−2) is comparable to that of a temperate lake with a similar mean depth, despite the comparatively high ratio of Birgean wind work to annual heat budget (0.37 g-cm cal−1). Deep lake retains c. 50% of the incident solar radiation during the short summer heating period; within the range estimated for ‘first class’ lakes in North America. Extended daylight hours certainly contribute to the high maximum rate of heating in the lake (444 cal cm−2 day−1; 1.86 103 J cm−2 day−1). Deep Lake cools at a rate less than half its average heating rate. Partitioning the total stability into thermal and saline components shows that salinity can contribute up to c. 20% of the maximum summer Schmidt stability. In early summer, the effect of small melt-streams is to increase stability by diluting the epilimnion. In autumn, evaporative water loss can overtake this effect, creating small de-stabilizing salinity gradients. The usually short-term stabilizing influence of snowfall and drift is less predictable, but is probably more common in winter when strong winds are most frequent. Hypersalinity has a profound effect on the physical cycle of Deep Lake, through freezing point depression and the increased rate of density change with temperature. These changes affect the lake's biota, both in relation to osmotic stress, and by effectively exposing them to a more thermally extreme environment. A comparison between Deep Lake and a smaller lake of similar salinity (Lake Hunazoko, Skarvs Nes), demonstrates that it is inappropriate to consider the biological effects of salinity in isolation. The smaller lake offers warmer epilimnetic conditions for at least part of the summer, which may explain the much greater limnetic algal production in Lake Hunazoko.
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    Interacting effects of diet and environmental temperature on biochemical parameters in the liver ofLeuciscus idus melanotus (Cyprinidae: Teleostei) (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: ide ; adaptation ; nutrition ; temperature ; growth ; liver ; nucleic acids ; storage products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One year old golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) were starved for 2 weeks at 20°C (time zero) and then they were fed either freeze-dried mosquito larvae (natural diet) or a commercial fish chow (artificial diet) at an ambient temperature of 14°C and 20°C, respectively. Growth parameters and biochemical data in the liver were measured at time zero and after 3 and 7 weeks of specific regimen. If compared to natural food, the artificial diet caused transient increase in anabolic activity of the liver, but prevented long-lasting hepatocyte proliferation (increase of total liver DNA). After 3 weeks on artificial diet, the body weight was significantly higher and the liver mass doubled compared to ide kept on the natural regimen; tissue DNA content indicated that the hepatocyte volume increased mainly by increased protein content and corresponding uptake of water; lipid and glycogen contents were increased by a factor of 3–6, and the RNA∶DNA ratio was increased accordingly. The growth of the ide, as reflected by the condition factor and hepatosomatic index (HSI), was virtually stopped when the artificial regimen was maintained for 7 weeks, whereas on natural food the condition factor was increased and liver weight and DNA were doubled. Growth of the fish maintained at 14°C was significantly lower than that of fish maintained at 20°C, though the total liver DNA was still increased on the natural regimen during the experiment. Less lipid was stored by fish maintained at 14°C, whereas protein and glycogen deposits were enlarged, if compared to fish maintained at 20°C. The specific activity of cytochrome oxidase in liver mitochondria and of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the microsomal fraction were found independent of diet and ambient temperature. Oxidative capacity of hepatocytes (mitochondrial protein/mg DNA) remained unchanged, and microsomal protein/cell appeared reduced in response to the artificial food. However, reduction of cell number on this diet resulted in less total mitochondrial and microsomal protein in the organ. Golden ide liver is found to be a sensitive experimental model to characterize the mutual influence of diet and temperature on fish; the results are discussed with regard to the usage of golden ide as test fish for water pollution.
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    Effects of diet and feeding time on daily variations in plasma insulin, hepatic c-AMP and other metabolites in a teleost fish,Dicentrarchus labrax L. (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: diets ; feeding time ; growth ; circadian rhythms ; insulin ; c-AMP ; lipids ; proteins ; carbohydrates ; teleost fish ; sea bass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile sea bass, 1.5 years old, of mixed sex, held on long photoperiods were fed early on the photoperiod and late on the photoperiod, using different diets. Fish fed natural diets showed a daily rhythmicity of plasma insulin, liver c-AMP, plasma glucose, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen content, however, fish fed a commercial diet did not show this daily rhythmicity except for plasma insulin levels. In addition, these fish had significantly lower levels of plasma insulin, liver c-AMP and plasma glycerol than the group fed on the natural diets at similar feeding times. The time of feeding also induced different rhythmicity patterns in hormones and metabolites as well as a significant change in their mean levels. These facts are discussed in relation with the pre-feeding activity and increased appetite exhibited by the fish fed late on the photoperiod and with their implications on fish culture.
