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  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (243)
  • growth
  • Springer  (417)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1990-1994  (417)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the ecdysteroid agonists RH 5849 an RH 5992, alone and in combination with a juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, on larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecdysteroid agonists ; juvenile hormone analogue ; Spodoptera exigua ; growth ; moulting ; metamorphosis ; imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biological activity assays with RH 5849 and RH 5992 indicated that both compounds affected growth and development of last-instar larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a dose-dependent manner. Within the first 24 h after treatment by continuously offering leaves dipped in a water solution of ≥50 mg/l RH 5849 and ≥0.5 mg/l RH 5992, symptoms of a prematurely induced larval moult and head capsule apolysis were visible. Intoxicated larvae died shortly afterwards, showing signs of unsuccessful ecdysis. LC50-values of RH 5849 and RH 5992 for fifth-instarS. exigua larvae were 110 and 2.5 mg/l, respectively. Pyriproxyfen alone affected the larval stage and disturbed normal metamorphosis. One supernumerary larval instar occurred occasionally. LC50-value for pyriproxyfen was 1.7 mg/l. Larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, continued to grow until they attained a size and weight about 2–3 times that of the controls. This growth was accompanied by at least one and sometimes two supernumerary moults. Concerning thein vivo imaginal wing disc growth and development, only in larvae treated with 10 and 50 mg/l RH 5849 or 0.5 mg/l RH 5992, tracheole migration was observed earlier than in the controls. When applying 300 mg/l RH 5849 or 3–7 mg/l RH 5992, the discs remained small and no signs of tracheole migration were observed. In larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, tracheole migration was not prematurely induced and a pupal cuticle was produced in the discs of larvae, undergoing a supernumerary moult. No clear signs of evagination were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383546
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to high copper concentrations (1994)
    Springer
    BioMetals 7 (1994), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: catalase ; copper resistance ; pH-dependent growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been adapted to increasing concentrations of copper at two different pH values. The growth curve at pH 5.5 is characterized by a time generation increasing with the amount of added copper. A significant decrease of cell volume as compared with the control is also observed. At pH 3 the cells grow faster than at pH 5.5 and resist higher copper concentrations (3.8 against 1.2 mm). Experimental evidence indicates that, after copper treatment, the metal is not bound to the cell wall, but is localized intracellularly. A significant precipitation of copper salts in the medium was observed only at pH 5.5. Increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in copper-treated cells and which persisted after 20 subsequent inocula in a medium without added metal. On the contrary, catalase activity was not stimulated by copper treatment and, hence, not correlated with SOD levels. The mechanism of copper resistance, therefore, probably involves a persistent induction of SOD, but not of catalase, and it is strongly pH-dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00149552
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chimeric evolution of the 2-μm genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2-μm circle ; DNA sequencing ; Horizontal transmission ; Site-specific recombination ; Selfish DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compared the nucleotide substitution pattern over the entire genome of two unique variants of the 6,300-bp selfish DNA (2 μm) plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DNA sequence of the left-unique region is identical among 2-μm variants, while the right-unique region shows substantial divergence. This chimeric pattern cannot be explained by neutral or Darwinian selection models. We propose that horizontal transmission of the 2-μm plasmid coupled with a directed, polarized gene conversion maintains the DNA sequence of the left-unique region, whereas the right-unique region is subject to random drift and Darwinian selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163153
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass and nutrient uptake ofAilanthus excelsa as affected by N and P fertilization on an aridisol (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ailanthus excelsa ; biomass ; growth ; N and P fertilizers ; N content ; N uptake ; P content ; P update ; silvicultural efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a coarse sand soil having pH 8.8 and organic matter 0.06% in Indian arid region, to study the influence of N and P fertilizers on growth, biomass and nutrient content ofAilanthus excelsa, which is an important fodder species of arid and semi arid regions. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 9 and 18 g N tree−1 as Urea) and of phosphorus (0, 3 and 6 g P2O5 tree−1 as Single Superphosphate) in factorial combinations were taken in triplicate and the experiment was laid in Randomised Block Design. Application of 9 g N plant−1 improved tree height by 15 to 25%, collar circumference by 30 to 37% and crown diameter by 18 to 26% in the initial 3 years. Total biomass increase due to 9 g N plant−1 was 76% and 59%, respectively, after 1 and 2 years of planting. Application of 3 g P2O5 tree−1 increased tree height by 8 to 18% and collar circumference by 17 to 24% during initial three years, and total biomass by 70% at 1 year and 30% at 2 years of age. Combined application of 18 g N and 3 g P2O5 tree−1 (N18P3) was the best treatment which increased tree height by 49%, 85% and 35% and collar circumference by 56%, 10% and 11% at 1, 2, and 3 years of age, respectively. N18P3 treatment increased the total biomass by 181% at 1 year and 185% at 2 years of age. N and P applications improved considerably the branching of roots and root length and enhanced root biomass by 2 to 3 folds. N18P3 treatment increased the nitrogen uptake by 304% (4.02 g tree−1) at 1 year and 211% (42.56 g tree−1) at 2 years of age. The P uptake was maximum (290.4 mg tree−1) due to N18P3 treatment in 1 year old and 11.37 g tree−1 due to N9P6 treatment in 2 year old plantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750471
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of split application of potassium on growth, yield and potassium accumulation by soybean (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: growth ; K accumulation ; K nutrition ; physiological efficiency ; soybean ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted during 1989 to 1991 on a loamy sand (Typic ustochrept) soil to study the K nutrition of soybean. Soybean responded significantly up to 50 kg K ha−1 when applied 1/2 of K at planting and 1/2 at flower initiation (two split) or applying 1/3 K at planting, 1/3 at flower initiation and 1/3 at pod development (three splits). Split application was more beneficial than applying full K at time of planting due to higher leaf area index, crop growth rate, chlorophyll content of fresh leaves, K accumulation in soybean and better agronomic and physiological efficiency of applied K. Agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency and apparent recovery of K reduced as rate of applied K was increased from 50 to 75 kg ha−1. Highest K+ concentration (3.4 % of dry matter) was recorded in 30-day-old plants at 75 kg K ha−1 which depressed progressively with the age of the crop. At maturity, the K concentration of soybean seed varied from 1.5% (unfertilised K plants) to 2.1 % (when 75 kg K ha−1 was applied in three splits).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750249
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On critical phenomena in interacting growth systems. Part I: General (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 74 (1994), S. 91-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Random process ; local interaction ; critical phenomena ; invariant distribution ; growth ; eroder ; convexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Components which are placed in a finite or infinite space have integer numbers as possible states. They interact in a discrete time in a local deterministic way, in addition to which all the components' states are incremented at every time step by independent identically distributed random variables. We assume that the deterministic interaction function is translation-invariant and monotonic and that its values are between the minimum and the maximum of its arguments. Theorems 1 and 2 (based on propositions which we give in a separate Part II), give sufficient conditions for a system to have an invariant distribution or a bounded mean. Other statements, proved herein, provide background for them by giving conditions when a system has no invariant distribution or the mean of its components' states tends to infinity. All our main results use one and the same geometrical criterion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186808
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of macroelements by the helophytePhalaris arundinacea L. (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 70-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Macrophytes ; growth ; assimilation ; macroelements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Helophytes are often incorporated into biological wastewater treatment plants. In favourable situations, they can take up large amounts of nutrients. One helophyte, the reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), is fast growing when supplied with sufficient light and nutrients. Experiments were carried out under natural climatic conditions in small plastic tanks filled with sand with regular additions of a balanced and concentrated nutrient solution. In the growing season (May–October), plant production reached 10.5 kg m−2 of dry biomass, of which 66% was in the aerial parts. Maximum nutrient uptake capacity was reached just after flowering and before senescence (beginning of October): 49% N, 34% P, 52% K and 34% Mg of the input was fixed in the aerial parts, which are easily harvestable. The corresponding values for the below ground parts were 12%, 10%, 11% and 11% respectively. Excretion of K and Mg has been observed when nutrients are translocated to the storage organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877436
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mistranslation of human phosphoglycerate kinase in yeast in the presence of paromomycin (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Translational fidelity ; Paromomycin ; Stuttering ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Missense errors in the translation of mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were screened by looking for charge heterogeneity of proteins on two-dimensional gels resulting from the substitution of charged and neutral amino acids. No such mistranslation was detected in wild-type yeast strains grown in the presence of the translational error-inducing antibiotic paromomycin. However, paromomycin-induced mistranslation of a heterologous mRNA, encoding human phosphoglycerate kinase expressed in yeast, was seen. We suggest that the combination of error-prone translation of a heterologous mRNA, and growth in the presence of paromomycin, leads to an accumulation of mistranslated proteins that can be detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313794
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae YDR1, which encodes a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, is required for multidrug resistance (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ABC superfamily ; Multidrug resistance ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; YDR1 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A multidrug resistance gene, YDR1, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes a 170-kDa protein of a member of the ABC superfamily, was identified. Disruption of YDR1 resulted in hypersensitivity to cycloheximide, cerulenin, compactin, staurosporine and fluphenazine, indicating that YDR1 is an important determinant of cross resistance to apparently-unrelated drugs. The Ydr1 protein bears the highest similarity to the S. cerevisiae Snq2 protein required for resistance to the mutagen 4-NQO. The drug-specificity analysis of YDR1 and SNQ2 by gene disruption, and its phenotypic suppression by the overexpressed genes, revealed overlapping, yet distinct, specificities. YDR1 was responsible for cycloheximide, cerulenin and compactin resistance, whereas, SNQ2 was responsible for 4-NQO resistance. The two genes had overlapping specificities toward staurosporine and fluphenazine. The transcription of YDR1 and SNQ2 was induced by various drugs, both relevant and irrelevant to the resistance caused by the gene, suggesting that drug specificity can be mainly attributed to the functional difference of the putative transporters. The transcription of these genes was also increased by heat shock. The yeast drug-resistance system provides a novel model for mammalian multidrug resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310491
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic effects of photoactivated psoralens during meiosis in DNA repair mutantpso3-1 ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Psoralen ; DNA repair mutants ; Gene conversion ; Recombination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the DNA repair genePSO3 on photoactivated psoralen-induced meiotic recombination, gene conversion, reverse mutation, and on survival, was assayed in diploid strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae homozygous for the wild-type or thepso3-1 mutant allele. Sporulation was normal in thepso3-1 diploid. Wild-type and mutant strains had the same sensitivity to photoactivated monofunctional psoralen (3-CPs+UVA) in meiosis-uncommitted and meiosis-committed stages. The mutant showed higher sensitivity to photoactivated bifunctional psoralen (8-MOP+UVA) during all stages of the meiotic cycle. Mutation induction by 3-CPs+UVA or 8-MOP+UVA in meiosis-committed cells revealed no significant differences between wild-type and thepso3-1 mutant. The status of thePSO3 gene has no influence on the kinetics of induction of gene conversion and crossing-over after 3-CPs+UVA treatment in meiosis-committed cells: gene conversion was blocked while recombination was induced. After treatment with 8-MOP+UVA gene conversion was also blocked in both strains while crossing-over could only be observed in meiosis-committed wild-type cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712961
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New in-vivo cloning methods by homologous recombination in yeast (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 180-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; In-vivo cloning ; Non-replicative vectors ; Homologous recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have devised a new strategy to clone DNA sequences from an yeast autonomously-propagating plasmid into a non-autonomous integrative vector by in-vivo recombination. The method consists of a first step in which the replicative plasmid carrying the DNA fragment of interest forms a co-integrate with the non-replicative plasmid by an induced in-vivo reciprocal exchange accompanied by gene conversion. The dimeric plasmid obtained is then purified and cut with an appropriate restriction enzyme and ligated independently to obtain the two intact monomeric plasmids, the original autonomous plasmid plus the new non-autonomous plasmid carrying the subcloned DNA fragment. The dimeric co-integrate can also serve as substrate for a second in-vivo reciprocal exchange that produces new autonomous plasmids carrying the desired DNA fragment. The technique considerably expands the applications of in-vivo cloning in yeast by complementing three important characteristics of previously published methods: (1) it can be used to clone into non-propagating vectors; (2) co-transformation experiments are not required; and (3) the intermediate co-integrate can be used to generate new types of autonomously-propagating plasmids directly. These characteristics are independent of whether the DNA insert is flanked by appropriate restriction sites or whether it does, or does not, express a detectable phenotype in yeast. The method is particularly useful for the cloning of large DNA fragments and can be used for plasmids from organisms other than yeasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309546
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYT2 gene, encoding cytochrome c1 heme lyase (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytochrome c 1 ; Cytochrome c 1 heme lyase ; GRF2p ; Glucose repression ; HAPp ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we examine the expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYT2 gene, which encodes cytochrome c 1 heme lyase. This enzyme is required for covalent attachment of heme to apocytochrome c 1, a subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Transcription of the 1-kb CYT2 mRNA initiates at four prominent sites at a distance of 52–225 bp in front of the AUG start codon. The level of CYT2 mRNA is not influenced by the presence or absence of oxygen or of heme, but it is subject to carbonsource control. The concentration of the CYT2 mRNA is significantly reduced in glucose-grown cells as compared to cells grown under non-repressing conditions. Neither the HAPp activator proteins nor MIG1p, a repressor protein involved in glucose repression, seem to mediate this effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351480
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Escherichia coli recA gene increases UV-induced mitotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 472-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; recA gene expression ; UV radiation ; Mitotic gene conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the Escherichia coli RecA protein on mitotic recombination in the diploid D7 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae damaged by UV radiation was investigated. The D7 strain was transformed by two modified versions of the pNF2 plasmid: one, containing the ADH-1 promoter, and the other containing the recA gene tandemly arranged behind the ADH-1 promoter region. Immunological analysis proved the presence of the 38-kDa RecA protein in D7/pNF2ADHrecA transformants. We observed a positive effect of recA gene expression on mitotic gene conversion, mainly at higher doses of UV radiation. The results indicate that a RecA-like activity could participate in steps preceeding mitotic conversion events in yeast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351789
