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  • Drosophila  (266)
  • Immunohistochemistry  (212)
  • Springer  (478)
  • Cell Press
  • 1985-1989  (297)
  • 1980-1984  (181)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and conservation of the foldback transposable element inDrosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1989), S. 220-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Foldback element ; Transposable element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Foldback elements are a family of transposable elements described inDrosophila melanogaster. The members of this dispersed repetitive family have terminal inverted repeats that sometimes flank a central region. The inverted repeats of all the family members are homologous. The study of the distribution and conservation of the foldback elements in differentDrosophila species shows that this distribution is different from that of the hybrid dysgenesis systems (PM and IR). Sequences homologous to foldback elements were observed by Southern blots and in situ hybridization in all species of themelanogaster subgroup and in some species of themontium andtakahashii subgroups. The element was probably already present before the radiation of these subgroups. No evidence of horizontal transmission of the foldback element could be observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102479
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two different sets of cis elements regulate scute to establish two different sensory patterns (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Campaniform sensilla ; Drosophila ; Achaete-scute complex ; Cis regulatory sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analysed the role of the achaete-scute gene complex in the development of the pattern of campaniform sensilla on the wing blade of Drosophila. We show that the complete pattern results from the superimposition of two independent subpatterns, one of which depends on the achaete gene and the other on scute. The scute subpattern comprises several clusters of sensilla, most of which seem to require the presence of control regions located upstream of the transcribed region. This is in contrast with the pattern of scute-dependent bristles, most of which depends on control elements located downstream of the transcribed region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375909
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern triplications following genetic ablation on the wing ofDrosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell communication ; Pattern formation ; Cell differentiation ; trans-regulatory genes ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects ofpolyhomeotic (ph) mutants in imaginal cells have been studied in a clonal analysis. Clones of cells, homozygous forph, sort-out after a few divisions, probably as a consequence of modified cell affinities. The dorso-ventral margin of the wing has special characteristics that retard this phenomenon. The formation and exclusion of a clone of 8–16 cells affect the polarity of the wild-type neighbour cells and can provoke pattern triplications. The results suggest that a defect in intercellular communication prevents the wild-type cells from maintaining coordinated positional information. The cells react by regenerative growth, and reorganize into a new pattern. The pleiotropic phenotypes ofph mutants are explained according to a common hypothesis aboutph + function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447741
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proximal-distal pattern formation inDrosophila: graded requirement forDistal-less gene activity during limb development (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 157-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Distal less ; Limb development ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of all of the adult limbs inDrosophila depends upon the activity of theDistal-less gene. We report here the phenotypic characterization of a number of hypomorphicDistal-less alleles which indicates that there is a graded requirement forDistal-less activity in the developing limbs. Previous analysis of genetically mosaic animals indicated that cells in the early primordia of the limb imaginal dises possess a graded proximal-distal positional information which depends on the presence of theDistal-less gene for its expression. Taken together these data suggest thatDistal-less may directly encode the graded positional information that is required to organise the proximal-distal axis of the developing limbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438941
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Follicle cell development is partly independent of germ-line cell differentiation in Drosophila oogenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Follicle cells ; Egg shell ; Ovarian tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental potential of the cells of the somatic follicular epithelium (follicle cells) was studied in mutants in which the differentiation of the germ-line cells is blocked at different stages of oogenesis. In two mutants, sn 36a and kelch, nurse cell regression does not occur, yet the follicle cells around the small oocyte continue their normal developmental program and produce an egg shell with micropylar cone and often deformed operculum and respiratory appendages. Neither the influx of nurse cell cytoplasm into the oocyte nor the few follicle cells covering the nurse cells are apparently required for the formation of the egg shell. In the tumor mutant benign gonial cell neoplasm (bgcn) the follicle cells can also differentiate to some extent although the germ-line cells remain morphologically undifferentiated. Vitelline membrane material was synthesized by the follicle cells in some bgcn chambers and in rare cases a columnar epithelium, which resembled morphologically that of wild-type stage-9 follicles, formed around the follicle's posterior end. The normal polarity of the follicular epithelium that is characteristic for mid-vitellogenic stages may, therefore, be established in the absence of morphologically differentiating germ-line cells. However, the tumorous germ-line cells do not constitute a homogeneous cell population since in about 30% of the analyzed follicles a cell cluster at or near the posterior pole can be identified by virtue of its high number of concanavalin A binding sites. This molecular marker reveals an anteroposterior polarity of the tumorous chambers. In follicles mutant for both bgcn and the polarity gene dicephalic the cluster of concanavalin A-stained germ-line cells shifts to more anterior positions in the follicle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375904
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of microbial floras on the distributions of five domestic Drosophila species across fruit resources (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 533-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Microbial associations ; Resource partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distributions of five Drosophila species and four components of the microflora have been compared across a total of 48 traps baited with four different fruit and vegetable substrates in two domestic compost heaps in Canberra (Australia). Large and consistent differences are found, both among the Drosophila and among the microbial classes, in their distributions across traps baited with different substrates. Moreover the distribution of each Drosophila species shows a unique set of strong associations with the microbial distributions. Thus the distributions of both D. simulans and D. melanogaster are found to be strongly negatively correlated with the abundance of bacteria while D. simulans is also strongly positively correlated with the titre of fermenter yeasts. D. immigrans is strongly positively correlated both with bacteria and with non-fermenter yeasts. D. hydei is positively correlated with nonfermentery yeasts and D. busckii is negatively correlated with fermenter yeasts. Moulds are the only microbial class not consistently associated with the distribution of any of the Drosophila species. The correlations with the other microbial classes are sufficient to explain the majority of the abundance differences of the Drosophila species among the trap types. It is therefore proposed that the clear partitioning of the fruit resources by the Drosophila is due to their differing primary interactions with the microflora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378745
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lanthanum mimicks the trp photoreceptor mutant of Drosophila in the blowfly Calliphora (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1989), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Blowfly ; Drosophila ; Photoreceptor ; Lanthanum ; trp mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of lanthanum on the light response of blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) photoreceptors was studied. The electrophysiological behaviour of the photoreceptors in the presence of La can be summarized as follows: 1. Upon long stimulation the photoreceptors responded with a ‘transient receptor potential’, i.e. the cells depolarized at the onset of the stimulus and then repolarized to (or below) the resting potential. This effect was dependent on stimulus intensity and occurred only at high intensities. During illumination membrane noise was reduced. 2. The light-induced changes in membrane potential were paralleled by changes in membrane resistance. 3. The time course of the receptor response was slowed down. 4. Light adaptation led to an increase in response latency. 5. The recovery of the receptor response after light adaptation was slowed down. 6. The sensitivity of the receptor cells measured by the response to short light stimuli was reduced. In summary, the electrophysiological behaviour of Calliphora photoreceptors in the presence of La was very similar to that of the photoreceptors of the trp (transient receptor potential) mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. This result suggests that La and trp mutation affect the same cellular processes in the photoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193462
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food preferences and nematode parasitism in mycophagousDrosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Ecological research 4 (1989), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Annual life cycle ; Drosophila ; Fungus preference ; Nematode parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food preferences and nematode parasitism were studied in natural populations of mycophagousDrosophila in and near Sapporo, northern Japan. Species which preferred fresh mushrooms showed species-specific responses toPleurotus mushrooms:D. pirka bred only onPleurotus cornucopiae, D. trivitata onP. cornucopiae andP. ostreatus, D. trilineata on these twoPleurotus mushrooms and some other mushrooms, whileD. sexvittata bred on a wide variety of mushrooms but seldom onPleurotus mushrooms. Species which preferred decayed mushrooms (D. quadrivittata, D. histrioides, D. testacea and species of thequinaria species-group) showed host preferences different from those of the above species. The rate of parasitism by nematodes was generally higher in species which prefer decayed mushrooms than in species which prefer fresh mushrooms. Among species which prefer fresh mushrooms, onlyD. trilineata was parasitized frequently by nematodes. It was not clear what factors determine the rate of parasitism in these mycophagousDrosophila. D. pirka, D. trivittata andD. trilineata passed through three or four generations per year and entered reproductive diapause in early September in and near Sapporo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347153
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two nearby sites bind zen protein independently (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 90 (1989), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: zerknullt gene ; homeobox protein ; Drosophila ; filter binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The region upstream from the zerknullt (zen) gene contains three sites that specifically bind the zen protein product of the gene. Evidence for these binding sites was obtained by the filter binding technique and the DNase footprinting technique. The filter binding technique was used to scan various segments of DNA for the presence of possible specific binding sites. Segments that were selectively retained by the filter binding technique invariably contained one or more specific binding sites according to the DNase footprinting technique. Two of the zen protein binding sites were spaced only 30 base pairs apart. These sites could be separated without any loss in their specific binding properties. It is concluded that these two sites function independently in the binding of zen protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225218
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative analysis of glue proteins in theDrosophila nasuta subgroup (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ; glue proteins ; glycosylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of protein fractions from total salivary glands and from glue plugs were compared in seven members of theDrosophila nasuta subgroup by the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The glue protein patterns are member specific concerning the numbers and the electrophoretic mobilities of major and minor glue protein fractions. However, the major fractions of all subgroup members could be grouped into five SDS-PAGE domains according to the homologies of their electrophoretic mobilities, prominence of Coomassie blue staining, and PAS reaction. In all subgroup members, major fractions are involved in posttranslational modifications into larger protein molecules of the final glue. Quantitative estimations of the glue proteins inD. n. nasuta andD. n. albomicans reveal that they constitute between 55 and 60% of the total salivary gland proteins, whereas inD. melanogaster and inD. hydei the fraction is only 32 and 35%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553628
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative analysis of glue proteins in theDrosophila nasuta subgroup (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ; glue proteins ; glycosylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of protein fractions from total salivary glands and from glue plugs were compared in seven members of theDrosophila nasuta subgroup by the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The glue protein patterns are member specific concerning the numbers and the electrophoretic mobilities of major and minor glue protein fractions. However, the major fractions of all subgroup members could be grouped into five SDS-PAGE domains according to the homologies of their electrophoretic mobilities, prominence of Coomassie blue staining, and PAS reaction. In all subgroup members, major fractions are involved in posttranslational modifications into larger protein molecules of the final glue. Quantitative estimations of the glue proteins inD. n. nasuta andD. n. albomicans reveal that they constitute between 55 and 60% of the total salivary gland proteins, whereas inD. melanogaster and inD. hydei the fraction is only 32 and 35%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02396148
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid enzyme kinetic assays of individualDrosophila and comparisons of field-caughtD. melanogaster andD. simulans (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 263-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; kinetic plate reader ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Techniques for performing numerous enzyme kinetic assays with minimum time and effort would be valuable to studies of the evolutionary genetics of metabolic control and the quantitative genetics of determinants of kinetic parameters. Microtiter plate readers have been used for a variety of repetitious analytical techniques, and instruments are available that can take repetitive readings with sufficient speed to perform kinetic assays. The ability of these instruments to assay rapidly the kinetic properties of small samples makes them potentially useful for a number of problems in population genetics. While the ability to handle large numbers of samples is very attractive, the small sample volumes and optical imprecision of microtiter plates result in some sacrifice in accuracy. This paper presents methods for performing kinetic assays on individual field-caughtDrosophila, quantifies the precision of these methods, and characterizes differences amongDrosophila melanogaster andD. simulans from samples caught in California and Pennsylvania. Comparisons between field-caught and laboratory rearedD. melanogaster show that most of the characters are very similar, with the exception of αGPDH, which has a threefold higher mean activity among field-caught flies. The phenotypic correlations are presented with a brief discussion of their relevance to assessing the evolution of metabolic control of these enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554162