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    Thyroidal compensation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed canola meal (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: canola meal ; rainbow trout ; glucosinolates ; thyroid hormones ; growth ; thyroid histology ; adaptation ; compensatory growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were fed either a soybean mealbased (SM) or canola meal-based (CM) diet for up to 20 weeks. Plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothryonine (T3) levels were significantly lower in the CM-fed fish sampled after 12 weeks. However, there appeared to be some compensation after 12 and 20 weeks in that the thyroid hormone levels in trout fed the CM were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed fish. Nevertheless, there was marked thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the CM-fed fish sampled at 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment. Moreover, the growth rate was significantly lower in the CM-fed fish in comparison to the SM-fed fish throughout the 20 week study period. Plasma T4 levels were similar in SM-fed fish sampled 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment, but plasma T3 levels progressively increased over this period, as did the apparent activity of the thyroid tissue based on histological criteria. Fasting for up to 8 weeks resulted in the arrested growth of the SM-fed fish, and a loss in body weight of the CM-fed animals over the 8 week period of the fast. In addition, the plasma thyroid hormone levels in the fasted fish tended to be lower than in fish fed both the SM and CM diets prior to fasting, and there was histological evidence indicating a reduced activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. However, thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy were still evident in the fasted fish previously fed the CM diet indicating that the adverse affects of CM diets are not completely reversible after 8 weeks. In fish fed the CM diet for 12 weeks and then the SM diet for up to a further 8 weeks (diet C-S) there was a compensatory increase in plasma thyroid hormone levels evident within 4 weeks after the change in diet, but no apparent decrease in thyroid hyperplasia or hypertrophy. In addition, in the fish fed the C-S diet there was a marked compensatory growth rate, and an increased feed: gain ratio; body weights of this group of fish were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed animals after 20 weeks of study, indicating a considerably higher growth rate over the last 8 week period.
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    Improvements in resource recovery at Stauffer's Big Island Mine (1988)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 6 (1988), S. 195-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Room and pillar mining ; yield pillars ; rock mechanics ; stability ; evaporites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Significant increases in extraction ratio on the order of 6 to 8%, equivalent to as much as 142 t/m of panel advance, have occurred at the Big Island Mine during the last five years with the help of a practical rock mechanics program. This increase in resource recovery has also contributed to improvements in productivity. Both conventional and continuous machine mining have been used to mine two flat-laying trona beds at depths of 250 and 260 m in the Green River Formation in southwestern Wyoming. Conventional room and pillar mining originally was conducted in panels with extraction ratios of 58 to 60%. The use of yield pillars has allowed the panel extraction to increase to 66%. Continuous machine mining was introduced recently, with a 64% extraction ratio using long, narrow pillars and wide rooms. Further improvements in resource recovery seem feasible in the light of present mining experience. The rock mechanics program consisted of field instrumentation to determine the pillar and roof response to mining, and computer modelling to evaluate and help determine the stability of various layouts, which were then adopted for mining.
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    A study of swelling and collapse in polyelectrolyte gels (1988)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 27 (1988), S. 44-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polyelectrolytegel ; phase transition ; stability ; swelling ; collapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Swelling and collapse of a polyelectrolyte are shown to be the result of a delicate balance of three “thermodynamic forces”, viz. osmotic pressure, polymer elasticity, and van der Waals attraction. The behaviour of the polyelectrolyte gel is studied under isotropic pressure and under uniaxial and biaxial loading.
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    Growth and macromolecular content of the dimorphic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans and the effect of hydroxyurea and other inhibitors (1988)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 54 (1988), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aureobasidium pullulans ; Pullularia pullulans ; dimorphism ; growth ; macromolecules ; hydroxyurea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth kinetics and the macromolecular content of the yeast and ethanol-induced hyphal forms of Aureobasidium pullulans were studied. During the morphological transition from yeasts to hyphae, both the protein and RNA content decreased significantly, the mycelial form containing only 76% of the amount of protein in the yeasts, and 38% of the RNA. The DNA was the only component tested whose level increased during the transition. Among several compounds inhibiting macromolecular synthesis, only hydroxyurea showed a remarkable effect on the morphology of A. pullulans, inducing the mycelial morphology. The macromolecular composition of hydroxyurea-treated cultures changed with time in a way similar to that of the ethanol-Tween 80-ammonia medium, and to that of carbon-starved cultures, without ethanol or glucose.