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ERV1 is involved in the cell-division cycle and the maintenance of mitochondrial genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cell-division cycle ; Mitochondrial genome ; Nuclear mutation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In former studies it was found that the ERV1 gene is essential for cell viability and for the biogenesis of functional mitochondria. A temperature-sensitive nuclear mutant exhibits a severe reduction in all the mitochondrial transcripts. Elimination of the gene leads to growth arrest after a few cell divisions. The putative gene product bears the characteristics of a regulatory factor since it has low expression rate and a high content of charged amino acids. In this study it is further verified that the ERV1 gene alone is responsible for the observed cellular and mitochondrial defects. The 5′ region of the gene is analysed by DNA deletions and complementation studies. Expression of the gene under the control of the GAL1-10 promoter in a disruption strain of ERV1 allows a more detailed specification of its influence on mitochondrial and cellular functions. Immediate and complete loss of mitochondrial genomes is observed after the promoter has been shut off, whereas the yeast cells are still able to grow for a limited time under these conditions. Analysis of the cells by in-vivo DNA flurorescence demonstrates a specific arrest in the cell-division cycle as the terminal phenotype. To further characterize the temperature-sensitive allele of ERV1 the mutated gene has been isolated and sequenced. A single point mutation which leads to the exchange of a single amino acid is found in the reading frame.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326299
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The yeast nuclear gene MRP-L13 codes for a protein of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 8-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear gene ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial ribosomal protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear gene MRP-L13 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which codes for the mitochondrial ribosomal protein YmL13, has been cloned and characterized. It is a single-copy gene residing on chromosome XI. Its nucleotide sequence was found to be identical to that of the previously reported ORF YK105. A comparison of the predicted protein sequence of the MRP-L13 gene product and the actual N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the isolated YmL13 protein indicated that the mature protein is preceded by a mitochondrial signal peptide of 86 amino-acid residues, which is the longest among all known mitochondrial ribosomal proteins of S. cerevisiae. No sequence similarity was found to any other ribosomal protein in the current databases. The transcription of MRP-L13 was found to be repressed in the presence of glucose. Its protein product is not strictly essential for mitochondrial functions, but disruption of the gene by insertion of LEU2 noticeably affected cellular growth on non-fermentable carbon sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326298
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Antisense RNA regulation of the ILV2 gene in yeast: a correction (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 289-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inducible antisense gene ; Acetolactate synthase ; Bradytrophic phenocopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A previous report of the use of antisense RNA to regulate gene expression in yeast is incorrect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357175
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  • 17
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    Isolation and characterization of three mutants with increased sensitivity to photoactivated 3-carbethoxypsoralen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 407-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Psoralen sensitivity ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA repair ; Oxidative stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The complementation and genetical analysis of yeast mutants sensitive to photoactivated 3-carbethoxy-psoralen define three novel recessive mutant alleles pso-5-1, pso6-1, and pso7-1. Their cross-sensitivity to UV254nm, radiomimetic mutagens, and to chemicals enhancing oxidative stress suggest that these mutants are either impaired in metabolic steps protecting from oxidative stress or in mechanisms of the repair of oxygen-dependent DNA lesions. None of the three novel mutant alleles block the induction of reverse mutation by photoactivated mono- and bi-functional psoralens, nitrogen mustards, or UV254nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351778
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Suppression of a mitochondrial point mutation in a tRNA gene can cast light on the mechanisms of 3′ end-processing (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 451-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: tRNA processing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used a genetic approach to study the nuclear factors involved in the biogenesis of mitochondrial tRNAs. A point mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAAsp gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae had previously been shown to result in a temperature-sensitive respiratory-deficient phenotype as a result of the absence of 3′ end-processing of the tRNAAsp. Analysis of mitochondrial revertants has shown that all revertants sequenced have a G-A compensatory change at position 53, which restores the hydrogen-bond with the mutated nucleotide. We then searched for nuclear suppressors to identify the nuclear gene(s) involved in mitochondrial tRNA 3′ end-processing. One such suppressor mutation was further characterized: it restores tRNAAsp maturation and growth at 36°C on glycerol medium in heterozygous diploids, but leads to a defective growth phenotype in haploids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351785
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Stabilization of methionine-rich protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: targeting of BZN protein into the peroxisome (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 390-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Overexpression ; Peroxisomes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Stabilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have constructed a gene coding for the 12-kDa intermediate form of the 2s methionine-rich protein from Bertholletia excelsa seeds. This protein, expressed intracellularly in yeast, is characterised by a 20-min balf-life. By adding 11 amino acids corresponding to the peroxisome-targeting sequence (PTSc) of luciferase, we have significantly increased its half-life. This stabilization allowed accumulation of the BZN protein into the peroxisome as judged by cell fractionation. Accumulation of the 12-kDa protein results in a significant increase of the total methionine content in yeast cells (30%) indicating that such a microorganism could represent a practicable protected shuttl for an animal-feed additive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309924
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Sequence analysis of three deficient mutants of cytochrome oxidase subunit I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their revertants (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 546-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytochrome oxidase ; Revertant ; Mitochondria ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three respiratory-deficient mutants of cytochrome oxidase subunit I in the yeast mitochondrion have been sequenced. They are located in, or near, transmembrane segment VI, the catalytic core of the enzyme. Respiratory-competent revertants have been selected and studied. The mutant V244M was found to revert at the same site in valine (wild-type), isoleucine or threonine. The revertants of the mutant G251R were of three types: glycine (wild-type), serine and threonine at position 251. A search for second-site mutations was carried out but none were found. Among 60 revertants tested, the mutant K265M was found to revert only to the wild-type allele.
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    Kinetic studies of killer toxin K1 binding to yeast cells indicate two receptor populations (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Killer toxin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Toxin binding ; Cell wall receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A recently described new method for determination of killer toxin activity was used for kinetic measurenments of K1 toxin binding. The cells of the killer sensitive strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae S6 were shown to carry two classes of toxin binding sites differing widely in their half-saturation constants and maximum binding rates. The low-affinity and high-velocity binding component (K T1=2.6x109 L.U./ml, V max1=0.19 s-1) probably reflects diffusion-limited binding to cell wall receptors; the high-affinity and low-velocity component (K T2=3.2x107 L.U./ml, V max2=0.03 s-1) presumably indicates the binding of the toxin to plasma membrane receptors. Adsorption of most of the killer toxin K1 to the surface of sensitive cells occured within 1 min and was virtually complete within 5 min. The amount of toxin that saturated practically all cell receptors was about 600 lethal units (L.U.) per cell of S. cerevisiae S6.
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    Effect of the new fluorescent brightener Rylux BSU on morphology and biosynthesis of cell walls in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 161 (1994), S. 340-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rylux BSU ; Fluorescent brightener ; Cell walls ; Chitin synthase ; Glucan synthase ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rylux BSU, a new fluorescent brightener from the family of 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′disulfonic acid derivatives, inhibited growth and cytokinesis of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the presence of 0.1–1 mg/ml Rylux BSU the cells grew in clumps, had irregular shape and were larger than controls. They formed apparently normal primary septa but their secondary septa and lateral cell walls, especially those in older cells, were abnormally thick with large deposits of amorphous wall material in the periplasmic spaces all over the cell surface. Chitin content in the cell walls of cells grown in the presence of Rylux BSU was increased 2 to 5 times in comparison to that of the controls and glucan content was reduced by up to 30%. In the in vitro assays with particulate membrane fractions, Rylux BSU acted as a non-competitive inhibitor of β-1,3-glucan synthase with inhibitory constant K i=1.75 mg/ml whereas the chitin synthase was inhibited to a much lesser extent. From the difference of the effects of Rylux BSU on the synthesis of chitin in vivo and in vitro it is concluded that the brightener interacts with chitin synthase only indirectly, possibly by influencing the properties of integral plasma membrane.
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    Kinetic studies of killer toxin K1 binding to yeast cells indicate two receptor populations (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words     Killer toxin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Toxin binding ; Cell wall receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract      A recently described new method for determination of killer toxin activity was used for kinetic measurements of K1 toxin binding. The cells of the killer sensitive strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae S6 were shown to carry two classes of toxin binding sites differing widely in their half-saturation constants and maximum binding rates. The low-affinity and high-velocity binding component (K T1 = 2.6 × 109 L.U./ml, V max1 = 0.19 s– 1) probably reflects diffusion-limited binding to cell wall receptors; the high-affinity and low-velocity component (K T2 = 3.2 × 107 L.U./ml, V max2 = 0.03 s– 1) presumably indicates the binding of the toxin to plasma membrane receptors. Adsorption of most of the killer toxin K1 to the surface of sensitive cells occured within 1 min and was virtually complete within 5 min. The amount of toxin that saturated practically all cell receptors was about 600 lethal units (L.U.) per cell of S. cerevisiae S6.
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    Phytate dephosphorylation by free and immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1994), S. 30-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Phytate ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Polyacrylamide gel ; Inositol phosphates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the form of baker's yeast, cells cultivated on a yeast extract-peptone-glucose medium, as well as cells immobilized in 18% (w/v) polyacrylamide gel showed the ability to hydrolyze 1.727 mM sodium phytate solution at 45°C, pH 4.6, in a stirred tank reactor. Seventy percent yield of dephosphorylation was observed after 2 h using a baker's yeast concentration of 5.8 g dry matter per 100 ml. Hydrolytic activity at 1.8–2.0 μM Pi min−1 was observed between 1st and 3rd h of the reaction in cells cultured 24 or 48 h. No inhibition by the substrate was found at sodium phytate concentrations of 0.587–1.727 mM. After 1.5 h of hydrolysis a single, well distinguished peak ofmyo-inositol-triphosphate was the main product found. By means of immobilization the stability of the biocatalyst was enhanced 3.3-fold and reached its half-life at 64 ninety-minute runs.
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    Evolution of C6, C8 and C10 acids and their ethyl esters in cells and musts during fermentation with threeSaccharomyces cerevisiae races (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1994), S. 269-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Wine ; Yeasts ; Fatty acids ; Ethyl esters ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The evolution of the cell and must contents of three short-chain fatty acids (C6, C8 and C10) and their ethyl esters during fermentations withSaccharomyces cerevisiae racescerevisiae, bayanus andcapensis were studied. The former is a fermentative yeast and the last two are ‘flor’ film yeasts. The acid concentrations in the musts increased throughout the alcoholic fermentations, and maximum cell concentrations of the fatty acids were reached after 48 h of fermentation. Maximum ester concentrations in the cells were attained after 48–72 h of fermentation. In the musts, ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate reached a peak also at this point, and ethyl hexanoate after 10 days. After 134 days,S. cerevisiae racecapensis formed a thick ‘flor’ film whileS. cerevisiae racebayanus developed a thin film andS. cerevisiae racecerevisiae formed no film. At this point, acid contents remained constant in the wines produced byS. cerevisiae racescerevisiae andbayanus, and decreased in those obtained with racecapensis. The ethyl ester contents tended to decrease with the exception of ethyl decanoate in the fermentations carried out byS. cerevisiae racescerevisiae andbayanus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569727
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    Synthesis of monodispersed organic-inorganic hybrid spheres (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 2 (1994), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: hybrid materials ; monodispersed particles ; growth ; seeds ; LCD spacer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the attempt to prepare a new group of monodispersed silica-polymer hybrid particles, which consists of silica and amide polymer: poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(2-ethyloxazoline) (POXZ). Preparation method is based on the growth of hybrid seeds by the addition of TEOS-polymer solution. Monodispersed PVP-silica hybrid particles of 1.24 µm in diameter were prepared by growing the hybrid seeds of 0.54 µm by the addition of TEOS-PVP solution with ammonia catalyst. In the case of POXZ-silica particles, addition of TEOS-POXZ solution to the solution containing 0.54 µm seeds resulted in monodispersed POXZ-silica hybrid particles and four times repetition of the addition for particle growth gave the hybrid particles of the diameter of 1.6 µm. Improvement of mechanical properties of hybrid particles was observed when the particles were heated at 100 ∼ 200°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486220
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    Growth and aging phenomena in silica gels (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 2 (1994), S. 273-276 
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    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: aging in silica gels ; growth ; aggregation ; X-ray scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Growth and aging of silica aggregates are influenced both by temperature and by catalyzing fluorine ions as shown by SAXS and BET. It was found that both fluorine and increased temperature slightly increased the fractal dimension Df during aging, but the fluorine catalyzed system showed a lower BET surface area. To understand the effect of fluorine and increased temperature on the aggregates, 2D aggregations and SAXS simulations were carried out using two new programs GRASP and DALAI. In agreement with experiments it was found that binary RLCCA aggregates have a slightly higher Df value compared to DLCCA aggregates and that branch-flexibility during aging increases Df even further.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486255
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    Isolation and characterization of a multienzyme complex containing DNA replicative enzymes from mitochondria ofS. cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 20 (1994), S. 135-141 
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    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: mitochondria ; multienzyme complex ; replication ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 40 S multienzyme complex containing mtDNA polymerase was isolated from mitochondria ofS. cerevisiae by density gradient centrifugation and by gel filtration chromatography. Besides DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, primase, 3′→5′ exonuclease and an ATPase activities were found to be associated with it. The presence of some of these enzymes were confirmed by Western blot. This high molecular weight multienzyme complex containing DNA has most of the attributes of a putative replisome.