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thealdox-2 locus ofDrosophila melanogaster also affects sulfite oxidase and molybdenum metabolism (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 99-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldox-2 ; molybdoenzymes ; sulfite oxidase ; molybdenum ; tungsten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mutation at thealdox-2 locus inDrosophila melanogaster affects the specific activities of four molybdoenzymes differentially during development. Sulfite oxidase activity is normal during late larval and pupal stages but is reduced during early adult stages inaldox-2 organisms. There was complete concordance among the effects ofaldox-2 on sulfite oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and pyridoxal oxidase, when 38 stocks were analyzed which were derived from single recombination events betweenc andpx, markers which flankaldox-2. Several different biochemical analyses indicate that the active molybdoenzymes present in thealdox-2 strain are normal with respect to size, shape,pH-activity profile,K m , and molecular weight. Significant differences were found between thealdox-2 strain and the OR control strain in their responses to dietary Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4. The mutant strain is much more resistant to the effects of dietary Na2WO4 and much more responsive to the administration of Na2MoO4 than the OR control strain when these effects are quantitated by measurements of molybdoenzyme specific activities. This evidence suggests that thealdox-2 + gene product has a molybdenum binding site which can also bind tungsten and that this site is altered in the mutant strain. The hypothesis presented explains the observed effects of thealdox-2 mutation and relates them to the other mutations reported in this gene-enzyme system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563021
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution analysis of locomotor activity rhythms indisconnected, a visual-system mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 529-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; circadian clock ; ultradian oscillations ; disconnected mutant ; visual system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Free-running locomotor activity and eclosion rhythms ofDrosophila melanogaster, mutant at thedisconnected (disco) locus, are substantially different from the wild-type phenotype. Initial periodogram analysis revealed little or no rhythmicity (Dushayet al., 1989). We have reanalyzed the locomotor activity data using high-resolution signal analysis (maximum-entropy spectral analysis, or MESA). These analyses, corroborated by autocorrelograms, uncovered significant residual circadian rhythmicity and strong ultradian rhythms in most of the animals tested. In this regard thedisco mutants are much like flies expressing mutant alleles of theperiod gene, as well as wild-type flies reared throughout life in constant darkness. We hypothesize that light normally triggers the coupling of multiple ultradian oscillators into a functional circadian clock and that this process is disrupted indisco flies as a result of the neural lesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066252
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of rate of inbreeding on inbreeding depression in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Inbreeding depression ; Drosophila ; Natural selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This experiment was designed to study the relationship between rate of inbreeding and observed inbreeding depression of larval viability, adult fecundity and cold shock mortality in Drosophila melanogaster. Rates of inbreeding used were full-sib mating and closed lines of N=4 and N=20. Eight generations of mating in the N=20 lines, three generations in the N=4 lines and one generation of full-sib mating were synchronised to simultaneously produce individuals with an expected level of inbreeding coefficient (F) of approximately 0.25. Inbreeding depression for the three traits was significant at F=0.25. N=20 lines showed significantly less inbreeding depression than full-sib mated lines for larval viability at approximately the same level of F. A similar trend was observed for fecundity. No effect of rate of inbreeding depression was found for cold shock mortality, but this trait was measured with less precision than the other two. Natural selection acting on loci influencing larval viability and fecundity during the process of inbreeding could explain these results. Selection is expected to be more effective with slow rates of inbreeding because there are more generations and greater opportunity for selection to act before F=0.25 is reached. Selection intensities seem to have been different in the three traits measured. Selection was most intense for larval viability, less intense for fecundity and, perhaps, negligible at loci influencing cold shock mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292326
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterosis in crosses between lines of Drosophila melanogaster selected for adaptation to different environments (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterosis ; Selection ; Drosophila ; Genotype x environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments were designed to examine whether heterosis would occur in crosses of Drosophila melanogaster populations adapted to 18 °C or 28 °C environments. Crosses were examined in parental environments, an intermediate environment (23 °C) and a mixed environment (alternating 18°/28°C). Parental populations did not show divergence for larval viability, cold shock or high temperature mortalities when tested in a common environment. However, the 28 °C population was less fecund than the 18 °C population, but had higher larval competitive ability and higher adult longevity. Heterosis for viability, cold shock mortality and high temperature mortality occurred in crosses between a population adapted to 18 °C and another adapted to 28 °C, but not in crosses between two populations adapted to the same temperature. The results suggest that, in the absence of drift, heterosis is expected in crosses between lines or populations with different histories of selection but not between lines with the same selection histories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266195
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABA-like immunoreactivity in the suboesophageal ganglion of the locust Schistocerca gregaria (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Salivary neurones ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurones in the suboesophageal ganglion of the locust Schistocerca gregaria were stained with an antiserum raised against gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). This ganglion consists of the fused mandibular, maxillary and labial neuromeres. Immunoreactive cell bodies of similar size and distribution occur in the lateral, ventral and middorsal regions of all three neuromeres. Approximately 200 cell bodies stain in both the mandibular and maxillary neuromeres and 270 in the labial neuromere. A few distinctly larger cells occur in the ventral groups and one large pair occurs in the lateral group of the maxillary neuromere. Dorsal commissures DCIV and DCV are composed mainly of stained fibres, while DCI–DCIII are largely unstained. A ventral commissure also stains in the maxillary neuromere. All longitudinal tracts contain both stained and unstained fibres. Many processes within the neuropil are also immunoreactive. A stained axon is found in the posterior tritocerebral commissure which enters the anterior dorsal region of the mandibular neuromere. The salivary branch of the 7th nerve contains one stained axon and two axons stain in nerve 8 which innervates neck muscles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223144
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of endocrine cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (Insectivora) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 365-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Gastric mucosa ; Gastrointestinal endocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Suncus murinus (Insectivora)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (Family Soricidae, Order Insectivora) was studied immunohistochemically. The hormones investigated were gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, secretin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), motilin and neurotensin. In the gastric mucosa, gastrin and somatostatin cells were only found in the pyloric regions, and no other hormonal cell-types were observed. In the intestinal mucosa, the largest number of endocrine cells belonged to the gastrin and glucagon/glicentin cell-types, whereas CCK-33/39 and secretin cells were the least numerous. Numbers of other cell-types were intermediate between these two groups. The gastrin and GIP cells were mostly localized in the proximal portion of the intestine, decreasing in number towards the distal portion. The motilin and CCK-33/39 cells were restricted to the proximal half. The glucagon/glicentin and neurotensin cells were most abundant in the middle portion. The somatostatin and secretin cells, although only present in small numbers, were randomly distributed throughout the intestine. This characteristic distribution of gastrointestinal endocrine cells is discussed in comparison with the distribution patterns of other mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239456
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The blood-testis barrier and its breakdown following immunization to testis material in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 491-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood-testis barrier ; Immune responses ; Tracer studies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The blood-testis barrier and its changes following immunization to testis material, were investigated by light- and electron microscopy in a teleost fish, the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, using horseradish peroxidase and bovine serum albumin as tracers. In the normal testis, histochemistry using horseradish peroxidase revealed that a barrier composed of junctional complexes connecting adjacent Sertoli cells existed around the central lumina of the seminal lobules, and also around the germ-cell cysts containing spermatids at the middle or late phase of chromatin condensation. By contrast, bovine serum albumin was prevented from passing through the basement membrane and could not penetrate any of the spermatogenetic cysts, indicating that the basement membrane may be an ion-selective barrier. In tilapia immunized with allogeneic testis homogenate emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, bovine serum albumin could penetrate the spermatogenetic cysts, and horseradish peroxidase was able to pass through the intercellular spaces between Sertoli cells to the region nearer the seminal lobule lumen, due to the junctional complexes becoming loosened. The results suggest that the blood-testis barrier, both junctional complexes and the basement membrane, are broken down during immune responses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218861
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  • 20
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    Ectopic Purkinje-like cells are GABAergic: Immunohistochemistry with an immune serum against glutamic acid decarboxylase (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 437-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Ectopia ; GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intensely stained cells are found in the cerebellar white matter of the vermis and paravermis in adult rats after immunoreaction with an immune serum raised against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). The cells are similar in size to cortical Purkinje cells and three times the size of Golgi cells of the internal granule layer, and have a thick immunopositive cell process emerging from a welldefined cytoplasmic cone. In the cytoplasm, immunoprecipitates are more dense around the nucleus as in normally located Purkinje cells. The morphological appearance of the immunopositive cells suggests that they may be ectopically located Purkinje cells. The soma of the ectopic Purkinje cells is contacted by a few darkly stained terminal boutons. Data indicate that, in spite of the different cellular environment, ectopic Purkinje cells can develop not only the typical morphological pattern already described but also other intrinsic features, such as their typical inhibitory neurotransmitter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239466
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    Localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the elasmobranch fish, Scyliorhinus canicula (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 541-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Hypothalamus ; Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence and localization of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the brain and pituitary of the elasmobranch fish Scyliorhinus canicula, were studied by means of specific radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Brain and pituitary extracts showed a good cross-reactivity with the ovine CRF antiserum, but serial dilutions of tissue samples did not completely parallel the standard curve. Relatively high concentrations of CRF-like material were found within the pituitary, diencephalon, and telencephalon. CRF-like immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the preoptic nucleus and in the nucleus lateralis tuberis. Numerous immunoreactive cells appeared to be of the CSF-contacting type. CRF-like immunopositive fibers were seen to run through the hypothalamus within the ventro-medial floor of the infundibular region. A dense plexus of immunoreactive nerve endings terminated in the median eminence and the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. These results indicate that a neurosecretory system containing CRF-like immunoreactivity exists in the brain of elasmobranchs, a group of vertebrates which has diverged early from the evolutionary line leading to mammals. In addition, our data support the notion that a CRF-like molecule is involved in the regulation of corticotropic and melanotropic cell activity in this primitive species of fish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218865
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    An immunohistochemical study on the postnatal development of rat nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosa ; Lymphoid tissue ; Nose ; Development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study concerns the development of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue in the rat, using immuno- and enzyme-histochemical staining techniques on cryostat sections. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue is present at birth as a small accumulation of mainly T lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells; B cells are rare. Distinct areas of T and B cells appear at 10 days after birth; by that time high endothelial venules are also observed. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes are present, most of them being T-helper cells. ED1+ macrophages are seen throughout the tissue. The proportion of ED1+cells does not change during ontogeny. ED2+cells (tissue macrophages) are present predominantly at the border between the lymphoid tissue and the surrounding connective tissue, in all age-groups. ED3+mononuclear cells are scattered throughout the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue of young animals. Later on, the ED3+ cells migrate into the border-area between lymphoid and connective tissue. Ia+ non-lymphoid cells in the nasal lymphoid tissue increase in number during ontogeny. Only a few of them show acid phosphatase activity, indicating that the proportion of classical scavenger macrophages is low. Some of them may be antigen presenting (dendritic) cells. Ia+ dendritic cells also occur between the epithelial cells. Moreover, some epithelial cells express the Ia marker.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218901
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    Distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the brain and neurohypophysis of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 581-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Brain ; Neurohypophysis ; Pineal body ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lampetra japonica (Cyclostomata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distribution of molluscan cardio-excitatory tetrapeptide Phe—Met—Arg—Phe—NH2 (FMRFamide) was determined by means of immunohistochemistry in the brain and neurohypophysis of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Many FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons were found in the periventricular nuclear region and in a region near the mammillary recess. Neurons situated in the former region were larger. The immunoreactive cell groups were shown to be located at sites differing from those of the AF-positive cell groups. The fibers of immunoreactive neurons extended in all directions within the brain and towards the spinal cord, some reaching the third ventricle and capillaries. Thus, FMRFamide-like immunoreactive peptides appear to function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and possibly also as neurohormones. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive material was rarely observed in the posterior neurohypophysis (neural lobe), but was noted to be present to a limited extent in the caudal part of the anterior neurohypophysis (median eminence). It would thus follow that FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons may not necessarily be related to the hypothalamo-neural lobe system, but may possibly be associated with the hypothalamoadenohypophysial system. The pineal body showed no FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225607