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    A simulation model of root and shoot growth at different levels of nitrogen availability (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C-metabolism ; growth ; Zea mays ; N-metabolism ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Conclusions The model calculations correspond in a qualitative way rather well with experimental data and the model appears to be quite stable. This means that a) the division into three plant parts (growing and mature shoot parts and roots) and b) the mechanisms simulated (chemical conversions and transport processes) can form a good basis for describing plant growth.
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    Nitrogen and carbon utilization in shoots and roots of nitrogen-limited Pisum (1988)
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    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 241-244 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nitrate ; photosynthesis ; Pisum ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Differential response in growth and mycorrhizal colonisation of soybean to inoculation with two isolates ofGlomus clarum in soils of different P availability (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: colonisation ; host specificity ; Glomus clarum ; glycine max ; growth ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphate ; tropical ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soybean (Glycine max cv. Mikiwashima) seedlings were inoculated with two tropical isolates of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusGlomus clarum (Gc); isolateGcA was isolated from soils of low phosphate (P) and isolateGcB from soils of high P availability. In soil with low P,GcA was more efficient in increasing growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity ofG. max thanGcB. Upon contact with the root surface, pre-infection hyphae ofGcA penetrated the root directly and rapidly colonised the cortical cells, while those ofGcB grew extensively on theroot surface with little host penetration. Mycorrhizal colonisation was higher in roots inoculated withGcA. Dual inoculation with the two isolates did not increase the effect of the single inoculation withGcA. In soils of high P status, both isolates formed pre-infection hyphae with few entry ooints and percentage mycorrhizal root colonisation was consequently low. The variation in efficacy of the isolates emphasizes the significance of evaluating host specificity when selecting efficient VA mycorrhizae strains for field studies.
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    Optimal infinite-horizon feedback laws for a general class of constrained discrete-time systems: Stability and moving-horizon approximations (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 57 (1988), S. 265-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Discrete-time systems ; infinite-horizon optimal control ; moving-horizon control ; state-control constraints ; nonquadratic cost functions ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Stability results are given for a class of feedback systems arising from the regulation of time-varying discrete-time systems using optimal infinite-horizon and moving-horizon feedback laws. The class is characterized by joint constraints on the state and the control, a general nonlinear cost function and nonlinear equations of motion possessing two special properties. It is shown that weak conditions on the cost function and the constraints are sufficient to guarantee uniform asymptotic stability of both the optimal infinite-horizon and moving-horizon feedback systems. The infinite-horizon cost associated with the moving-horizon feedback law approaches the optimal infinite-horizon cost as the moving horizon is extended.
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    Potential Improvement in the Shelf Life of Parenterals Using the Prodrug Approach: Bacampicillin and Talampicillin Hydrolysis Kinetics and Utilization Time (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 288-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: bacampicillin ; talampicillin ; ampicillin ; stability ; prodrugs ; shelf life ; hydrolysis ; chemical kinetics ; pH profiles ; storage ; parenteral ; degradation kinetics ; utilization time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The utilization time for a parenteral prodrug solution with a bioavailable fraction of unity was defined as the time during which the total of the prodrug concentration and the drug concentration equals or exceeds 90% of the initial prodrug concentration. This utilization time was calculated as a function of pH, buffer, and temperature using the experimentally determined rate expressions for bacampicillin and talampicillin. The results were compared to the shelf life of ampicillin solutions under identical storage conditions. First-order rate constants were determined for conversion of the prodrugs to ampicillin (k c), for β-lactam degradation of the prodrugs (k nc), for the overall loss of prodrugs (k sum), and for β-lactam degradation of ampicillin (k h) in aqueous solutions at 25.0 to 60.0°C, µ = 0.5, in the pH range 0.90 to 8.4. Loss of bacampicillin proceeded primarily by degradation at pH levels below 4 but was due predominantly to conversion at pH levels above 5. Loss of talampicillin was due primarily to conversion throughout the entire pH range. While the prodrug utilization times were approximately twice the shelf life of ampicillin in acidic solutions, ampicillin was significantly better in neutral solutions. The results illustrate the potential for increased prodrug storage periods when utilization time is defined on the basis of the bioactivity rather than on the prodrug concentration alone.
