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  • Other Sources  (497)
  • Elsevier  (267)
  • Springer  (191)
  • Schweizerbart  (20)
  • Kluwer  (19)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1995-1999  (497)
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  • 1
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    The geomorphology and sedimentology of the July 9th 1956 Aegean Sea tsunami (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology (Internat. J. of Marine Geol., Geochem. and Geophys.), Amsterdam, Elsevier, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 83-96, pp. 2486, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Tsunami(s) ; Geol. aspects
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Aspects of Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Geology (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, 292 pp., Elsevier, vol. 1, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (ISBN 0-521-66034-3, ISBN 0-521-66948-0 paper)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Description: The book presents multivariate statistical methods useful in geological analysis. The essential distinction between multivariate analysis as applied to full-space data (measurements on lengths, heights, breadths etc.) and compositional data is emphasized with particular reference to geochemical data. Each of the methods is accompanied by a practically oriented computer program and backed up by appropriate examples. The computer programs are provided on a compact disk together with trial data-sets and examples of the output. An important feature of this book is the graphical system developed by Dr. Savazzi which is entitled Graph Server.
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Statistical investigations ; Textbook of geology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Die Erde im Visier - Geowissenschaften an der Schwelle zum 21. Jahrhundert (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 113, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 1-56670-263-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake hazard ; KTB ; ICDP ; IOcean Drilling Program ; climate ; Antarctica ; Nuclear explosion ; Volcanology ; GeodesyY ; satellites ; remote ; sensing ; gas ; hydrates ; Geothermics ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; potable ; water ; waste ; soils ; evolution ; Geol. aspects ; geotechnics ; Engineering geophys. ; ores
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Porous Media: Theory and Experiments (1999)
    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 336 pp., Kluwer, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-7923-5692-6)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Laboratory measurements ; Elasticity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Seismic Hazard and Building Vulnerability in Post-Soviet Central Asian Republics (1999)
    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 276 pp., Kluwer, vol. 13, no. XVI:, pp. 227-235, (ISBN 0-7923-5587-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Handbook of geophysics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    Composition, Deep Structure and Evolution of Continents (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  200 pp., Elsevier, vol. 24, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN: 0-444-50309-9)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Textbook of geology ; Textbook of geophysics ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Geol. aspects ; Mineralogy
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Sea-ice flux in the East Greenland Current (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46 (6-7). pp. 1063-1082.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-30
    Description: The sea-ice export out of the central Arctic through the Fram Strait is a key variable in the Arctic climate system. Satellite data provide the only basis for mapping ice features with a high spatial and temporal resolution in polar regions. An automatic drift algorithm has been employed and optimized to monitor the sea-ice drift velocity in the Greenland Sea with AVHRR data. The combination of the ice drift and the spatial ice distribution provides an insight into the ice transport processes along the coast of Greenland. The combination with sea-ice thickness measurements allows an estimation of the spatial distribution of the sea-ice mass flux. The seasonal and spatial variability of the mass flux allows further predictions of the meridional melting and freezing processes along the East Greenland Current. This investigation covers the years 1993 and 1994. Seasonal and spatial distributions of the sea-ice drift were derived. The derived absolute values in this study are in good agreement with estimates proposed by other authors.
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  • 8
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    Influence of bacterial density on the exchange of phosphate between sediment and overlying water (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Hydrobiologia, 392 (1). pp. 55-63.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-18
    Description: Fluxes of phosphate across the sediment–water interface have been measured using inhibitors of bacterial activity sterilization and chloramphenicol and a control in order to quantify the influence of bacterial abundance on them. Results show that phosphate concentration in the interstitial water decreased when bacteria were present, in relation to treated aquaria. The measured (Jo) and theoretical fluxes (Jd) of phosphate also were higher when bacterial activity was suppressed. Mass balance calculated for Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the sediment revealed a loss of theses compounds when bacterial activity was suppressed, and a net accumulation of Carbon and Phosphorus, and loss of Nitrogen under natural conditions.
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  • 9
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    Dynamics and history of the Laptev Sea and its continental hinterland : a summary (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamica and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 693-711. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-31
    Description: Russian and German scientists have investigated the extreme environmental system in and around the Laptev Sea in the Siberian Arctic. For the first time a major comprehensive research program combining the efforts of several projects addressed both oceanic and terrestrial processes, and their consequences for marine and terrestrial biota, landscape evolution as well as land-ocean interactions. The primary scientific goal of the multidisciplinary program was to decipher past climate variations and their impact on contemporary environmental changes. Extensive studies of the atmosphere, sea ice, water column, and sea-floor on the Laptev Sea Shelf, as well as of the vegetation, soil development, carbon cycle, permafrost behaviour and lake hydrology, and sedimentationon Taymyr Peninsula and Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago were performed during the past years under a framework of joint research activities. They included land and marine expeditions during spring (melting), summer (ice free), and autumn (freezing) seasons. The close bilateral cooperation between many institutions in Russia and Germany succeeded in drawing a picture of important processes shaping the marine and terrestrial environment in northern Central Siberia in Late Quaternary time. The success of the projects, which ended in late 1997, resulted in the definition and establishment of a new major research effort which will concentrate on establishing a better understanding of the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental record of the area. This is important because it allows to be able to judge rates and extremes of potential future environmental changes.
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  • 10
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    The formation of high-grade ignimbrites, II: A pyroclastic suspension current model with implications also for low-grade ignimbrites (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Bulletin of Volcanology, 60 . pp. 545-567.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-29
    Description: Analogue experiments in part I led to the conclusion that pyroclastic flows depositing very highgrade ignimbrite move as dilute suspension currents. In the thermo–fluid–dynamical model developed, the degree of cooling of expanded turbulent pyroclastic flows dynamically evolves in response to entrainment of air and mass loss to sedimentation. Initial conditions of the currents are derived from column-collapse modeling for magmas with an initial H2O content of 1–3 wt.% erupting through circular vents and caldera ring-fissures. The flows spread either longitudinally or radially from source up to a runout distance that increases with higher mass flux but decreases with higher gas content, temperature, bottom slope and coarser initial grain size. Progressive dilution by entrainment and sedimentation causes pyroclastic currents to transform into buoyant ash plumes at the runout distance. The ash plumes reach stratospheric heights and distribute 30–80% of the erupted material as widespread co-ignimbrite ash. Pyroclastic suspension currents with initial mass fluxes of 107-1012 kg/s can spread for tens of kilometers with only limited cooling, although they move as supercritical, strongly entraining currents for the eruption conditions considered here. With increasing eruption mass flux, cooling during passage through the fountain diminishes while cooling during flow transport increases. The net effect is that eruption temperature exerts the prime control on emplacement temperature. Pyroclastic suspension currents can form welded ignimbrite across their entire extent if eruption temperature is To11.3.Tmw, the minimum welding temperature. High eruption rates, a large fraction of fine ash, and a ring-fissure vent favor the formation of extensive high-grade ignimbrite. For very hot eruptions produc ing sticky, partially molten pyroclasts, analysis of particle aggregation systematics shows that factors favoring longer runout also favor more efficient aggregation, which reduces runout. As a result, very high-grade ignimbrites cannot spread more than a few tens of kilometers from their source. In cooler pyroclastic currents, particles do not aggregate, and the sedimentation process may involve re-entrainment of particles, which potentially leads to more extensive cooling and longer runout; such effects, however, are only significant when net erosion of substrate occurs. Model results can be employed to estimate mass flux and duration of ignimbrite eruptions from measured ignimbrite masses and aspect ratios. The model also provides an alternative explanation of the observed decrease in H/Lratios with ignimbrite mass.
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  • 11
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    Nd- and Pb- isotope time series from Atlantic ferromanganese crusts: Implications for changes in provenance and paleocirculation over the last 8 Myr (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 173 . pp. 381-396.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-15
    Description: High-resolution Nd- and Pb-isotope time series for the last 8 Myr are reported for four Atlantic ferromanganese crusts, dated by 10Be/9Be chronology. These are compared to new high-resolution and high-precision Pb-isotope time series and recently published Nd-isotope time series for two previously studied crusts from the NW Atlantic Ocean. These records allow a more detailed examination of Atlantic deepwater variability over the time period of intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG). Changes in the Pb-isotope time series started after 3 Ma, but were most dramatic over the last 1.8 Myr, coinciding with changes of Pb-isotopes in the Arctic Ocean. This latter change post-dates the intensification of NHG at 3.1 to 2.5 Ma and reflects an increase in the input of material eroded from the Archean Shield of Canada and Greenland. Shifts in Nd- and Pb-isotope compositions in a crust from the Blake Plateau occur before ∼5 Ma and most prominent at ∼8 Ma suggest that water masses from either the Pacific or Southern Ocean influenced the isotope composition of this crust. The relatively high εNd values around 8 Ma recorded by the Blake Plateau crust are explained by a contribution of eastward flowing Pacific water through the Panama Gateway into the Caribbean Sea. This high εNd signal decreased between 8 and 5 Ma suggesting that the supply of Pacific water into the Caribbean became restricted. This is earlier than the Caribbean seawater salinity increase at 4.2 Ma deduced from δ18O data, and may indicate that there was only a surface water connection between the Caribbean and Pacific between ∼5 and 4.2 Ma. The closure of the Panama Gateway to intermediate and deep water exchange (〉200 m depth) apparently occurred much earlier than the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation at 3.1–2.5 Ma, and cannot therefore have been a direct cause of this climatic change, but may, as recently argued, only have been a necessary precondition
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  • 12
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    Gas hydrate destabilization: enhanced dewatering, benthic material turnover and large methane plumes at the Cascadia convergent margin (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 170 . pp. 1-15.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-29
    Description: Mixed methane–sulfide hydrates and carbonates are exposed as a pavement at the seafloor along the crest of one of the accretionary ridges of the Cascadia convergent margin. Vent fields from which methane-charged, low-salinity fluids containing sulfide, ammonia, 4He, and isotopically light CO2 escape are associated with these exposures. They characterize a newly recognized mechanism of dewatering at convergent margins, where freshening of pore waters from hydrate destabilization at depth and free gas drives fluids upward. This process augments the convergence-generated overpressure and leads to local dewatering rates that are much higher than at other margins in the absence of hydrate. Discharge of fluids stimulates benthic oxygen consumption which is orders of magnitude higher than is normally found at comparable ocean depths. The enhanced turnover results from the oxidation of methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia by vent biota. The injection of hydrate methane from the ridge generates a plume hundreds of meters high and several kilometers wide. A large fraction of the methane is oxidized within the water column and generates δ13C anomalies of the dissolved inorganic carbon pool.
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  • 13
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    Hydrothermal activity at Hook Ridge in the Central Bransfield Basin, Antarctica (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 18 (4). pp. 277-284.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-29
    Description: Hydrothermal activity in the Central Bransfield Basin revealed an active low-temperature vent field on top of a submarine volcanic structure. A temperature anomaly was detected and the sea floor showed various patches of white silica (opal-A) precipitate exposures and some yellow–brown Fe-oxyhydroxide crusts. Enriched dissolved methane concentrations were encountered. Sediment was near 24°C just after the grab came on deck. No dense population of chemosynthetically based macrofauna known from other hydrothermal venting areas was present, except for pogonophora. The observations suggest that the sedimented hydrothermal field at Hook Ridge is a low-temperature end-member branch from a deeper hydrothermal source.
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  • 14
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    Diel variability of feeding activity in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglifinus) larvae in the East Shetland area, North Sea (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 135 . pp. 361-368.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Investigations of factors affecting feeding success in fish larvae require knowledge of the scales of variability of the feeding process itself and the indices used to assess this variability. In this study, we measured short-term (diel) variability in feeding rates of wild haddock (Melanogrammus aeglifinus) larvae four times per day during a 10-d cruise in the northern North Sea. Feeding activity was evaluated using indices of gut fullness, prey digestive state and biochemical measurements (tryptic enzyme activity). The gut fullness and the enzyme activity indices indicated moderate to high rates of food consumption throughout the cruise. Time series analysis of the three indices showed significant diel variability in all indices and enabled identification of significant lags between food uptake and peak digestive enzyme activity. The typical pattern of food consumption and digestion was characterized by maximal ingestion of prey early in the evening (19:00 hrs) and peak digestive enzyme activity at 01:00 hrs. The time scale over which enzyme activities reacted to prey ingestion was ca. 6 h, and is consistent with expectations from controlled laboratory experiments with other larval fish species. Significant diel variability in tryptic enzyme activity suggests that attempts to relate this measure of feeding success to other variables (e.g. food concentrations) should take care to accommodate natural cycles in feeding activity before making statistical comparisons.