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    Origin of the met-enkephalinergic innervation of the lateral septum in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 585-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axonal retrograde tracing ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Methionine-enkephalin ; Septum ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the cells giving rise to the methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk)-ergic innervation of the lateral septal nucleus has been investigated in the rat by combining immunohistochemistry and retrograde axonal tracing. Small volumes (0.06 μl) of apo-horseradish peroxidase (Apo-HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and coupled with colloidal gold particles (WGA-ApoHRP-gold) were injected into the lateral septum. The retrogradely labeled cell bodies were visualized by silver intensification of the gold particles on Vibratome sections that were subsequently processed for immunohistochemistry for Met-Enk. Cells labeled with WGA-ApoHRP-gold were observed in the septal area, throughout the hypothalamus (mainly in the perifornical and lateral nuclei) and in the mesencephalon. The localization of Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells was as previously described. With the exception of a few septal cells close to the injection site, doubly labeled cells were found only in the perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus. Almost all perifornical magnocellular cells were doubly labeled ipsilateral to the injection site, whereas on the opposite side, only about 25% of the Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells contained WGA-ApoHRP-gold. Other brain regions containing retrogradely labeled or Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells (particularly the raphe nuclei) did not show double-labeled neurons. This study demonstrates, using a new and sensitive technique for specific neurochemical tracing of tracts, that the origin of the Met-Enk-ergic innervation of the rat lateral septal nuclei lies in the magnocellular perifornical nuclei of the hypothalamus. The precise involvement of this pathway in limbic functions remains to be determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225608
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    Characterization of the follicles in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 657-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Intermediate lobe follicles ; Immunohistochemistry ; α-MSH ; Agranular cells ; Meriones unguiculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) contains abundant follicles throughout the intermediate lobe (IL) of the pituitary gland in the adult animal. The mode of follicle formation, the nature of the follicle building cells and the distribution of follicles were investigated in semithin sections of the gerbil IL. The sections were stained conventionally, or immunohistochemically with antibodies directed against α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α- MSH). Follicular cells were constantly α-MSH-negative, and resembled the marginal cells lining the hypophyseal cleft with regard to their cytological and immunohistochemical properties. Moreover, follicular cells appeared to be derived from strands of marginal cells that regularly invaginated deep into the IL. Both follicular and marginal cells often made up cellular clusters. This process coincided with follicle formation and the generation or transport of the colloidal content found inside follicles and the hypophyseal cleft. Although the non-secretory cells of the IL obviously constituted one major source of pituitary colloid in the gerbil, α-MSH-positive secretory cells, which occasionally were found to be discharged into the cleft cavity, might contribute to the colloidal contents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221478
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    Gastrin/cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of Aeschna cyanea (Insecta, Odonata) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect nervous system ; Cholecystokinin-like peptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Aeschna cyanea (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastrin/cholecystokinin (gastrin/CCK)-like immunoreactivity has been detected in the brain, suboesophageal ganglion and corpora cardiaca of the larva of Aeschna cyanea by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, by use of two antisera raised against the sulfated (CCK-8S) and the unsulfated form (CCK-8NS) of the carboxyl terminal octapeptide. Numerous immunoreactive neurons were demonstrated in the protocerebrum (exclusive of optic lobes) and suboesophageal ganglion where 20 and 15 symmetrical clusters of reactive cells, respectively, were observed. Immunoreactive cells also occurred in the tritocerebrum, the optic lobes and the frontal ganglion. In the corpora cardiaca, gastrin/CCK-like material was found both within intrinsic cells and axon terminals. RIA measurements support the immunohistochemical results in so far as large amounts of gastrin/CCK-like material were detected in the brain, corpora cardiaca and suboesophageal ganglion complex. Both boiling water-acetic acid- and methanol-extraction procedures were performed. Comparisons of the results lead to the conclusion that a large part of the gastrin/CCK-like material occurs as small molecules. Immunohistochemical procedures performed on material fixed in a solution of picric acid-paraformaldehyde demonstrated differences in the immunoreactivity of the tested antisera. First, the immunohistochemical reaction was always more pronounced when the CCK-8NS antiserum was used instead of the CCK-8S antiserum, which may be interpreted by a lower affinity of the latter. In the second place, some neurons strongly stained by the CCK-8NS antiserum were only very faintly if at all stained by the CCK-8S antiserum, which may mean that different peptides or at least distinct forms of the same precursor are detected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221639
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    Immunohistochemical study on fetal raphe samples transplanted into the leptomeningeal tissue of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-treated adult rats (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 457-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transplantation ; Serotonin ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Leptomeninges ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pieces of fetal midbrain raphe containing serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons were transplanted into the leptomeningeal tissue (see Fig. 3) of adult host rats that had previously been denervated by treatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. One, 2 and 5 months after transplantation, the rate of neuronal survival in the grafted tissue and the extent of axonal outgrowth into the host brain were studied by use of serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. The survival rate of the grafts in the 1-month group was approximately 70%. Neurons containing either serotonin or catecholamine were demonstrated by means of immunocytochemical procedures in the grafts. Two and 5 months after transplantation, serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were densely distributed throughout the graft tissue, while TH-immunoreactive fiber elements were restricted to an area near the somata of TH-positive neurons. Numerous serotonin-immunoreactive fibers derived from the transplant were found in the leptomeningeal tissue surrounding the graft, on the wall of neighboring blood vessels, and also in the adjacent parenchyma of the host brain. Outgrowing TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were not observed in the host brain, although such elements occurred in the leptomeningeal tissue and the wall of the larger blood vessels. These results suggest that the serotonergic and catecholaminergic (dopaminergic) neurons located in transplants of the raphe nuclei show different patterns when reinnervating the host tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225593
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    Two types of mammosomatotropes in mouse adenohypophysis (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 645-648 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammosomatotropes ; Adenohypophysis ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (SMA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of mammosomatotropes (MS), the small-granule and vesicle-granule MS, were detected in mouse adenohypophysis by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Both cell-types were immunoreactive to prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) antisera. The small-granule MS contained small, round, solid secretory granules about 100 nm in diameter, and were smaller than the classical GH and PRL cell-types. The vesicle-granule MS contained secretory granules like cored vesicles, and were larger than classical GH and PRL cells. Small-granule MS were immunoreactive to both PRL and GH antisera in the same region of the cell cytoplasm; the vesicle-granule MS, however, were immunoreactive to only PRL antiserum in most cytoplasmic areas, and a positive response to both PRL and GH antisera was confined to only certain small areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225615
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    Smooth muscle fibers of Podocoryne carnea (Hydrozoa) demonstrated by a specific monoclonal antibody and their association with neurons showing FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoclonal antibody ; FMRFamide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Smooth muscle ; Nervous system ; Podocoryne carnea (Cridaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A mouse monoclonal antibody was prepared by using homogenized fragments of crude umbrella material of the hydromedusa Podocoryne carnea as an antigen. The selected clone produced an IgG (mAb sm-1) which decorated smooth muscle cells of hydrozoans. Immunohistochemical testing of mAb sm-1 on whole-mount preparations revealed reactivity with a cytoplasmic, formaldehyde-resistant antigen present in the smooth muscle cells, but absent in all other cell-types. The antibody can therefore be used as a selective and highly sensitive marker to trace the pattern of the smooth muscle system in hydrozoans. The tight association between smooth muscle cells and nerve cells which show FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity can be demonstrated in whole-mount preparations of the hydromedusa Podocoryne carnea with a polyclonal anti-FMRFamide antiserum and in double-labelling experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224109
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    Phenotypic heterogeneity of vascular endothelial cells in the human kidney (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Endothelium ; Monocyte ; Von Willebrand factor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To clarify the structural base of immune response occurring in the kidney, we investigated the antigenic and functional properties of vascular endothelial cells. Peritubular capillary endothelial cells exhibited the same immuno-histochemical characteristics (OKM5-positive, HLA-DR-positive, Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen-negative, Interleukin 1-positive) as a peripheral blood macrophage subset capable of presenting soluble antigens and triggering the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. On the other hand, endothelial cells of glomerular capillary loops, considered to be involved in blood coagulation, were OKM5-negative, HLA-DR-positive, Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen-positive, Interleukin 1-positive. Thus the results of this study suggest that vascular endothelial cells in different anatomic compartments of the kidney express surface antigens heterogenously and may play different roles in the immune reaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224715
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    Innervation of the gastrointestinal canal of the toad Bufo marinus by neurons containing 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 601-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurons ; Serotonin ; Bufo marinus (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gut of the toad, Bufo marinus, was examined for evidence of enteric neurons containing 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity. Such neurons were absent from the stomach. They were present in the small intestine, with processes confined to the myenteric plexus. Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies lay on branches of the pelvic nerves supplying the large intestine; fibres were found in the submucosa of the posterior large intestine and in the muscularis externa of the anterior large intestine. It is concluded, on morphological grounds, that the neurons in the small intestine are interneurons, whereas those in the large intestine are postganglionic parasympathetic motoneurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218797
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    Isolation of multicellular complexes of follicular dendritic cells and lymphocytes: Immunophenotypical characterization, electron microscopy and culture studies (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 9-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Follicular dendritic cells ; B-lymphocytes ; Follicular structure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cell culture ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological and phenotypical features of multicellular complexes formed by follicular dendritic cells and lymphocytes (FDC-LC) isolated from human hyperplastic tonsils and adenoids are described. FDC-LC obtained with this procedure were morphologically and immuno-phenotypically heterogeneous. In one type of FDCLC, probably obtained from germinal centers, the lymphocytes exhibited ultrastructural features of centroblasts and centrocytes. In a second type, likely derived from follicular mantles, the enclosed lymphocytes were small in size and characterized by a condensed chromatin pattern. Similar heterogeneity was observed by immuno-phenotypical analysis, which revealed a prevalence of IgD+, CD3-, MT2+ small lymphocytes in a high proportion of FDC-LC. Both types of FDC-LC contained desmoplakin immunoreactivity in a typical punctate pattern corresponding to intercellular junctions when tested with a specific antibody. These findings confirm the importance of FDC in maintaining the follicular structure and also suggest that the different zones forming lymphoid follicles (mantle zone and germinal center) are formed by lymphocytes gathered in single “domains” by cytoplasmic processes of FDC. These domains have strong resistance to mechanical stress, such as that used in isolation procedures. FDC-LC have also been maintained as organized multicellular clusters for short periods (more than 48 h) in agarose gel cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221628
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    A comparative study of neuropeptides in the intestine of two stomachless teleosts (Poecilia reticulata, Leuciscus idus melanotus) under conditions of feeding and starvation (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteroendocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Bombesin ; Enkephalin ; Gastrin/CCK ; 5-HT ; Neuropeptide Y ; Neurotensin ; Substance P ; VIP ; Intestine ; Starvation ; Leuciscus idus melanotus ; Poecilia reticulata (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endocrine cells containing bombesin-, enkephalin-, gastrin/CCK-, 5-HT-, and substance P-like material were demonstrated in the alimentary tract of Poecilia reticulata and Leuciscus idus melanotus. Endocrine cells with neuropeptide-Y-like immunoreactivity were found only in P. reticulata, those with VIP-like immunoreactivity only in L. idus melanotus. Gut nerves showing bombesin-, G/CCK-5-HT-, neurotensin-, substance P-and VIP-like immunoreactivity were observed in both species investigated, enkephalin- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in P. reticulata alone. The distribution and amount of endocrine cells and nerves along the gut as visualized with the appropriate antisera varied in both teleosts. Histologically, the intestinal tract of these stomachless fish can be divided into three regions. A large number of endocrine cells with VIP-like immunoreactivity was noted in the rectum of L. idus melanotus. Endocrine cells containing bombesin-, enkepha-lin- and substance P-like material were found only in intestinal parts I and II in L. idus melanotus. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was absent from intestinal part I of P. reticulata. The influence of starvation on the immunoreactivity of nerves and enteroendocrine cells in the teleost intestine was examined. After a starvation period of more than 6 weeks, no alterations were observed either in the appearance or amount of nerve and endocrine cell immunoreactivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229087
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    Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the cardiovascular nerve plexus of the elasmobranchs Raja erinacea and Raja radiata (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 481-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ; Catecholamines ; Cardiovascular system, innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Elasmobranchs (Raja erinacea, Raja radiata, Squalus acanthias) ; Teleosts (Gadus morhua, Salmo gairdneri)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerves showing neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the cardiovascular system of elasmobranchs and teleosts has been investigated. Two species of teleosts, the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), and three species of elasmobranchs, the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), the little skate (Raja erinacea) and the starry ray (Raja radiata), were used in this study. An innervation of the cardiovascular system by an NPY-like substance was found only in the two species of Raja. A rich innervation was encountered in these skates, with the highest density of fibres in the wall of the ventricle, the conus arteriosus, the coeliac artery and smaller mesenterial vessels. In the vessels, the fibres formed a plexus at the adventitio-mediol border. Few fibres were found in the walls of the dorsal aorta, the sinus venosus and the atrium, and no fibres were observed in the walls of the ventral aorta. Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry showed the presence of a rich innervation of arteries and arterioles of the gut by catecholamine-containing nerve fibres.