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    An Accurate Prediction of the pH Change Due to Degradation: Correction for a “Produced” Secondary Buffering System (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 514-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: stability ; esmolol ; secondary buffer ; hydrolysis ; aliphatic carboxy ester ; pH change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esmolol hydrochloride degrades in aqueous solutions by the hydrolysis of a labile aliphatic carboxy-ester group. The products are methanol and ASL-8123. The resulting aliphatic carboxylic acid moiety (ASL-8123) has a pK of 4.80, which is within 1 pH unit of the pH of the formulation. ASL-8123 therefore acts as a “secondary buffer” and minimizes the change in pH due to degradation. Equations are presented to calculate the change in the pH when the primary degradation product acts as a secondary buffer. This information can be used in the development of a parenteral product to predict, a priori, the concentration of buffer necessary for optimal pH maintenance. This knowledge can reduce the number of formulation screens required to determine the necessary buffer capacity for optimal drug stability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015973425708
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    Potential Improvement in Shelf Life Using the Prodrug Approach. II. A Systematic Examination of Kinetic Requirements (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 634-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: prodrugs ; shelf life ; parenteral ; oral ; utilization time ; computer simulation ; bacampicillin ; talampicillin ; ampicillin ; stability ; storage ; prodrug design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The utilization time (UT) for a solution of a prodrug that is rapidly and completely converted to drug in the blood may be longer than the time for 10% loss of the initial concentration. The UT for an intravenous prodrug solution is the period during which the total prodrug and drug concentration exceeds 90% of the initial concentration. The influence of the rate of prodrug degradation (k nc), its conversion (k c) to drug, and the subsequent drug degradation (k h) on the UT of a stored solution was examined by simulating the prodrug and drug concentration–time courses. The ratio of the shelf life of a prodrug solution to that of the parent drug (UTratio) was calculated using a wide range of values for the three rate constants. Three-dimensional plots relating the UTratio to the k c, k nc, and k h values provide a basis for making a priori assessments of kinetic requirements for designing a prodrug to increase storage time. A parenteral prodrug intended to increase storage time may have a larger overall rate of loss than the parent drug, but it must have a smaller degradation rate (k nc 〈 k h) to be successful. The UT for an oral prodrug solution depends upon the bioavailability of the prodrug relative to the drug in addition to the values for knc, k c, and k h. Two ampicillin prodrugs were used as models to calculate actual UTratio versus pH profiles. Intravenous solutions showed modest gains in the UTratio in the acid region, whereas oral solutions reached a UTratio as high as 22 by combining favorable rate constants with increased bioavailability. These actual UTratio versus pH profiles were interpreted in terms of the theory established using the simulations.
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    Transdermal Delivery of Isoproterenol HC1: An Investigation of Stability, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, and Vehicle Effects (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 116-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: isoproterenol HC1 ; stability ; solubility ; partition coefficient ; percutaneous transport ; effect of Azone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of solubility, partition coefficient, and selected adjuvants (propylene glycol and Azone) on percutaneous penetration of isoproterenol HC1 have been investigated using human cadaver skin. Isoproterenol was found to be stable (〈1% decomposition) for 24 hr at 22 ± 0.5°C in the pH range 1 to 7 in the following solvents: water, normal saline, propylene glycol and a series of propylene glycol–water mixtures (10, 20, 40, and 60%; v/v); however, decomposition was significant beyond pH 8. In normal saline, the rate of decomposition increased significantly with an increase in temperature to 37°C. The solubility of isoproterenol HC1 decreased and its skin/vehicle partition coefficient increased with increasing proportions of propylene glycol in the vehicle, while the product of the solubility and partition coefficient appeared to plateau at 20% propylene glycol in water. Optimal penetration enhancing effects of Azone were seen when incorporated at a concentration of 1% (v/v) in the 20% (v/v) propylene glycol–water blend and, more significantly, when skin was pretreated with pure Azone for 60 min prior to application of the drug formulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015996319406