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  • 15
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    The change from rifting to thrusting in the Northern Calcareous Alps as recorded in Jurassic sediments (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Geologische Rundschau, 87 . pp. 644-657.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-18
    Description: Facies analysis, fossil dating, and the study of the metamorphism in the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary successions in the central part of the Northern Calcareous Alps allow to reconstruct the tectonic evolution in the area between the South Penninic Ocean in the northwest and the Tethys Ocean with the Hallstatt Zone in the southeast. The Triassic as well as the Early and Middle Jurassic sediments were deposited in a rifted, transtensive continental margin setting. Around the Middle/Late Jurassic boundary two trenches in front of advancing nappes formed in sequence in the central part of the Northern Calcareous Alps. The southern trench (Late Callovian to Early Oxfordian) accumulated a thick succession of gravitatively redeposited sediments derived from the sedimentary sequences of the accreted Triassic–Liassic Hallstatt Zone deposited on the outer shelf and the margin of the Late Triassic carbonate platform. During a previous stage these sediments derived from sequences deposited on the more distal shelf (Salzberg facies zone of Hallstatt unit, Meliaticum), and in a later stage from more proximal parts (Zlambach facies zone of Hallstatt unit, Late Triassic reef belt). Low temperature–high pressure metamorphism of some Hallstatt limestones before redeposition is explained by the closure of parts of the Tethys Ocean in Middle to Late Jurassic times and associated subduction. In the northern trench (Late Oxfordian to Kimmeridgian) several hundred meters of sediment accumulated including redeposited material from a nearby topographic rise. This rise is interpreted as an advancing nappe front as a result of the subduction process. The sedimentary sealing by Tithonian sediments, documented by uniform deep-water sedimentation (Oberalm Formation), gives an upper time constraint for the tectonic events. In contrast to current models, which propose an extensional regime for the central and eastern Northern Calcareous Alps in the Late Jurassic, we propose a geodynamic model with a compressional regime related to the Kimmerian orogeny.
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  • 16
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    Clay mineral distribution in surface sediments of the Laptev Sea : indication for sediment provinces, dynamics and sources (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 587-599. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 17
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    Main structural elements of eastern Russian Arctic continental margin derived from satellite gravity and multichannel seismic reflection data (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 667-682. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 18
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    Microbial diversity in the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola (formerly Verongia cavernicola) analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 134 (3). pp. 461-470.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: We have employed electronmicroscopical methods (SEM, TEM) to document the microbial community associated with the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola (formerly Verongia cavernicola, class Demospongiae). Five dominant bacterial types were identified, three of which resemble the morphotypes originally described by Vacelet (1975). One bacterial type possesses morphological properties that are characteristic of the genus Planctomyces. In addition, morphologically uniform bacteria which reside inside the nuclei of host cells were observed. Using in situ hybridization with fluorescently labelled rRNA probes directed against known bacterial groups, the phylogenetic affiliation of the mesohyl bacteria was assessed. It could be shown that the vast majority of mesohyl bacteria belongs to the domain Bacteria with a low GC content. Among the Bacteria, the delta-Proteobacteria were most abundant, followed by the gamma-Proteobacteria and representatives of the Bacteroides cluster. Clusters of Gram-positive bacteria with a high GC content were also found consistently in low amounts. No hybridization signal was obtained with probes specific to the domain Archaea, to the alpha- and beta-Proteobacteria and to the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium cluster. This study describes for the first time the application of the “top-to-bottom approach” using 16S rRNA probes and in situ hybridization to assess the microbial diversity in Aplysina sponges
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  • 19
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    Direct measurement of Ar diffusion profiles in a gem-quality Madagascar K-feldspar using the ultra-violet laser ablation microprobe (UVLAMP) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 170 (1-2). pp. 141-153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: Controversy surrounding the mechanisms and controls on argon diffusion in K-feldspar has led us to undertake direct diffusion measurements on a crystal with simple microtextures, over a range of temperatures. Measurements of argon diffusion profiles in a gem-quality iron-rich orthoclase heated in a cold seal apparatus, have been undertaken in situ using an ultra-violet laser ablation microprobe (UVLAMP) technique. The results agree very closely with the previously determined bulk values for Benson Mines orthoclase (activation energy ( E)=43.8±1 kcal mol -1) and vacuum furnace cycle-heating studies of K-feldspars ( E=46±6 kcal mol -1). However, instead of defining a single activation energy ( E) and diffusion coefficient ( Do), the data yield two sets of parameters: a low-temperature (550-720°C) array with an E of 47.2±2.5 kcal mol -1 (198.2±10.5 kJ mol -1) and a Do of 0.0374 +0.1123-0.0281 cm 2 s -1, and a high-temperature (725-1019°C) array with an E of 63.8±3.4 kcal mol -1 (268.0±14.3 kJ mol -1) and a Do of 55.0 +225.5-44.2 cm 2 s -1. The new results closely reproduce two sets of apparent activation energies previously measured in cycle-heating studies of Madagascar K-feldspar (40±3 and 57±3 kcal mol -1). Previous interpretations of the two arrays have included multiple domains with variable activation energies and fast track diffusion. However, the UV depth profile analyses indicate simple diffusion to the grain surface and importantly, diffusion radii calculated by combining the UVLAMP and cycle-heating data, are the same as the physical grain sizes used in the experiments, around 1 mm. Vacuum furnace stepped heating experiments on slowly cooled K-feldspars have been interpreted as showing diffusion radii of around 6 μm and indicate complex populations of sub-grains. This study indicates that Madagascar K-feldspar and thus probably all gem-quality K-feldspars act as single diffusion domains and that short-circuit (or pipe) diffusion was not an important loss mechanism. An apparent diffusion compensation relationship in the stepped heating data for Madagascar K-feldspar implies that similar relationships seen in other K-feldspars are a result of a range of diffusion mechanisms.
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  • 20
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    Oceanographic causes for transarctic ice transport of river discharge (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 73-92. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-19
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  • 21
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    Distribution of pollen and spores in surface sediments of the Laptev Sea (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 577-585. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 22
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    Determination of depositional Beryllium-10 fluxesin the area of the Laptev Sea and Beryllium-10 concentrations in water samples of high northern latitudes (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 516-532. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 23
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    Planktic foraminifera in Holocene sediments from the Laptev Sea and the central Arctic Ocean : species distribution and paleobiogeographical implication (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 601-613. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 24
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    Step-like vertical structure formation due to turbulent mixing of initially continuous density gradients (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 93-99. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 25
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    Frazil ice formation during the spring flood and its role in transport of sediments to the ice cover (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 125-140. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 26
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    Evidence for a steeper Eemian than Holocene sea surface temperature gradient between Arctic and sub-Arctic regions (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 145 (1-3). pp. 95-117.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Sediment proxy data from the Norwegian, Greenland, and Iceland seas (Nordic seas) are presented to evaluate surface water temperature (SST) differences between Holocene and Eemian times and to deduce from these data the particular mode of surface water circulation. Records from planktic foraminiferal assemblages, CaCO3 content, oxygen isotopes of foraminifera, and iceberg-rafted debris form the main basis of interpretation. All results indicate for the Eemian comparatively cooler northern Nordic seas than for the Holocene due to a reduction in the northwardly flow of Atlantic surface water towards Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, the cold polar water flow from the Arctic Ocean was less influencial in the southwestern Nordic seas during this time. As can be further deduced from the Eemian data, slightly higher Eemian SSTs are interpreted for the western Iceland Sea compared to the Norwegian Sea (ca. south of 70°N). This Eemian situation is in contrast to the Holocene when the main mass of warmest Atlantic surface water flows along the Norwegian continental margin northwards and into the Arctic Ocean. Thus, a moderate northwardly decrease in SST is observed in the eastern Nordic seas for this time, causing a meridional transfer in ocean heat. Due to this distribution in SSTs the Holocene is dominated by a meridional circulation pattern. The interpretation of the Eemian data imply a dominantly zonal surface water circulation with a steep meridional gradient in SSTs.
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  • 27
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    Glacial-interglacial records of the reflectance of sediments from the Norwegian-Greenland-Iceland Sea (Nordic seas) (1999)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 88 (2). pp. 325-336.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description:  The reflectance of sediments (gray level) were measured on 11 sediment cores from the Norwegian–Greenland–Iceland Sea (Nordic seas). The analyzed time interval covers the past five glacial–interglacial cycles. Although the results demonstrate that the gray-level method has a potential for stratigraphic purposes, it is indicated that gray-level changes in the Nordic seas are not necessarily driven by variations in the content of biogenic calcite. A detailed comparison of gray-level values with contents of total CaCO3 (carbonate) and total organic carbon (TOC) reveals no overall causal link between these proxies. However, specific glacial core sections with layers containing organic-rich sediment clasts as a consequence of iceberg-rafting seem to correlate well with law gray-level values. Of those cores which show relatively high and comparable carbonate values in the last three main interglacial intervals (stages 11, 5.5, and 1), stage 11 is always marked by the highest gray-level values. A close inspection of the surface structure of the foraminiferal tests as well as the conduction of reflectance measurements on these tests leads to the conclusion that enhanced carbonate corrosion occurred during stage 11. The test corrosion not only affected the reflectance of the tests by making them appear whiter, it also seems responsible for the comparatively high gray-level values of the total sediment in stage 11. In contrast, the relatively low gray-level values found in stages 5.5, and 1 are not associated with enhanced test corrosion. This observation implies that variable degrees of carbonate corrosion can have a profound effect on total sediment reflectance.
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  • 28
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    Diatoms from surface sediments of the Saint Anna Trough (Kara Sea) (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 553-560. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-09
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 29
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    Grounding Pleistocene icebergs shape recent deep-water coral reefs (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Sedimentary Geology, 125 (1-2). pp. 1-8.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: The widespread view that scleractinian corals in cold and deep waters of high latitudes are slow growing organisms that do not form reefs is challenged by the discovery of a huge coral reef over 13 km in length, 10 to 35 m in height and up to 300 m in width formed by the coral Lophelia pertusa in water depths of 270 to 310 m at 64°N on the Sula Ridge, Mid-Norwegian Shelf. Cruises in 1994, 1995 and manned submersible operations in May 1997 provide data and observations from which the structure and development of the Sula Ridge coral reef have been determined. The Fennoscandian icesheet retreated from the Mid-Norwegian shelf prior to 12,000 years before present and modern oceanographic conditions were established at 8000 years before present. Coral growth since that time has resulted in a large deep-water shelf reef for which recent stable isotopic studies have demonstrated high growth rates for these azooxanthellate cold-water corals. Information on the geometry of deep-water coral reefs and their environmental controls is still fragmentary, controversial and raises issues of conservation in this area of active fishing and oil exploration. This paper reports on the discovery of what is probably one of the largest deep-water coral reefs existing in the northeast Atlantic and indicates that its siting is due to post-glacial structures (iceberg plough marks), events (the second Storegga Slide) and local conditions on the seafloor. Surprisingly, reef accumulation rates on the Sula Ridge are comparable with those measured on tropical coral reefs.
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  • 30
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    Carbonate sedimentation through the late Precambrian and Phanerozoic (1999)
    Schweizerbart
    In:  Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie / Teil 1, 1998 (5-6). pp. 435-445.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-06
    Description: The global sediment mass-age distribution indicates large variations in the rates of carbonate sedimentation through time. The largest mass of carbonate deposited during the entire history of the earth was produced during the Cambrian, possibly following on an episode of phosphogenesis in the Late Precambrian. A second major episode occurred during the Late Devonian, probably reflecting the invasion of land by plants that altered the rock-weathering and soil-forming regimes. Other lesser pulses of carbonate deposition occurred in the Late Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous. A shift in the locus of carbonate deposition from shallow waters to the deep sea occurred during the Cretaceous.
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  • 31
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    Control of macroalgal blooms at early developmental stages: Pilayella litoralis versus Enteromorpha spp (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Oecologia, 119 . pp. 46-54.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-09
    Description: Although blooms of opportunistic fast-growing macroalgae now occur frequently in coastal ecosystems affected by eutrophication, their initiation and control is little understood. Most previous studies have focused on the ecophysiology of adult algae only. We show that spores and/or germlings may represent critical stages in the life cycles and mass-developments of co-occurring opportunistic macroalgae in the Baltic (Pilayella littoralis and Enteromorpha spp.). We investigated the overwintering of spores, timing of germination, subsequent growth, and grazing on spores and germlings, in order to explain the initiation of mass blooms and species dominance patterns. In the field, Enteromorpha spp. showed 10- to 50-fold higher abundances of overwintering microscopic forms (up to 330 individuals cm-2) than P. littoralis. Moreover, we found continuous production of spores (up to 1.2 million settling spores m-2 h-1) from April to October in Enteromorpha spp., while there was evidence of only a short reproductive period in Pilayella. However, in spring, germlings and adults of P. littoralis appeared earlier in the field and reached a 10-fold higher biomass than Enteromorpha spp. In factorial laboratory experiments including temperature and light, there were clear differences in timing of germination. P. littoralis germinated at 5°C whereas Enteromorpha spp. required temperatures of 10-15°C for germination. In contrast, we detected only minor differences in growth response among adults of P. littoralis and Enteromorpha spp. Germination, not growth of adults, appeared to be the ecophysiological bottleneck for initiating mass spring development. Following the spring Pilayella bloom, Enteromorpha germlings occurred massively in the field (April-September), but rarely developed into adults. In laboratory feeding experiments we tested whether crustacean mesograzers common in summer may control development of Enteromorpha germlings. Both germination of settled spores and growth of germlings were reduced by 93-99% in the presence of grazers (Idotea chelipes and Gammarus locusta). Thus in addition to ecophysiological constraints, grazers, if present, may play a decisive role in the early life stages of macroalgal mass developments. These results mirror patterns of overwintering of seeds, germination control, seed and seedling predation in terrestrial plant communities.