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    Cloning of an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA coding for farnesyl diphosphate synthase by functional complementation in yeast (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1867-1873 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; cDNA ; complementation ; erg20-2 yeast mutant ; farnesyl diphosphate synthase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase, an enzyme that synthesizes C15 isoprenoid diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, was cloned from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library by complementation of a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in this enzyme. The A. thaliana cDNA was also able to complement the lethal phenotype of the erg20 deletion yeast mutant. As deduced from the full-length 1.22 kb cDNA nucleotide sequence, the polypeptide contains 343 amino acids and has a relative molecular mass of 39689. The predicted amino acid sequence presents about 50% identity with the yeast, rat and human FPP synthases. Southern blot analyses indicate that A. thaliana probably contains a single gene for farnesyl diphosphate synthase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019499
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    Gibberellins: perception, transduction and responses (1994)
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    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1529-1555 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gibberellin ; growth ; development ; perception ; receptor ; gene expression ; signal transduction ; response mutant ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016489
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    Human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interaction in cellular growth state determination (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 37-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Microvascular endothelial cells ; Cell ; growth ; Extracellular matrix ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We introduce two methods, both of which are based on cellular-extracellular matrix interaction, which will facilitate the study of human microvascular endothelial cells. One method describes the means to obtain a G1 population baseline in human microvasclular endothelial cells. Because of the contribution of the extracellular matrix in endothelial cell growth, synchronization in G1 was possible only after the incorporation of angiostatic levels of heparin and hydrocortisone into the extracellular matrix. In the second method, we demonstrate that selective perturbation of human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interactions results in the induction of a transitional growth state, between proliferative and differentiated growth states, in human microvascular endothelial cells. In the functional, microtubule formation assays, transitional growth state endothelial cells display rates that are indermediate between those obtained from differentiated and proliferative endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate the importance of the human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interaction in the determination of cellular growth state. Our findings also imply that responsiveness of microvascular endothelial cells to their cellular-extracellular matrix environs is highest during the differentiated growth state.
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    Reduction in vigour of leafless potato cuttings in vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 365-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; multiplication ; micropropagation ; growth ; leaf removal ; tissue culture variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Removing the leaves from single node potato cuttings in vitro allows propagules to be placed in culture vessels at increased densities with the intent of saving resources and space. Under light intensities of 22 wattsm−2, the removal of the subtending leaf resulted in fewer nodes, shorter plantlets, smaller leaf area, and lower fresh and dry weights of 4-week-old plantlets of cvs Atlantic, Kennebec, Russet Burbank and Shepody. Fewer nodes and reduced plantlet height may result in inefficient multiplication protocols because fewer propagules are available and shorter internodes make dissection more difficult. The coefficient of variation for the various growth parameters was greater when propagules lacked leaves, indicating that the variability of the plant material for propagation was increased. A reduction of vigour and growth was still evident when plantlets of cv. Shepody were grown for 6–8 weeks.
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    Cerulenin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an altered fatty acid synthase gene (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 90-96 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cerulenin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Fatty acid synthase ; β-Ketoacyl synthase ; Drug resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cerulenin, an antifungal antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium caerulens, is a potent inhibitor of fatty acid synthase in various organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibiotic inhibits the enzyme by binding covalently to the active center cysteine of the condensing enzyme domain. We isolated 12 cerulenin-resistant mutants of S. cerevisiae following treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate. The mechanism of cerulenin resistance in one of the mutants, KNCR-1, was studied. Growth of the mutant was over 20 times more resistant to cerulenin than that of the wild-type strain. Tetrad analysis suggested that all mutants mapped at the same locus, FAS2, the gene encoding the α subunit of the fatty acid synthase. The isolated fatty acid synthase, purified from the mutant KNCR-1, was highly resistant to cerulenin. The cerulenin concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) of the enzyme activity was measured to be 400 μM, whereas the IC50 value was 15 μM for the enzyme isolated from the wild-type strain, indicating a 30-fold increase in resistance to cerulenin. The FAS2 gene was cloned from the mutant. Sequence replacement experiments suggested that an 0.8 kb EcoRV-HindIII fragment closely correlated with cerulenin resistance. Sequence analysis of this region revealed that the GGT codon encoding Gly-1257 of the FAS2 gene was altered to AGT in the mutant, resulting in the codon for Ser. Furthermore, a recombinant FAS2 gene, in which the 0.8 Kb EcoRV-HindIII fragment of the wild-type FAS2 gene was replaced with the same region from the mutant, when introduced into FAS2-defective S. cerevisiae complemented the FAS2 pheno-type and showed cerulenin resistance. These data indicate that one amino acid substitution (Gly → Ser) in the α subunit of fatty acid synthase is responsible for the cerulenin resistance of the mutant KNCR-1.
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    Positive and negative transcriptional regulation by the yeast GAL11 protein depends on the structure of the promoter and a combination of cis elements (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 301-312 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcriptional regulation ; Chromatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract GAL11 was first identified as a gene required for full expression of some galactose-inducible genes that are activated by GAL4, and it was subsequently shown to be necessary for full expression of another set of genes activated by RAP1/GRFl/TUF. Genetic analysis suggests that GAL11 functions as a coactivator, mediating the interaction of sequence-specific activators with basal transcription factors. To test this hypothesis, we first tried to identify functional domains by deletion analysis and found that the 866–910 region is indispensable for function. Using reporters bearing various upstream activating sequences (UAS) and different core promoter structures, we show that the involvement of GAL11 in transcriptional activation varies with the target promoter and the particular combination of cis elements. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of chloroquine shows that GAL11 affects the chromatin structure of a circular plasmid. Based on these findings, the role of GAL 11 in regulation of transcription, including an alteration in chromatin structure, is discussed.
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    Filter-feeding in the polychaeteNereis diversicolor: a review (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 453-458 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: filter-feeding ; energy cost ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An overview of recent findings concerning filter-feeding inNereis diversicolor is given. It has been discovered that the facultative filter-feederN. diversicolor may meet its metabolic requirements on a pure diet of phytoplankton, just as a typical obligate filter-feeder. Consequently, this worm is likely to be a hitherto undervalued key organism in the control of phytoplankton production in many shallow brackish water areas.
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    Maximizing okadaic acid content fromProrocentrum hoffmannianum Faust (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 41-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Prorocentrum ; semi-continuous culture ; okadaic acid ; growth ; suspension culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clonal cultures ofProrocentrum hoffmannianum Faust (clone 882a) were grown under optimal environmental conditions for maximal okadaic acid production. The environmental conditions of 25 °C and 86 µmol photon m-2 s-1 were used to cultivateP. hoffmannianum in a semi-continuous 36-L culture vessel with continuous cell suspension and pH control. Using these conditions, a 3-fold increase in harvestable biomass and okadaic acid content was observed when compared to batch culture techniques.
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    Influence of subsidiary energy on growth ofDunaliella viridis Teodoresco: the role of extra energy in algal growth (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 323-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella viridis ; subsidiary energy quantification ; growth ; carotenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An account is given of the influence of different levels of mechanical energy, in the form of bubbling, on the growth of the microalgaDunaliella viridis when other variables (e.g. temperature, nutrient supply, photon fluence) do not change. The extra energy was quantified accurately through the application of the classical equations of mass and energy conservation providing a method for the calculation of the energy efficiency of primary production related to the total energy input, in which photon fluence was found to be the most important. The specific growth rate (μ) of the population vs the input of auxiliary energy fits to a second order polynomial function with a maximum growth rate at 0.63 W m−2. The increase of maximal cell density follows a hyperbolic saturation kinetics, with saturation at those same values of extra energy. Both primary production and the efficiency of energy transformation inD. viridis vs the variation of total energy input fit to hyperbolic functions, reaching a maximum efficiency for primary production of 0.85%.
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    Effects of deep seawater on the growth of several species of marine micro-algae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 75-77 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: deep seawater ; micro-algae ; growth ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deep seawater (DSW; seawater under the euphotic layer), obtained from Deep Seawater Laboratory in Muroto, Japan, was applied to the culture ofDunaliella tertiolecta, D. salina, Nannochloropsis oculata, N. salina, Porphyridium cruentum, Tetraselmis tetrahele, andChaetoceros ceratosporum. DSW supported the exponential growth of every species. The growth yields were at 14.7 (±2.3 SD) mg dry weight per liter, and could be heightened by the addition of nitrate to DSW.
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    Effects of salinity on the growth and lipid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cells in culture (1994)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 13 (1994), S. 451-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; turbot ; cell culture ; salinity ; growth ; lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The direct effects of osmotic pressure (salinity) on growth performance and lipid composition were investigated in fish cells in culture. Cell lines from a relatively stenohaline marine species, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (TF) and an anadromous species, Atlantic salmon (AS) were cultured in media supplemented with NaCl to produce osmotic pressures varying from 300 to 500 mOsm kg−1. The growth rates of the two cell lines were affected in a similar manner by the salinity of the media with the rank order for both peak cell numbers and growth rates up to the day of peak cell number being 300 〉 350 〉 400 〉 450 〉 500 mOsm kg−1. Cell death occurred in both cell lines in older cultures at all salinities with the greatest loss of viable cells in media of 300 and 350 kg−1. However, there were quantitative and qualitative differences between the cell lines in their lipid metabolism in response to the salinity of the media. The lipid content expressed per cell showed a positive correlation between lipid per cell and salinity in TF cells, but this was less apparent in AS cells. The percentage of total polar lipid classes increased with increasing salinity in TF cells due mainly to graded increases in the percentages of choline phospholipids. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the proportions of polar and neutral lipid classes with salinity in AS cells. The only significant effect of salinity in AS cells was a decreased proportion of dimethylacetals in total lipid at the highest salinity. The same significant effect of salinity on dimethylacetal content of total lipid was observed in TF cells. However, in addition there was a graded decrease in the percentage of 18:2n-9 in TF cell total lipid with increasing salinity. This was accompanied by increased percentages of total n-3 and n-6 PUFA with higher proportions of both groups of PUFA at 450 and 500 compared with 300 mOsm kg−1. The results show that environmental salinity, in the absence of hormonal or other physiological stimuli, has direct effects on the growth and lipid metabolism of fish cells and that these effects differ in cells from different fish species.
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    SCM2, a tryptophan permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is important for cell growth (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 260-268 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Amino acid permeases ; Transport ; Tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract SCM2, a novel gene encoding a yeast tryptophan permease, was cloned as a high-copy-number suppressor of cse2-1. The cse2-1 mutation causes cold sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and chromosome missegregation. However, only the cold-sensitive phenotype of cse2-1 cells is suppressed by SCM2 at high copy. SCM2 is located on the left arm of yeast chromosome XV, adjacent to SUP3 and encodes a 65 kDa protein that is highly homologous to known amino acid permeases. Four out of five disrupted scm2 alleles (scm2Δ1-Δ4) cause slow growth, whereas one disrupted allele (scm2Δ5) is lethal. Cells with both the scm2Δ1 and trp1-Δ101 mutations exhibit a synthetic cold-sensitive phenotype and grow much more slowly at the permissive temperature than cells with a single scm2Δ1 or trp1-Δ101 mutation. A region of the predicted SCM2 protein is identical to the partial sequence recently reported for the yeast tryptophan permease TAP2, indicating that SCM2 and TAP2 probably encode the same protein.
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    The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SGE1 gene product: a novel drug-resistance protein within the major facilitator superfamily (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 287-294 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drug sensitivity ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Major facilitator superfamily ; Drug expulsion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several pleiotropic drug sensitivities have been described in yeast. Some involve the loss of putative drug efflux pumps analogous to mammalian P-glycoproteins, others are caused by defects in sterol synthesis resulting in higher plasma membrane permeability. We have constructed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that exhibits a strong crystal violet-sensitive phenotype. By selecting cells of the supersensitive strain for normal sensitivity after transformation with a wild-type yeast genomic library, a complementing 10-kb DNA fragment was isolated, a 3.4-kb subfragment of which was sufficient for complementation. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the complementing fragment comprised the recently sequenced SGE1 gene, a partial multicopy suppressor of gal11 mutations. The supersensitive strain was found to be a sge1 null mutant. Overexpression of SGE1 on a high-copy-number plasmid increased the resistance of the supersensitive strain. Disruption of SGE1 in a wild-type strain increased the sensitivity of the strain. These features of the SGE1 phenotype, as well as sequence homologies of SGE1 at the amino acid level, confirm that the Sge1 protein is a member of the drug-resistance protein family within the major facilitator superfamily (MFS).