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    Capillary Gas Chromatography and Thermionic N-P-Specific Detection of 13-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) or l-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-l-nitrosourea (CCNU) in Stability and Pharmacokinetic Studies (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 220-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: capillary gas chromatography ; analysis ; stability ; pharmacokinetics ; carmustine ; lomustine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An expedient, rapid, and sensitive capillary gas chromatographic method for the analysis of l,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) or l-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-l-nitrosourea (CCNU) in plasma is described. Separation of the underivatized nitrosourea compounds was performed on a 0.33-mm-i.d., 25-m fused-silica, SE-30 capillary column, and detection was carried out using a thermionic N–P-specific detector. The compounds were extracted from plasma with benzene with a yield of 〉87%. The assay was linear in the ranges of 0.001 to 0.5 and 0.5 to 25 µg/ml for CCNU or 0.003 to 0.50 and 0.5 to 25 µg/ml for BCNU, with correlation coefficients from 0.9914 to 0.9999 and coefficients of variation (CV) of 〈3.3%. Other antineoplastic agents did not interfere in the assay. The method was employed to study the pharmacokinetics of BCNU in rabbits. The plasma concentration-time curves were fit to a two-compartment model with a mean (SE) α, β, and total-body clearance of 2.898 (0.913) hr−1, 0.1228 (0.0179) hr−1, and 7.211 (2.862) liters/hr · kg, respectively. Further, the stability of BCNU and CCNU in solution was examined at different temperatures. Both compounds were stable in benzene or acetone (4 to 37°C) but labile in plasma even if refrigerated. The apparent rate constants for degradation of BCNU and CCNU were 0.09921 and 0.02853 hr−1 at 4°C and 5.998 and 2.553 hr−1 at 37°C, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015989612562
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    The Stability and Solubility of Progabide and Its Related Metabolic Derivatives (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 226-231 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: Progabide ; metabolic derivatives ; stability ; solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability–pH profile of the γ-aminobutyric acid prodrug, Progabide, was found to be bell shaped, with maximum stability occurring at pH 6 to 7 with a t 1/2 of 126 min. Of its metabolic derivatives, the deamidated product PGA degraded in a similar fashion to Progabide, whereas the hydrolytic degradation product SL79.182 was, as expected, a stable compound. Progabide behaved as a typical weak base, with its solubility increasing with a decrease in pH. SL79.182 behaved as a typical phenolic weak acid, with its solubility increasing with an increase in pH. Both compounds displayed low intrinsic solubilities of 14.5 × 10−5 M for Progabide and 33.4 × 10−6 M for SL79.182. An increase in temperature resulted in an increase in the solubility but a decrease in the stability of Progabide. The data obtained indicate that the gastric pH and gastric emptying rate will have a profound effect on the oral bioavailability of Progabide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015941729400
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    A new control method and its robustness for a class of nonlinear systems (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 59 (1988), S. 117-133 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Nonlinear systems ; control ; stability ; uncertain systems ; robust control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For a class of time-varying nonlinear systems described by the equation $$\dot x = f(x,t) + g(x,t)u$$ , the precalculating control is not available if the input matrixg(x,t) is not invertible. With Lyapunov's second method, a stabilizing controller which makes the system practically stable is constructed in this paper. It is shown that the implementation of this scheme depends on some so-called posi-invertibility conditions forg(x,t). In case the system is partly stable, the method, named part-calculating control, can simplify the on-line computations. Without the assumption that the nominal system is asymptotically stable, the method is applied to the problems of control for the corresponding uncertain system that satisfies the matching condition. When the matching condition is not satisfied, the mismatching control problem is also studied with Lyapunov's second method.
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    Relative DNA and total protein content in human cardiomyocytes (1988)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 106 (1988), S. 1178-1180 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: human cardiomyocytes ; growth ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00840394
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    Stabilität der ebenen Couette-Strömung eines Maxwell-Fluids und ihre kritische Weissenbergzahl (1987)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 26 (1987), S. 119-126 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Maxwell fluid ; planeCouette flow ; stability ; criticalWeissenberg number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The stability behaviour of a Maxwell fluid in a simple plane shear flow for a class of special perturbations is investigated. Necessary and sufficient stability criteria, especially a critical Weissenberg number for the stability (We k ≈ 4) are given. The results of the analysis are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird das Stabilitätsverhalten eines Maxwell-Fluids in einer einfachen ebenen Scherströmung für eine spezielle Störungsklasse untersucht. Notwendige und hinreichende Stabilitätskriterien sowie eine kritische Weissenbergzahl (We k ≈ 4) werden angegeben. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse stehen mit experimentellen Befunden in qualitativer Übereinstimmung.