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  • 32
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    Neutral Density Revisited (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46 . pp. 33-54.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The possibilities of defining and computing an approximately neutral density variable are reexamined in this paper. There are three desirable properties that a neutral density variable should possess. Firstly, the isosurfaces of this variable should coincide with (approximately) neutral surfaces. This would facilitate the analysis of hydrographic data on the most appropriate mixing and spreading surfaces. Secondly, the horizontal gradients of the neutral density should agree with the gradients of the in situ density, and thirdly the vertical gradient of the neutral density variable should be proportional to the static stability of the water column. A density variable that approximates the latter two properties can be used in ocean circulation models based on layer coordinates, and would reduce substantial errors in present isopycnal models due to the use of a potential density variable. No variable can possess all the three properties simultaneously. The variable γn introduced by Jackett and McDougall (1997, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 237–263) satisfies the first of the properties exactly but is not designed for the use in models. Based on climatological data in the North Atlantic, an alternative neutral density variable ν̃(S, Θ) is defined, which is shown to approximate the two gradient criteria much better than any potential density. We suggest that this neutral density variable may be useful in isopycnal ocean models as an alternative to potential density, since it could significantly reduce errors in thermal wind relation and vertical stability
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  • 33
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    Greenhouse gases in cold water filaments in the Arabian Sea during the Southwest Monsoon (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Naturwissenschaften, 86 . pp. 489-491.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The distribution of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the concentrations of nitrous oxide and methane were investigated in a cold water filament near the coastal upwelling region off Oman at the beginning of the southwest monsoon in 1997. The results suggest that such filaments are regions of intense biogeochemical activity which may affect the marine cycling of climatically relevant trace gases
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  • 34
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    Sediment patch selectivity in tropical sea cucumbers (Holothurioidea: Aspidochirotida) analysed with multiple choice experiments (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 236 . pp. 69-87.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-10
    Description: To investigate patch selectivity in aspidochirotide holothurians, individuals of five species (Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jäger, H. (H.) edulis Lesson, H. (Microthele) nobilis Selenka, Stichopus chloronotus Brandt and S. variegatus Semper) were subjected to multiple choice experiments. As a food source, sediments were pre-cultivated in petri dishes under different light and nutrient regimes. This resulted in four sediment treatments with different levels of microalgal biomass (measured as chlorophyll a and phaeophytin concentrations). Only two sediment treatments were used for experiments with H. nobilis and S. variegatus. The sediments were offered simultaneously to individual holothurians (six per experiment), and the weights of the sediment in each petri dish at the start and after 48 h were used to calculate a selection index together with confidence intervals for each food type. In experiments with H. atra and H. edulis, the animals exhibited no preference for any food type. In contrast, S. chloronotus significantly selected sediments with the highest contents of microalgae and avoided the sediment with the lowest pigment concentrations. These results were supported by field collections of sediments found directly underneath holothurians. Sediment underneath H. edulis did not differ from the average sediment of the habitat, while H. atra was found on sediments only slightly higher in chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a concentrations underneath S. chloronotus were distinctly higher than in the adjacent sediment and that underneath H. atra. H. nobilis showed only a weak preference for sediments with higher pigment concentrations in aquarium experiments, and no patch selectivity in this species was found in the field. Stichopus variegatus exhibited a very distinct patch selectivity towards sediments with more nutritional value in both aquaria experiments and field measurements. Thus members of the genus Holothuria had no, or only a weak, tendency to select their food source, whereas both Stichopus species appeared to carefully select the sediment patch to feed on.
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  • 35
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    Factors influencing seaweed responses to eutrophication: Some results from EU-project EUMAC (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Journal of Applied Phycology, 11 . pp. 69-78.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-15
    Description: Seaweed responses to eutrophication and their role in coastal eutrophication processes were compared at 8 different sites along the European coasts from the Baltic to the Mediterranean as part of the EU-ENVIRONMENT Project Marine Eutrophication and benthic Macrophytes (EUMAC). Structural and functional changes of marine benthic vegetation typical of eutrophic waters, in particular mass development (blooms) of certain seaweeds, are not merely the result of increased nutrient loading, but must be attributed to complex interactions of primary and secondary effects during the eutrophication process. Due to species-specific physiological properties of the algae (nutrient kinetics, growth potential, light, temperature requirements), the combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors on juvenile or adult developmental stages control the development of algal blooms in different ways. In particular the role of light, temperature, water motion and oxygen depletion, as well as of grazers, on early and adult developmental stages of the algae are considered. The result are discussed in the context of coastal eutrophication control and management
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  • 36
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    Responses of deep-sea benthos to sedimentation patterns in the North-East Atlantic in 1992 (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 46 (4). pp. 573-596.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: In an extended deep-sea study the response of the benthic community to seasonally varying sedimentation rates of organic matter were investigated at a fixed abyssal site in the NE Atlantic (BIOTRANS station or JGOFS station L2 at 47°N–20°W, water depth 〉4500 m) on four legs of METEOR expedition 21 between March and August 1992. The vertical flux at 3500 m depth and temporal variations in the chloroplastic pigment concentration, a measure of phytodetritus deposition, and of total adenylates and total phospholipids, measures of benthic biomass, and of activity of hydrolytic enzymes were observed. The flux patterns in moored sediment traps of total chlorophyll, POC and total flux showed an early sedimentation peak in March/April 1992, followed by low fluxes in May and intermediate ones from June to August. Thus 1992 differed from other years, in which one large flux peak after the spring phytoplankton bloom was observed. Unusually high concentrations of chloroplastic pigments were consistently observed in March 1992, reflecting the early sedimentation input. At the same time biomass of small benthic organisms (bacteria to meiobenthos) and activity of hydrolytic enzymes were higher compared to values from March 1985 and from the following months in 1992. In May and August 1992 pigment concentrations and biomass and activity parameters in the sediment were lower than during previously observed depositions of phytodetrital matter in summer. The data imply that the deep ocean benthic community reacts to small sedimentation events with transient increases in metabolic activity and only small biomass production. The coupling between pelagic and benthic processes is so close that interannual variability in surface water production is “mirrored” by deep-sea benthic processes.
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  • 37
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    Marginal marine environments of the Skagerrak and Kattegat: a baseline study of living (stained) benthic foraminiferal ecology (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 146 (1-4). pp. 171-193.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: This is the first detailed investigation of the distribution and ecology of living (stained) shallow water (0–6 m) foraminifera along the Skagerrak–Kattegat coast, eastern North Sea. A total of 25 species (13 agglutinated; 12 calcareous) are common in the 169 sediment surface samples which were collected from 27 geographic areas. The sediment grain size and total organic carbon (TOC) content are strongly variable and the salinity and temperature ranges were 10–31‰ and 9–30°C, respectively, at the time of sampling (July to October) but temperatures down to freezing occur during the winter. The species are divided into six environmental categories of which the first five comprise euryhaline and the sixth essentially stenohaline taxa: (1) species associated only with marsh plants, (2) species basically, but not entirely, associated with marsh plants, (3) species basically, but not entirely, restricted to non-marsh areas, (4) species solely recorded in non-marsh intertidal to subtidal environments, (5) species restricted to subtidal areas, (6) species basically living in the most open marine areas. In this region, marshes have a patchy distribution and they are small and compressed due to low tidal ranges (〈40 cm). Balticammina pseudomacrescens (not reported here before) lives in the most elevated, landward, terrestrial parts of marshes and thus defines the uppermost limit of the influence of marine water. However, the marshes are generally dominated by Jadammina macrescens and Miliammina fusca at the landward and seaward sides, respectively. Jadammina macrescens is observed living epiphytically on decaying Carex leaf debris. The most widely distributed euryhaline species are Elphidium williamsoni, Miliammina fusca, Ammonia beccarii, and Haynesina germanica. The former two are common only in sediments with a mud content less than about 60%, whereas the latter two are common even in sediments with 〉80% mud. Ammoscalaria runiana is common only in coarse-grained sediments (〈20% mud) with low TOC (≤0.7%). There are no marked biogeographic boundaries within the Skagerrak–Kattegat area but 10 of the 25 commonly occurring species have not been reported from the adjacent Baltic Sea, probably partly due to the brackish character of the water there. The southern limits of distribution of the northern species, Elphidium albiumbilicatum, Ammotium cassis, and Ophthalmina kilianensis, are in the Kattegat–Baltic Sea.
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  • 38
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    Verteilung und Artenzusammensetzung benthischer Ostracoden der Islandsee im Spätquartär [Distribution and abundance of benthic ostracods in the Iceland Sea during the Late Quaternary] (1999)
    Schweizerbart
    In:  Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie / Teil 1, 1998 (5-6). pp. 353-365.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-22
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  • 39
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    Indium geology, mineralogy, and economics - a review (1999)
    Schweizerbart
    In:  Zeitschrift für Angewandte Geologie, 45 . pp. 164-169.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
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  • 40
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    Foraging behaviour and reproductive success in Magellanic penguins (Sphensicus magellanicus): a comparative study of two colonies (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 133 . pp. 381-393.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: During the breeding season 1996/97 we compared the foraging and diving behaviour of adult Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), growth rates of their chicks and their breeding success at two colonies in the south of Chile. One of the colonies is located on Magdalena Island in the Strait of Magellan, where a commercial fishery existed several years ago; the other, on the shores of the yet unexploited Otway Sound. Thirty adult Magellanic penguins were equipped with time–depth recorders (TDR) to investigate their behaviour at sea. In each colony 15 adults returning from the sea were stomach flushed to analyse dietary composition. Chicks of TDR-nests and of 12 additional control nests were weighed regularly. Foraging effort was significantly higher at Magdalena than at Otway. The Magdalena-birds usually remained at sea overnight and foraged with a mean duration of 18 h, whereas the penguins of Otway Sound foraged during 1-d trips with a mean duration of only 9 h. Compared to Magdalena, penguins at Otway dived shallower (mean depth 14.9 vs 16.5 m), shorter (mean duration 57.8 vs 64.3 s) and showed more searching and feeding as opposed to travelling activity (on average 69 vs 55%) during the foraging trips. Compared to other breeding locations both colonies were characterised by high chick growth rates, high fledging body masses (〉3 kg) and early fledging date (after 70 to 80 d), and a very high reproductive success of 〉1.75 chicks per breeding pair. Comparison of the diet (almost exclusively sprats) with former investigations suggests for both areas an unchanged food structure over the last decade. The results in both colonies indicate ample food availability in the season 1996/97. However, compared to the much smaller Otway colony, penguins on Magdalena have to cope with more competition for food. Therefore, future prey limitation, through resumed fishery operations or effects of El Niño, might affect the penguin population on the island more negatively than in Otway Sound.
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  • 41
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    Physical reworking by near-bottom flow alters the metazoan meiofauna of Fieberling Guyot (northeast Pacific) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 46 (12). pp. 2041-2052.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-27
    Description: Although much of the deep sea is physically tranquil, some regions experience near-bottom flows that rework the surficial sediment. During periods of physical reworking, animals in the reworked layer risk being suspended, which can have both positive and negative effects. Reworking can also change the sediment in ecologically important ways, so the fauna of reworked sites should differ from that of quiescent locations. We combined data from two reworked, bathyal sites on the summit of Fieberling Guyot (32°27.631′N, 127°49.489′W; 32°27.581′N, 127°47.839′W) and compared the results with those of more tranquil sites. We tested for differences in the following parameters, which seemed likely to be sensitive to the direct or indirect effects of reworking: (1) the vertical distribution of the meiofauna in the sea bed, (2) the relative abundance of surface-living harpacticoids, (3) the proportion of the fauna consisting of interstitial harpacticoids, (4) the ratio of harpacticoids to nematodes. We found that the vertical distributions of harpacticoid copepods, ostracods, and kinorhynchs were deeper on Fieberling. In addition, the relative abundance of surface-living harpacticoids was less, the proportion of interstitial harpacticoids was greater, and the ratio of harpacticoids to nematodes was greater on Fieberling. These differences between Fieberling and the comparison sites suggest that physical reworking affects deep-sea meiofauna and indicate the nature of some of the effects.