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    PDR3, a new yeast regulatory gene, is homologous toPDR1 and controls the multidrug resistance phenomenon (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 501-511 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcription factor ; Zinc finger ; Multidrug resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheSaccharomyces cerevisiae PDR3 gene, located near the centromere of chromosome II, has been completely sequenced and characterised. Mutationspdr3-1 andpdr3-2, which confer resistance to several antibiotics can be complemented by a wild-type allele of the PDR3 gene. The sequence of the wild-typePDR3 gene revealed the presence of a long open reading frame capable of encoding a 976-amino acid protein. The protein contains a single Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear-type zinc finger homologous to the DNA-binding motifs of other transcriptional activators from lower eukaryotes. Evidence that the PDR3 protein is a transcriptional activator was provided by demonstrating that DNA-bound LexA-PDR3 fusion proteins stimulate expression of a nearby promoter containing LexA binding sites. The use of LexA-PDR3 fusions revealed that the protein contains two activation domains, one localised near the N-terminal, cysteine-rich domain and the other localised at the C-terminus. The salient feature of the PDR3 protein is its similarity to the protein coded byPDR1, a gene responsible forpleiotropicdrugresistance. The two proteins show 36% amino acid identity over their entire length and their zinc finger DNA-binding domains are highly conserved. The fact that the absence of both PDR1 and PDR3 (simultaneous disruption of the two genes) enhances multidrug sensitivity strongly suggests that the two transcriptional factors have closely related functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00583901
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    Two adjacent nuclear genes, ISF1 and NAM7/UPF1, cooperatively participate in mitochondrial functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nuclear suppressor gene ; Mitochondrial functions ; Glucose repression ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We previously isolated a nuclear 5.7 kb genomic fragment carrying the NAM7/UPF1 gene, which is able to suppress mitochondrial splicing deficiency when present in multiple copies. We show here that an immediately adjacent gene ISF1 (Increasing Suppression Factor) increases the efficiency of the NAM7/UPF1 suppressor activity. The ISF1 gene has been independently isolated as the MBR3 gene and comparison of the ISF1 predicted protein sequence with data libraries revealed a significant similarity with the MBRI yeast protein. The ISF1 and NAM7 genes are transcribed in the same direction, and RNase mapping allowed the precise location of their termini within the intergenic region to be determined. The ISF1 gene is not essential for cell viability or respiratory growth. However as for many mitochondrial genes, ISF1 expression is sensitive to fermentative repression; in contrast expression of the NAM7 gene is unaffected by glucose. We propose that ISF1 could influence the NAM7/UPF1 function, possibly at the level of mRNA turnover, thus modulating the expression of nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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    Characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene CYB3 encoding a cytochrome b polypeptide of respiratory complex II (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 708-716 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome b ; Complex II ; HAP2/3/4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Computer-assisted structural analysis of the predicted product of the previously described open reading frame (ORF) YKL4 located on the left arm of chromosome XI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed a high degree of similarity (〉50%) to bovine cytochrome b 560, the sdhC polypeptide of the Escherichia coli succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex and the protein specified by ORF137 located on the chloroplast DNA of Marchantia polymorpha. Disruption of the yeast gene severely impaired mitochondrial function, while Northern analysis showed it to be subject to catabolite repression. Deletion analysis of the CYB3 promoter identified a single HAP2/3/4-binding element that is necessary and sufficient for carbon source-dependent transcriptional regulation. These experiments also suggested the presence of additional, as yet unidentified, transcriptional control elements, both negative and positive. Taken together, these data lead us to conclude that the CYB3 gene encodes the yeast homolog of the bovine cytochrome b 560 component of complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
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    Functional analysis of the zinc cluster domain of the CYP1 (HAP1) complex regulator in heme-sufficient and heme-deficient yeast cells (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 699-707 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; CYP1(HAP1) protein ; Electron transport ; Oxygen and heme regulation ; Trans regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract CYP1 determines the expression of several genes whose transcription is heme-dependent in yeast. It exerts regulatory functions even in the absence of heme, usually considered to be its effector. It mediates both positive and negative effects, depending on the target gene and on the redox state of the cell. In the presence of heme, it binds through a cysteine-rich domain in which a histidine residue occupies the position of the sixth and essential cysteine of the otherwise classical zinc cluster DNA-binding domain exemplified by GAL4. We constructed specific missense mutations in the potential CYP1 zinc cluster domain by site-directed mutagenesis and looked for regulatory effects of the mutated proteins under specific physiological conditions. We show that CYP1 does belong to the zinc cluster regulatory family since a sixth essential cysteine residue is indeed present, albeit at a modified position when compared to the consensus sequence. We also show that the amino acid preceding the first cysteine residue of the DNA-binding domain critically affects the efficiency of regulation both in the presence and in the absence of heme: mutations known to affect DNA binding under heme-sufficient conditions also affect regulation under heme-deficient conditions. We therefore surmise that regulation under hemedeficient conditions is dependent upon DNA binding.
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    MBR1 and MBR3, two related yeast genes that can suppress the growth defect of hap2, hap3 and hap4 mutants (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 575-583 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Multicopy suppressors ; HAP2/3/4 activation complex ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new yeast genes, named MBR1 and MBR3, were isolated as multicopy suppressors of the growth defect of a strain lacking the HAP2 transcriptional activator. Both genes when overexpressed can also suppress the growth defect of hap3 and hap4 null mutants. However, overexpression of MBRI cannot substitute for the HAP2/3/4 complex in activation of the CYC1 gene. Nucleotide sequencing of MBR1 and MBR3 revealed that these two genes encode serine-rich, hydrophilic proteins with regions of significant homology. The functional importance of one of these conserved regions was shown by mutagenesis. Disruption of MBR1 leads to a partial growth defect on glycerol medium. Disruption of MBR3 has no major effect but the double disruptant shows a synthetic phenotype suggesting that the MBR1 and MBR3 gene products participate in common function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00284206
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    Identification of a sporulation-specific promoter regulating divergent transcription of two novel sporulation genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 661-672 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Meiosis Sporulation ; Divergent promoter ; Developmental regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Promoters that control gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae only in a sporulation-specific manner have previously been isolated from a genomic yeast DNA library fused to a promoterless Escherichia coli lacZ gene. Two novel sporulation-specific genes, SPS18 and SPS19, were isolated using this technique. These genes are divergently controlled by the same promoter but with SPS18 expressed at four times the level of SPS19. Deletion analysis has shown that the promoter elements that exert sporulation control on each of the genes overlap, having a common 25 bp sequence located within the intergenic region. SPS18 encodes a 34-KDa protein of 300 amino acids that contains a putative zinc-binding domain and a region of highly basic residues that could target the protein to the nucleus. SPS19 encodes a 31-KDa protein of 295 amino acids, which has a peroxisomal targeting signal (SKL) at its C terminus; this protein belongs to the family of non-metallo short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases. A null mutation deleting the intergenic promoter prevented expression of both genes, and when homozygous in diploids, reduced the extent of sporulation four-fold; the spores that did form were viable, but failed to become resistant to ether, and were more sensitive to lytic enzymes. This phenotype reflects a defect in spore wall maturation, indicating that the product of at least one of the genes functions during the process of spore wall formation. Therefore these genes belong to the class of late sporulation-specific genes that are sequentially activated during the process of meiosis and spore formation.
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    Use of synthetic lethal mutants to clone and characterize a novel CTP synthetase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 431-439 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Duplicate genes ; Synthetic lethal mutants ; CTP synthetase ; Pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, CTP synthetase catalyses the conversion of uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP) to cytidine 5′-triphosphate (CTP). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the URA7 gene encoding this enzyme was previously shown to be nonessential for cell viability. The present paper describes the selection of synthetic lethal mutants in the CTP biosynthetic pathway that led us to clone a second gene, named URA8, which also encodes a CTP synthetase. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of the products of URA7 and URA8 shows 78% identity. Deletion of the URA8 gene is viable in a haploid strain but simultaneous presence of null alleles both URA7 and URA8 is lethal. Based on the codon bias values for the two genes and the intracellular concentrations of CTP in strains deleted for one of the two genes, relative to the wild-type level, URA7 appears to be the major gene for CTP biosynthesis. Nevertheless, URA8 alone also allows yeast growth, at least under standard laboratory conditions.
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    Temperature-sensitive mutants of hsp82 of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 517-527 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; HSP82 ; Random in vitro mutagenesis ; Temperature-sensitive mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two HSP90-related genes per haploid genome, HSP82 and HSC82. Random mutations were induced in vitro in the HSP82 gene by treatment of the plasmid with hydroxylamine. Four temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants and one simultaneously is and cold-sensitivie (cs) mutant were then selected in a yeast strain in which HSC82 had previously been disrupted. The mutants were found to have single base changes in the coding region, which caused single amino acid substitutions in the HSP82 protein. All of these mutations occurred in amino acid residues that are well conserved among HSP90-related proteins of various species from Escherichia coli to human. Various properties including cell morphology, macromolecular syntheses and thermosensitivity were examined in each mutant at both the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. The mutations in HSP82 caused pleiotropic effects on these properties although the phenotypes exhibited at the nonpermissive temperature varied among the mutants.
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    The hypo-osmolarity-sensitive phenotype of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae hpo2 mutant is due to a mutation in PKC1, which regulates expression of β-glucanase (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 641-648 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell wall ; Protein kinase C ; β-Glucanase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To obtain more information about the cell wall organization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have developed a novel screening system to obtain cell wall-defective mutants, using a density gradient centrifugation method. Nine hypo-osmolarity-sensitive mutants were classified into two complementation groups, hpo1 and hpo2. Phase contrast microscopic observation showed that mutant cells bearing lesions at either locus became abnormally large. A gene that complemented the mutant phenotype of hpo2 was cloned and sequenced. This gene turned out to be identical to PKC1, which encodes the yeast homologue of mammalian protein kinase C. Complementation tests with pkc1Δ showed that hpo2 is allelic to pkc1. To study the reason for the fragility of hpo2 cells, cell wall was isolated and the glucan was analyzed. The amount of alkali, acid-insoluble glucan, which is responsible for the rigidity of the cell wall, was reduced to about 30% that of the wild-type cell and this may be the major cause of the fragility of the hpo2 mutant cell. Analysis of total wall proteins in hpo2 mutant cells on SDS-polyacrylamide gels revealed that a 33 kDa protein was overproduced two- to threefold relative to the wild-type level. This 33 kDa protein was identified as a β-glucanase, encoded by BGL2. Disruption of BGL2 in the hpo2 mutant partially rescued the growth rate defect. This suggests that the PKC1 kinase cascade regulates BGL2 expression negatively and overproduction of the β-glucanase is partially responsible for the growth defect. Since the bgl2 disruption did not rescue the hypo-osmolarty-sensitive phenotype of the hpo2 mutant, PKC1 must negatively regulate other enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of the cell wall.
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    Polyubiquitin gene expression contributes to oxidative stress resistance in respiratory yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 358-362 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Oxidative stress ; High temperature viability ; Ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract UBI4, the polyubiquitin gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is expressed at a low level in vegetative cells, yet induced strongly in response to starvation, cadmium, DNA-damaging agents and heat shock. UBI4 is also expressed at a higher basal level in cells growing by respiration as compared to glucose-repressed cells growing by fermentation. This higher UBI4 expression of respiratory cultures probably helps to counteract the greater oxidative stress of respiratory growth. The effects of inactivating UBI4 on high temperature viability are more marked with respiratory cultures. Also loss of UBI4 leads to a considerably increased rate of killing of respiring cells by hydrogen peroxide, whereas the same gene inactivation has relatively little effect on the peroxide sensitivity of cells in which mitochondrial functions are repressed. This is the first study to reveal that ubiquitin levels in cells can influence their ability to withstand oxidative stress.
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    Open reading frames in the antisense strands of genes coding for glycolytic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 363-368 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Glycolysis ; Phosphoglucose isomerase ; Antisense ; Double-strand coding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Open reading frames longer than 300 bases were observed in the antisense strands of the genes coding for the glycolytic enzymes phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase and alcohol dehydrogenase I. The open reading frames on both strands are in codon register. It has been suggested that proteins coded in codon register by complementary DNA strands can bind to each other. Consequently, it was interesting to investigate whether the open reading frames in the antisense strands of glycolytic enzyme genes are functional. We used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the PGI1 phosphoglucose isomerase gene to introduce pairs of closely spaced base substitutions that resulted in stop codons in one strand and only silent replacements in the other. Introduction of the two stop codons into the PGI1 sense strand caused the same physiological defects as already observed for pgi1 deletion mutants. No detectable effects were caused by the two stop codons in the antisense strand. A deletion that removed a section from − 31 by to + 109 by of the PGI1 gene but left 83 bases of the 3′ region beyond the antisense open reading frame had the same phenotype as a deletion removing both reading frames. A similar pair of deletions of the PYK1 gene and its antisense reading frame showed identical defects. Our own Northern experiments and those reported by other authors using double-stranded probes detected only one transcript for each gene. These observations indicate that the antisense reading frames are not functional. On the other hand, evidence is provided to show that the rather long reading frames in the antisense strands of these glycolytic enzyme genes could arise from the strongly selective codon usage in highly expressed yeast genes, which reduces the frequency of stop codons in the antisense strand.
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    The archaebacterial membrane protein bacterio-opsin is expressed and N-terminally processed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 183-188 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bacterio-opsin ; Expression ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bop gene codes for the membrane protein bacterio-opsin (BO), which on binding all-trans-retinal, constitutes the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (BR) in the archaebacterium Halobacterium salinarium The designation H. salinarium instead of the former designation H. halobium is used throughout this paper following the classification of Tindall (1992) . This gene was cloned in a yeast multi-copy vector and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the constitutive ADH1 promoter. Both the authentic gene and a modified form lacking the precursor sequence were expressed in yeast. Both proteins are incorporated into the membrane in S. cerevisiae. The presequence is thus not required for membrane targeting and insertion of the archaebacterial protein in budding yeast, or in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, as has been shown previously. However, in contrast to S. pombe transformants, which take on a reddish colour when all-trans-retinal is added to the culture medium as a result of the in vivo regeneration of the pigment, S. cerevisiae cells expressing BO do not take on a red colour. The precursor of BO is processed to a protein identical in size to the mature BO found in the purple membrane of Halobacterium. The efficiency of processing in S. cerevisiae is dependent on growth phase, as well as on the composition of the medium and on the strain used. The efficiency of processing of BR is reduced in S. pombe and in a retinal-deficient strain of H. salinarium, when retinal is present in the medium.