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    Methodological problems associated with the Use of the Delphi technique (1987)
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    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 175-185 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Fire evaluation ; expert ; consensus ; stability ; reliability ; validity ; scaling measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In this article some of the methodological problems associated with using the Delphi technique for the development of a Firesafety Evaluation (Points) Scheme are examined. These problems relate to: questionnaire design, the merits and demerits of Delphi groups versus panel groups, the definition of key terms (such as expert, consensus and stability), the reliability, validity and level of measurement achieved by Likert-type scaling techniques, and the differences in the decisionmaking processes of expert and nonexpert groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036934
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    A note on contractivity in the numerical solution of initial value problems (1987)
    Springer
    BIT 27 (1987), S. 424-437 
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    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: 65 L 05 ; 65 L 20 ; stability ; contractivity ; numerical solution of stiff initial value problems in ordinary differential equations ; Runge-Kutta methods ; Rosenbrock methods ; rational Runge-Kutta methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the stability analysis of numerical methods for approximating the solutions to (stiff) initial value problems. Our analysis includes the case of (nonlinear) systems of differential equations that are essentially more general than the classical test equationU′=λU, with λ a complex constant. We explore the relation between two stability concepts, viz. the concepts of contractivity and weak contractivity. General Runge-Kutta methods, one-stage Rosenbrock methods and a notable rational Runge-Kutta method are analysed in some detail.
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    Growth and long-run stability (1987)
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 9 (1987), S. 219-237 
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    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 34A34 ; 34D99 ; 90A16 ; Nonlinear differential equations ; stability ; growth ; economic dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the implications of persistent growth upon the stability properties of dynamic models. Besides the traditional concept of asymptotic stability, new stability criteria-strong/weak absolute, strong/weak relative, strong/weak logarithmic stability-are introduced, and global stability conditions for satisfying these criteria are stated for general first-order autonomous differential equations. The conflict between rapidity of growth and the degree of stability is demonstrated. Economic applications of the stability theorems are illustrated within the growth models of Harrod and Solow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047540
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    Quantification of the impact of the hoverfly, Metasyrphus corollae on the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae, in winter wheat: laboratory rates of kill (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 153-157 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Syrphidae ; Metasyrphus corollae ; cereal aphid ; Sitobion avenae ; quantification ; field populations ; biomass ; voracity ; growth ; development ; kill rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de mortalité de S. avenae provoqué par les larves de M. corollae a été mesuré au laboratoire pour évaluer l'impact de ce prédateur sur les populations de ce puceron dans la nature. L'évolution du poids des larves et de la biomasse de pucerons tués a été suivie tous les jours dans des conditions de température et humidité constantes. Un taux moyen de mortalité a été déterminé pour chaque stade larvaire du prédateur, il a servi à déduire les niveaux de mortalité quotidienne dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of kill of cereal aphids by larvae of Metasyrphus corollae (F.) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was measured in the laboratory with the aim of assessing the impact of this predator on field populations of cereal aphids. Daily measurements were taken of changes in both the larval weight and the biomass of aphids killed by M. corollae in conditions of constant temperature and humidity. A mean relative kill rate was defined and calculated for each larval instar of the predator from which estimates of field daily rates of kill can be made.
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    Metal chelates in adsorption polarography I: Mo(VI) and derivatives of oxine (1987)
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    Microchimica acta 92 (1987), S. 121-131 
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    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: stability ; molybdenum(VI) ; chelates ; adsorption polarography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of complexes between Mo(VI) and 8-hydroxy-quinoline (oxine) and four oxine derivatives were investigated by multiwavelength molecular absorption spectrometry, potentiometry, and polarography. The following pKOH- and pKNH- values of the ligands and logK 211-values of the complexes MoO2(OH)2L x− (x=1 or 2) were obtained at 25° C and an ionic strength of 1M(NaClO4): 5,7-dinitro8-hydroxyquinoline 4.59, 〈0, 14.50; 7-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid 5.34, 0.41, 15.70; 7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid 6.98, 2.62, 17.65; 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid 8.33, 4.13, 18.71; and 8-hydroxyquinoline 9.62, 5.28, 19.69. A good linearity was found between logK 211 and the sum of the pK-values of the OH- and NH+-groups. The dependence of the peak current of Mo(VI)-determinations by adsorption polarography of the 7-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate complex of Mo(VI) MoO(OH)3L− can quantitatively be described at pH 0.8–2 using the corresponding pK-values and the log K311 of 18.54±0.03, determined by polarography.
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    A quadratic analogue of Serre's theorem on projective modules (1987)
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    K-Theory 1 (1987), S. 185-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-0514
    Keywords: Quadratic space ; patching diagram ; projective module ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove that every quadratic space of sufficiently large index contains a hyperbolic orthogonal summand.