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    Immunohistochemical localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin in the subcommissural organ of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 595-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Intermediate filaments ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Vimentin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Meriones unguiculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The chemical composition of intermediate filaments (IF's) in the ependyma of the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was investigated immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded tissue. Antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, neurofilament proteins and cytokeratins were used. Only GFAP and vimentin were detected in the non-specialized diencephalic ependyma and in the ependymocytes of the SCO. Staining could be observed in apical and basal processes of the SCO-cells. The latter processes extended into the posterior commissure up to the subpial surface, thus establishing a well-developed leptomeningeal route of ependymal projections. In contrast to the homogeneous vimentin-labeling, the SCO was particularly immunoreactive for GFAP in its lateral aspects and in the supraand precommissural parts. The coexpression of GFAP and vimentin in a subclass of SCO-ependymocytes was demonstrated on differentially immunostained semithin sections. The present study confirms the glial nature of the SCO-ependyma, which has been a matter of debate recently. It appears from this investigation that the high degree of secretory activity in the SCO does not necessarily lead to the disappearance of glial IF proteins. Moreover, the SCO-cells belong to the expanding group of mature astroglia, which is characterized by coexpression of GFAP and vimentin. The morphological similarity between SCO-ependymocytes and tanycytes is underscored by their common immunoreactivity against these two IF proteins. In view of the absence of GFAP from the rat SCO, interspecific differences must be considered in the evaluation of the IF protein composition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218796
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    Immunohistochemical localization of tissue-type plasminogen activator in ovaries before and after induced and spontaneous ovulation in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Immunohistochemistry ; Plasminogen activator ; Ovulation ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The observation that tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activity increased dramatically in preovulatory follicles has led to the hypothesis that plasminogen activation is causally related to follicle rupture. With immunohistochemistry, we have studied the appearance of tPA in ovaries of immature rats induced to ovulate and in adult cycling rats. Treatment of immature female rats with a single dose of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) induced follicular maturation. A subsequent human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection resulted in follicle rupture 12–14 h later. PMSG treatment alone did not induce appearance of tPA-immunoreactive cells in any ovarian compartment. After hCG stimulation, however, theca cells, granulosa cells, and oocytes of pre- and postovulatory follicles displayed distinct tPA immunoreactivity. Fibroblastlike cells in the theca layers and tunica albuginea of the follicle apex also demonstrated localized cytoplasmic tPA reactivity. In addition to tPA synthesis in preovulatory follicles, hCG also induced tPA staining in the theca (but not granulosa) layers of non-ovulatory follicles. At 24 h after hCG treatment, there was a marked tPA staining in developing corpora lutea, ovulated ova, and oviductal epithelium. Ovaries from regularly cycling adult rats displayed a similar ovulation-related pattern of tPA immunostaining. The appearance of tPA in different cell types of the preovulatory follicle and in the fibroblast-like cells at the follicle apex, strengthens the hypothesis of a direct involvement of tPA in follicle rupture. Presence of tPA in postovulatory oocytes, cumulus cells, and surrounding oviductal epithelium may also indicate a role for tPA in the transfer of eggs in the oviduct.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221627
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    Immunohistochemical demonstration and radioimmunoassay of melatonin in the mink pineal gland (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melatonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Pineal gland ; Mink, Mustela vison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum raised against N-amino-3-propyl melatonin bound to a protein carrier was used to visualize melatonin by immunohistochemistry and to measure melatonin concentration by radioimmunoassay in the pineal gland of intact mink females killed throughout the 24 h cycle and females killed after a bilateral ablation of the cervical superior ganglion. Melatonin immunoreactivity revealed by immunofluorescence or by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex was observed in the cytoplasm of presumed pinealocytes of all the females. Circadian changes in pineal melatonin content were not visualized by immunohistochemistry; furthermore, immunoreactivity was also present in the pineal gland of the ganglionectomized females. However, the melatonin content measured by radioimmunoassay was significantly higher in the pineal gland from intact females killed during the night compared with that of intact females killed during the day or of ganglionectomized females. The discrepancy between the results obtained using the two methods may arise because immunohistochemistry can detect very small amounts of melatonin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221630
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    Calbindin immunoreactivity in the neurons of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion of the domestic fowl (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 149-153 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Brachial spinal cord ; Dorsal root ganglion ; Immunohistochemistry ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, calbindin, was mapped in the brachial spinal cord and in the 15th dorsal root ganglion of the domestic fowl, using fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Cell somata of the dorsal root ganglion ranged in area from 200 μm2 to 2000 μm2. Sixteen percent of cell bodies displayed calbindin immunoreactivity. Reactivity occurred in both the small and large sensory neurons. These were randomly distributed within each ganglion. In the spinal cord, calbindin immunoreactivity was intense in Lissauer's tract, and in nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies within laminae 1 to 3 of the dorsal horn. Scattered varicose fibres were observed in laminae 4 to 7. Immunoreactivity was intense in laminae 10 where nerve fibres formed a meshwork around the central canal. Immunoreactive perikarya were occasionally observed in the outer region of lamina 10 and between laminae 8 and 9. The perikarya of the large motoneurons of lamina 9 were not reactive although they were enmeshed in calbindin-immunoreactive fibres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221645
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    Projections of neurons with neuromedin U-like immunoreactivity in the small intestine of the guinea-pig (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 415-422 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromedin U ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuromedin U immunoreactivity was located histochemically in the guinea-pig small intestine. Projections of immunoreactive neurons were determined by analysing patterns of degeneration following nerve lesions. The co-localization of neuromedin U immunoreactivity with immunoreactivity for substance P, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide and calbindin was also investigated. Neuromedin U immunoreactivity was found in nerve cells in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and in nerve fibres in these ganglionated plexuses, around submucous arterioles and in the mucosa. Reactive fibres did not supply the muscle layers. Most reactive nerve cells in the myenteric ganglia had Dogiel type-II morphology and in many there was co-localization of calbindin, although some Dogiel type-II neuromedin U neurons were calbindin negative. Lesion studies suggest that these myenteric neurons project circumferentially to local myenteric ganglia. Projections from myenteric neurons also run anally in the myenteric plexus, while other projections extend to submucous ganglia, and still further projections run from the intestine to provide terminals in the coeliac ganglia. In the submucous ganglia neuromedin U was co-localized in three populations of nerve cells: (i) those with vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity, (ii) neurons containing neuropeptide Y, and (iii) neurons containing substance P. Each of these populations sends nerve fibres to the mucosa. Neuromedin U immunoreactivity is thus located in a variety of neurons serving different functions in the intestine and therefore probably does not have a single role in intestinal physiology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261844
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    Splenic outer periarterial lymphoid sheath (PALS): An immunoproliferative microenvironment constituted by antigen-laden marginal metallophils and ED2-positive macrophages in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 459-470 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Periarterial lymphoid sheath (PALS) ; Macrophage subpopulations ; Microenvironment ; B-lymphocytes ; Immune response ; Cell proliferation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (DA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to reveal the role of antigen-laden marginal metallophil (MM) and other macrophages in the intrasplenic immune response of a specific B-cell lineage to a thymus-independent type-2 antigen (Ficoll conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate), simultaneous immuno-histological observations of the involved cells were performed in the rat. By newly established methods of double or triple immunostainings, time-kinetics of the following parameters were studied and compared: (1) the antigen, (2) the specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) directed to the fluorescein-isothiocyanate determinant, (3) proliferating cells labeled with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and (4) macrophage subpopulations recognized by monoclonal antibodies (ED2 and ED3). The antigen localized stably not only in the marginal-zone macrophages but also in the MM except around the follicular area. The increase of BrdU-positive cells was observed from day 2 up to day 4 after antigen injection mostly in the periphery of the periarterial lymphoid sheath (outer PALS), which indicated antigen-induced proliferation. As a novel finding, the majority of AFC, both BrdU-positive and -negative, were either closely associated with the antigen-laden MM, or forming cell clusters with ED2-positive macrophages in the outer PALS. In contrast, there were very few AFC in juxtaposition to antigen-free MM in the follicular area or the antigen-laden marginal zone macrophages. The results led to the proposal of a hypothesis that the antigen-laden MM together with ED2-positive macrophages constitute an immunoproliferative microenvironment for the plasmacellular reaction by accumulating the antigen-specific B-cell lineage and promoting these cells to differentiate into the AFC and to proliferate in the outer PALS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221456
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    Immunocytochemical localization of hypocalcin in the endocrine cells of the corpuscles of Stannius in three teleost species (trout, flounder and goldfish) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 651-656 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Hypocalcin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Carassius auratus ; Hippoglossoides elassodon ; Salmo gairdneri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to identify the cell-type responsible for the production of hypocalcin (the recently isolated hypocalcemic hormone of teleost fish), the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of trout, flounder and goldfish, were immunocytochemically stained with antisera raised against trout hypocalcin. The secretory granules of the type-1 cells of the CS, considered to be the hypocalcin-producing cells, showed intense immunoreactivity in all species examined. However, in trout and flounder, the secretory granules produced by the type-2 cells, which have been suggested to represent a functionally different cell-type, also showed an intense immunoreactivity. In goldfish, no type-2 cells were observed. We tentatively conclude that type-1 and type-2 cells represent structurally different forms of the same functional cell-type.
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    Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the bovine heart: high degree of coexistence with neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 125-135 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart-conducting system ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Neuropeptide Y ; Dopamine-betahydroxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is not known whether VIP coexists with other neuropeptides or neurotransmitters in the heart. In the present study, the distribution of nerve fibers showing VIP-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI) in various parts of the bovine heart was compared with that of fibers possessing neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-LI. It was found that fibers showing VIP-LI most regularly occurred in the regions of sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes and intracardiac ganglia, the nerve fibers being associated with nodal and ganglionic cells and arterial walls. Furthermore, it was observed that almost all fibers showing VIP-LI also exhibited NPY-LI. The fibers displaying VIP-LI occurred close to fibers endowed with DBH-LI, and on some occasions it appeared that varicosities showing immunolabeling for VIP also displayed DBH-LI. VIP- and NPY-LI, but not DBH-LI, was detected in some of the intracardiac ganglionic cells. The observations are discussed in relation to the previously known distribution and function of VIP in the heart and other organs. Further studies examining the effects of VIP and NPY in the heart should take into account possible interactions between these two peptides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224726
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    The relationship between gastrin cells and bombesin-like immunoreactive nerve fibres in the gastric antral mucosa of guinea-pig, rat, dog and man (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 171-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin ; Gastrin-releasing peptide ; Bombesin ; Stomach ; Autonomic innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guinea pig ; Rat ; Dog ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between bombesin-like immunoreactive (bombesin-LI) nerve fibres and gastrin-LI G-cells was examined in gastric antral mucosa from guineapig, rat, dog and man using a double-labelling fluorescence immunohistochemical technique. The greatest density of bombesin-LI nerve fibres was found within the basal mucosa in all species and the density of innervation decreased towards the luminal surface. Most G-cells were in a band occupying approximately the middle third of the mucosa. The proportion of G-cells found within a distance of 2 μm from bombesin-LI nerve fibres was low in all species (6% in the guinea-pig, 22% in the rat, 14% in the dog, and 9% in the human). It is proposed that the neuropeptide released from bombesin-LI antral mucosal nerve fibres traverses distances of greater than several μm to reach the target G-cells. This may be achieved by passage through the mucosal microcirculation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221648
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    Immimohistochemical localization of corticotropin-releasing factor in selected brain areas of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 155-161 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurosecretory system ; Hypothalamus ; Nucleus striae terminalis ; European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) ; Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was localized in the brains of two passerine species, the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), by means of immunohistochemistry. The hypothalamic distribution of this peptide in these species includes a complex of immunoreactive perikarya observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in both its medial and lateral divisions. Nerve fibers were also seen running from these areas to the anterior median eminence (AME) where a terminal field is apparent. A wide variety of extra-hypothalamic nuclei containing CRF-immunoreactive cells and fibers were identified. An apparent CRF terminal field can be visualized in the lateral septum. A dense fiber plexus is present in the nucleus accumbens (Ac) and more caudally in the nucleus of the stria terminalis (nST). In colchicinepretreated animals, it was revealed that these areas also contain CRF-stained perikarya. The pattern of CRF immunoreactivity in the Ac-nST complex is continuous, with no distinction apparent between the nuclei. The medial preoptic area (mPOA) and the adjacent diagonal band of Broca contain CRF-fibers, while cells are apparent in the mPOA. In the mesencephalon, cells were visualized in the midbrain central gray; a terminal field and scattered positively stained perikarya were found in areas more ventral to the central grey that are adjacent to the third cranial nerve. Scattered cells were also seen at the border of the nucleus intercollicularis-nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis complex. In contrast to mammalian studies, no immunoreactive nerve fibers or perikarya were observed in telencephalic areas homologous to the mammalian neocortex. These studies confirm the presence of a CRF path-way regulating pituitary function and suggest a broad role played by CRF as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in autonomic and possibly behavioral activities in these species.
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    Immunohistochemistry of vacuoles occurring in rat hepatocytes after retinol administration (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 263-268 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinol ; Vacuoles ; Immunohistochemistry ; Plasma proteins ; Hepatocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vacuoles occurring in rat hepatocytes after intraportal injection of retinol (33 or 67 μg) were examined immunohistochemically using respective antibodies against rat albumin, human retinol-binding protein, human ceruloplasmin, human α 1-antitrypsin, human transferrin, and human prealbumin as representative plasma proteins. The occurrence of the vacuoles reached a numerical maximum 30 min after injection of 67 μg retinol, followed by a temporal decrease. Hepatocytes from control rats, which had been intraportally injected with either blood plasma diluted to 2/3 concentration or with retinol palmitate solvent (castor oil) dissolved in blood plasma, showed immunoreactive fine granules without the occurrence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Identical vacuoles in serial sections appeared immunohistochemically either immunoreactive or non-immunoreactive for all the antibodies used, with rare exceptions. The occurrence of several rare exceptions suggested that 2 kinds of vacuoles might be formed in different cytoplasmic compartments. A zonal distribution of vacuoles was apparent in the hepatic laminae (or acini) within the liver lobules. The vacuoles were predominantly distributed in zone 2, and to a lesser extent in zone 3 and zone 1 in that order.
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    Localization and characterization of neuropeptide Y-like peptides in the brain and islet organ of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 303-311 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Anglerfish peptide YG ; Brain ; Pancreas, endocrine, innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; High performance liquid chromatography ; Anglerfish, Lophius americanus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Results from a previous report demonstrate that more than one molecular form of neuropeptide Y-like peptide may be present in the islet organ of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus). Most of the neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive material was anglerfish peptide YG, which is expressed in a subset of islet cells, whereas an additional neuropeptide Y-like peptide(s) was localized in islet nerves. To learn more about the neuropeptide Y-like peptides in islet nerves, we have employed immunohistochemical and biochemical methods to compare peptides found in anglerfish islets and brain. Using antisera that selectively react with either mammalian forms of neuropeptide Y or with anglerfish peptide YG, subsets of neurons were found in the brain that labelled with only one or the other of the antisera. In separate sections, other neurons that were labelled with either antiserum exhibited similar morphologies. Peptides from brains and islets were subjected to gel filtration and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Radioimmunoassays employing either the neuropeptide Y or peptide YG antisera were used to examine chromatographic eluates. Immunoreactive peptides having retention times of human neuropeptide Y and porcine neuropeptide Y were identified in extracts of both brain and islets. This indicates that peptides structurally similar to both of these peptides from the neuropeptide Y-pancreatic polypeptide family are expressed in neurons of anglerfish brain and nerve fibers of anglerfish islets. The predominant form of neuropeptide Y-like peptide in islets was anglerfish peptide YG. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive peptides from islet extracts that had chromatographic retention times identical to human neuropeptide Y and porcine neuropeptide Y were present in much smaller quantities. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that peptides having significant sequence homology with human neuropeptide Y and porcine neuropeptide Y are present in the nerve fibers that permeate the islet.