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    Heterospecific cloning of Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs by direct complementation of pyrimidine auxotrophic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Cloning and sequence analysis of two cDNAs catalysing the second, fifth and sixth steps of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 23-32 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Complementation ; Aspartate transcarbamylase ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase ; Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library was used to complement Saccharomyces cerevisiae pyrimidine auxotrophic mutants. Mutants in all but one (carbamylphosphate synthetase) of the six steps in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway could be complemented. We report here the cloning, sequencing and computer analysis of two cDNAs encoding the aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase; EC 2.1.3.2) and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase-orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase (OPRTase-OMP-decase; EC 2.4.2.10, EC 4.1.1.23) enzymes. These results confirm the presence in A. thaliana of a bifunctional gene whose product catalyses the last two steps of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, as previously suggested by biochemical studies. The ATCase encoding cDNA sequence (PYRB gene) shows an open reading frame (ORF) of 1173 by coding for 390 amino acids. The cDNA encoding OPRTase-OMPdecase (PYRE-F gene) shows an ORF of 1431 by coding for 476 amino acids. Computer analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of both cDNAs shows the expected high similarity with the ATCase, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase; EC 2.1.3.3), OPRTase and OMPdecase families. This heterospecific cloning approach increases our understanding of the genetic organization and interspecific functional conservation of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and underlines its usefulness as a model for evolutionary studies.
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    Sequence of the HAP3 transcription factor of Kluyveromyces lactis predicts the presence of a novel 4-cysteine zinc-finger motif (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 96-106 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: HAP3 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Kluyveromyces lactis ; Zinc finger ; Carbon source regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Kluyveromyces lactis homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAP3 gene was isolated by functional complementation of the respiratory-deficient phenotype of the S. cerevisiae hap3::HIS4 strain SHY40. The KlHAP3 gene encodes a protein of 205 amino acids, of which the central B-domain of 90 residues is highly homologous to HAP3 counterparts of S. cerevisiae and higher eukaryotes. The protein contains a novel 4-cysteine zinc-finger motif and we propose by analogy that all other homologous HAP3 proteins contain the same motif, with the position containing the third cysteine being occupied by a serine residue. In contrast to the situation in S. cerevisiae, disruption of the KlHAP3 gene in K. lactis does not result in a respiratory-deficient phenotype and the growth of the null strain is indistinguishable from wild type. There is also no effect on the expression of the carbon source-regulated KlCYC1 gene, suggesting either a different role for the HAP2/3/4 complex, or the existence of a different mechanism of carbon source regulation. Sequence verification of the S. cerevisiae HAP3 locus reveals that, just as in K. lactis, a long open reading frame (ORF) is present upstream of the HAP3 gene. These highly homologous ORFs are predicted to have at least eight membrane-spanning fragments, but do not show significant homology to any known sequence present in databases. The ScORFX gene is transcribed in the opposite direction to ScHAP3, but, in contrast to an earlier report by Hahn et al. (1988), the transcripts of the two genes do not overlap. The model proposed by these authors, in which the ScHAP3 gene is regulated by an anti-sense non-coding mRNA, is therefore not correct.
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    Expression of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 686-693 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase ; DNA repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The coding sequence for human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase was expressed inducibly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a low-copy-number plasmid vector. Cell free extracts of induced cells had poly(ADPribose) polymerase activity when assayed under standard conditions; activity could not be detected in non-induced cell extracts. Induced cells formed poly(ADP-ribose) in vivo, and levels of these polymers increased when cells were treated with the alkylating agent N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The cytotoxicity of this agent was increased in induced cells, and in vivo labelling with [3H]adenine further decreased their viability. Increased levels of poly(ADP-ribose) found in cells treated with the alkylating agent were not accompanied by lowering of the NAD concentration.
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    A new yeast gene, HTR1, required for growth at high temperature, is needed for recovery from mating pheromone-induced G1 arrest (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 107-116 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ts mutant ; Recovery ; HTR1 ; MCS1/SSD1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated. Arrested cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature were of dumb-bell shape and contained large vacuoles. A DNA fragment was cloned based on its ability to complement this temperature sensitivity. The HTR1 gene encodes a putative protein of 93 kDa without significant homology to any known proteins. The gene was mapped between ade5 and lys5 on the left arm of chromosome VII. The phenotype of the gene disruptant appeared to be strain-specific; disruption of the gene in strain W303 caused the cells to become temperature sensitive. The arrested phenotype here was similar to that of the original is mutant and cells in G2/M phase predominated at high temperature. Another disruptant in a strain YPH background grew slowly at high temperature due to slow progression through G2/M phase, and morphologically abnormal (elongated) cells accumulated. A single-copy suppressor that alleviated the temperature-sensitive defects in both strains was identified as MCS1/SSD1. The wild-type strains W303 and YPH are known to carry defective MCS1/SSD1 alleles; hence HTR1 may function redundantly with MCS1/SSD1 to suppress the temperature-sensitive phenotypes. In addition, based on a halo bioassay, the disruptant strains appeared to be defective in recovery from, or adaptive response to G1 arrest mediated by mating pheromone, even at the permissive temperature. Thus the gene has at least two functions and is designated HTR1 (required for high temperature growth and recovery from G1 arrest induced by mating pheromone).
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    Two subclasses of guanine exchange factor (GEF) domains revealed by comparison of activities of chimeric genes constructed from CDC25, SDC25 and BUD5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell cycle ; Bud site selection ; Guanine exchange factor ; Ras
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Guanine Exchange Factor (GEF) activity for Ras proteins has been associated with a conserved domain in Cdc25p, Sdc25p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and several other proteins recently found in other eukaryotes. We have assessed the structure-function relationships between three different members of this family in S. cerevisiae, Cdc25p, Sdc25p and Bud5p. Cdc25p controls the Ras pathway, whereas Bud5p controls bud site localization. We demonstrate that the GEF domain of Sdc25p is closely related to that of Cdc25p. We first constructed a thermosensitive allele of SDC25 by specifically altering amino acid positions known to be changed in the cdc25-1 mutation. Secondly, we constructed three chimeric genes from CDC25 and SDC25, the products of which are as active in the Ras pathway as are the wild-type proteins. In contrast, similar chimeras made between CDC25 and BUD5 lead to proteins that are inactive both in the Ras and budding control pathways. This difference in the ability of chimeric proteins to retain activity allows us to define two subclasses of structurally different GEFs: Cdc25p and Sdc25p are Ras-specific GEFs, and Bud5p is a putative GEF for the Rsr1/Bud1 Rap-like protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283264
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    Inactivation of SSM4, a new Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene, suppresses mRNA instability due to rna14 mutations (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 323-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mRNA decay Poly(A) tail ; Ty transposition ; SSM4 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Decay rates of mRNAs depend on many elements and among these, the role of the poly(A) tail is now well established. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thermosensitive mutations in two genes, RNA14 and RNA15, result in mRNAs having shorter poly(A) tails and reduced half-life. To identify other components interacting in the same process, we have used a genetic approach to isolate mutations that suppress the thermosensitivity of an rna14 mutant strain. Mutations in a single locus, named SSM4, not only suppress the cell growth phenotype but also the mRNA instability and extend the short mRNA poly(A) tails. The frequency of appearance and the recessive nature of these mutations suggested that the suppressor effect was probably due to a loss of function. We failed to clone the SSM4 gene directly by complementation, owing to its absence from gene banks; it later emerged that the gene is toxic to Escherichia coli, but we have nevertheless been able to clone the SSM4 sequence by Ty element transposition tagging. Disruption of the SSM4 gene does not affect cell viability and suppresses the rna14 mutant phenotypes. The protein encoded by the SSM4 gene has a calculated molecular mass of 151 kDa and does not contain any known motif or show homology with known proteins. The toxicity of the SSM4 gene in E. coli suggests that a direct biochemical activity is associated with the corresponding protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290112
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    Genetic interaction between the Ras-CAMP pathway and the Dis2s1/Glc7 protein phosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 257-262 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Protein phosphatase ; Ras-cAMP pathway ; DIS2S1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DIS2S1/GLC7 gene encodes a type 1 protein phosphatase indispensable for cell proliferation. We found that introduction of a multicopy DIS2S1 plasmid impaired growth of cells with reduced activity of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In order to understand further the interaction between the two enzymes, a temperature-sensitive mutation in the DIS2S1 gene was isolated. The mutant accumulated less glycogen than wild type at the permissive temperature, indicating that activity of the Dis2s1 protein phosphatase is attenuated by the mutation. Furthermore, the dis2s1 ts mutation was shown to be suppressed by a multicopy plasmid harboring PDE2, a gene for cAMP phosphodiesterase. These results indicate that the Ras-cAMP pathway interacts genetically with the DIS2S1/GLC7 gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280414
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    Stress-induced transcriptional activation mediated by YAP1 and YAP2 genes that encode the Jun family of transcriptional activators in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 250-256 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcriptional activator ; AP-1 ; Stress response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae YAP2 gene encoding an AP-1-like transcriptional activator protein was cloned by selection for genes that confer pleiotropic drug resistance when present in high copy number. The novel YAP2 gene encodes a protein of 45827 daltons and is homologous in part to a known transcriptional activator protein encoded by YAP1/PDR4/SNQ3/PAR1. Homology was found only in both terminal regions. The N-terminal portion contains a region rich in basic amino acids, followed by a “leucine zipper” motif. Overexpression of YAP2 led to the induction of expression of an AP-1 recognition element (ARE)-dependent promoter. The yap1 disruptant has been shown to be sensitive to H2O2. In this study, we demonstrated that the yap1 disruptant is also unable to grow in medium containing 150 μM cadmium, whereas the yap2 disruptant exhibited no significant phenotypes. However, YAP2 in high copy number did suppress cadmium sensitivity, but not H2O2 sensitivity of the yap1 disruptant. YAP1 was able to mediate both cadmium- and H2O2-induced transcriptional activation of an ARE-dependent promoter. A high-copy-number plasmid bearing YAP2 mediated cadmium-induced transcriptional activation of this promoter. The inductions were prevented by the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280413
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    The 3′ → 5′ exonucleases of both DNA polymerases δ and ε participate in correcting errors of DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 289-296 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: DNA polymerases ε and δ ; 3′ → 5′ Exonuclease ; Replication errors ; Spontaneous mutations ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA polymerases II (ε) and III(δ) are the only nuclear DNA polymerases known to possess an intrinsic 3′ → 5′ exonuclease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have investigated the spontaneous mutator phenotypes of DNA polymerase δ and ε 3′ → 5′ exonuclease-deficient mutants, pol3-01 and pol2-4, respectively. pol3-01 and pol2-4 increased spontaneous mutation rates by factors of the order of 102 and 101, respectively, measured as URA3 forward mutation and his7-2 reversion. Surprisingly, a double mutant pol2-4 pol3-01 haploid was inviable. This was probably due to accumulation of unedited errors, since a pol2-4/pol2-4 pol3-01/pol3-01 diploid was viable, with the spontaneous his7-2 reversion rate increased by about 2 × 103-fold. Analysis of mutation rates of double mutants indicated that the 3′ → 5′ exonucleases of DNA polymerases δ and ε can act competitively and that, like the 3′ → 5′ exonuclease of DNA polymerase δ the 3′ → 5′ exonuclease of DNA polymerase ε acts in series with the PMS1 mismatch correction system. Mutational spectra at a URA3 gene placed in both orientations near to a defined replication origin provided evidence that the 3′ → 5′ exonucleases of DNA polymerases δ and ε act on opposite DNA strands, but were in sufficient to distinguish conclusively between different models of DNA replication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280418
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    A novel method for efficient expression cloning of fungal enzyme genes (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 253-260 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Recombinant DNA ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Endo-β-glucanase ; Endo-xylanase ; Heterologous expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a method for fast and efficient isolation of enzyme genes from filamentous fungi by combining the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to express heterologous genes with the utilisation of sensitive and reliable enzyme assays. A cDNA library from the fungus Humicola insolens was constructed in a S. cerevisiae/Escherichia coli shuttle vector in E. coli. Sub-pools of the library were subsequently screened for enzyme activity in S. cerevisiae. More than 130 clones were identified as positive in either an endo-β-glucanase or an endo-xylanase assay. Based on a partial characterization of the DNA sequence of the individual clones, they could be grouped into five distinct types of endo-β-glucanases and three types of endo-xylanases. A representative cDNA from each type was sub-cloned in an Aspergillus vector and expressed in A. oryzae. The new cloning method may be an important alternative to traditional cloning methods based on amino acid sequence information.
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    Efficient UV stimulation of yeast integrative transformation requires damage on both plasmid strands (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 308-314 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Integrative plasmids ; Recombinational structures ; UV irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nature of UV-induced pre-recombinational structures was studied using transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with non-replicative plasmids. Transformation by double-stranded plasmids irradiated with UV was stimulated up to 50-fold, and both plasmid integration and conversion of the mutated chromosomal selective gene were found to be equally increased. The stimulation observed with such ‘totally’ irradiated plasmids was not found with plasmids bearing lesions in only one strand. This effect is attributed to the formation by excision repair of recombinogenic structures consisting of a pyrimidine dimer opposite a gap. When single-stranded integrative plasmids were irradiated, their transforming potential was decreased but the proportion of transformants that arose by gene conversion, rather than by plasmid integration, was increased from 8% to 49% as a function of the UV dose. Possible reasons why single-strand UV lesions favour gene conversion are discussed.
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    Shared control of maltose induction and catabolite repression of the MAL structural genes in Saccharomyces (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 622-630 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast Catabolite repression ; Gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maltose utilization in yeast requires the presence of any one of the five unlinked, homologous MAL loci. Transcription of the two structural genes MALT (permease) and MALS (maltase) is induced by maltose and catabolite-repressed by glucose. MAL6T and MAL6S share a common 5′ intergenic sequence; deletion studies within this sequence revealed a bi-directionally functioning upstream activation sequence (UASM) consisting of four 11bp homologous sites. Activation of these sites by the MALR protein results in the coordinate expression of MAL6T and MAL6S. The basal promoter activates MALS expression to a greater extent than MALT and is located in a region that overlaps UASM. Deletion of several subsites within the UASM has an asymmetric effect on MAL gene expression, having a greater affect on MALT than on MALS. Catabolite repression of MAL6T and MAL6S by glucose is controlled at several levels. Using disruption mutants, the positively acting MAL1R protein was also found to play a role in catabolite repression of MAL6T and MAL6S.