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    A mathematical model of plant growth with particular reference to winter wheat (1987)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 245-266 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: model ; growth ; root/shoot ratio ; nutrients ; light ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mathematical analysis presented in this paper of plant growth is based on the assumption that the influence of deficiencies in the major root nutrients of water, N, P and K is to reduce the fraction of the plant mass devoted to photosynthesis by increasing the root fraction, thereby diminishing the rate of growth of the total plant. A reciprocal phenomenon occurs with deficiency of light. Using literature data on the influence of environmental conditions on plant growth and in particular on the root/shoot ratio, the relevant rate expressions are derived in a simple form and appear to be generally similar for a wide range of plants during their vegetative phase of growth.
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    A mathematical model of root exploration and of grain fill with particular reference to winter wheat (1987)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 267-281 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: model ; growth ; root ; soil exploration ; grain fill ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the first part of this paper a model is derived for the exploration of the soil by roots in a growing crop with particular reference to cereals. The distribution of root density with depth is related to the growth of the above-ground parts and to the varying demand these place on the roots modified by the changing texture and nutrient status of the soil with depth. In the second part of the paper the growth of cereal seeds is modelled by being related to the photosynthetic capacity of the plant and the duration of its life following anthesis. The death of the plant is considered to be a consequence of the parasitic action of the seeds.
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    Relationship of prodigiosin condensing enzyme activity to the biosynthesis of prodigiosin and its precursors inSerratia marcescens (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 397-399 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Serratia marcescens ; growth ; prodigiosin ; prodigiosin condensing enzyme ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prodigiosin condensing enzyme (PCE) activities were present inSerratia marcescens wild type 08, mutants OF, WF and 9-3-3. Their specific activities exhibited different maxima and at different times during the late log phase or the early stationary phase of cell growth. The levels of prodigiosin and its precursors also showed a significant increase at this period. The results support that prodigiosin and/or its precursors are secondary metabolites. The ubiquity of the PCE activity in mutants deficient in prodigiosin biosynthesis suggest that this particular enzyme may also be present in non-pigmented clinical isolates.
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    The establishment, growth, phenology and longevity of two species of Helianthemum in the Negev Desert Highlands, Israel (1987)
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    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 486-490 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Helianthemum ; growth ; flowering ; age ; drought response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hills of the Negev highlands, west of Sede Boqer, are typically covered by various half-shrub communities, including the deciduous species of Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss., an Irano-Turanian element that grows only on north facing slopes, and H. ventosum Boiss., a Saharo-Arabian element which grows on both slopes but mainly on those facing south. Upon irrigation, plants of H. vesicarium preserve their natural rhythm of activity during winter and remain deciduous throughout the summer. On the other hand, under a similar irrigation treatment, the growth and flowering season of H. ventosum is modified and is extended well into the summer. Thus, H. ventosum shows a high phenological plasticity, while H. vesicarium seems to be very conservative. The different response of the two species to an improved water regime may partly explain the differences in their natural habitats: H. vesicarium on the more humid north facing slopes and H. ventosum mostly on the more arid and extreme south facing ones. Plants of both species which grow near boulders attain larger sizes and denser stands than those on the slopes. Age analysis based on xylem ring counts of 859 plants of the two natural populations showed that the plants did not exceed 14 years and most of them reached the age of some 5 years only. In general more seedlings are established during rainy year-clusters than during dry ones. However, no direct correlation between seedling establishment and the annual rainfall of specific years could be found. The rapid turnover of plants in the stands of both species of Helianthemum resembles the behavior of desert annuals rather than that of most desert shrubs.
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    Growth ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata larvae in response to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solanum ; glycoalkaloid ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; protein ; growth ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; α-tomatine ; α-solamarine ; β-solamarine ; α-solamine ; α-chacomine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of larvae of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), as measured by weight gain, was determined when larvae were reared on synthetic diets containing measured quantities of protein and one of fiveSolanum glycoalkaloids. Data were analyzed to determine if growth was affected by these two aspects of phytochemical variation independently, or if there was a significant interaction component in larval weight gain to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration. For four of the five glycoalkaloids examined, a bivariate regression model without interaction accurately accounted for growth ofL. decemlineata larvae. For alpha-tomatine, however, a regression model with the addition of a (protein × glycoalkaloid) interaction term more accurately accounted for larval growth. The influence of this interaction was less than either protein or glycoalkaloid concentration alone. The variation in protein concentration accounted for most of the variation in larval growth, and high protein concentrations could more than offset the effect of high concentration of any of the five glycoalkaloids.