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  • 42
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    Predation on cephalopods by Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazellae, at two localities of the Scotia Arc, Antarctica (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 21 . pp. 59-63.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The cephalopod remains from 206 Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) scats collected at Mossman Peninsula, South Orkney Islands (n = 105) and at Stranger Point, South Shetland Islands (n = 101) contained 148 beaks (57 lower and 91 upper). The lower beaks were sorted and measured. Identification of 33 of the lower beaks that were collected at Mossman Peninsula revealed two squid species, Brachioteuthis ?picta (n = 26) and Psychroteuthisglacialis (n = 7), with lower rostral lengths (LRL) of 2.0–3.5 mm, and 1.0–2.5 mm, respectively. Identification of 15 of the lower beaks collected at Stranger Point revealed the same squid species, with the LRL of B. ?picta ranging from 3.0–3.4 mm (n = 9), and that of P. glacialis from 2.0 to 3.5 mm (n = 6). Estimated squid sizes and wet masses indicate that Antarctic fur seals feed on the small sub-adult squid which inhabit the surface layers. We have compared the squid diet estimated for the seals with that reported for its congeners in lower latitudes and other Antarctic seals, and conclude that cephalopods do not form an important food resource for Antarctic fur seals.
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  • 43
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    Reactive Fe (II) layers in deep-sea sediments (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63 (10). pp. 1517-1526.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-25
    Description: The percentage of the structural Fe(II) in clay minerals that is readily oxidized to Fe(III) upon contact with atmospheric oxygen was determined across the downcore tan–green color change in Peru Basin sediments. This latent fraction of reactive Fe(II) was only found in the green strata, where it proved to be large enough to constitute a deep reaction layer with respect to the pore water O2 and NO3−. Large variations were detected in the proportion of the reactive Fe(II) concentration to the organic matter content along core profiles. Hence, the commonly observed tan–green color change in marine sediments marks the top of a reactive Fe(II) layer, which may represent the major barrier to the movement of oxidation fronts in pelagic subsurface sediments. This is also demonstrated by numerical model simulations. The findings imply that geochemical barriers to pore water oxidation fronts form diagenetically in the sea floor wherever the stage of iron reduction is reached, provided that the sediments contain a significant amount of structural iron in clay minerals.
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  • 44
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    Occurence of trichodinid ciliates (Peritricha: Urceo-lariidae) in the Kiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, and its possible use as biological indicator (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Parasitology Research, 85 . pp. 726-732.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Investigations on the occurrence of trichodinid ciliates from fish caught in the Kiel Bight and Kiel Fjord (western Baltic Sea) were carried out between September 1996 and March 1997. Smears of the gills, fins, and skin of 120 Gadus morhua and 92 Platichthys flesus caught by fish traps and trammel nets revealed the presence of trichodinid ciliates. According to the fish species and locality, different prevalences and densities of trichodinid ciliates were found. Fish caught in the Kiel Bight revealed a lower prevalence of trichodinid ciliates on their gills (P. flesus 74.2%, G. morhua 3.8%) in comparison with fish of the same species and size caught in the Kiel Fjord (P. flesus 75.0%, G. morhua 26.2%). In both areas, P. flesus was more heavily infested than G. morhua. Seasonal changes in the prevalence of infestation of P. flesus between autumn and winter in the Kiel Fjord are proposed to be linked to an increase in bacterial biomass during winter. The fish ecology in combination with the total number of bacteria in the fish environment is discussed as an important factor influencing the abundance of trichodinid ciliates. The present data suggest the use of trichodinid ciliates as an indicator for eutrophication in brackish-water environments.
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  • 45
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    Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: measurement and internal consistency of underway TCO2 concentrations (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 67 . pp. 123-144.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-21
    Description: A coulometrically-based SOMMA system for the determination of total dissolved carbon dioxide (TCO2) in a continuous mode was designed and tested at sea. The new continuous technique approached the same high accuracy and reliability associated with prior discrete TCO2 measurements. During three cruises encompassing more than 19 weeks and 6000 continuous TCO2 measurements none of the three different systems tested exhibited any hardware-related failures. We found that coulometer cell lifetimes can greatly exceed prior expectations with many of the titration cells in the continuous mode remaining accurate for up to 72 h at carbon ages exceeding 50 mg C. We suggest a practical definition based on the CRM analyses for changing coulometer cells in the continuous mode. Systematic deviations of the SOMMA pipette volume from a theoretical temperature dependence were identified both from field data comparisons and pipette calibrations. Hence pipettes should be kept at constant temperature or they must be gravimetrically calibrated over the expected temperature range. Comparison of the continuous TCO2 data together with simultaneously measured additional CO2 system parameters showed that the refitted “Mehrbach” dissociation constants for carbonic acid best-represent fCO2 when calculated from TCO2 and alkalinity over a wide range of sea-surface temperatures and salinities. Some remaining systematic differences of calculated–measured fCO2 of up to 9 μatm likely reflect uncertainty in the temperature-dependence of the “Mehrbach” constants as well as possible uncertainty in the alkalinity–salinity relationship used to estimate alkalinity in the consistency checks.
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  • 46
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    An unrealistic high-salinity tongue simulated in the tropical Atlantic: another example for the need of more careful treatment of vertical discretizations in OGCMs (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ocean Modelling, 1 (2-3). pp. 101-109.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-13
    Description: An unrealistically high-salinity maximum is found to develop in a high-resolution model of the north and equatorial Atlantic below the shallow halocline in the Gulf of Guinea. The spurious water mass with salinities too high by as much as 1 psu is formed when the vertical advection is treated by the standard central-differencing advection scheme. The problem is considerably reduced either by increasing the vertical resolution of the numerical grid, or by switching to a higher-order upwind-weighted scheme for vertical advection. This note stresses the need for a careful consideration of vertical discretization even in typical high-resolution ocean general circulation models (OGCMs). Particular attention is needed for studying heat and salt budgets or transports of biogeochemical tracers.
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  • 47
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    Immunological and molecular probes to detect phytoplankton responses to environmental stress in nature (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Molecular Ecology of Aquatic Communities. , ed. by Zehr, J. P. and Voytek, M. A. Developments in Hydrobiology, 138 . Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 177-198. ISBN 978-94-010-5827-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Description: Recent advances in using immunological and nucleic acid probes to detect the effects of environmental stress on phytoplankton growth rate and yield are reviewed here. The rationale for this approach is discussed in the context of the general response observed from microorganisms grown under stress imposed by various environmental factors. Retrenchment, or the observed down-regulation of metabolic processes under nutrient deficiency, is categorized as a general response that is of limited use in designing probes to stress induced by a specific nutrient. In contrast, compensation and the increase capacity for nutrient acquisition are specific responses that appear more promising for the development of such probes. Methods and approaches used to design immunological and nucleic acid probes for stress imposed by nutrient deficiency are reviewed. Specific examples for iron and nitrogen limitation are presented to demonstrate the potential use of nutrient stress indicators in natural populations of phytoplankton. Finally, the limitations of this approach and the importance of understanding the regulation of the genes and proteins used to prepare the probes are emphasized.
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  • 48
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    The carbon dioxide system in the northwestern Indian Ocean during south–west monsoon (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 64 (4). pp. 315-336.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-22
    Description: Data on the carbonate system of the Northwestern Indian Ocean obtained on a cruise of F.S. Meteor during SW monsoon in July/August 1995 were compared with those of George et al. [George, M.D., Kumar, M.D., Naqvi, S.W.A., Banerjee, S., Narvekar, P.V., de Sousa, S.N., Jayakumar, D.A., 1994. A study of the carbon dioxide system in the northern Indian Ocean during premonsoon. Mar. Chem. 47, 243–254] collected during intermonsoon. In general, deep water values agreed well between the two expeditions. Surface waters, however, showed a substantial increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in the coastal regions due to strong upwelling in the SW monsoon. This was also accompanied by very high CO2 partial pressures in surface waters. The north–south gradients in vertical profiles of the measured parameters in the Arabian Sea are discussed by comparing profiles from the oligotrophic equatorial region with those from the highly productive central Arabian Sea. The effect of denitrification on regenerated CT and AT is minor, with contributions of 〈9 and 〈8 μmol kg−1, respectively, to the total amount regenerated also utilizing oxygen. The dissolution of biogenic carbonates is discussed; different approaches to define the depth, where the dissolution starts (lysocline(s), carbonate critical depth (CCrD)), are compared together with the calculation of saturation depth from carbonate concentrations. It is shown, that small differences in measured CT and AT (found between our data and those measured during GEOSECS) and different calculation approaches to the CO2 system (different dissociation constants for species involved and taking into account phosphate and silicate concentrations) can produce pronounced differences in the calculated saturation depths. However, CT and AT data suggest substantial dissolution of biogenic carbonate in the water column even above the calcite lysocline, irrespective of the procedures followed to calculate this horizon.
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  • 49
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    Ecology of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Antarctic waters (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Parasitology Research, 85 . pp. 638-646.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: The present study provides further data on the occurrence of Pseudoterranova decipiens in fish from two different sampling sites in the Antarctic. A total of 690 fish belonging to 33 species from the eastern Weddell Sea and 322 fish belonging to 12 species from the South Shetland Islands were examined. Altogether, 23 fish species were found to be infested and 11 new host records could be established. P. decipiens occurred at a water depth of between 80 and 820 m. Chaenocephalus aceratus and Notothenia coriiceps from the South Shetland Islands were the species with the highest prevalence (95%) and intensity (2-194 and 1-121, respectively) of infestation. Both are transport hosts, which mainly feed on benthic nototheniid fish species and accumulate the nematodes. Bathypelagic, pelagic, or mainly euphausid feeding fish species were only lightly infested, if at all. This demonstrates the benthic life cycle of P. decipiens in the Antarctic. The preferred site of infestation was the body cavity and the liver; no specimen could be isolated from the fish musculature. This might be explained by the low water temperatures. The infestation of fish from the Weddell Sea was distinctly lower than that of fish around the South Shetland Islands. Besides possible differences in final host populations at the two localities studied, the loss of eggs and larvae under the eastern Weddell Sea shelf ice and over the continental slope and differences in the availability of the first intermediate and macroinvertebrate hosts led to a lower level of infestation. Another role, although nondecisive, may be played by the reduced time of development and infectivity of eggs and larvae, respectively, in the extremely cold waters of the Weddell Sea. P. decipiens is not a rare but, rather a well-established parasite of the Antarctic fauna, which demonstrates the ability of this cosmopolitan species to complete its life cycle even under conditions of subzero temperatures.
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  • 50
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    60 Myr records of major elements and Pb-Nd isotopes from hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts: Reconstruction of seawater paleochemistry (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63 . pp. 1689-1708.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-25
    Description: We compare the time series of major element geochemical and Pb- and Nd-isotopic composition obtained for seven hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans which cover the last 60 Myr. Average crust growth rates and age-depth relationships were determined directly for the last about 10 Myr using Be-10/Be-9 profiles. In the absence of other information these were extrapolated to the base of the crusts assuming constant growth rates and constant initial Be-10/Be-9 ratios due to the lack of additional information. Co contents have also been used previously to estimate growth rates in Co-rich Pacific and Atlantic seamount crusts (Puteanus and Halbach, 1988). A comparison of Be-10/Be-9- and Co-based dating of three Co-rich crusts supports the validity of this approach and confirms the earlier chronologies derived from extrapolated Be-10/Be-9-based growth rates back to 60 Ma. Our data show that the flux of Co into Co-poor crusts has been considerably lower. The relationship between growth rate and Co content for the Co-poor crusts developed from these data is in good agreement with a previous study of a wider range of marine deposits (Manheim, 1986). The results suggest that the Co content provides detailed information on the growth history of ferromanganese crusts, particularly prior to 10-12 Ma where the Be-10-based method is not applicable. The distributions of Pb and Nd isotopes in the deep oceans over the last 60 Myr are expected to be controlled by two main factors: (a) variations of oceanic mixing patterns and flow paths of water masses with distinct isotopic signatures related to major paleogeographic changes and (b) variability of supply rates or provenance of detrital material delivered to the ocean, linked to climate change (glaciations) or major tectonic uplift. The major element profiles of crusts in this study show neither systematic features which are common to crusts with similar isotope records nor do they generally show coherent relationships to the isotope records within a single crust. Consequently, any interpretation of time series of major element concentrations of a single crust in terms of paleoceanograghic variations must be considered with caution. This is because local processes appear to have dominated over more basin wide paleoceanographic effects. In this study Co is the only element which shows a relationship to Pb and Nd isotopes in Pacific crusts. A possible link to changes of Pacific deep water properties associated with an enhanced northward advection of Antarctic bottom water from about 14 Ma is consistent with the Pb but not with the Nd isotopic results. The self-consistent profiles of the Pb and Nd isotopes suggest that postdepositional diagenetic processes in hydrogenous crusts, including phosphatization events, have been insignificant for particle reactive elements such as Pb, Be, and Nd. Isotope time series of Pb and Nd show no systematic relationships with major element contents of the crusts, which supports their use as tracers of paleo-seawater isotopic composition
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  • 51
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    Variations of biogenic particle flux in the southern Atlantic section of the Subantarctic Front during the late Quaternary: Evidence from sedimentary 231Paex and 230Thex (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 159 . pp. 63-78.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-26
    Description: Variations of intensity and composition of biogenic particle flux at the northern boundary of the present PolarFrontal Zone in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean are indicators of major changes of paleoenvironmentalconditions on glacial/interglacial time scales during the Late Quaternary. In order to estimate those pastchanges, sediment accumulation patterns of two piston cores, one from just north and one just south of thepresent day position of the Subantarctic Front were reconstructed. Using the 230Thex method large contributionsof laterally supplied material were quantified and used to correct sediment accumulation rates. During the lastglacial focussing of biogenic opal-dominated material exceeded the original contribution from the surfacewater above by a maximum factor of 8.7. The initial activity ratio of 231Paex/230Thex was used as tracer forbiogenic particle flux and composition and indicates that during the glacial stages 2 and 4 the area of high opalproductivity was situated above the location of the southern core whereas the northern core has not beenreached by this northward shift during the last 130 kyr as shown by the pattern of focussing-corrected bulkaccumulation rates. If the position of the Antarctic Polar Front has remained at the northern boundary of thehigh opal productivity area during the last 130 kyr, the results suggest that was located exactly between thetwo core sites during glacial stages 2 and 4. A two-box modeling approach involving particle flux and boundaryscavenging intensity of 231Pa was applied to estimate the possible range of the 231Paex/230Thex ratio recordedin Southern Ocean sediments. Previous estimates on the export of 231Pa from the Atlantic into the SouthernOcean are corroborated but the model suggests a low sensitivity of the 231Paex/230Thex ratio in Southern Oceansediments to variations of the residence time of North Atlantic Deep Water in the Atlantic Ocean.