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    Reactivity of monoclonal islet cell antibodies on normal hyperplastic and neoplastic thyroid C-cells (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 437-443 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoclonal islet antibodies ; Thyroid C-cells ; Differentiation antigens ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow, Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyroid C-cell reactivity to 15 monoclonal antibodies raised against a series of pancreatic islet cells (H[human]ISL, B[bovine]ISL and R[rat]ISL) was evaluated using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique on frozen thyroid sections. Of the monoclonal anti-islet cell antibodies, five reacted specifically with bovine C-cells or human hyperplastic and neoplastic C-cells but not with follicular cells. Two monoclonal antibodies of the bovine series showed strong immunoreactivity with C-cells and only a weakly positive immunostaining of follicular cells. Five monoclonal antibodies reacted with both thyroid C-cells and follicular cells, whereas 3 monoclonal anti-islet cell antibodies did not stain any cell type of the thyroid. In human medullary carcinomas, calcitonin- and somatostatin-producing neoplastic cells were immunoreactive with the same monoclonal antibodies as were normal human C-cells. The protein bands identified by the monoclonal antibodies in human medullary carcinomas had the same molecular weight as those from pancreatic islet extracts. Our study demonstrates the presence of similar differentiation antigens on thyroid C-cells and pancreatic islet cells; this further illustrates common modes of differentiation and specialisation of these embryologically different members of the dispersed neuroendocrine system. The crossreactivity of seven of the monoclonal antibodies investigated with follicular epithelium of the thyroid suggests the existence of common antigenic determinants in different endocrine organs and may partly explain the multiple organ autoimmune response found in patients with polyendocrine diseases.
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    Immunogold localisation of endogenous immunoglobulin-G in ultrathin frozen sections of the human placenta (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 603-607 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Immunoglobulin G ; Endocytosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endogenous immunoglobulin-G was localised in ultrathin frozen sections of human term placenta by use of an indirect immuno electron-histochemical methodology. Immunoreactivity of endogenous IgG to rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin-G antibody was visualised by use of protein-A — colloidal gold complex. Gold marked the syncytiotrophoblast in both coated and uncoated regions of the apical plasmalemma, in vesicles and multivesicular bodies, and in vesicles near the basal plasmalemma. Immunoreactivity was also seen in the interstitial space between the trophoblast and the fetal endothelial layer as well as in various types of vesicles within the endothelial cells. No immunoreactivity was seen in the intercellular clefts of the endothelium. The pattern of localisation observed is consistent with receptor-mediated uptake of immunoglobulin-G into the syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta followed by release into the interstitial space and then vesciular transport through the endothelium.
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    The occurrence and distribution of peptide- or 5-HT-containing nerves in the swimbladder of four different species of teleosts (Gadus morhua, Ctenolabrus rupestris, Anguilla anguilla, Salmo gairdneri) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 641-647 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Swimbladder ; Gas gland ; Gadus morhua ; Ctenolabrus rupestris ; Anguilla anguilla ; Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the swimbladder in four different teleost species has been studied by the use of immunohistochemical methods. The teleosts examined belong to two different groups regarding their swimbladder morphology: physoclists (the cod, Gadus morhua and the goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris) and physostomes (the eel, Anguilla anguilla and the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in nerves of the swimbladder walls of all four species, and in the gas glands of the cod and the goldsinny wrasse. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was shown in swimbladders of the cod, eel and rainbow trout but not the goldsinny wrasse. Immunoreactivity to met-enkephalin antiserum was revealed in the swimbladder walls of the eel and the goldsinny wrasse, while neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was present in the goldsinny wrasse and rainbow trout swimbladders. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was also seen in the gas gland of the goldsinny wrasse. 5-Hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivity was found in endocrine cells in the pneumatic duct of the eel and in the swimbladder walls of the goldsinny wrasse and the rainbow trout. In conclusion, all teleosts examined showed a very close resemblance in the peptidergic/tryptaminergic innervation of the swimbladder to that of the gut, inasmuch as the immunoreactivity present in the swimbladders always occurred in the gut of the same species.
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    Vestigal mutants of Drosophila melanogaster live better in the presence of aminopterin: Increased level of dihydrofolate reductase in a mutant (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Vestigial ; Dihydrofolate reductase ; Aminopterin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vestigial (vg) mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are characterized by atrophied wings. In this paper we show that: (1) aminopterin an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR), an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase induce nicks in the wings of wild-type flies and phenocopies of the vg mutant phenotype when vg/+ and vg B/+ flies are reared on these substances (vgB is a deficiency of the vg locus). Only thymidine and thymidylate can rescue the flies from the effect of aminopterin. We propose that the vg phenotype is due to a decrease in the dTMP pool in the wings. (2) Mutant vg strains yield more offspring on medium containing aminopterin than on normal medium. The resistance of vg larvae to the inhibitor seems specific to the gene. This is the first case of aminopterin resistance in living eucaryotes. In contrast sensitivity of the vg larvae to FUdR is observed. (3) An increase in the activity and amount of DHFR is observed in mutant strains as compared with the wild-type flies. Our data suggest that the vg + gene is a regulatory gene acting on the DHFR gene or a structural gene involved in the same metabolic pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332412
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    Regulatory elements involved in the tissue-specific expression of the yellow gene of Drosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 118-126 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Regulation ; yellow gene ; Germline transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have assessed the DNA sequence requirements for the correct spatial pattern and phenotypic expression of y in the late embryo/larvae. The wild-type larval phenotype requires both the regions between-294 bp and-92 bp and a portion of the intron; the sequence element(s) located within the intron can act in a position independent manner to effect the wild-type larval phenotype. The larval expression pattern was examined by tissue experiments in situ and by staining germline transformants derived from various y/lacZ fusion constructs. The larval expression of y is restricted to the mouthparts, microsetae and anal plates. While the-495 bp to+194 bp region alone cannot effect a wild-type larval expression pattern, this region in conjunction with the intron appears to be sufficient to drive β-gal expression in an essentially wild-type pattern. Our data further suggest that the-294 bp to-92 bp region contains elements which specify the larval pattern and that the element(s) in the intron normally act to enhance the level of expression necessary for the wild-type larval phenotype. We also present a phenotypic analysis of the adult cuticle structures of germline transformants derived from a variety of deletion and rearrangement constructs of the y gene. This analysis has revealed several new features associated with the regulation of y expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330574
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    Search for Drosophila genes encoding a conserved domain present in the achaete-scute complex and myc proteins (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; achaete-scute complex ; myc ; Protein domains ; Genomic search
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several genes of the achaete-scute complex (ASC) of Drosophila melanogaster encode a 60 amino acids long conserved domain which shares a significant homology with a region of the vertebrate myc proteins. Based on these results, the existence of a family of Drosophila genes that would share both this conserved domain and the neurogenic function of the AS-C has been postulated. To test this proposal, we have searched a D. melanogaster genomic library with a probe that encodes the conserved domain. Only under very low stringency hybridization conditions, clones not belonging to the AS-C cross-hybridized with the probe. Those that gave the strongest signals were characterized. Sequencing of the cross-hybridizing regions showed that they had no significant homology with the conserved domain, the sequence similarity extending at the most for 37 nucleotides. Although our results do not conclusively disprove the existence of a family of AS-C-like genes, they indicate that the conservation of the domain would be lower than that found for shared motifs in other families of Drosophila developmental genes.
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    The genetic basis of adaptation to selection for longevity inDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Genetic elements ; isozymes ; life span ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of electrophoretic loci shows that at least four differences exist in isozymes of long- and short-lived populations ofD. melanogaster, descended by selection from a common ancestral stock. Adults of longlived populations differ in gene dosage of phosphoglucomutase (PGM), NAD malate dehydrogenase (MHD), NADP malic enzyme (ME) and by additional mobility variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Larvae, however, differ only by variants of G6PD. The differences in these enzymes, considered together with the greater flight endurance that long-lived populations have shown elsewhere, suggest that increased glycogen synthesis plays a significant role in the improved life span of selected populations. Adaptation to selection for increased life span may, therefore, derive from an improved ability to use dietary sucrose in the media provided. The distribution of electrophoretic loci agrees with the results of a study indicating the position of genetic elements contributing to life span.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02147929
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    Evolution of developmental homeostasis inDrosophila mojavensis (1989)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 189-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Developmental homeostasis ; life history traits ; Drosophila ; breeding site variation ; cactus ; Sonoran desert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Variation in life histories among populations of cactophilicDrosophila mojavensis has been hypothesized to be a by-product of a shift to one of two alternate host plants. When cultured on the ancestral and a secondary host cactus, a Baja population expressed shorter development times and smaller thorax sizes than a mainland population, but viability did not differ. Comparisons with all reciprocal F1 and F2 crosses between populations revealed that genetic differences in development time and thorax size were largely additive. Homeostasis in these life history traits was population specific, except for viability. Homeostasis in development time was greater in the Baja population than in the other crosses, suggesting dominance for decreased homeostasis in the mainland population. Underdominance in viability homeostasis of the F1 hybrids suggested some incompatibility between populations. Homeostasis in thorax size was greater in females than in males and differed among parental populations. Maintenance of heritable differences and genetic variation for homeostasis in these traits suggested a role for cactus-specific differences in environmental uncertainty caused by variation in breeding site duration and abundance in nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270720
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    Mobile elements and transposition events in the cut locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Chromosomal walking ; Cut locus ; Drosophila ; Unstable mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have cloned from the Oregon R strain of Drosophila melanogaster a 240 kb segment of DNA that contains the cut (ct) locus, and characterized the region for the presence of repetitive elements. Within this region at least five copies of the suffix element were detected, as well as several putatively novel mobile elements. A number of mutations obtained from the unstable ct MR2 strain and its derivatives were mapped within the cut locus. Comparison between parental and daughter strains indicates that frequently two or more independent transposition events involving the cut locus occur simultaneously within a single germ cell, thus providing a molecular basis for the transposition explosion phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261183
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    Molecular cloning and transcript mapping of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase dhod locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 397-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pyrimidine biosynthesis ; Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ; Molecular mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The dhod locus encodes dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzymatic step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. This locus was cloned previously by a chromosome walk in cytogenetic region 85A. The location of dhod within 85A DNA has been determined by mapping two rearrangement mutations to a small DNA region. A nearly full-length cDNA clone of the dhod transcript was isolated and partially sequenced, to confirm its identity. The cDNA clone was also used to map the transcribed DNA. A 1.5 kb dhod RNA is described which is most abundant in embryos and displays minor length heterogeneity in pupae and adults. The developmental expression of this transcript is discussed relative to the expression of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity and other genes of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259612
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    Genetic characterization of the mei-41 locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 190-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Mutagen sensitivity ; Recombination ; Gene structure ; Drosophila ; mei-41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutagen-sensitive mutant mus(1)104 D1 of Drosophila melanogaster maps to a position on the X chromosome very close to the meiotic mutant mei-41 D5 . Both mutants have been characterized as mutagen-sensitive and defective in post-replication repair. In the present report we show by complementation studies that mus(1)104 and mus(1)103 are allelic with mei-41. In addition, two reported alleles of mus(1)104 lie between the mei-41 alleles A10 and D5. The size of the mei-41 locus is estimated to be about 0.1 centimorgans (cM). Because several alleles of mei-41 have been shown to reduce recombination and increase meiotic chromosome loss and nondisjunction, mus(1)104 D1 females were examined for defects in meiosis. Although there was no evidence for reduced recombination on the second chromosome in homozygous mus(1)104 D1 females, heterozygous mus(1)104 D1 /mei-41 〉D5 and mus(1)104 D1 /deficiency females showed reduced levels of recombination. However, there was no evidence of an increase in nondijunction in these females.
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    Cloning and analysis of fs(1) Ya, a maternal effect gene required for the initiation of Drosophila embryogenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 257-265 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Maternal effect ; Syngamy ; Embryonic development ; Molecular cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The maternal effect locus fs(1) Ya is required for the fusion of the apposed sperm and egg pronuclei (syngamy) following fertilization in Drosophila. It is tightly linked to another complementation group, fs(1) Yb, needed for both oogenesis and embryogenesis. We have isolated a set of overlapping cloned sequences in the 3B4-6 region of the X chromosome encompassing the fs(1) Ya-fs(1) Yb region. A single 2.4 kb maternal transcript is encoded with-in this region, and an 8.5 kb DNA fragment that contains this transcript complements both fs(1) Ya and fs(1) Yb mutations. Northern and in situ hybridization analyses show that the maternal transcript is only present in nurse cells and oocytes beginning in previtellogenic stages, and is evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of 0–2 h syncytial embryos. The transcript is not detected in later stages of embryonic development. This expression pattern correlates closely with the genetic and developmental characteristics expected of the fs(1) Ya gene product.
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    An abundant testis RNA species shows sequence similarity to Y chromosomal and other genomic sites in Drosophila hydei (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 469-477 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Y chromosome ; Repetitive DNA ; Testis RNA ; Transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cDNA clone bank was constructed from testis poly(A)+ RNA of Drosophila hydei and screened for clones which hybridize to Y chromosomal DNA sequences. The insert of clone cDhT14 hybridizes to a family of repeated DNA sequences with members distributed within the Y chromosome and elsewhere in the genome. This type of sequence has earlier been described as the Y-associated class of DNA. Southern blot analysis of DNA from different wild-type strains of D. hydei suggests that members of the T14 family of repeated DNA sequences are parts of a family of transposable elements. The genomic localization of the T14 family of repeated DNA sequences was revealed by in situ hybridization to metaphase and polytene chromosomes, and to transcripts of Y chromosomal lampbrush loops. Approximately 10–15 members (20%–30%) of the T14 sequence family reside in 8.3 kb PstI restriction fragments. A genomic clone of one of these DNA fragments, DhT14-8.3, hybridizes to transcripts on the Y chromosomal lampbrush loop “cones”, and in conventional in situ hybridization experments to region 12D/13A of the X chromosome and to region 112 of chromosome 5. The cDNA clone cDhT14 represents a part of an abundant testis RNA species of 5.0 kb. This RNA is also present in ovaries and in 0–3 h, 3–6 h and 6–12 h embryos, but less abundantly than in testes. Both the Y chromosomal site of the 8.3 kb PstI fragments and sites elsewhere in the genome are actively transcribed. At least one of the latter genomic sites is transcribed into the 5.0 kb RNA species. This poly(A)+ RNA is present in the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes as shown by transcript in situ hybridization. The potential function of transcripts from Y chromosomal lampbrush loops is discussed.