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    RPK1, an essential yeast protein kinase involved in the regulation of the onset of mitosis, shows homology to mammalian dual-specificity kinases (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 641-653 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; RPK1 gene ; Protein kinase ; DNA replication ; Initiation of mitosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the sequence of RPK1 (for Regulatory cell Proliferation Kinase), a new Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene coding for a protein with sequence similarities to serine/threonine protein kinases. The protein sequence of 764 amino acids includes an amino-terminal domain (residues 1–410), which may be involved in regulation of the kinase domain (residues 411–764). The catalytic domain of Rpkl is not closely related to other known yeast protein kinases but exhibits strong homology to a newly discovered group of mammalian kinases (PYT, TTK, esk) with serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity. Null alleles of RPK1 are lethal and thus this gene belongs to the small group of yeast protein kinase genes that are essential for cell growth. In addition, eliminating the expression of RPK1 gives rise to the accumulation of non-viable cells with less than a 1 N DNA content suggesting that cells proceed into mitosis without completion of DNA synthesis. Therefore, the Rpkt kinase may function in a checkpoint control which couples DNA replication to mitosis. The level of the RPK1 transcript is extremely low and constant throughout the mitotic cycle. However it is regulated during cellular differentiation, being decreased in α-factor-treated a cells and increased late in meiosis in a/α diploids. Taken together, our results suggest that Rpk1 is involved in a pathway that coordinates cell proliferation and differentiation.
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    Growth, biomass allocation and water use efficiency of two wheat cultivars in a mediterranean environment; a pot experiment under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass allocation ; carbon isotope discrimination ; growth ; water use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants of two bread wheat cultivars,Triticum aestivum L. ‘Katya Al’ and ‘Mexipak 65’, were grown in pots during the crop season in the field in NW Syria, a region with a Mediterranean climate. The experiment involved two treatments. Control plants were well-watered throughout the experiment (watering to 0.22 g water g−1 dry soil). In the second treatment, water was withheld from the plants until soil water content had decreased to 0.10 g water g−1 dry soil, the level that was maintained thereafter. Water use was measured by weighing the pots, and growth by destructive sampling. Growth of Katya and Mexipak was similar. Mexipak had a lower (though not significant atp〈0.05) plant water use efficiency (WUEp) in both treatments due to higher rates of water loss. On a leaf area basis differences in water use were especially high since Mexipak had a smaller total leaf area. In spite of a smaller investment in photosynthesizing area, Mexipak achieved similar growth as Katya. Carbon isotope discrimination and organic nitrogen concentration (both higher for Mexipak) suggest that Mexipak accomplished higher mean net photosynthetic rates with a higher mean leaf diffusive conductance, higher intercellular carbon dioxide partial pressure, and possibly a greater investment in the photosynthetic apparatus compared to Katya. Differences in carbon isotope discrimination suggest a larger difference in average photosynthetic WUE (net photosynthesis/transpiration) than in plant WUE. This could indicate that loss of carbon in respiration was greater in Katya. Gas exchange measurements on the youngest fully expanded leaves showed only minor differences between the cultivars. It is hypothesized that Mexipak, with a smaller total leaf area, is able to maintain high leaf conductance and photosynthesis for a longer period of time during the day or during the life span of leaves.
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    Contributions of the surface of the root tip to the growth of Zea roots in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 315-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell wal's ; epidermis ; growth ; root development ; soil penetration ; stiffness ; Zea diploperennis ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of the epidermal layer of roots of Zea is traced from the quiescent centre to the zone where root hairs develop. In the zone of cell division a three layered coat forms on the outside of the epidermal cells consisting of the outer epidermal walls, overlaid by a two-layered pellicle composed of a thick fibrillar inner layer of polysaccharide, and a thin fibrillar outer layer of protein. The epidermal cells divide several times in the same longitudinal file but rarely across a radius to give a new longitudinal file. Thus, the radial walls become much thicker than all but the original transverse walls, and packets of up to 32 daughter cells derived from a single initial may be distinguished. The pellicle develops during these divisions as a continuum over the outer walls of the daughter cells. It is proposed that the pellicle provides a stiffening to the forward end of the root which permits it to penetrate soil without bending. Support for this hypothesis is shown by the Zea mays mutant Ageotropic in which the pellicle is absent, the epidermal surface is disorganized, and which grows crookedly through soil. In the zone of extension growth of normal roots of two Zea species the pellicle thins and disappears. Circumferential strips of the pellicle were peeled off the young epidermal cells and could be stretched to twice their length. This deformation is partly the result of the pellicle stretching and breaking above the attachments of the radial walls. After normal thinning of the pellicle, detachment of the radial walls at their outer ends produces a corrugated surface in the proximal zone of the root tips. In dicotyledons (e.g., soybean), there is no similar pellicle, but a stiff root tip is produced by a long multi-layered root cap, the proximal portion of which covers the elongating epidermal surface.
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    Growth and osmotic adjustment of two tomato cultivars during and after saline stress (1994)
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    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 75-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; osmotic adjustment ; saline stress ; solutes ; Lycopersicon esculentum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a short period of saline stress was studied in two phenotypically different cultivars, one of normal fruit-size (L. esculentum cv. New Yorker) and one of cherry fruit-size (L. esculentum var.cerasiforme cv. PE-62). In both cultivars the relative growth rate (RGR) and the leaf area ratio (LAR) decreased following salinisation. The leaf turgor potential (ψp) and the osmotic potential at full turgor (ψos) decreased to the same extent in both cultivars. However, the contributions of organic and inorganic solutes to the osmotic adjustment was different between cultivars. New Yorker achieved the osmotic adjustment by means of the Cl− and Na+ uptake from the substrate, and by synthesis of organic solutes. In the cherry cultivar organic solutes did not contribute to the osmotic adjustment, instead, their contribution decreased after salinisation. After the salt stress was removed, the water stress disappeared, the content of organic solutes decreased in plants of both cultivars and, therefore, their growth was not retarded by the diversion of resources for the synthesis of organic solutes. However, the toxic effects of the Cl− and Na+ did not disappear after removal of the salt stress, and the net assimilation rate (NAR) and the rate of growth (RGR) did not recover.
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    The completion of cell proliferation and growth in wheat radicle (1994)
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    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: DNA contents ; DNA synthesis ; growth ; proliferation ; radicle ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of proliferation and growth of cortical and central metaxylem cells in a radicle and the transitional zone of a wheat embryo was studied during the final stages of embryogenesis. Cell divisions finished nearer the root tip in the central metaxylem than was the case in the cortex. After divisions ceased the cells of both tissues maintained the ability to synthesize DNA and the cells began DNA endoreduplication. The maximal levels of endoreduplication were 4C and 8C in cortical and central metaxylem cells, respectively. As a result of nonsimultaneous cessation of divisions, the metaxylem cells were two or three times longer than cortical cells. The proportion of cells with the maximal DNA content was smaller in the transitional zone than in the radicle. During the final embryonal stages cell growth rate was decreased. It was established that the transition of cells to DNA synthesis was inhibited in all sites of the radicle during the completion of embryogenesis. The cell growth was topped in proximal sites of the radicle. In the division zone the cells which had already begun DNA synthesis were able to complete it and divided. Cell growth stopped simultaneously with completion of proliferation in this zone.
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    Interactive effects of mycorrhization and elevated carbon dioxide on growth of young pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) trees (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Climate change ; elevated carbon dioxide ; growth ; Laccaria laccata ; mycorrhization ; oak ; Quercus robur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was germinated and grown at ambient CO2 level and 650 ppmv CO2 in the presence and absence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata for a total of 6 month under nutrient non-limiting conditions. Mycorrhization and elevated atmospheric CO2 each supported the growth of the trees. Stem height, stem diameter, and dry matter accumulation of pedunculate oak were increased by mycorrhization. Elevated atmospheric CO2 enhanced stem height, stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight, as well as lateral root formation of the trees. In combination, mycorrhization and elevated atmospheric CO2 had a more than additive, positive effect on tree height and biomass accumulation, and further improved lateral root formation of the trees. From these findings it is suggested that the efficiency of the roots in supporting the growth of the shoot is increased in mycorrhized oak trees at elevated atmospheric CO2.
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    Evaluation of parameters describing the root system architecture of field grown maize plants (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branching ; growth ; lateral roots ; maize ; root morphology ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The architecture of the root system is related to its water and mineral uptake. In this paper, the number, growth, and branching of first-order lateral roots are studied on field grown maize (early maturing cultivar ‘Dea’), mainly in relation to the depth and to the rank of the bearing phytomer. The soil was a deep clay loam, without any barrier until 1.80 m. The branching density was studied along axile roots until 1.40 m from the base, on a sample of individually excavated axile roots. A strong gradient of density was shown: the mean branching density decreased from 12 roots.cm−1 near the base to 4 roots.cm−1 at a 60 cm depth. Seminal roots were less densely branched than nodal roots. The mean difference was about 4 roots.cm−1. The length and branching density of lateral roots were studied on mature parts of the root systems where the growth and branching of the laterals were completed, using samples extracted from large soil monoliths. The length distribution of lateral roots was highly asymmetrical, for every source phytomer (mean: 25 mm; median: 16 mm). Many lateral roots were very short, and only 2 % reached a length higher than 10 cm. Only 29 % of all the laterals bore second-order lateral roots. Vigorous laterals branched more systematically and more profusely: the branching density varied from 2 to 5 roots.cm−1 according to the length of the mother lateral root. Both the number and length of lateral roots appeared to be affected by the soil bulk density which varied with the depth.
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    Effect of exchangeable sodium on growth and concentration of important macronutrients in needles and stems of four Casuarina spp. (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarina ; growth ; macronutrients ; sodicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)viz. 11, 17, 35, 58 and 70 on the growth and the concentration of important macronutrients in needles and stems of Casuarina obesa Miq., C. glauca Sieb. ex. spreng., C. cunninghamiana Miq. and C. equisetifolia Forster and G. Forster. A significant increase in the dry matter was found with increasing soil sodicity. At ESP 70, the percentage increase in dry matter over ESP 11 for the first three species was 44%, 35% and 124% in the needles, and 78%, 37% and 86% in stems, respectively. On the other hand the yields of C. equisetifolia decreased with increase in soil sodicity. Among the 4 species, C. obesa and C. glauca produced comparatively more DM under sodicity than did C. cunninghamiana and C. equisetifolia. The effect of sodicity was more pronounced on needles than on stems. Sodium concentration in plant parts increased with increasing sodicity, whereas concentration of potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen and phosphorus showed a decrease.
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    Ultraviolet radiation, ozone depletion, and marine photosynthesis (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 303-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; primary production ; growth ; action spectrum ; biogeochemical cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concerns about stratospheric ozone depletion have stimulated interest in the effects of UVB radiation (280–320 nm) on marine phytoplankton. Research has shown that phytoplankton photosynthesis can be severely inhibited by surface irradiance and that much of the effect is due to UV radiation. Quantitative generalization of these results requires a biological weighting function (BWF) to quantify UV exposure appropriately. Different methods have been employed to infer the general shape of the BWF for photoinhibition in natural phytoplankton, and recently, detailed BWFs have been determined for phytoplankton cultures and natural samples. Results show that although UVB photons are more damaging than UVA (320–400 nm), the greater fluxes of UVA in the ocean cause more UV inhibition. Models can be used to analyze the sensitivity of water column productivity to UVB and ozone depletion. Assumptions about linearity and time-dependence strongly influence the extrapolation of results. Laboratory measurements suggest that UV inhibition can reach a steady-state consistent with a balance between damage and recovery processes, leading to a non-linear relationship between weighted fluence rate and inhibition. More testing for natural phytoplankton is required, however. The relationship between photoinhibition of photosynthesis and decreases in growth rate is poorly understood, so long-term effects of ozone depletion are hard to predict. However, the wide variety of sensitivities between species suggests that some changes in species composition are likely. Predicted effects of ozone depletion on marine photosynthesis cannot be equated to changes in carbon flux between the atmosphere and ocean. Nonetheless, properly designed studies on the effects of UVB can help identify which physiological and ecological processes are most likely to dominate the responses of marine ecosystems to ozone depletion.