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  • 52
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    Increased seasonality in the gulf of Aquaba, Red Sea, recorded in the Oxygen Isotope Record of a Porites lutea coral (1999)
    Schweizerbart
    In:  Senckenbergiana Maritima, 30 . pp. 17-26.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Description: At Aqaba in the Northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, the stable oxygen isotope record of a Por#es lutea coral colony was studied. From a vertical and a horizontal core two parts from the base of the colony (10 years of coral growth), and two parts from the living surface (12 years of coral growth) were analysed with a monthly sampling resolution. The results show that seasonality of sea surface temperatures (SST) in the northem GulfofAqaba has increased since the early 19th century, mainly due to higher summer temper- atures. 8~80-ratios indicate that SST increased by at least 1.3~ Horizontal and vertical cores display dif- ferent variations in the modern parts, probably caused by the very shallow water depth of the youngest part of the vertical core.
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  • 53
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    Modelling Sea-Ice Roughness in the Arctic (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Ice Physics and the Natural Environment. , ed. by Wettlaufer, J. S., Dash, J. G. and Untersteiner, N. NATO ASI Series, 56 . Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 341-346.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-30
    Description: The variability of sea ice in the polar regions is an important factor in the climate system particularly because of its strong influence on heat and freshwater transports as well as momentum exchange between ocean and atmosphere. To describe these effects accurately ice conditions need to be known over long time periods and wide regions. Models are able to produce such data but need to be verified by observations (Lemke et al., 1998). One classical model variable which can be validated quite well with remote sensing methods (SMMR, SSM/I) is the ice coverage. Modelled ice drift can be verified by comparing observed and simulated drift trajectories (Kreyscher et al., 1998). Ice thickness observations, however, are only rarely available from drillings, sonar measurements and laser altimeter recordings. Keywords
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  • 54
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    The assessmant of marine polution - bioassays with bivalve embryos and larvae (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Advances in Marine Biology, 37 . pp. 1-178.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-27
    Description: Tens of thousands of synthetic substances are in existence today and hundreds of new compounds are being introduced every year. Because of the complexity of the physico-chemical interactions between pollutants and the marine environment, the potential toxicity of contaminants can be assessed adequately only by means of bioassays with living organisms. From a practical point of view, a bioassay needs to be sensitive and scientifically valid, yield rapid results at moderate cost, and the organism in question must be readily available. Ecotoxicological bioassays with bivalve embryos and larvae fulfil these criteria better than most other tests. They have increasingly come into use during the past three decades and are now commonly employed to ascertain the biological effects of pure chemicals, as well as to determine the quality of effluents, coastal waters and sediments sampled in the field. There do not appear to be very great differences between bivalve species with regard to larval sensitivity to toxicants. The principal species for bioassays are oysters (Crassostrea gigas and C. virginica), and mussels (Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis). Bioassays are conducted with gametes and larvae of ail ages: sperm and unfertilized eggs, embryos, young D-larvae, intermediate umboned larvae, and pediveligers towards the end ofthe pelagic period. Embryos are usually the most sensitive stage. Recent advances now also permit bioassays on metamorphosing pediveligers, a method particularly suited to investigate the effects of adsorbate-contaminated surfaces. There are various criteria for the assessment oftoxic effects, including embryogenesis success (abnormalities), larval growth, mortality, physiology (e.g. feeding or swimming activity), and metamorphosis success. Chronic toxicity studies may be carried out over periods ofseveral weeks, but larval rearing in the laboratory requires considerable effort (e.g. cultivation of algal food). The method of choice for investigations of acute toxicity and for routine monitoring studies is the embryo bioassay because it is very sensitive, relatively simple, and produces results within 24 or 48 hours. The data obtained by different investigators are often difficult to compare, however, because of differences in methodology. There is no firmly established procedure, and further simplification and standardization of techniques is required. In bioassays with a single pollutant, the effective toxic concentration may span several orders of magnitude, depending on bioassay procedures, larval stage and choice of response. Tributyl-tin (TBT) is the most toxic compound ever bioassayed with bivalve larvae, with effective concentrations (EC50) as low as a few nanograms per litre (i.e. 10−3 ppb). Heavy metals (particularly mercury, silver and copper) are next in order of toxicity, with EC50 values between a few micrograms per litre (ppb) and several hundred ppb. Chlorine and some organochlorine pesticides may also have EC50 values of less than 100 ppb, while detergents and petroleum products are generally less toxic
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  • 55
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    Modes of climate variability as simulated by a coupled general circulation model. Part I: ENSO-like climate variability and its low-frequency modulation (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 15 (8). pp. 605-618.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-08
    Description:  The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated in a multicentury integration conducted with the coupled general circulation model (CGCM) ECHAM3/LSG. The quasiperiodic interannual oscillations of the simulated equatorial Pacific climate system are due to subsurface temperature anomaly propagation and a positive atmosphere-ocean feedback. The gravest internal wave modes contribute to the generation of these anomalies. The simulated ENSO has a characteristic period of 5–8 years. Due to the coarse resolution of the ocean model the ENSO amplitude is underestimated by a factor of three as compared to observations. The model ENSO is associated with the typical atmospheric teleconnection patterns. Using wavelet statistics two characteristic interdecadal modulations of the ENSO variance are identified. The origins of a 22 and 35 y ENSO modulation as well as the characteristic ENSO response to greenhouse warming simulated by our model are discussed.
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  • 56
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    Effect of crystal size spectrum and crystal shape on stratiform cirrus radiative forcing (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Atmospheric Research, 52 (1-2). pp. 59-75.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-31
    Description: Sensitivities of cirrus cloud radiative forcing as well as solar albedo and infrared emittances to ice crystal size spectrum and ice crystal shape were examined using a coupled cloud-radiation model. The single- and bi-modal crystal size distribution were considered and simulated based on field measurements. Optical parameters of ice crystals shaped as hexagonal columns and random polycrystals (being frequently found in cirrus clouds) were calculated with a ray-tracing method. Both solar and infrared cirrus radiative forcing are influenced by the pattern of crystal size spectra. The net radiative forcing is lower for bi-modal than for single-modal spectra. The solar radiative forcing of cirrus cloud is reduced by nonspherical ice crystals, due to larger albedo effects of nonspherical crystals compared to those of equivalent spherical crystals. Moreover, this reduction in solar radiative forcing by random polycrystals is even larger than that by hexagonal column crystals. The cloud radiative forcing, solar albedo and infrared emittance are changed significantly as the mean crystal size approaches the smaller size end. Furthermore, net cloud radiative forcing is positive in most cirrus cases. Exceptions are cirrus clouds with a large number (〉107 m−3) of small (mean maximum dimension 〈30 μm) ice crystals and cirrus clouds with bi-modal crystal size distribution and large particle size for the second maximum peak.
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  • 57
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    A comment on the proper use of nutrient ratios in microalgal ecology (1999)
    Schweizerbart
    In:  Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 146 . pp. 55-64.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-05
    Description: Repeatable species dominance patterns across nutrient ratio gradients are found both in culture competition experiments and in natural waters. However, the mechanisms behind these similar patterns need not to be identical. In chemostat experiments, such patterns are caused by the two-way competitive interactions between contemporaneously occurring organisms. Nutrient competition may be important in situ too, but there is an additional effect of early successional species influencing the nutrient environment for later successional species, without being influenced themselves by their successors.
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  • 58
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    Colonization of new habitats by benthic foraminifera: a review (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth-Science Reviews, 46 (1-4). pp. 167-185.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-15
    Description: Colonization of new habitats, which have been established as a result of a catastrophic disturbance of the environment, is one of the characteristic repetitive events throughout the Phanerozoic. In recent years, much attention has been paid to investigations focusing on biological recovery of benthic habitats severely disturbed by human activity. In order to improve our environmental and stratigraphical interpretations of such events, we need a more thorough understanding of the processes involved in colonization by one of the most abundant and useful fossil groups, the benthic foraminifera. The present review focuses on processes governing benthic foraminiferal dispersion and colonization patterns in modern environments. For benthic foraminifera, the only active dispersal mechanism is through self-locomotion on or within the sediment and this is considered to be efficient over short distances only. Several passive dispersal methods have been suggested but two seem to be of more general importance. These are dispersal through release and transport of embryonic juveniles and passive suspension and transport of various growth stages. Both are probably important for most benthic foraminifera but the former is likely to be the main mechanism for attached, tubular and larger foraminifera, which are not easily entrained at a later life stage. The latter seems to be a more important dispersion mechanism for benthic foraminifera than previously realized. The colonization rate of soft-bottom substrates is closely related to the hydraulic regime in, and the transit time from, the source area inhabited by species capable of colonizing the new habitat (as long as food and other environmental characteristics are not limiting factors). The transit time depends on the speed of the transporting medium and the distance from the source area. There seems to be two end-processes which can operate during the colonization, depending on whether physically induced or biological processes are allowed to dominate. They are characterized by different colonization patterns. In high energy environments (bottom current velocities often 〉20 cm/s), a short transit time may cause the major components of the nearest ambient seafloor assemblages to colonize the new habitat within days. In this case the colonization is simply through a physical transfer of parts of the source community to the new habitat, allowing no time for pioneer, opportunistic assemblages to develop. In low energy environments (bottom current velocities generally 〈10 cm/s), the transit time is long for most species. Here, colonization follows the classic metazoan successional pattern with an initial, high abundance pioneer assemblage strongly dominated by small opportunists followed by development of assemblages with increasing numbers of specialized species and recovery can take from one to several years. Initial lack of food (e.g., volcanic ash) or `hostile' substrate properties (e.g., recently reoxygenated or severely contaminated sediments) may delay colonization by months or even years. Small, infaunal species (both calcareous and agglutinated) are among the first and most successful colonizers of soft bottom habitats from shallow waters to the deep sea. Throchospiral agglutinated taxa are among the most abundant colonizers on deep sea hard substrates.
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  • 59
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    The Asian decapod Hemigrapsus penicillatus (de Haan, 1835) (Grapsidae, Decapoda) introduced in European waters: status quo and future perspectives (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Helgoland Marine Research, 52 . pp. 359-366.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: The Asian decapod Hemigrapsus penicillatus (de Haan, 1835) was first recorded in European waters in 1994. The first specimens were collected in the estuary of Charente Maritime on the west coast of France close to La Rochelle. The current range in Europe covers Spanish shallow water habitats of the Bay of Biscay to areas north of La Rochelle (France). Densities of up to 20 specimens per square metre occur. This species has a high temperature and salinity tolerace and will expand its distribution in European waters. It is not clear whether this crab was introduced by shipping in ballast water or as a fouling organism. Based on a study of ship hull fouling in German dry docks this account provides evidence that hull fouling is a likely vector for the introduction of this crab. In August 1993, six juvenile specimens of H. penicillatus were removed from the hull of a car-carrier. After its journey from Japan into European waters this vessel docked in the port of Bremerhaven (Germany) for a routine inspection and coating with antifouling paint.