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    Theamylase gene-enzyme system of fishes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Amylase ; Mosquitofish ; Rat ; Drosophila ; Structure ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amylases from the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki, Pisces: Poeciliidae) and rat were purified and compared withDrosophila amylases in terms of structure and function. At the structural level, amino acid compositions of the three amylases were compared. At the functional level, amylase activities were compared on various substrates and in the presence of inhibitors. While the amylases from all three organisms had properties typical of alpha-amylases, both structural and functional differences were observed. Using resemblance coefficients of distance and similarity from numerical taxonomy, it was determined that the amylases from the rat andDrosophila were more similar to each other than either was to amylase from the mosquitofish, and that structural differences between the amylases did not reflect functional differences, i.e. there was no correlation between amylase structural and functional distances.
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    Ecological aspects of cactus triterpene glycosides I. Their effect on fitness components ofDrosophila mojavensis (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 663-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; triterpene glycosides ; cactus ; fitness components ; host-plant relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pentacyclic triterpene glycosides extracted from agria and organ pipe cacti on three fitness parameters of the cactophilic fruit fly,Drosophila mojavensis were tested. Triterpene glycosides from organ pipe increased development time and reduced larval viability while those from agria produced smaller adults (reduced fecundity). In addition, the microbial communities in the organ pipe saponin media were less dense than those in the media to which agria saponins had been added. The role of cactus triterpene glycosides in the ecology of thisDrosophila species is discussed.
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    Effects of early adult experience on host selection in insects: Some experimental and theoretical results (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host preference ; habitat selection ; experience ; learning ; Drosophila ; host races ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with Drosophila melanogasterrevealed that when flies encounter a particular food type soon after emergence, the probability of their subsequently being attracted to such a resource is increased. In this experiment, the length of time flies experienced their postemergence environments was under the control of the flies themselves. The experiment thus realistically mimicked one form of experiential effect that may be important in nature. A theoretical model is developed which shows that enhanced adult preferences for the types of resources fed on as larvae can substantially increase the degree of host-based genetic subdivision within a polyphagous population.
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    Male mating activity and genetic aspects in imaginal diapause of Drosophila triauraria (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: imaginal diapause ; male mating activity ; genetics ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les femelles de D. triauraria Bock & Wheeler (Dipt. Drosophilidae) sont connues pour présenter une diapause reproductrice aux photophases courtes. Les mâles eux aussi ont révélé une activité sexuelle réduite aux photophases courtes, c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont entrés comme les femelles en diapause reproductive. Les photophases critiques pour l'induction de la diapause des mâles et des femelles n'ont pas présenté de différences. Les diapause des mâles et des femelles s'achèvent même sous courtes photophases, mais la diapause mâle était quelque peu plus faible que la diapause femelle. La photophase critique et le taux de diapause ont varié en fonction de l'origine géographique dans l'espèce actuelle. Lors de croisements entre lignées diapausantes et non-diapausantes, la photophase critique et la durée de la diapause ont été héritées quantitativement. A partir de ces expériences et d'expériences précédentes de croisements (Kimura, 1983), quelques modèles de méchnisme d'induction de la diapause de cette espèce sont proposés.
    Notes: Abstract In Drosophila triauraria Bock & Wheeler (Diptera: Drosophilidae) of which females were known to enter reproductive diapause at short daylengths, males also showed reduced mating activity at short daylengths, i.e., males as well as females entered reproductive diapause. The critical daylength for diapause induction did not differ between females and males. Both male and female diapause ended even under short daylengths, but the male diapause was somewhat weaker than the female diapause. The critical daylength and the diapause rate varied geographically in this species. In the cross between diapausing and non-diapausing strains, the critical daylength and the diapause duration inherited in a quantitative manner. On the basis of the present and previous crossing experiments, some models are proposed on the mechanism of diapause induction of this species.
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    Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism inDrosophila: Enzyme kinetics of product inhibition (1988)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1988), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; Enzyme kinetics ; Product inhibition ; Microevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Because natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster are polymorphic for different allozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and becauseD. melanogaster is more tolerant to the toxic effects of ethanol than its sibling speciesD. simulans, information regarding the sensitivities of the different forms of ADH to the products of ethanol degradation are of ecological importance. ADH-F, ADH-S, ADH-71k ofD. melanogaster and the ADH ofD. simulans were inhibited by NADH, but the inhibition was relieved by NAD+. The order of sensitivity of NADH was ADH-F〈ADH-71k, ADH-S〈ADH-simulans with ADH-F being about four times less sensitive than theD. melanogaster enzymes and 12 times less sensitive than theD. simulans enzyme. Acetaldehyde inhibited the ethanolto-acetaldehyde activity of the ADHs, but at low acetaldehyde concentrations ethanol and NAD+ reduced the inhibition. ADH-71k and ADH-F were more subject to the inhibitory action of acetaldehyde than ADH-S and ADH-simulans, with ADH-71k being seven times more sensitive than ADH-S. The pattern of product inhibition of ADH-71k suggests a rapid equilibrium random mechanism for ethanol oxidation. Thus, although the ADH variants only differ by a few amino acids, these differences exert a far larger impact on their intrinsic properties than previously thought. How differences in product inhibition may be of significance in the evolution of the ADHs is discussed.
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    Appendage morphogenesis in Drosophila: a developmental study of the rotund (rn) gene (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Morphogenesis ; Appendages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotype of rotund (rn) null alleles is described, and compared to wild type. The mutants are expressed zygotically and cause position specific defects in certain imaginal discs (antenna, legs, wing, haltere and proboscis) and their corresponding adult derivatives. In the discs, specific folds are absent in rn mutants compared to wild type. Clonal analysis shows that the rn + gene is partially autonomous in its expression in cells destined to form certain distal parts of the adult appendages. The results are consistent with the idea that the rn + gene is required for normal morphogenesis of specific distal parts of the adult appendages.
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    The type and location of homeotic transformations in the tumorous-head mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 40-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homeosis ; Tumorous-head ; Bithorax-complex mutant ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transformations of tumorous-head Drosophila melanogaster were examined in order to investigate whether head structures were replaced by specific abdominal structures. Heads selected for the presence of genital structures were analyzed in detail. Female abnormalities included any combination of vaginal teeth, vulvar papillae, sensilla trichodea, abdominal tergites 6 (T6), 7 (T7), 8 (T8) and anal plate. Anal plate was observed in the prefrons and rostral membrane, while all other genital structures were intimately associated with modified shingle cuticle. Male abnormalities included transformation of antennal structures to penis, clasper teeth, lateral plate, anal plate and eye to T6. The distribution of each type of homeotic structure was confined to general regions of the eye-antenna, with no precise dividing lines between them. However, the spatial sequence of homeotic structures in the eye-antenna was generally the same as the sequence of the same structures in the posterior abdomen.
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    Two groups of interrelated genes regulate early neurogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 457-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Neurogenic genes ; Achaetescute complex ; Daughterless ; Genetic interactions ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Drosophila melanogaster the neuroblasts separate from epidermoblasts to give rise to the neural primordium. This process is under the control of several genes. The group of the so-called neurogenic genes is required for epidermal development; other genes, comprising those of the achaete-scute complex and daughterless, are required for neural development. We have studied the relationships between both groups of genes in two different ways. We have analyzed the phenotype of double-mutant embryos and our results show that the neural hyperplasia caused by neurogenic mutations can be partially prevented if a mutation in one of the other genes is present in the same genome. Only the neural cells that do not require the function of a particular gene of the achaete-scute complex in the wild-type seem to develop to a neural fate in the double mutant embryos. At least some of the genetic interactions affect the transcriptional level, as shown by in situ hybridization, since the territories of transcription of the achaetescute genes are expanded in neurogenic mutants. All cells of the neurogenic region of the double mutants apparently initiate neural development. However, during later development some of these cells switch their fate either to epidermogenesis or to cell death and this leads to the final phenotype of the double mutants. We discuss these results with respect to the events of early neurogenesis.
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    Induced neuroma formation and target muscle perturbation in the giant fiber pathway of the Drosophila temperature-sensitive mutant shibire (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 383-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; shibire ; Neuronal development ; Muscle ; Giant fiber pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature-sensitive mutation shibire (shi) in Drosophila melanogaster is thought to disrupt membrane recycling processes, including endocytotic vesicle pinch-off. This mutation can perturb the development of nerves and muscles of the adult escape response. After exposure to a heat pulse (6 h at 30° C) at 20 h of pupal development, adults have abnormal flight muscles. Wing depressor muscles (DLM) are reduced in number from the normal six to one or two fibers, and are composed of enlarged fibers that appear to represent fiber fusion; large spaces devoid of muscle fibers suggested fiber deletion. The normal five motor axons are present in the peripheral nerve PDMN near the ganglion. However, while some motor axons pass dorsally to the extant fibers, other motor axons lacking end targets pass into an abnormal posterior branch and terminate in a neuroma, i.e., a tangle of axons and glia without muscle target tissue. Hemisynapses are common in axons of the proximal PDMN and within the neuroma, but they are rarely seen in control (no heat pulse) shi or wild-type flies. All surviving muscle fibers are innervated; no muscle tissue exists without innervation. Fibrillar fine structure and neuromuscular synapses appear normal. Fused fibers have dual innervation, suggesting correct and specific matching of target tissue and motor axons. Motor axons lacking target fibers do not innervate erroneous targets but instead terminate in the neuroma. These results suggest developmental constraints and rules, which may contribute to the orderly, stereotyped development in the normal flight system. The nature of the anomalies inducible in the flight motor system in shi flies implies that membrane recycling events at about 20 h of pupal development are critical to the formation of the normal adult nerve-muscle pattern for DLM flight muscles.
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    Reversible commitment of neural and epidermal progenitor cells during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell interactions ; Cell commitment ; Neurogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell-cell interactions are involved in mediating developmental fate. An example is the decision of the neuroectodermal cells of Drosophila to develop as neural or epidermal progenitors, where cellular interactions participate in the process of acquisition of either cell fate. The results of heterochronic cell transplantations we describe here suggest that both neuroblasts and epidermoblasts are not irreversibly committed to a particular developmental fate. Rather, they retain the ability to interact with neighbouring cells and, under our experimental conditions, are capable of switching their fate during a relatively long period of time, i.e. until the end of embryonic stage 11.
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    Genetic interaction between homoeotic Sex combs reduced and Regulator of bithorax (or trithorax) genes of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoeotic genes ; Segment differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Regulator of bithorax (Rg-bx)−, or trithorax (trx)− lethal larvae occasionally show a homoeotic transformation of the dorsal prothorax to mesothoracic structures. This transformation suggests a reduced activity of the Sex combs reduced (Scr) gene on the basis of gene dosage studies, as well as enhanced expression of the phenotypes of the weak Scr − alleles in Rg-bx − larvae. Morphological observations of adult flies doubly heterozygous for Rg-bx and Scr mutations also suggest the enhancement of an aspect of Scr adult phenotypes. I conclude that the Rg-bx + gene function is required for the optimal expression of the Scr gene in larval and imaginai cells.