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    Effects of nitrogen supply on the acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 389-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: elevated CO2 ; nitrogen supply ; photosynthesis ; acclimation ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A common observation in plants grown in elevated CO2 concentration is that the rate of photosynthesis is lower than expected from the dependence of photosynthesis upon CO2 concentration in single leaves of plants grown at present CO2 concentration. Furthermore, it has been suggested that this apparent down regulation of photosynthesis may be larger in leaves of plants at low nitrogen supply than at higher nitrogen supply. However, the available data are rather limited and contradictory. In this paper, particular attention is drawn to the way in which whole plant growth response to N supply constitutes a variable sink strength for carbohydrate usage and how this may affect photosynthesis. The need for further studies of the acclimation of photosynthesis at elevated CO2 in leaves of plants whose N supply has resulted in well-defined growth rate and sink activity is emphasised, and brief consideration is made of how this might be achieved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014593
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    The influence of ammonia on the growth and photosynthesis of Ruppia drepanensis Tineo from Doñana National Park (SW Spain) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 219-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ruppia drepanensis ; ammonia toxicity ; temperature effects ; photosynthesis ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment, Ruppia drepanensis Tineo seedlings from a brackish marsh in Southern Spain were grown at 20 and 30 °C, at three different nitrogen levels. These levels were obtained by the addition of a slow release fertilizer (23% NH4NO3 by weight) to a sediment mixture of sand and clay (3:1). Several morphometric parameters were recorded during the first five weeks of the experiment, and photosynthesis and respiration were measured after 7 weeks of growth. Results showed a significant reduction of growth and development with increasing nitrogen and temperature levels. Dark respiration increased strongly at high nitrogen levels. At the same time, net photosynthesis at 250 and 500 µE m-2 s-1, Pm, Km and LCP were not affected by either factor. We attribute these phenomena to ammonia toxicity, since relatively high total ammonia (NH3 + NHf4 p+) levels were found in the interstitial water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026713
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    Mussel culture in a changing environment: the effects of a coastal engineering project on mussel culture (Mytilus edulis L.) in the Oosterschelde estuary (SW Netherlands) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 282-283 (1994), S. 359-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mussel ; mussel culture ; growth ; standing stock ; food ; carrying capacity ; hydrodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the effects of a large scale coastal engineering project on the mussel (Mytilus edulis) bottom culture in the Oosterschelde estuary (S.W. Netherlands), mussel growth and production in the period 1980–1990 are studied in relation to food supply and the hydrodynamic conditions. Due to the construction of a storm-surge barrier and two additional dams, the risk that mussels are swept away by high current velocities decreased, resulting in an increase of the area in the Oosterschelde potentially suitable for mussel culture and in food availability now being more important as a limiting factor. For the Oosterschelde, a clear relation between mussel growth, stock sizes, and phytoplankton dynamics has been demonstrated. The meat yield of mussels landed in autumn — which is an index for growth rate — seems to be determined by the phytoplankton production in the preceding summer. In years with dense bivalve stocks, phytoplankton production and meat yields are relatively low. It is concluded that an increase of the mussel biomass cultured can result in a reduction of the primary production and, consequently, in a deterioration of the growing conditions for suspension-feeders in the estuary. This conclusion is supported by model calculations. An expansion of mussel culture in the new Oosterschelde is therefore dissuaded. Apart from primary production and stock sizes, food supply for mussels on culture lots appeared to be controlled by the horizontal advection of phytoplankton between and within the tidal channels. An observed decline in mussel landings from certain areas is attributed to the reduced mixing energy of the estuary in relation to the present distribution of the lots over the estuary. Production figures from the experimental lots, established in 1988 in the newly available areas, demonstrate that the yield of mussels can be enhanced by relaying culture lots towards the areas where the phytoplankton is produced. It is expected that by redistributing the culture lots, without expanding the biomass cultured, the carrying capacity of the Oosterschelde for mussel culture can be maintained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024642
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    Growth, production, and demography of Moina micrura in brackish tropical fishponds (Layo, Ivory Coast) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 272 (1994), S. 125-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Moina ; tropical ponds ; growth ; fecundity ; production ; demography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sampling and experiments were performed in brackish fishponds, located near the Ebrie Lagoon, Ivory Coast. Moina developed here at salinities up to about 4 g l-1. Mean embryonic and juvenile development times in experimental conditions were 0.82 and 0.80 day, respectively, with 2 juvenile stages at 30 °C (salinity of 3 g l-1; 29 µg chlorophyll-a l-1) and 1.22 and 1.37, with 2 stages for most individuals and 3 or 4 stages for some of them at 26 °C (2 g l-1 and 36 µg l-1). The corresponding Q10 for embryonic development was relatively high (2.7). Growth rates in weight at 30 ° C were 2.11 and 1.37 µg µg-1 d-1, respectively, for the embryonic and juvenile stages, 0.21 for mean somatic growth of the five first female adult stages, and 1.00 for primipara, summed for somatic growth, production of eggs, and embryonic growth. Consequently, differences in growth rates between young and adults were small. M. micrura also was a high fecundity species according to its size, fecundity in nature varying from 2.2 to 7.7 eggs per adult female. Rates of population increase evaluated for some sequences of parthenogenetic growing periods, reached up to 0.9. Most of the daily P/B evaluated by the cumulative growth method reached values above 1.0 (28 to 31 °C), minima being about 0.7 for lower temperatures (approximatively 26 °C). Populations were also characterized by low juvenile to adult ratios (down to 0.9) and high daily birth rates (up to 1.2). Overall, M. micrura is a highly productive, opportunistic species, well adapted to the low salinities that occur during part of the year in the ponds. Biological and population characteristics of this species, and literature data on regulation mechanisms, possible use for aquaculture, and on size in tropical species are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006517
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    Initial moisture stress, budbreak and two-year field performance of three morphological grades of slash pine seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    New forests 8 (1994), S. 335-350 
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: bud dormancy ; growth ; morphology ; root collar diameter ; seedling quality ; survival ; sylem pressure potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the relationship between root collar diameter, plant moisture stress and budbreak in three morphological grades of bareroot 1+0 slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) nursery seedlings and assessed the role of these parameters in predicting field performance potential under operational conditions. Two months after outplanting seedlings with small (≤3.2 mm) diameters exhibited greater signs of moisture stress than those with the largest (≥4.7 mm) diameters, as determined by lower xylem pressure potential values. Intermediate and large-sized seedlings (diameter 〉3.2 mm) showed earlier budbreak than smaller seedlings with more rapid shoot elongation after planting and had significantly greater survival rates for two years after planting on both a moist flatwoods and a dry sandhill planting site. However, after two years on the more favorable moist site, height and diameter measurements of seedlings with significantly smaller diameters initially did not differ from those of intermediate sized seedlings (diameter 〉3.2 and 〈4.7 mm). Large seedlings had greater second-year leader and diameter increments and attained greater total height and diameter after two years on both sites. Decreasing the proportion of smaller seedlings included in the field performance analyses increased overall mean plantation survival while increasing the proportion of large seedlings increased mean two-year total height and diameter as well as annual growth increments.
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    The diet and growth of roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) in Lake Vesijärvi and possible changes in the course of biomanipulation (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 294 (1994), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) ; diet ; growth ; biomanipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have suggested that the roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) stock of Lake Vesijärvi is one of the main factors delaying the recovery of the lake after sewage diversion. This study is concerned with the documentation of the diet of roach in the lake. In total, 531 roach were examined. Both in the pelagial and in the littoral the roach had mixed diets in May and in September—October. The importance of zooplankton decreased and the importance of benthos and plants increased with increasing size of roach. In July, in the pelagic zone all sizes of roach fed exclusively on zooplankton (Bosmina spp.), while in the littoral zooplankton had the highest volume proportions only in the smallest (〈130 mm) roach. The frequent use of plant food and slow growth rate of large roach indicate a low availability of animal prey. As the fish densities decrease due to the mass removal taking place in the lake, the percentage of plant food in the diets of roach will probably decrease and the growth of roach will increase. Additionally, the tendency of the roach to migrate into the pelagic zone in early summer may be reduced, which would decrease their predation on the zooplankton.
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    Hormonal profile of growing male and female diploids and triploids of the blue tilapia,Oreochromis aureus, reared in intensive culture (1994)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 13 (1994), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: triploidy ; growth ; hormones ; growth hormone ; thyroid hormones ; gonadotropin ; gonadal steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Triploidy as a result of thermal shock exposure of fertilized eggs decreases the growth rate ofOreochromis aureus as compared to their diploid controls, but this is due to the higher female ratio present in triploids (86%) and the lower growth rate of females. When females and males are considered separately, the growth rate is not significantly different in diploids and triploids. Since triploidy results in a malfunctioning steroidogenesis in females (mainly testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2)), but does not affect the growth rate, it is concluded that female gonadal steroids do not influence growth unless in pharmacological concentrations. These low levels of gonadal steroids are generally accompanied by higher levels of gonadotropin (GtH), but the difference is not always significant. Despite their lower growth rate diploid females have higher plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) during several months compared to the triploid females and diploid males. 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) levels, however, are comparable between diploid and triploid females (except for 1 month), but higher in diploid males in 4 of the 5 months studied. 11-ketotestosterone (11kT) is always higher in males. These results indicate that the higher growth rate of males may be related to the high circulating levels of T3 and 11kT.
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    Effects of dietary thyroid hormones on the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) (1994)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 12 (1994), S. 369-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: red drum ; Sciaenops ocellatus ; thyroid hormones ; diet ; growth ; body composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four separate 8-week feeding trials were conducted to assess the effects of supplementing semipurified diets with either triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) at 0, 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg on growth and body composition of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) held in artificial brackish water (6‰) and artificial seawater (32‰). At both levels of salinity, increasing doses of T3 resulted in fish with reduced weight gain, feed efficiency, condition factor (weight × 100/length3), and muscle ratio (muscle weight × 100/body weight), as well as a lighter body color. Significant (p 〈 0.05) effects of T3 on the proximate composition of whole body, liver, and muscle were variable, generally reflecting decreased lipid and protein storage in liver and muscle, respectively. The two highest doses of T3 given to seawater adapted fish increased survival. Dietary T4 supplementation had no distinctive effects on appearance, growth or proximate body composition. These results indicate that whereas T3 may function to regulate protein and lipid metabolism in red drum, dietary supplementation with T3 leads to a hyperthyroidism-induced catabolic state. The elevated endogenous thyroid hormone levels found in fish fed optimal diets may thus adequately supply tissue needs during juvenile growth.
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    Effects of diets rich in linoleic (18:2n - 6) and α-linolenic (18:3n - 3) acids on the growth, lipid class and fatty acid compositions and eicosanoid production in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 13 (1994), S. 105-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: turbot ; growth ; linoleate ; linolenate ; lipids ; fatty acids ; prostaglandins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstracts Three practical-type diets utilizing fishmeal and casein as the protein sources and containing fish oil (FO), safflower oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 1.2 g for a period of 12 weeks. No differences in final weight, mortality or development of pathological lesions were evident either between duplicate tanks or between dietary treatments over this period. Fish fed diets containing SO and LO contained significantly greater amounts of liver triacylglycerol compared to fish fed FO. The major C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in SO and LO diets, 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) respectively, were readily incorporated into both total lipid and individual phospholipids of turbot tissues. There was no accumulation of the Δ6-desaturation products of these fatty acids, namely 18:3(n-6) and 18:4(n-3), in any of the tissues examined. The products of elongation of 18:2(n-6) and and 18:3(n-3), 20:2(n-6) and 20:3(n-3) respectively, accumulated in both total lipid and phospholipids with the highest levels of 20:2(n-6) in liver PC and 20:3(n-3) in liver PE. Eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5(n-3)] levels exceeded those of arachidonic acid [AA, 20:4(n-6)] in phosphatidylinositol (PI) from liver and gill of fish fed LO. EPA levels in liver PI from fish fed LO were 3-fold and 2-fold greater than SO-fed and FO-fed fish, respectively. Fish fed diets containing SO and LO had significantly reduced levels of AA in liver and muscle total lipid and lower AA in individual phospholipid classes of liver and gill compared to FO-fed fish. The concentration of thromboxane B2 was significantly reduced in plasma and isolated gill cells stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 of fish fed SO and LO compared to those fed FO. Prostaglandin E produced by isolated gill cells stimulated with A23187 was significantly reduced in fish fed both SO and LO compared to fish fed FO.
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    Response to adriamycin of transplasma membrane electron transport in adriamycin-resistant and nonresistant HL-60 cells (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 26 (1994), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Adriamycin ; ascorbate ; electron transport ; growth ; plasma membrane (HL-60 cells)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adriamycin, 10−8–10−5 M, inhibited transplasma membrane electron transport of uninduced HL-60 cells susceptible to adriamycin and not in uninduced HL-60 cells resistant to adriamycin as measured by reduction of external ascorbate free radical. Electron flow across the plasma membrane was measured with the intact living cells by means of a simple assay procedure whereby the transported electrons were captured by ascorbate free radical to slow the rate of chemical oxidation of ascorbate. The response to adriamycin was rapid with maximum inhibition in less than 1 min. Preincubation was not required and the inhibition presumably was not mediated through effects on DNA replication or transcription. Except at the highest concentration tested of 10 µM, both transplasma membrane electron transport and growth were unaffected by adriamycin with a line of HeLa cells resistant to the drug. The findings provide evidence, using a physiological acceptor, ascorbate free radical, for a direct inhibition of transmembrane electron transport of HL-60 cells by adriamycin that correlates closely with adriamycin inhibition of cell growth. The lack of response with resistant cells suggests an alternative mechanism for adriamycin resistance not necessarily based on transport control.
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    Economic growth and the rise of protectionism and urban unrest in developing economies (1994)
    Springer
    Open economies review 5 (1994), S. 65-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-708X
    Keywords: growth ; protectionism ; dualism ; collective action ; developing countries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines how economic growth can affect various political actors and influence trade and labor policies in a developing economy. The paper extends the Findlay-Wellisz (1982) model of endogenous trade policy to include the endogenous determination of an urban-rural wage differential along lines suggestive of the Harris-Todaro (1970) model. Under assumptions normally associated with developing economies, the model shows that growth, stimulated primarily by capital formation, can lead to the rise of protectionism and urban unrest.
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    Hormone- and growth factor-stimulated NADH oxidase (1994)
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 26 (1994), S. 421-433 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: NADH oxidase ; plasma membrane ; growth factors ; growth ; thiol/disulfide interchange ; membranes ; brefeldin A ; Golgi apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An NADH oxidase activity of animal and plant plasma membrane is described that is stimulated by hormones and growth factors. In plasma membranes of cancer cells and tissues, the activity appears to be constitutively activated and no longer hormone responsive. With drugs that inhibit the activity, cells are unable to grow although growth inhibition may be more related to a failure of the cells to enlarge than to a direct inhibition of mitosis. The hormone-stimulated activity in plasma membranes of plants and the constitutively activated NADH oxidase in tumor cell plasma membranes is inhibited by thiol reagents whereas the basal activity is not. These findings point to a thiol involvement in the action of the activated form of the oxidase. NADH oxidase oxidation by Golgi apparatus of rat liver is inhibited by brefeldin A plus GDP. Brefeldin A is a macrolide antibiotic inhibitor of membrane trafficking. A model is presented where the NADH oxidase functions as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity involved in the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds. The thiol-disulfide interchange is postulated as being associated with physical membrane displacement as encountered in cell enlargement or in vesicle budding. The model, although speculative, does provide a basis for further experimentation to probe a potential function for this enzyme system which, under certain conditions, exhibits a hormone- and growth factor-stimulated oxidation of NADH.