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  • 60
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    Physical limits on iron uptake mediated by siderophores or surface reductases (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 65 (3-4). pp. 227-244.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-21
    Description: The excretion of siderophores and the reduction of organic iron-complexes at the cell surface are common reactions of terrestrial plants, fungi and bacteria in response to low availability of iron. However, there is much less evidence for the use of these strategies by marine phytoplankton. It has been argued that siderophore excretion is inefficient in an aquatic environment due to rapid diffusion. This study examines how diffusion and chemical reactions in the microenvironment of a phytoplankton cell influence the efficiency of both strategies to increase the bioavailability of iron and to reduce iron stress. A numerical model of the cell surroundings is presented that calculates the concentration distribution for different iron species and allows to study the effect of siderophores or surface reductases. It calculates the efficiency of these mechanisms, defined as the quotient between the increase in iron uptake rate and the excretion rate of siderophores or electrons, needed to obtain this increase. The dependence of this efficiency on rates of iron coordination reactions, on diffusivity, and on the kinetics of iron uptake is discussed with the aid of some analytical calculations.
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  • 61
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    An experimental analysis of the importance of body-size in the seastar-mussel predator-prey relationship (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Acta Oecologica - International Journal of Ecology, 20 (2). pp. 81-86.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Laboratory feeding experiments were conducted to elucidate size-relationships in the seastar-mussel (Asterias rubens-Mytilus edulis) predator-prey interaction. This is one of the most well-known predator-prey relationships in marine benthic ecology and the dependence of seastar feeding rates and prey size selection are crucial for modelling. Moreover, the hypothesis should be tested that large individuals of M. edulis enjoy a size-refuge from seastar predation in the Baltic sea. Ingestion rates showed an allometric relationship to seastar size. They increased slightly more than cubically (b = 3.62) with the linear size of the seastars and slightly more than linearly (b = 1.27) with the body mass of the seastars. Somatic growth rates were linearly related to ingestion rates. Larger seastars tended to eat larger mussels. This relationship was significant for the largest size of mussels eaten and for the mean size of mussels eaten, but not for the minimal size. Size selection of seastars did not depend on the spatial arrangement of mussel sizes relative to the initial position of the seastars in the aquarium. Mussels of 〉 48 mm in length are safe from predation by the largest seastars found in the western Baltic sea.
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  • 62
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    Anaerobic methane oxidation associated with marine gas hydrates: Superlight C-isotopes from saturated and unsaturated C20 and C25 irregular isoprenoids (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Naturwissenschaften, 86 (6). pp. 295-300.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
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  • 63
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    Asian small-clawed otters: resting and swimming metabolic rates (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Journal of Comparative Physiology B - Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 169 (2). pp. 100-106.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-29
    Description: Open-flow oxygen and carbon dioxide respirometry was used in Neumünster Zoo (Germany) to examine the energy requirements of six Asian small-clawed otters (Amblonyx cinerea) at rest and swimming voluntarily under water. Our aim was to compare their energy requirements with those of other warm-blooded species to elucidate scale effects and to test whether the least aquatic of the three otter species differs markedly from these and its larger relatives. While at rest on land (16 °C, n = 26), otters (n = 6, mean body mass 3.1 ± 0.4 kg) had a respiratory quotient of 0.77 and a resting metabolic rate of 5.0 ± 0.8 Wkg−1(SD). This increased to 9.1 ± 0.8 Wkg−1 during rest in water (11–15 °C, n = 4) and to 17.6 ± 1.4 Wkg−1 during foraging and feeding activities in a channel (12 °C, n = 5). While swimming under water (n = 620 measurements) in an 11-m long channel, otters preferred a speed range between 0.7 ms−1 and 1.2 ms−1. Transport costs were minimal at 1 ms−1 and amounted to 1.47 ± 0.24 JN−1 m−1 (n = 213). Metabolic rates of small-clawed otters in air were similar to those of larger otter species, and about double those of terrestrial mammals of comparable size. In water, metabolic rates during rest and swimming were larger than those extrapolated from larger otter species and submerged swimming homeotherms. This is attributed to high thermoregulatory costs, and high body drag at low Reynolds numbers.
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    Grain Size seperation and sediment mixing in Artic Ocean sediments: evidence from the strontium isotope systematic (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Chemical Geology, 158 (3-4). pp. 173-188.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-20
    Description: The (87)Rb/(86)Sr and (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios of Laptev Sea sediments, of Arctic Ocean sediments and of suspended particulate matter (SPM) from Siberian rivers (Lena and Khatanga) form 'pseudo-isochrons' due to grain-size separation processes which are referred to as 'Lena Mixing Envelope' (LME) and as 'Flood Basalt Envelope' (FBE). At the land-ocean transition the reduction of the particle velocity causes a deposition of coarser grained material and the contact with saline water enhances a precipitation of finer-grained material. The coarse-grained material is enriched in Sr showing less radiogenic (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios whereas fine grained material is depleted in Sr relative to Rb showing more radiogenic (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios, The experimentally determined spread of the (87)Rb/(86)Sr and (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios as a function of grain size in one sediment sample is on the same order as the natural spread of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios observed in all samples from the Arctic Ocean. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) for the Lena river SPM tend to confirm previous observations that chemical alteration is negligible in the Arctic environment. Thus, these 'pseudo-isochrons' reflect an average age and the average isotope composition in the river drainage area. Calculated apparent ages from the FBE reflect the age of the Siberian flood basalt of about 220 Ma and the initial ratio of 0.707(1) reflects their mantle origin. The age calculated from the LME of about 125 Ma reflects accidentally the Jurassic and Cretaceous age of the sediments drained by the Lena river and the initial ratio of 0.714(1) reflects the crustal origin of their source rocks. Comparison of geographical locations reveals that all samples from the eastern Laptev Sea (east of 120 degrees E) fall along the LME whereas all samples from the western Laptev Sea (west of 120 degrees E) fall between LME and FBE. Mixing calculations based on (143)Nd/(144)Nd measurements, not influenced by grain size, show that about 75% of the western Laptev Sea sediments originate from the Lena drainage area whereas about 25% of the sediments are delivered from the Siberian flood basalt province. Sediments from the central Arctic Ocean are isotopically related to the Lena drainage area and the Siberian flood basalt province. However, sediments from the Arctic Ocean margins close to Novaya Semlya, Greenland, the Fram Strait and Svalbard originate from sources not yet identified. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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  • 65
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    A mitochondrial phylogeny analysis of Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean distributed seabream species (Sparidae, Percoidei) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Zoology, 102, Suppl. 2 . p. 28.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-06
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  • 66
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    Chlorobiphenyls in suspension and sediment of the southern Baltic Sea: a mass balance calculation since the onset of PCB-production (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Continental Shelf Research, 19 (7). pp. 891-910.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The effect of the supply of chlorinated biphenyls by the river Oder into some adjacent areas of Baltic Sea was studied in nine sediment cores and in 10 suspended matter samples. Congener-specific analysis was carried out on 28 individual chlorobiphenyls (CBs). ∑CB concentrations in suspension ranged from 2.4 pg dm-3 in the southern Bornholm Basin to 986 pg dm-3 in the Achterwasser. ∑CB contents in surface sediment decreased with increasing distance from the river mouth. Highest contents were found in the Oderhaff (18 ng g-1 dw) decreasing to 2 ng g-1 dw in the Bornholm Basin. The ∑CB contents generally decreased more or less regularly with increasing depth. The compositions of the CB mixtures in surficial sediment and suspension samples were rather similar, suggesting a common source. Compositions of the CB mixtures in the sediment cores showed distinct differences. These may reflect variations in source strength over time. Mass balance considerations on the basis of the 28 CBs resulted in an estimation of a total storage of approximate 733±158 kg ∑CBs in the Oderhaff, Achterwasser, Greifswalder Bodden, Oder Rinne, Arkona Basin and Bornholm Basin in the past 65 years, covering the time period since CBs were first produced. Based on river data about 500 kg of ∑CBs were supplied during this time by river Oder, that may thus be the major source of these compounds for the southern Baltic Sea.
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  • 67
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    Persistent chlorinated organic contaminants in harbour porpoises from the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and Arctic waters (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Science of the Total Environment, 237/238 . pp. 351-361.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-24
    Description: Individual chlorinated biphenyls (CBs) and chlorinated pesticides (p,p′-DDT and metabolites, HCHs and HCB) were determined in blubber samples of 40 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) of different age and sex from the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and Greenland coastal waters. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were analysed in a selected group of animals. ΣCB concentrations (medians) in North Sea immature specimens were similar (14.9 μg/g lipid) to those from the Baltic Sea (17.0 μg/g lipid) and exceeding those in Greenland specimens by an order of magnitude (1.3 μg/g lipid). The median concentrations (μg/g lipid) of HCB, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD and γ-HCH were in the order Greenland〈North Sea〈Baltic Sea. The highest concentrations of α-HCH (0.14 μg/g lipid) were found in the Greenland population, and p,p′-DDT was detected only in this group. The North Sea and Baltic Sea populations were identified as distinctly separate on the basis of levels and compositions of these contaminants. The ecological risk associated with dioxin-like toxicity was dominated by the CB congeners 118 and 170; the PCDD/Fs were playing only a minor role.
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  • 68
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    The good, the bad, and the ugly: a critical look at species and their institutions from a user's perspective (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 9 . pp. 375-378.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-14
    Description: Over the past eight years my colleagues and I have been involved in a major project to make key information on fishes available to users, especially in developing countries (Froese and Pauly, 1998; http://www. fishbase.org/). There are about 25 000 species of fishes in the world of which over 7 000 are used by humans as food, for sport or as pets. Dealing with such large numbers meant that we depended heavily on taxonomic works to ensure that we assigned relevant information to the correct species. Eight years through the project we have covered 22 000 species, 40 000 synonyms, 80 000 common names, and 14 000 references. We have worked with over 300 collaborators, among them many taxonomists, and we have visited many museums. In this contribution I present our experiences in the catchy categories of ‘good’, ‘bad’, and ‘ugly’, not to offend anyone, but to provoke reactions that hopefully will lead to some of the changes that we as users of taxonomic information would like to see.
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  • 69
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    Stripping voltammetry for the determination of trace metal speciation and in-situ measurements of trace metal distributions in marine waters (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Analytica Chimica Acta, 400 (1-3). pp. 381-397.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: Progress in marine chemistry has been driven by improved sampling and sample handling techniques, and developments in analytical chemistry. Consequently, during the last 20 years our understanding of marine trace metal biogeochemistry has improved a great deal. Stripping voltammetric techniques (anodic stripping voltammetry and adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry) have made an important contribution to this understanding. The selectivity and extremely low detection limits have made stripping voltammetry a widely used technique for trace metal speciation and trace metal distribution measurements in seawater. Stripping voltammetry is very suitable for ship-board and in-situ applications because of the portability, low cost and capability for automation of the voltammetric instrumentation. Future developments in stripping voltammetry can be expected in the field of stand-alone submersible voltammetric analysers, capable of continuous trace metal measurements. Future applications of stripping voltammetry can be found in the interactions between trace metal speciation and growth and the functioning of organisms in pristine and metal polluted marine waters. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.
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    The distribution of dissolved Cu, Zn, Ni, Co and Cr in English coastal surface waters (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Continental Shelf Research, 19 (4). pp. 537-558.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: The distribution of trace metals was determined in coastal waters around England during cruises in December 1993 (CH108), October 1994 (CH115), January 1995 (CH117) and April 1995 (CH118). Cu and Ni distributions were pronouncedly influenced by mixing of river waters with seawater during CH108 coinciding with seasonally enhanced freshwater inputs, but less so during the subsequent cruises. These seasonal variations indicate the importance of processes other than conservative mixing on the distributions of Cu and Ni: benthic and atmospheric inputs, removal by biological uptake and particle scavenging. This paper is one of the first to report on coastal dissolved Cr distributions. Non-conservative behaviour was observed for Cr (CH108), with generally low concentrations which were attributed to particle scavenging. Dissolved Zn exhibited a non-conservative behaviour during the spring and late summer cruises, suggesting that processes other than mixing between water masses was influencing its behaviour. Co showed non-conservative behaviour during the late summer cruise (CH115), which was attributed to the influence of benthic inputs and particle scavenging on its distribution.