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    Expression of a reporter gene resembles that of its neighbour: an insertion in the hairy gene of Drosophila (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 507-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Reporter gene ; hairy ; Segmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random insertions of a promotor fused to a reporter gene, such as Lac-Z, reveal regulatory sequences that confer temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression in eukaryotes. These patterns may reflect the activity of a neighbouring gene and thus lead to the isolation of new genes essential for normal development. Here, we demonstrate that this hypothesis is true for an insertion into the well characterized segmentation gene, hairy, in Drosophila. The insertion is homozygous lethal and fails to complement other hairy alleles, giving the phenotype described for hairy mutations. The insertion is located at 66D on the polytene chromosome map, is within 300–600 bp 5′ to the first hairy exon, and is orientated in the same sense (5′-3′) as the hairy transcription unit. Expression of β-galactosidase (β-gal), deriving from the insertion, follows closely the spatio-temporal patterns of expression of hairy gene product during embryogenesis. In addition, other sites of β-galactosidase expression are shown in the third larval instar stage and in the adult ovary. The results show that some insertions, giving restricted patterns of reporter gene expression, will reflect the temporo-spatial activity of a nearby gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385685
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    Abnormal ovarian morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster after injection of embryos with conditioned media from the Daudi cell line (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 370-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Injection of embryo ; Daudi conditioned medium ; Rudimentary ovaries ; Mean number of ovarioles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila melanogaster embryos were injected before the blastoderm stage with conditioned media from several male Burkitt's lymphoma human cell lines and the Daudi cell line. Such injections do not have any effect on the male genital apparatus or on the female tract. The Daudi conditioned medium modifies the ovarian morphogenesis of the flies and the rudimentary ovaries obtained look like nymphal gonads. Moreover, they have a drastically reduced number of germ cells. The ovaries that looked functional contain numerous necrotic germ cells and the mean number of ovarioles per fly is significantly smaller than that of the controls. The abnormalities observed resemble the results of experimental and genetic lack of germ cells. They disappear at very high dilution (1×10−6).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375958
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    Electrically mediated protein movement inDrosophila follicles (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Electrical polarity ; Ovarian follicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Distribution of rhodamine-conjugated lysozyme injected into the sixteen-cell syncytium comprising the germ-line portion of theDrosophila follicle is shown to be affected by charge. Positive molecules are able to migrate through intercellular bridges from the oocyte to the nurse cells, but are unable to migrate detectably from nurse cells to the oocyte. Their negatively charged counterparts can move from the nurse cells to the oocyte, but are unable to traverse the intercellular bridges in the counter direction. This charge-dependent movement of molecules is accompanied by an electrical potential difference, focused across the nurse cell-oocyte bridges, which makes the nurse cells negatively charged to the oocyte. The addition of insect hemolymph to the physiological salt solution in which the experiments were performed resulted in only a small increase in the transmembrane resistance, but enhanced the potential difference between oocyte and nurse cells from 0.2±0.3 (SE) mV (nurse cells negative) to 2.3±0.45 (SE) mV (nurse cells negative).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439430
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    Maternal and zygotic requirement for thepolyhomeotic complex genetic locus inDrosophila (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homeosis ; Epidermal development ; Embryology ; Clonal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complex genetic locuspolyhomeotic (ph) is a member of thePolycomb (Pc)-group of genes and as such is required for the normal expression of ANT-C and BX-C genes. It also has probably other functions since amorphicph alleles display a cell death phenotype in the ventral epidermis of 12-h-old embryos. Here it is shown that lethal alleles ofph (amorph and strong hypomorph) show transformation of most of their segments towards AB8. Theph + product is required autonomously in imaginal cells. The total lack ofph + function prevents viability of the cuticular derivatives of these cells.ph has a strong maternal effect on segmental identity and epidermal development that can not be rescued by one paternally supplied dose ofph + in the zygote. These phenotypes differ substantially from those of previously describedPc-group genes. AmongPc-group genes,ph seems to be the only one that is strongly required both maternally and zygotically for normal embryonic development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439431
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    The reinforcement-extinction process of selector gene activity: a positive feed-back loop and cell-cell interactions in Ultrabithorax patterning (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 424-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Ultrabithorax ; Development ; Regulation ; Protein distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Most viable alleles of homeotic genes cause partial transformations within given lineages in a topographically specific fashion. We study this phenomenon as a way to understand the normal mechanisms involved in the spatial regulation of homeotic gene expression. To this end we have investigated the distribution of Ultrabithorax (Ubx) proteins in imaginai discs mutant for hypomorphic and neomorphic alleles of Ubx and alleles of trans-acting genes. We find that the morphological discontinuities observed in the adult transformations are caused by corresponding new patterns of the Ubx proteins in the imaginai anlagen. These novel patterns of Ubx proteins are understood as a consequence of a process of reinforcement-extinction of Ubx expression. The evidence suggesting that this process results from a positive feed-back loop and cell-cell interactions is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398994
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    Mutational dissection of gene expression in the abdominal region of the bithorax complex of Drosophila in imaginal tissue (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Bithorax complex ; Drosophila ; Abdominal-B mutations ; Genetic mosaics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotypic effects in imaginal hypodermal tissue of a number of Abdominal-B mutations of the bithorax complex are described. Evidence is given from complementation analysis that the phenotypic heterogeneity in both the spatial limits and the nature of the homeotic transformations produced is not an arbitrary classification of allelic differences that we find. We have used genetic mosaic analysis to support the interpretation that the Abdominal-B genetic unit can exist in a number of alternative functional states of expression during development and that individual Abdominal-B mutations may abolish some states whilst leaving others unaffected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427916
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    Genetic analysis of viable and lethalfused mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Segment polarity gene ; Maternal effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fused is a segmentation gene belonging to the segment-polarity class. Mutations at thefused locus are known to display pleiotropic effects, causing zygotically determined anomalies of ovaries and of some adult cuticular structures, and maternally determined embryonic segmentation defects. In order to determine the amorphic phenotype offused and to study the genetical basis of its pleiotropy, newfused alleles (18 viable and 11 lethal) were isolated. The phenotype of these mutants and of others already known are described, taking into account zygotic and maternal effects. The main results provided by this analysis are as follows. Firstly, allfused alleles show the whole complex fused phenotype, and a good correlation is observed between the strength of the wing and segmentation defects, suggesting that a single function is involved in both processes. Secondly, all embryonic and larval lethals carry deficiencies which allow us to localizefused between the 17C4 and 17D2 bands of the X-chromosome. Thirdly, the 24 viable and 2 pupal lethals examined behave as point mutants, as shown cytologically or by Southern blot analysis. However, only one of them, the pupal lethalfu mH63 was proven to carry a nullfused allele, since it displays in germ-line clones a strong maternal phenotype and a very low zygotic rescue, similar to those of the small deficiencyDf(1)fu z4. The phenotype of the amorphic mutant indicates that zygotic ezpression offused is required for normal metamorphosis, while maternal expression is necessary for a normal segmentation pattern, since a complete loss offused expression during oogenesis cannot be compensated zygotically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439429
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    Developmental analysis of fs(1)gastrulation defective, a dorsal-group gene of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 75-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Maternal effect mutation ; Pattern formation ; Gastrulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gastrulation defective (gd) locus is a maternally expressed gene in Drosophila required for normal differentiation of structures along the embryonic dorso-ventral axis. Cuticular defects of the offspring from females with different combinations of gd alleles comprised a phenotypic continuum. Complementation among several alleles produced normal offspring while progressively more severe mutations produced a graded loss of structures from ventral, and then lateral, blastoderm cells. The most severely affected embryos consisted entirely of structures derived from dorsal blastoderm cells. Histological examination of staged siblings from selected allelic combinations showed that internal tissues were similarly affected. The tissues observed in amorphic embryos support new, more dorsal, assignments of fate map positions for blastoderm precursors of the cephalopharyngeal apparatus, hindgut and ventral nerve cord. The loss of ventral and lateral structures did not occur through cell death and appeared to involve a change in blastoderm cell fate. A direct effect of the mutations on blastoderm cell determination, however, was insufficient to explain the development of the dorsalized embryos. Intermediate phenotypes suggested that cell interactions or movements associated with morphogenesis are required for the determination of some cell fates in the dorsoventral axis. Thus, the developmental fate of all blastoderm cells may not be fixed at the time of blastoderm formation.
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    Dominant maternal interactions with Drosophila segmentation genes (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: X-Chromosome Loci ; Dominant maternal effect ; Segmentation genes ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A systematic search for X chromosome loci showing a dominant maternal interaction with the segmentation genes Krüppel, hunchback, knirps and hairy was performed using deficiencies spanning 65% of the X chromosome. No interaction with the knirps gene was observed, but five regions of the X chromosome showed a maternal dominant interaction with the Krüppel gene. Two of these regions also show a maternal dominant interaction with either hunchback (region 10A7–10A8) or hairy (region 10E1–10F3). In all of these interactions dead embryos were observed which showed the same defects as embryos homozygous for the segmentation gene tested. These results suggest that a complex repartition of maternal products necessary for subsequent segmentation may occur in the Drosophila egg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375934
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    The vectoring of cactophilic yeasts by Drosophila (1988)
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    Oecologia 75 (1988), S. 400-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Vectoring ; Drosophila ; Cactophilic yeasts ; Dispersal ; Community structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At two locations in the Sonoran Desert, yeasts were sampled from species of Drosophila, the flies' cactus hosts, and other neighboring sources of cactophilic yeasts to determine the relation between the yeasts vectored by the fly and the yeasts found in their breeding sites. D. mojavensis, D. nigrospiracula, and D. mettleri vectored yeast assemblages significantly more similar to the yeast species found on the rot from which the flies were collected than to the yeasts found on other rots from the flies host cactus or other rotting cactus at the same site. Rots with Drosophila had fewer yeast species than those without flies, suggesting that flies were associated with younger rots. Rots with flies and the Drosophila also had more yeast species with the capability to produce ethyl acetate than rots without flies. The results support the contention that cactophilic Drosophila feed on a subset of the yeasts available in an area, and may act to maintain differences among the yeast communities found on different species of cactus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376943
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    Interaction between a picornavirus and a wild population ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 75 (1988), S. 516-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Picornavirus ; Fertility ; Embryonic and larvo-pupal death rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila C virus (DCV) has a considerable impact on ovarian morphogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster host populations. This virus also affects the developmental time and the fresh weight of infected females. In order to investigate the hypothesis that DCV may play a role in the dynamics ofDrosophila populations, the fertility and embryonic and larvo-pupal death rates of a host population and that of five DCV-free populations were determined. A comparison of two populations, one of them DCV-free, the other infected, suggested that the fertility of the DCV-infected flies was higher than that of uninfected flies, despite a greater larvo-pupal death rate. Fertility of the infected flies was greater among the infected population than for the DCV-free populations. The DCV-free populations originated from five different localities. The virus clearly does have an impact on the biotic potential of its host population. This paper reports for the first time a positive interaction between a viral population and a host population as it increases certain parameters of host population dynamics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00776414
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    Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial arginine kinases inDrosophila: Evidence for a single gene (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; arginine kinase ; mitochondria ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isozymes of arginine kinase have been identified inDrosophila melanogaster. On the basis of their immunological similarity, parallel dosage responses, and cosegregation of electrophoretic mobility differences, it is concluded that both isozymes are the product of a single gene. The consequences of this in relation to the regulation and evolution of this unusual gene-enzyme system are discussed. It is inferred that the origin of the phosphagen shuttle must predate the divergence of invertebrates and vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555494
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    Genetic characterization of dipeptidase activity modifiers inDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 783-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; dipeptidase activities ; genetic variation ; activity modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An examination ofDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations revealed genetic variation for dipeptidase-A (DIP-A) and dipeptidase-B (DIP-B) activities within sets of lines that differed from one another only in the second or the third chromosome. Analyses of diallel crosses indicate that both activities are inherited additively, and coordinate control of expression is suggested by the significant positive correlation between the two activities. Electrophoresis and thermal denaturation studies failed to detect structural differences among lines with different levels of DIP-A activity. No characteristic level of activity could be associated with any DIP-A allozyme. Mapping experiments revealed the presence of activity modifiers that are in tight linkage with the structural gene, as well as those that manifest their effects from a distance. The maximum genetic distance between a high-activity effect on DIP-A and the structural gene was determined to be 0.029 map unit. These results are in accordance with the prevalence of activity modifiers for various enzymes inDrosophila melanogaster.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395523
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    Genetic determinants of glutamine synthetase inDrosophila melanogaster: A gene for glutamine synthetase I resides in the 21B3-6 region (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glutamine synthetase I ; genetic mapping ; allozymes ; null alleles ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recombinational and deletion mapping of electrophoretic variants of the glutamine synthetase I isozyme (GSI) inDrosophila melanogaster locates the gene in the 21B region on the second chromosome. We have conducted a genetic analysis of the region extending cytologically from 21A to 21B4-6. Recessive lethal mutations were generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and by hybrid dysgenesis (HD). These lethals fall into seven functional groups, which were partially ordered by complementation with cytologically defined deficiencies of this region generated by hybrid dysgenesis. Two of the EMS- and two of the ENU-induced lethals fulfill biochemical criteria expected for null alleles of the GSI gene.
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    Genetic characterization of dipeptidase activity modifiers inDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 783-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; dipeptidase activities ; genetic variation ; activity modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An examination ofDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations revealed genetic variation for dipeptidase-A (DIP-A) and dipeptidase-B (DIP-B) activities within sets of lines that differed from one another only in the second or the third chromosome. Analyses of diallel crosses indicate that both activities are inherited additively, and coordinate control of expression is suggested by the significant positive correlation between the two activities. Electrophoresis and thermal denaturation studies failed to detect structural differences among lines with different levels of DIP-A activity. No characteristic level of activity could be associated with any DIP-A allozyme. Mapping experiments revealed the presence of activity modifiers that are in tight linkage with the structural gene, as well as those that manifest their effects from a distance. The maximum genetic distance between a high-activity effect on DIP-A and the structural gene was determined to be 0.029 map unit. These results are in accordance with the prevalence of activity modifiers for various enzymes inDrosophila melanogaster.
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    Glue proteins inDrosophila nasuta (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 527-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; glue proteins ; glycosylation ; Chromosomal linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larval glue protein fractions ofDrosophila nasuta nasuta were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seven major and at least four minor glue protein fractions were recognized. Six of the major fractions are glycosylated. They migrate as three prominent doublets (〉100, 43, and 30/28 kd). The synthesis of traceable amounts of these major fractions begins already during the second as well as during the early stages of the third larval instar. The 43-kd and the 30/28-kd fractions are coded by X-chromosomal genes. They are probably clustered within the huge puff of division 10, which is the most prominent X-chromosomal puff in the polytene chromosomes of the third larval instar. Complex posttranslational modification of all but one major glue protein fraction (14 kd) leads to the formation of about 15 different protein fractions in the final glue product. The amount of glue protein produced byD. n. nasuta larvae (in relation to the total saliva proteins) is nearly twice the amount produced byD. melanogaster larvae (ca. 55 and 32%, respectively).