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    Effects of ATP and cyclic AMP on the in vitro assembly and stability of mammalian brain microtubules (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 74 (1987), S. 43-54 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: microtubules ; assembly/diassembly ; ATP ; cAMP ; phosphorylation ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relevance of protein phosphorylation, transphosphorylation and binding phenomena in the kinetics of the ATP-induced assembly of cycle-purified microtubule protein from mammalian brain were studied. ATP was able to induce the polymerization of microtubules of normal appearance. However, the assembled structures, were unstable and microtubules depolymerized after achievement of a transitory maximum. Cyclic AMP reduced the amplitude of the polymerization maximum in a concentration-dependent manner, correlating with the stimulation of the endogenous phosphorylation reaction. When microtubule assembly was induced by GTP, in the presence of various concentrations of ATP, the slope of the depolymerization phase was found to depend on the concentration of ATP. Fluoride ion inhibited the endogenous phosphorylation reaction and reduced the disassembly rate, in a concentration-dependent manner. Evidence is also presented indicating that ATP did not bind to phosphocellulose-purified tubulin. These results further contribute to indicate that ATP and cyclic AMP, acting coordinately to control the phosphorylation extent of microtubule proteins are important factors to determine microtubule stability within the cell. Some implications of this mechanism for the regulation by cAMP of the initiation of DNA synthesis and mitosis are considered.
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    Propranolol apparently separates the physical and compositional characteristics of muscle growth induced by clenbuterol (1987)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 7 (1987), S. 51-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: muscle ; growth ; adrenergic agents ; clenbuterol ; propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of propranolol on clenbuterol-induced changes in muscle fibre size and protein content were studied. Propranolol did not inhibit the ability of clenbuterol to stimulate protein accretion but reduced the increase in muscle fibre size. The compositional and physical characteristics of clenbuterol-induced muscle growth thus appeared to be separated by propranolol.
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    An iteration method for integral equations arising from gravity flows with free surface (1987)
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 3 (1987), S. 123-138 
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    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: gravity flow with free surface ; complex variable function ; boundary-integral equation ; convergence ; stability ; estimation of error
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Gravity potential flows with free surface still present considerable difficulties in non-linear mathematical problems. Previous researchers using analytic function theory could consider only simple geometrical boundaries. Analyzing curvilinear solid boundaries by means of analytic theory is a difficult problem that has not been solved. In this paper, using Muskhelishvili's singular integral equation theory, we turn the gravity flow problem into the Riemann-Hilbert problem. Taking the length of the streamline of the boundary as the independent variable and the velocity potential of the boundary as the function to be determined, we avoid the difficulty that the angle of the curved fixed part is unknown. Following the difference method and the finite element method, we develop a new numerical method that is suitable for complex solid boundaries and overcome the difficulties encountered in applying analytic function theory. Under known discharge, the convergence and stability of the method have been proved and an estimation of error has been obtained. The method has been successfully applied to the calculation of the flow past spillway buckets. The calculated values agree well with the measured results.
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    On the stability of finite difference method for solving three-dimensional unsteady gasdynamic equations with artificial viscosity terms (1987)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 3 (1987), S. 297-303 
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    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: three-dimensional unsteady gas flow ; difference scheme ; stability ; artificial viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The artificial viscosity method for three—dimensional unsteady gas flow is developed. The stability of finite difference scheme in this case is investigated. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability are obtained; these conditions formally agree with the two-dimensional result in Rusanov's paper.
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    On the stability of elastic curved bars (1987)
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 3 (1987), S. 326-334 
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    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: elastic curved bars ; bifurcation ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A general discussion about the stability of arbitrary elastic curved bars in space under combined actions of bending and twisting is given in this paper. A system of Eqs. (28)–(36) for perturbation functions near some equilibrium state is presented. With appropriate boundary conditions, the nontrivial solution corresponds to the critical state. Five examples are analysed in this paper. Some of them are new results and others are old problems treated using the new method.
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    Electronic Resource
    Flow of a Casson fluid on a rotating disk (1987)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 3 (1987), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: Casson fluid ; rotating disk ; film thickness ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The flow of a thin layer of a Casson fluid on a fast rotating disk is considered. The film thickness distribution at various times for various initial thickness distribution is calculated. The stability of the flow is examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02486848
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