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  • 71
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    Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Teucrium polium (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Phytochemistry, 51 (7). pp. 921-925.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-11
    Description: Two new neo-clerodane type diterpenoids, teulolin A (15,16-epoxy-6,7,18,19-tetrahydroxy-neo-cleroda-3(4),13(16),14-trien-20, 12(S)-olide, 1) and teulolin B (15,16-epoxy-3α, 6,7,18,19-tetrahydroxy-neo-cleroda-4(18),13(16),14- trien-20,12(S)-olide, 2) were isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium polium. The structures of 1-2 were proposed on the basis of extensive NMR experiments and molecular modeling studies
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  • 72
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    Trace metal and nutrient distribution in an extremely low pH (2.5) river-estuarine system, the Ria of Huelva (South-West Spain) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Science of the Total Environment, 227 (1). pp. 73-83.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: Nutrient (nitrate, phosphate, silica) and dissolved metal (Al, Cu, As, Cd, Ni, Zn, Fe, U) distributions were studied in the mixing zones of the Tinto and Odiel rivers which drain the South Iberian pyrite belt. Phosphate distribution is strongly influenced by discharges from the fertiliser industry, especially in the Tinto mixing zone. The increase of silica content in this zone is related to a release of biogenic silica from diatoms. Nitrate concentrations which are influenced by urban and industrial effluents showed an important maximum in the early stages of mixing in the Tinto (as do the metals). Compared to the Odiel river, the metal concentrations in the Tinto river reached higher values in relation to more intensive mining activities. Dissolved Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Cd and Zn concentrations were correlated in the mixing zones of both rivers. This suggests that they have the same source and are subjected to the same controlling processes in the estuary. A maximum concentration for these metals was observed in the early stage of mixing in the Tinto and reflects a decrease of redox in a low pH (〈3) environment. Downstream in the Odiel system, metals showed a slight removal. Dissolved uranium, present at a low level (0.05 μmol l-1) in the rivers, is introduced by the phosphate fertiliser industry in the estuary and trapped in sedimentation areas. As a consequence, waters of the Gulf of Cadiz have a U content similar to that of the open seawater. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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  • 73
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    Development of a simple extraction procedure using ligand competition for biogeochemically available metals of estuarine suspended particulate matter (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Analytica Chimica Acta, 392 (1). pp. 3-17.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-30
    Description: Sorption of trace metals by suspended particulate matter (SPM) in estuarine systems has important implications for the fate of dissolved metals in these waters. This paper describes the development of a single extraction procedure for SPM-associated trace metals, using a ligand competition approach with EDTA as the added complexing ligand. The use of EDTA allows the determination of available particulate trace metals using well defined constraints with respect to the competition for trace metals between EDTA and the particles. Incubation experiments showed that equilibrium times between EDTA and particulate material of 72h were required to reach equilibrium for most of the metals studied (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Co, Al, Fe, Pb and Mg). Optimum conditions included a 0.05M EDTA concentration and the use of an extractant: particulate matter ratio of 200:1 (v:w). Kinetic calculations on data from the incubation experiments were used to calculate the apparent stability constants (K(MeS)) for the metal-particulate matter interaction and indicated values ranging from 10-2.1 for K(MgS) to 10-13.5 for K(CuS). Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.
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  • 74
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    Impact of Los Frailes mine spill on riverine, estuarine and coastal waters in southern Spain (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Water Research, 33 (16). pp. 3387-3394.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: On April 25, 1998, a spill at the Los Frailes mine in southern Spain resulted in a very high input of metals (including Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Tl and Zn) into the river Guadiamar. Calculations indicate that the discharges into the Guadiamar of Cu (5100t), Pb (24,700t), Zn (26,200t) and Ag (138t, based on mud only) were higher than the annual production by the Los Frailes mine for Ag and Pb, and ca. two times less for Cu and Zn. For many metals, the increase in concentration in the affected river (Guadiamar), 2days after the initial discharge, was by several orders of magnitude. However, 6months after the incident, no evidence of the spill could be observed in the plume of the river (Guadalquivir) which discharged the mine waters into the coastal waters of the Gulf of Cadiz. This observation can possibly be explained by low rainfall, natural metal removal processes in the river and estuarine environments and by human interventions. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. On April 25, 1998, a spill at the Los Frailes mine in southern Spain resulted in a very high input of metals (including Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Tl and Zn) into the river Guadiamar. Calculations indicate that the discharges into the Guadiamar of Cu (5100 t), Pb (24,700 t), Zn (26,200 t) and Ag (138 t, based on mud only) were higher than the annual production by the Los Frailes mine for Ag and Pb, and ca. two times less for Cu and Zn. For many metals, the increase in concentration in the affected river (Guadiamar), 2 days after the initial discharge, was by several orders of magnitude. However, 6 months after the incident, no evidence of the spill could be observed in the plume of the river (Guadalquivir) which discharged the mine waters into the coastal waters of the Gulf of Cadiz. This observation can possibly be explained by low rainfall, natural metal removal processes in the river and estuarine environments and by human interventions.
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  • 75
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    Chronology and volcanology of the 1949 multi-vent rift-zone eruption on La Palma (Canary Islands) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 94 (1-4). pp. 267-282.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-20
    Description: The compositionally zoned San Juan eruption on La Palma emanated from three eruptive centers located along a north–south-trending rift zone in the south of the island. Seismic precursors began weakly in 1936 and became strong in March 1949, with their foci progressing from the north of the rift zone towards its south. This suggests that magma ascended beneath the old Taburiente shield volcano and moved southward along the rift. The eruption began on June 24, 1949, with phreatomagmatic activity at Duraznero crater on the ridgetop (ca. 1880 m above sea level), where five vents erupted tephritic lava along a 400-m-long fissure. On June 8, the Duraznero vents shut down abruptly, and the activity shifted to an off-rift fissure at Llano del Banco, located at ca. 550 m lower elevation and 3 km to the northwest. This eruptive center issued initially tephritic aa and later basanitic pahoehoe lava at high rates, producing a lava flow that entered the sea. Two days after basanite began to erupt at Llano del Banco, Hoyo Negro crater (ca. 1880 m asl), located 700 m north of Duraznero along the rift, opened on July 12 and produced ash and bombs of basanitic to phonotephritic composition in violent phreatomagmatic explosions (White and Schmincke, 1999). Llano del Banco and Hoyo Negro were simultaneously active for 11 days and showed a co-variance of their eruption rates indicating a shallow hydraulic connection. On July 30, after 3 days of quiescence at all vents, Duraznero and Hoyo Negro became active again during a final eruptive phase. Duraznero issued basanitic lava at high rates for 12 h and produced a lava flow that descended towards the east coast. The lava contains ca. 1 vol.% crustal and mantle xenoliths consisting of 40% tholeiitic gabbros from the oceanic crust, 35% alkaline gabbros, and 20% ultramafic cumulates. The occurrence of xenoliths almost exclusively in the final lava is consistent with their origin by wall-rock collapse at depth near the end of the eruption. The volcanic evolution of the 1949 eruption is typical of La Palma eruptions generally. Considerable shallow magma migration prior to and during eruption is manifested by strong seismicity, intense faulting, and the almost unpredictable opening of specific vents which can be spaced three or more km apart.
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    Generation of block-and-ash flows during 1990-95 eruption of Unzen volcano, western Japan (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 89 . pp. 123-137.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-17
    Description: Processes generating block and ash flows by gravitational dome collapse (Merapi-type pyroclastic flow) were observed in detail during the 1990–1995 eruption of Unzen volcano, Japan. Two different types were identified by analysis of video records and observations during helicopter flights. Most of the block and ash flows erupted during the 1991–1993 exogenous dome growth stage initially involved crack propagation due to cooling and flowage of the dome lava lobes. The mass around the crack became unstable, locally decreasing in tensile strength. Finally, a slab separated from the lobe front, fragmented progressively from the base to the top within a few seconds, and became a block and ash flow. Rock falls immediately followed, in response to local instability of the lobe front. Clasts in these rock falls fragmented and merged with the preceding flow. In contrast, block and ash flows during the endogenous dome growth stage in 1994 were generated due to local bulge of the dome. Unstable lava blocks collapsed and subsequently fragmented to produce block and ash flows.
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  • 77
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    Multiple sources for the Coastal Batholith of central Chile (31–34°S): geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic evidence and tectonic implications (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Lithos, 46 (3). pp. 505-521.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-04
    Description: The Coastal Batholith of central Chile between 31 and 34°S represents a locus of long-lived (c. 200 Ma) plutonic activity. It is composed of four plutonic complexes: Santo Domingo, Limarı́, Papudo–Quintero and Illapel. These complexes, which occur as north-trending discontinuous belts that decrease in age eastward, were emplaced during four major episodes of arc magmatism. The Santo Domingo Complex (Carboniferous) comprises hornblende–biotite bearing tonalites and granodiorites with abundant mafic enclaves, and enclave-free granites. The association of enclave-bearing granitoids and enclave-free granites resulted from different degrees of mixing of crustal- and mantle-derived magmas. The Limarı́ Complex (Lower Jurassic) is a bimodal association of crustal leucogranites and mantle-derived gabbros. The lithology of the Papudo–Quintero Complex (Middle Jurassic) varies from hornblende–pyroxene diorite to biotite granite. The main rock types, namely tonalites and granodiorites, commonly contain mafic enclaves. The granitoids and the enclaves have remarkably similar REE patterns and are similar in Sr–Nd isotope composition, which suggest that they represent a cogenetic suite of mantle origin. The Illapel Complex (Cretaceous) consists of hornblende bearing tonalites, trondhjemites and granodiorites that resemble the rocks of TTG suites. The εNd values and initial ratios (Sri) for the mafic rocks of the Carboniferous Complex (εNd: −2.0 and −3.5; Sri: c. 0.7057) differ markedly from those of the Mesozoic mafic rocks (εNd: +1.9 to +5.4; Sri: 0.7033 to 0.7039), the Cretaceous rocks being the most depleted with regard to Sr–Nd. A change from Carboniferous lithosphere-dominated sources to Mesozoic asthenosphere-dominated sources of the magmas that started in the Early Jurassic is recognized. Slab components can be recognized in the source of the Cretaceous rocks. The crustal source of the Lower Jurassic leucogranites was more isotopically depleted and refractory than that of the Carboniferous granites. On the other hand, no crustal participation in the origin of the Middle Jurassic and Cretaceous felsic granitoids is recognized; they are differentiated from mantle-derived magmas. Progressive removal of old lithospheric mantle during the Mesozoic due to a process of lithospheric delamination would explain the profound change in the subcrustal source, as well as the melting and modification towards a more refractory nature of the continental crust.
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  • 78
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    First seamount age evidence for significantly slower African plate motion since 19 to 30 Ma (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 171 (4). pp. 575-589.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Resolving the time–space (and compositional) evolution of volcanism along long-lived South Atlantic hotspot trails is important to understanding the connection between hotspot volcanism and mantle plumes. 40Ar/39Ar ages are reported here for rocks dredged from a line of five individual seamounts along an ∼290 km northeast to southwest line extending from the vicinity of Saint Helena Island, and also for Circe Seamount. These seamounts were created in a midplate setting and could have formed rapidly (≤1 Myr). The St. Helena Seamount ages reveal a remarkably linear migration rate of volcanism of 20±1 mm/yr for at least the past 19 Myr, which is interpreted as the absolute motion of the African plate. Because this is much slower than estimated for earlier African plate migration it also represents the first evidence based on seamount ages for a significant deceleration (∼33%) of the African plate since at least 19 Ma. However, this change could have occurred as early as 30 Ma when the limited data for the Tristan/Gough hotspot chain are also considered. This deceleration supports a relationship between African plate speed and the upsurge of hotspot volcanism on the African continent at ∼25 Ma. We suggest that the increased number of oceanic African hotspots between ∼19 and 30 Ma points to a link also between major changes in plate motion and the onset and continuation of oceanic hotspot volcanism. Our study supports the assumption that chains of individual, rapidly (?) formed seamounts have considerably more potential of providing clear insights into how mantle plumes interact with overriding lithosphere than do those consisting of uninterrupted, more massive lines of hotspot volcanism.
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    Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History ; with 301 Figures, 6 in Colour and 85 Tables (1999)
    Springer
    In:  , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A., Eicken, H., Hubberten, H. W., Melles, M., Thiede, J. and Timokhov, L. A. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), XI, 711 pp. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-24
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  • 80
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    Distance chemoreception in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 235 (2). pp. 307-317.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: Cephalopods are highly visual animals; the importance of chemical perception to these complex mollusks is less well understood. In this experiment, ventilation rate was used to measure the perception of chemical stimuli by cultured juvenile cuttlefish. The test tank had opaque sides and top to visually isolate the cuttlefish. A clear bottom permitted direct observation of funnel movements associated with ventilation. Cuttlefish cannot see beneath them when resting on the bottom; trials began once cuttlefish had remained calmly on the bottom for at least 15 min. The chemical stimulus was placed in a tank located upstream from the test tank containing a single cuttlefish; the cuttlefish's ventilation cycles were measured by direct observation. Ventilation rate increased significantly after exposure to ink from a conspecific, water containing food, water containing a conspecific, novel seawater and water that had contained sea turtles, potential predators. Results were obtained despite any background chemicals remaining within the closed sea water system, suggesting findings are probably robust to the conditions cuttlefish would normally experience in the ocean. Results are consistent with those obtained using visual stimuli and extend previous research indicating that cephalopods are capable of using chemical cues to detect salient environmental features.