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    Pterocarpus angolensis D.C.: field survival strategies, growth, root pruning and fertilization in the nursery (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilization ; growth ; natural survival ; root pruning ; Pterocarpus angolensis ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Observations on growth behaviour of naturally regenerated and irrigated nursery seedlings ofPterocarpus angolensis were made in Morogoro, Tanzania. Following their natural survival strategy, seedlings build up a robust taproot. The above-ground shoot produced in a year dies back in the field during the dry period whereas the taproot expands during the rainy seasons. In the nursery, the type of symbiosis formed by irrigated seedlings was assessed and trials of taproot pruning and fertilization were carried out. Seedlings formed VA mycorrhizae and nodules. Root pruning sharply depressed seedling growth. Fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus disturbed the shoot/root ratio in favour of the shoots and inhibited nodulation. We concluded that manipulation of the root and the root environment ran contrary to the seedling's own, natural survival strategy.
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    Trees and windbreaks in the Sahel: establishment, growth, nutritive, and calorific values (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 26 (1994), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: windbreaks ; Sahel ; Niger ; mortality rate ; growth ; establishment ; nutritive value ; calorific value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree and windbreak species considered for the Southern Sahelian Zone (SSZ) of West Africa have to be evaluated following multiple criteria such as fast establishment, shelter efficiency, production of feed for livestock, and firewood. An on-station experiment was conducted on a sandy soil in southwest Niger between 1988 and 1993 to assess the establishment, growth, nutritive, and calorific values of seven species considered for windbreaks:Andropogon gayanus, Bauhinia rufescens, Acacia holosericea, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Faidherbia albida, andAzadirachta indica. Mortality and stem diameter were monitored twice a year. From 20 months after planting (MAP) onwards, species were annually trimmed to 2 m height and to 1 m sidewards of the main stem. Fresh and dry weight of leaves, twigs, wood, and fruits were recorded. Leaves were analyzed for crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) content. Wood was analyzed for its gross calorific value and its ash content. At 56 MAP, all species had less than 5% morality, except forA. holosericea, which had a mortality rate of 15.9%.A. indica andA. holosericea showed the highest stem diameter among species with 12.2 and 11.8 cm, respectively, at 56 MAP.A. senegal had the highest dry matter production with 22.3 t ha−1 at 56 MAP, followed byA. indica (12.0 t ha−1),A. holosericea (11.7 t ha−1) andB. rufescens (11.2 t ha−1), butA. holosericea was most productive at earlier harvests. OnlyA. senegal (6.4 t ha−1) andA. indica (5.1 t ha−1) had a significant wood production, whereasA. holosericea (5.7 t ha−1) had the highest phyllodes production. Leaves ofA. senegal andA. indica had highest CP contents of 258 and 214 g kg−1, respectively. The leaves of all species exceptA. gayanus had a higher CP:ME ratio than natural pasture in the region. The calorific values of firewood did not differ significantly among the species.A. nilotica, the species with one of the lowest firewood production, had the highest Fuelwood Value Index of 6.6. The choice of species for planting trees and windbreaks in the SSZ must be oriented along these criteria. Further research should be directed towards cost-benefit analyses, land tenure and property rights in combination with surveys on local knowledge of rural people.
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    Age and growth of Trisopterus luscus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces, Gadidae) off the coast of Asturias (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 281 (1994), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Trisopterus luscus ; growth ; age ; bib ; Atlantic ; Asturian coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The age and growth of an Asturian population of the ‘bib’ Trisopterus luscus L. were studied based on 990 bibs from monthly catches from October 1986 until October 1988. Using the estimates of age taken from otolith readings, it was possible to construct a growth curve for the whole range of ages and demonstrate that most growth takes place during the first two years of life. The maximum age was found to be 5 years. The largest fish caught during the investigation measured 430 mm in standard length. The different growth rates of males and females show that in most cases the mean standard length of females was equal to or greater than that of the males.
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    Effects of intermittent starvation on mature Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 291 (1994), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Biomphalaria ; intermittent starvation ; survival ; growth ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mature Biomphalaria glabrata, submitted to four weeks of varied starvation times (0, 1, 3, 5, 6 & 7 d.week−1, were thereafter refed during four weeks. The different intermittent starvation times had no significant effect on snails survival. As weekly starvation increased, the rate of change in body weight and fecundity decreased. In snails fed one or two d.week−1, the rate of change in body weight was negative, while fecundity remained at a low level. Continuous hunger stopped oviposition. Starvation had no further effect on body growth after the first week of refeeding; however, its effect on fecundity remained significant over the two first weeks.
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    Growth characteristics of Geotrichum ingens on propionic acid and acetic acid in batch and continuous culture (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 505-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Acetic acid ; chemostat ; Geotrichum ingens ; growth ; inhibition ; kinetics ; monocarboxylic acids ; propionic acid ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of Geotrichum ingens in batch cultures was completely inhibited by 47 g acetic acid/l or 33 g propionic acid/I. With mixtures of acetic and propionic acids, however, growth only ceased at 55 g/l. Acetic acid inhibited growth linearly, whereas propionic acid inhibited growth non-linearly. In continuous culture, two steady states at each dilution rate were observed at high dilution rates for acetic acid and propionic acid. The highest yield coefficient (0.69 g cells/g substrate) was achieved with propionic acid as substrate. On both substrates and their mixtures, the protein content of the biomass increased when the dilution rate was increased.
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    Lysine inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: role of repressible L-lysine ε-aminotransferase (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 572-575 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Growth inhibition ; L-lysine ε-aminotransferase ; nitrogen limitation ; α-oxoadipic acid ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Lysine added to grain mashes under nitrogen-limiting conditions (as in most industrial fermentations) inhibited growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This inhibition was relieved by raising the assimilable nitrogen content. Lysine-induced inhibition is not mediated through accumulation of α-oxoadipic acid, an intermediate of lysine metabolism which accumulates by a back up of intermediates in de novo synthesis. Lysine degradation is regulated by the synthesis of L-lysine ε-aminotransferase, an enzyme that catalyses the first step in one of three possible routes of lysine degradation (not previously reported in S. cerevisiae). Synthesis is repressed under nitrogenlimiting conditions, but derepressed when excess assimilable nitrogen is available. Derepression results in degradation of lysine and decreases inhibitory effects on growth. The toxic compound appears to be lysine itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367670
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  • 93
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    Evolution of the life history of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (1994)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 8 (1994), S. 315-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: mortality ; age at maturity ; growth ; reproductive investment ; life history theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus life histories are very variable, both within and between localities. In some lakes we find more than one phenotype (in Lake Thingvallavatn there are four), each phenotype having a characteristic life history. In spite of this, the life histories of 44 populations of Arctic charr from throughout its range of distribution can be described accurately by a number of dimensionless indices made up from some common life-history descriptors (age and length at maturity, theoretical maximal length, instantaneous rate of natural mortality). This is contrary to what we previously have found for Brown troutSalmo trutta and we discuss this difference. We also test a new model which seeks to predict reproductive effort based on information on relative length at maturity (L α)/L inf) and age at maturity. The model did not fit the observed reproductive investment data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01238281
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  • 94
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    Grapevine leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves influenced by the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Vitis vinifera ; Empoasca vitis ; leafhopper ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance ; mesophyll conductance ; growth ; yield ; fruit quality ; starch ; carbohydrate reserves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis, on leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves of the grapevines,Vitis vinifera L., was studied. Gas exchange was measured on the discolored (red) and the green parts of infested main leaves and on leaves from uninfested vines. Photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance were severely reduced on main leaves showing leafhopper feeding symptoms. The stomatal conductance of the red leaf section of infested main leaves was lower than on undamaged control leaves. Additionally, the red leaf section of infested main leaves showed lower transpiration rates when compared to the green parts of the same leaves and to undamaged control leaves. Gas exchange processes of lateral leaves were not affected by leafhopper feeding. Leafhopperload on main leaves was correlated to visual damage symptoms. At 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf up to 40% of the main leaf area of the infested plants was discolored from the borders towards the center. Lateral leaves showed no feeding symptoms. Shoot diameter, pruning weight and carbohydrate reserves in the wood were not affected by leafhoppers. Lateral leaf area growth was significantly stimulated on plants infested by leafhoppers. No decrease in yield and fruit quality with leafhopper-loads up to 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382000
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  • 95
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    Influence of larval dietary supply on the food consumption, food utilization efficiency, growth and development of the lacewingChrysoperla carnea (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysoperla carnea ; food consumption ; growth ; development ; efficiency of food utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the common green lacewing,Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), were fed either an optimal or a suboptimal number of eggs of the mothAnagasta kuehniella (Zeller) in the first and/or second larval instar, or in all three larval instars. Parameters for the duration, growth, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI) of each instar were established for seven different dietary regimes. Larvae that had a suboptimal food supply in the first instar had a significantly longer developmental time, gained significantly less weight, and had a slightly lower ECI in that instar larvae. Suboptimally-fed second less, but remained only slightly longer in that instar and had a similar ECI to optimally-fed second instar larvae. The developmental time of suboptimally-fed third instar larvae was similar to that of optimally-fed larvae of that stage. Whereas the growth of the former was significantly less than that of larvae optimally fed in that instar, the ECI of the former was significantly higher. Despite the relatively smaller size of larvae fed suboptimally in the first and/or second instar, when such larvae were subsequently supplied with an overabundance of prey eggs, they consumed approximately the same number of eggs during the remainder of their larval life as did larvae whose food supply had not been restricted previously. When larvae were allowed to consume different numbers of eggs in their third instar, their gain in weight and therefore the weights attained by the resulting adults (based on the weights of 3-day-old cocoons) had a highly significant positive correlation with the number of eggs consumed in this instar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382710
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  • 96
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    Gravimetricvs. respirometric determination of metabolic efficiency in caterpillars ofPieris brassicae (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nutrition ; utilization ; efficiency ; growth ; metabolism ; energy ; respirometry ; Pieris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional gravimetry and a combination of gravimetry and respirometry were compared for their precision in measuring respiration and metabolic efficiency of growth of final stadiumPieris brassicae L. (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) caterpillars. This was done both for caterpillars feeding on an artificial diet and for caterpillars feeding on excised leaf material of a host plant,Brassica oleracea L. Gravimetry produced significantly greater variation in the total amount of matter respired and the metabolic efficiency than indirect calorimetry for caterpillars feeding on plant material, while the two methods gave similar results for the caterpillars reared on a meridic artificial diet. Respirometry (indirect calorimetry) revealed that caterpillars feeding on the artificial diet were growing with a higher metabolic efficiency than caterpillars feeding on the host plant. This difference was not revealed by conventional gravimetry. It is argued that metabolic efficiencies as derived from gravimetric budget calculations are subject to a number of random errors that distort precise determination of metabolic efficiencies in studies involving plant food.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386518
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  • 97
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    The exceptional growth of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in Lake Geneva (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 76-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Sa velinus alpinus ; growth ; Lake Geneva ; latitude ; eutrophication ; fish density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth rate of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.), is exceptionally high in Lake Geneva; one of the highest every recorded. This can be explained by three factors: (1) the Arctic charr of Lake Geneva is the most southerly indigenous population in the world, (2) the trophic resources are important because of the eutrophication of the lake, (3) the fish density is low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877260
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  • 98
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    Cloning and expression of Hormoconis resinae glucoamylase P cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucoamylase ; Gene cloning ; Hormoconis resinae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA coding for glucoamylase P of Hormoconis resinae was cloned using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe coding for a peptide fragment of the purified enzyme and polyclonal anti-glucoamylase antibodies. Nucleotide-sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1848 base pairs coding for a protein of 616 amino-acid residues. Comparison with other fungal glucoamylase amino-acid sequences showed homologies of 37–48%. The glucoamylase cDNA, when introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the yeast ADC1 promoter, directed the secretion of active glucoamylase P into the growth medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324663
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  • 99
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    Normal mitochondrial structure and genome maintenance in yeast requires the dynamin-like product of the MGM1 gene (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dynamin ; Mitochondria ; GTP binding protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation and characterization of MGM1, and yeast gene with homology to members of the dynamin gene family, is described. The MGM1 gene is located on the right arm of chromosome XV between STE4 and PTP2. Sequence analysis revealed a single open reading frame of 902 residues capable of encoding a protein with an approximate molecular mass of 101 kDa. Loss of MGM1 resulted in slow growth on rich medium, failure to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources, and loss of mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondria also appeared abnormal when visualized with an antibody to a mitochondrial-matrix marker. MGM1 encodes a dynamin-like protein involved in the propagation of functional mitochondria in yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324678
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  • 100
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    Molecular cloning of the PEL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is essential for the viability of petite mutants (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Growth control ; Genetic mapping ; Molecular cloning ; Nucleo-mitochondrial interaction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Viability of petites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The PEL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for the cell viability of mitochondrial petite mutants, for the ability to utilize glycerol and ethanol on synthetic medium, and for cell growth at higher temperatures. By tetrad analysis the gene was assigned to chromosome III, centromere proximal of LEU2. The PEL1 gene has been isolated and cloned by the complementation of a pel1 mutation. The molecular analysis of the chromosomal insert carrying PEL1 revealed that this gene corresponds to the YCL4W open reading frame on the complete DNA sequence of chromosome III. The putative Pel1 protein is characterized by a low molecular weight of approximately 17 kDa, a low codon adaptation index, and a high leucine content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336781
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