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    Genetic determinants of glutamine synthetase inDrosophila melanogaster: A gene for glutamine synthetase I resides in the 21B3-6 region (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glutamine synthetase I ; genetic mapping ; allozymes ; null alleles ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recombinational and deletion mapping of electrophoretic variants of the glutamine synthetase I isozyme (GSI) inDrosophila melanogaster locates the gene in the 21B region on the second chromosome. We have conducted a genetic analysis of the region extending cytologically from 21A to 21B4-6. Recessive lethal mutations were generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and by hybrid dysgenesis (HD). These lethals fall into seven functional groups, which were partially ordered by complementation with cytologically defined deficiencies of this region generated by hybrid dysgenesis. Two of the EMS- and two of the ENU-induced lethals fulfill biochemical criteria expected for null alleles of the GSI gene.
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    Purification and properties of theDrosophila zen protein (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 79 (1988), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: zerknullt gene ; homeobox protein ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The zen protein is encoded by the zerknullt gene required for normal early development inDrosophila. Like many regulatory proteins of this type, zen contains a 60 amino acid homeobox sequence. We have purified the zen protein and studied its solution behavior and its interaction with DNA. The zen protein exists as a monomer in solution with a molecular weight of about 40000. It binds specifically to a site about 900 bases upstream from thezen gene. Within this binding site DNase protection experiments indicate that binding is confined to two regions approximately 11 and 14 bases in length that are separated by about 30 base pairs. The protein concentration dependence of the binding curve suggests that protein binding is non cooperative.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02424561
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    Glue proteins inDrosophila nasuta (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 527-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; glue proteins ; glycosylation ; Chromosomal linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larval glue protein fractions ofDrosophila nasuta nasuta were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seven major and at least four minor glue protein fractions were recognized. Six of the major fractions are glycosylated. They migrate as three prominent doublets (〉100, 43, and 30/28 kd). The synthesis of traceable amounts of these major fractions begins already during the second as well as during the early stages of the third larval instar. The 43-kd and the 30/28-kd fractions are coded by X-chromosomal genes. They are probably clustered within the huge puff of division 10, which is the most prominent X-chromosomal puff in the polytene chromosomes of the third larval instar. Complex posttranslational modification of all but one major glue protein fraction (14 kd) leads to the formation of about 15 different protein fractions in the final glue product. The amount of glue protein produced byD. n. nasuta larvae (in relation to the total saliva proteins) is nearly twice the amount produced byD. melanogaster larvae (ca. 55 and 32%, respectively).
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    Behavior, stress, and variability (1988)
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 293-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: stress ; domestication ; extreme environments ; human evolution ; mice ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variability of behavioral traits under optimal and stressful environments is considered with examples fromDrosophila, rodents, and our own species. In agreement with direct fitness and life history traits, behavioral traits show a maximization of preexisting andde novo variation under stress. In order to understand evolutionary change,it appears necessary to emphasize those traits showing interactions with habitats under conditions of environmental stress; this can be shown at the behavioral level especially for domestication and adaptation to novel habitats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260931
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    Genetic variability of sexual behavior in a natural population ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 389-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual selection ; sexual behavior ; assortative mating ; polymorphism ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Although many experiments on laboratory stocks ofDrosophila have suggested that mate choice is a major feature of sexual selection in this organism, few attempts have been made to measure its extent in wild populations. In this study, a crossing design was used to obtain a set of 13 genetically identical independent lines representative of genotypes from an African population ofDrosophila melanogaster. They were tested for variation in sexual behavior using dyadic tests. Significant variation in orientation and vibration latencies was found for males, and in mating speed and copulation duration for both sexes. No evidence of assortative mating, either positive or negative, was found. The absence of a correlation in mating speed between males and females sharing the same genotype leads us to doubt the applicability of the notion of “male eagerness” and “female reluctancy” inDrosophila and the importance of “vigor” as a factor in mating speed. The absence of mate choice in natural populations ofDrosophila seems to us the most likely hypothesis on the basis of both theory and empirical evidence.
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    Spectral analysis ofDrosophila courtship songs:D. melanogaster, D. simulans, and their interspecific hybrid (1988)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 675-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: reproductive behavior ; pulse song ; sine song ; acoustic spectrum ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Digital signal processing methods have revealed spectral components inDrosophila melanogaster's andD. simulans' male courtship songs that had gone undetected in previous studies. We found that a bout of courtship hum (“sine song”) inD. simulans typically consists of a narrowband fundamental frequency, accompanied by second and third harmonics that can comprise a major fraction of the power in the signal. The pulse song spectra consisted of single broad-band peaks of highly variable frequencies, which, nevertheless, are characteristically different in these two species. Genetic elements of the newly discovered song components were examined by analysis of theD. melanogaster/D. simulans hybrid. Such males were found to be intermediate in production of sine song harmonics as well as in other parameters of courtship song, except for sine song and intrapulse frequency bandwidths, for which there may be dominant factors inD. simulans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066850
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  • 93
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    Components of fitness in a compound chromosome strain of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 468-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Compound chromosomes ; Fitness ; Drosophila ; Assortative mating ; Pest control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relative net fitness of a compound chromosome strain of Drosophila melanogaster was about 0.05, compared with the chromosomally normal strain from which it was derived. Based on meiotic considerations alone, the expected relative fitness was about 0.25. There were no significant differences in fertility between the compound and normal strains; the compound strain produced about 28% as many offspring as the normal strain and developed faster than the normal strain in two replicates, and slower in one replicate. The low relative fitness of the compound strain was apparently due to assortative mating, in which normal females discriminated strongly against compound males. Implications for pest control projects are dicussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276751
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  • 94
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    Distributional pattern of oxytocin- and vasopressin-immunoreactivity in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 677-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topography of oxytocin (OT)- and vasopressin (VP)-containing axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system was studied in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) by means of immunohistochemistry. Compared with other mammalian species, the neurohypophysis of Phodopus shows some peculiarities. Accumulations of OT-immunoreactivity around the distal vessels of the primary portal plexus can be observed in the distal median eminence and neural stem. This staining pattern indicates that OT is secreted into portal blood. In the neural lobe, OT- and VP-immunopositive fibers terminate in different areas. The vast majority of the OT-containing axons is distributed in the dorsal part of the neural lobe. In contrast, VP-containing axons are mainly found in the centre of the neural lobe up to the pars intermedia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219760
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  • 95
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    Immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and thyreotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in hypothalamic neurons of the domesticated pigeon (Columba livia). Alterations following lactation and exposure to cold (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 485-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Light microscopy ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Neuropeptides ; Columba livia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of VIP- and TRH-immunoreactivity in neurons and processes within the hypothalamus of the pigeon was investigated with light-microscopic immunocytochemical techniques. Most of the VIP-containing neurons are concentrated in the middle and caudal parts of the hypothalamus, with the greatest concentration of perikarya occurring in the medial and lateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the infundibular nucleus. These cells give rise to axons that seem to extend into the median eminence. An extensive network of VIP-immunoreactive fibers and varicosities occupy the external layer of the median eminence. The majority of TRH-containing neurons is found in the anterior hypothalamus with the greatest concentration of cells in the magnocellular preoptic, medial preoptic, suprachiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei. TRH-immunoreactive fibers and varicosities form a dense arborization in the external layer of the median eminence. Lactation seems to induce substantial changes in VIP as well as in TRH-immunostaining in the median eminence and other hypothalamic regions as compared to control, sexually active animals. Furthermore, TRH-immunoreactivity decreased in the median eminence following 60-min exposure to cold. These results suggest that VIP- and TRH-containing pathways in the pigeon hypothalamus are involved in the mediation of neuroendocrine responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215858
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  • 96
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    Distribution of GABAergic perikarya and terminals in the centers of the higher auditory pathway of the chicken (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 99-106 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) ; Glutamic acid decarboxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Auditory system ; Chicken (White Leghorn)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in nuclei of the higher auditory pathway of the chicken was investigated by immunocytochemical methods employing antisera to the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and to GABA. In the mesencephalic auditory center (MLD) about 20% of the cells reveal immunoreactivity. In contrast, the thalamic relay station nucleus ovoidalis is devoid of immunostained somata. This nucleus contains a high density of punctate immunoreactive structures presumed to be GABAergic axon terminals. In the auditory forebrain center field L and the auditory portions of the hyperstriatum ventrale, up to 8% of the cells were immunopositive. These neurons were significantly smaller than estimated from measurements of the overall cell population in these nuclei. From the two-dimensional arrangement of immunopositive neurons it is suggested that the GABAergic system in the avian auditory telencephalon consists of two separate groups of neurons: one subgroup mediating local inhibitory interactions, the other responsible for lateral inhibition between different frequency representations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213830
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  • 97
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    Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural localisation of peptide-containing nerves and myocardial cells in the human atrial appendage (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 155-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuronal markers ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Heart innervation ; Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation and myocardial cells of the human atrial appendage were investigated by means of immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques using both tissue sections and whole mount preparations. A dense innervation of the myocardium, blood vessels and endocardium was revealed with antisera to general neuronal (protein gene product 9.5 and synaptophysin) and Schwann cell markers (S-100). The majority of nerve fibres possessed neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity and were found associated with myocardial cells, around small arteries and arterioles at the adventitial-medial border and forming a plexus in the endocardium. Subpopulations of nerve fibres displayed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. In whole-mount preparations of endocardium, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivities were found to coexist in the same varicose nerve terminals. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of numerous varicose terminals associated with myocardial, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was localised to large electron-dense secretory vesicles in nerve terminals which also contained numerous small vesicles. Atrial natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity occurred exclusively in myocardial cells where it was localised to large secretory vesicles. The human atrial appendage comprises a neuroendocrine complex of peptidecontaining nerves and myocardial cells producing ANP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220029
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  • 98
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    GABA-like immunoreactivity of identified interneurons in the flight system of the locust, Locusta migratoria (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 331-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Interneurons ; Flight ; Immunohistochemistry ; Locusta migratoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transmitter content of identified inhibitory interneurons in the flight system of the locust, Locusta migratoria, has been characterized using antibodies raised against protein-conjugated gamma aminobutyric acid. Identified flight neurons were filled with the fluorescent dye, Lucifer Yellow. Serial sections of dye-filled neurons were incubated with an antibody to gamma aminobutyric acid which was subsequently tagged with a fluorescent marker. Excitatory motoneurons to wing muscles and 13 flight interneurons (3 excitatory, 7 inhibitory, and 3 with unknown synaptic effect) were examined. Neither the moto-neurons nor any of the 3 excitatory interneurons contained immunoreactive material. Six of the 7 inhibitory interneurons did contain immunoreactive material. All the neurons which contained immunoreactive material and whose synaptic effect is known were inhibitory. We conclude that most of the inhibitory flight interneurons which have been described use gamma aminobutyric acid as their transmitter. Interestingly, at least 1 set of interneurons known to be inhibitory does not use gamma aminobutyric acid. We predict that the 2 interneurons which do contain immunoreactive material and whose synaptic effect is not yet known will be found to have inhibitory roles in the operation of the flight circuitry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225805
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  • 99
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    Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in non-pyramidal neurons of the human entorhinal region (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 361-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Entorhinal cortex ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Interstitial neurons ; Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and processes throughout the human entorhinal region and subjacent white matter was examined either by the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method or by the avidin-biotin method. The brain slices were obtained at autopsy with a short post-mortem delay. The majority of somatostatin immunoreactive nerve cells was found in the inner principal layer and subjacent white matter. In addition, individually scattered immunoreactive neurons were observed in both the outer principal layer and lamina dissecans. The immunoreactive perikarya varied in shape and ranged in size from 10 to 30 μm. Without exception the neurons could be classified as belonging to the group of non-pyramidal neurons. Each neuron gave rise to a few thick dendrites and a thin axon with a beaded appearance. In the adult human brain, the pattern formed by lipofuscin granules deposited in the nerve cells can be considered characteristic for the type of the neuron. Therefore, immunoreactive perikarya were documented, destained of chromogen and restained to demonstrate lipofuscin pigment and basophilic substance. It became evident from these studies that the previously immunoreactive cells were characterized by a large rounded and eccentrically located nucleus, sparse basophilic substance and, in most cases, a lack of lipofuscin granules. A few of the immunoreactive cells were laden with coarse pigment granules. The findings permit classification of entorhinal somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons as either non-pigmented or pigment-laden non-pyramidal neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225808
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  • 100
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    Localization of 28 kDa calbindin in human odontoblasts (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblast ; Calbindin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Teeth ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of 28 kDa calbindin in human odontoblasts was studied by use of specific antibodies raised against chick duodenal 28 kDa calbindin, in immunofluorescence, immuno-peroxidase, and electron-microscopic labelling experiments. The calbindin-like protein was detected mainly in the cytoplasm of odontoblast cell bodies, in their processes and occasionally in their nuclei. Correspondingly, at the ultrastructural level, immunoreactive material was associated with the cytosol, microfilaments and cilia. These findings suggest that human odontoblasts express a 28 kDa vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, unlike those of rats and mice in which ameloblasts are the only cells immunoreactive for the protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225806
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