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    Fecundity of the chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii on the southeastern coast of South Africa (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 135 (2). pp. 315-319.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-17
    Description: Potential fecundity in Loligo vulgaris reynaudii was estimated to be about 17 000 eggs, calculated as the total number of discernible oocytes in the ovary and oviduct. Squid were observed to spawn up to 8140 eggs over a 36 h period in captivity. First estimations of actual fecundity are therefore between 8000 and 17 000 eggs. Factors complicating a more accurate estimation of actual fecundity in this species include difficulties with aquarium maintenance, their behaviour of spawning over a protracted period and in multiple sites, and atretic oocytes observed in both developing and mature ovaries. Detailed morphological and histological analysis of gonads collected at regular intervals over a complete spawning season will allow a more precise calculation of actual fecundity.
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  • 82
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    Diving behaviour of female northern rockhopper penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi , during the brooding period at Amsterdam Island (Southern Indian Ocean) (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 134 (2). pp. 375-385.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-17
    Description: The pattern and characteristics of diving in 14 female northern rockhopper penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi, were studied at Amsterdam Island (37°50′S; 77°31′E) during the guard stage, using electronic time–depth recorders. Twenty-nine foraging trips (27 daily foraging trips and two longer trips including one night) with a total of 16 572 dives of ≥3 m were recorded. Females typically left the colony at dawn and returned in the late afternoon, spending an average of 12 h at sea, during which they performed ∼550 dives. They were essentially inshore foragers (mean estimated foraging range 6 km), and mainly preyed upon the pelagic euphausiid Thysanoessa gregaria, fishes and squid being only minor components of the diet. Mean dive depth, dive duration, and post-dive intervals were 18.4 m (max. depth 109 m), 57 s (max. dive duration 168 s), and 21 s (37% of dive duration), respectively. Descent and ascent rates averaged 1.2 and 1.0 ms−1 and were, together with dive duration, significantly correlated with dive depth. Birds spent 18% of their total diving time in dives reaching 15 to 20 m, and the mean maximum diving efficiency (bottom time:dive cycle duration) occurred for dives reaching 15 to 35 m. The most remarkable feature of diving behaviour in northern rockhopper penguins was the high percentage of time spent diving during daily foraging trips (on average, 69% of their time at sea); this was mainly due to a high dive frequency (∼44 dives per hour), which explained the high total vertical distance travelled during one trip (18 km on average). Diving activity at night was greatly reduced, suggesting that, as other penguins, E. chrysocome moseleyi are essentially diurnal, and locate prey using visual cues.
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  • 83
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    Comparative analysis of some morphometric characters in two Sepiolids: Sepietta Neglecta (NAEF, 1916) and Sepietta Oweniana (Orbigny, 1840) (1999)
    Springer
    In:  In: Advancing Research on Living and Fossil Cephalopods. , ed. by Olóriz Saéz, F. and Rodríguez-Tovar, F. J. Springer, Boston, MA, pp. 17-21, 5 pp. ISBN 978-1-4615-4837-9
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-11
    Description: The comparative morphometric analysis, which has proved valuable in vertebrates for the identification of features needed for further clarification of classifications, is lacking in the greater part of cephalopod literature (Voss, 1977; Roper, 1983). The taxonomy of sepiolids, especially that of Sepiola and Sepietta species, is quite difficult in practice (Naef, 1923; Mangold and Boletzky, 1987; Nesis, 1987; Guerra, 1992). In most cases the mantle has to be cut open to expose the organs of the mantle cavity, and the comparison of several specimens of different species and of both sexes is recommended (Bello, 1995). Adult and sub-adult males can be identified from the hectocotylous, females from the bursa copulatrix, inside the mantle cavity. In Sepietta neglecta and Sepietta oweniana the currently known characters are not sufficient to identify the females because both their external and internal morphology are identical (Guerra, 1992; Bello, 1995). The only difference referred to by Naef (1923) is that the tentacles of S. neglecta are smaller than those of S. oweniana and bear much smaller suckers. However this is evident only when specimens of equal size from the two species are examined together. The purpose of this paper is to verify whether the length of tentacular clubs, the thickness of tentacles and the diameter of club suckers reflect the growth rate, and are significantly different for the two species to define relative indices.
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  • 84
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    Growth of Octopus mimus (Cephalopoda, Octopodidae) in wild populations (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Fisheries Research, 42 (1-2). pp. 31-39.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: A total of 6171 specimens of Octopus mimus was collected from the commercial small-scale fishery in northern Chilean waters (off Iquique) between January 1991 and March 1992. The animals were grouped by sex, size and month for modal progression analysis (MPA). Total length of the animals ranged from 24 (66 g) to 107 cm (4358 g) for males and from 28 (63 g) to 115 cm (3714 g) for females. There were no significant differences in the length–weight relationship between sexes except in summer. The size structure of the exploited population of O. mimus is rather complex and MPA indicated six sub-annual cohorts for males and five for females. Instantaneous relative growth rate (G) in total body weight varied from 0.29% to 1.37% d−1 and from 0.23% to 1.78% d−1 for males and females, respectively. Seasonality and water temperature affected G in both sexes. Differences in G among sub-annual cohorts within the same season were found and it was observed that G tended to decrease with size.
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  • 85
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    Aspects of the stock dynamics and exploitation of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), in the English Channel (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Fisheries Research, 40 (3). pp. 277-293.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-18
    Description: Basic biological parameters of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, in the English Channel are described from samples of commercial and research vessel landings made between April 1994 and September 1995. There was a significant difference between the length–weight relationship of male and female cuttlefish. Growth of both sexes was rapid and seasonal during the last 12 months of life. Males grew faster than females, and reached larger overall lengths and weights. Most males reached maturity before the start of their second winter, although the testis continued to develop until spawning took place the following spring. Female maturation began later and was more prolonged such that it was completed towards the end of the second winter. Adults of both sexes spawned after the second winter between late March and July. Commercial landings data showed spawning cuttlefish initially arrived on inshore grounds in the western Channel, but slightly later and in greater numbers on the inshore grounds of the middle and eastern Channel. The weight and value of cuttlefish landings made by UK vessels in the Channel increased greatly between the mid 1980s and the mid 1990s such that cuttlefish are now a major part of the earnings for several fisheries. The most important fisheries were the offshore beam trawls, and inshore otter trawls and nets. The exploitation pattern of each fishery is described from quarterly samples of commercial landings taken between April 1994 and March 1996. Each exploitation pattern is shown to be a function of the region fished, the catching gear employed, and the growth and migrations of the cuttlefish population. Some implications for stock management are discussed.
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  • 86
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    Behavioral aspects of sperm competition in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Sepioidea: Cephalopoda) (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 134 (4). pp. 719-728.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-18
    Description: Sexual selection studies in cephalopods indicate that sperm competition is a central feature of their mating systems, yet this has not been studied experimentally in any detail. In 1998 we staged 20 matings of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L., in the laboratory. Males rapidly initiated mating in the “head-to-head” position, with no apparent courtship. Mating lasted an average of 10 min (range 7 to 14 min). For the first 6 min (on average 63% of the mating duration), the male flushed strong jets of water directly at the female's buccal membrane, which sometimes resulted in the expulsion of parts of spermatangia placed there in recent matings. Then, in a single discrete movement that lasted an average of only 14 s, the male's modified fourth left arm – the hectocotylus – wrapped around a single large bundle of spermatophores (ca. 150 to 300) and transferred them to the female's buccal membrane. For the remainder of the mating (average 3 min, range 1.5 to 5.0 min), the hectocotylus repeatedly broke the spermatophores open, and manipulated them, so that sperm were released and many spermatangia were attached along the ventral buccal membrane, near the paired seminal receptacles. Approximately 140 spermatangia were attached in rows 3 to 5 deep around the ventral buccal membrane in a single mating; the rest were usually discarded during mating. Histology revealed that each of the seminal receptacles consists of a series of sperm storage bulbs connected by a central duct, which leads to a single pore at the surface of the buccal membrane. Baseline data on sperm motility were obtained, but the mechanism by which sperm enter the seminal receptacle remains unknown. Females seemed to initiate termination of mating, then males guarded their mates temporarily. These results, combined with other recent laboratory experiments, provide evidence that sperm competition may be a major feature of the mating system of S. officinalis.
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  • 87
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    Carbon- and oxygen-isotope composition of the cuttlebone of Sepia officinalis : a tool for predicting ecological information? (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 133 (4). pp. 651-657.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-18
    Description: Analysis of the isotope composition of calcareous structures of marine organisms has proved useful in providing biological data. The present study constitutes the first detailed work undertaken on the isotope composition of coleoid cephalopods. We analysed the carbon- and oxygen-isotope composition [δ13C (CO2− 3) and δ18O (CO2− 3), respectively] of the cuttlebone aragonite of wild and cultivated specimens of Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758. δ13C (CO2− 3) ranged from −2.94 to 1.00‰, δ18O (CO2− 3) from −0.18 to 2.08‰. The carbon-isotope composition is not in equilibrium with the carbon species of the ambient seawater, and does not reflect the deposition of CaCO3 in seawater. The potential influence of environmental factors and biological processes on the carbon-isotope composition of the cuttlebone is discussed. In contrast to δ13C, the oxygen-isotope composition of cuttlebone aragonite appears to be in isotopic equilibrium with the ambient seawater. Seasonal changes in isotopic temperature revealed by our analyses agreed with changes in the temperature of the ambient seawater. CaCO3 was deposited all year round. A maximum life span of 2 yr, a year-round spawning season, and variable growth rates among and within individuals have been inferred from the isotopic temperatures.
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  • 88
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    Ontogenetic changes in morphometric and reproductive indices of the squid Gonatus fabricii (Oegopsida, Gonatidae) in the Norwegian Sea (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 22 (6). pp. 357-365.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-26
    Description: Ontogenetic changes in morphometric and reproductive indices were studied using 166 individuals of the arctic gonatid squid Gonatus fabricii (7.3–322 mm pen length) collected in the southern part of the Norwegian Sea. Body proportions and consistency of the mantle and fins did not change in maturing and mature males. In contrast, during maturation the females first lost their tentacles, then the horny rings of their 4th arm suckers, and the muscular part of their body turned watery and gelatinous. Unlike most squid, G. fabricii females start mating at maturity stage III, and all but one female at stage IV had mated, as well as all spent females. Females had high values of both gonadosomatic index and maturity indices compared to those of the North Pacific gonatids, whereas gonadosomatic index values of males were low, probably due to slow functioning of both testis and spermatophoric gland, and long accumulation of spermatophores in the Needham's sac. It is suggested that the breakdown of female body tissues is an adaptation for a deepwater bathypelagic “brooding” of the negatively buoyant egg-mass caused by the high specific density of the secretion from the nidamental glands in gonatids.
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  • 89
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    Highly Variable Microsatellites in the California Market Squid Loligo opalescens (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biotechnology, 1 (4). pp. 403-406.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-24
    Description: Attempts to study the genetic population structure of cephalopods are impeded by the low levels of genetic variation in these species. We have developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for six hypervariable microsatellite markers in order to analyze the molecular population structure in the Californian market squid Loligo opalescens. Each of these genomic loci has been cloned and fully sequenced. Here we report the sequence and properties of the six PCR primer sets for the amplification of hypervariable microsatellites. Heterozygosity levels in six squid samples from different locations are high for all loci tested.
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  • 90
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    Vampire blood: respiratory physiology of the vampire squid (Cephalopoda: Vampyromorpha) in relation to the oxygen minimum layer (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Experimental Biology Online, 4 (1). pp. 1-10.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: The functional properties of the haemocyanin ofVampyroteuthis infernalis (Cephalopoda: Vampyromorpha), measured at 5 °C, are reported and discussed in relation to hypoxia. The oxygen affinity of this haemocyanin (P50=0.47−0.55 kPa) is higher than any previously measured for a cephalopod. The high cooperativity (n50=2.20−2.23) and Bohr coefficient (−0.22) suggest a true transport function for this haemocyanin. This high-affinity haemocyanin, in conjunction with moderate gill diffusion capacity, provides a sufficient oxygen gradient from the environment to the blood to support the low routine oxygen consumption rate of V. infernalis.
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  • 91
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    RNA concentration and the RNA to protein ratio in cephalopod tissues: sources of variation and relationship with growth rate (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 237 (2). pp. 185-201.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-11
    Description: NA and protein concentrations, and the RNA to protein ratio, were measured in four species of cephalopods, to evaluate sources of variation and the potential for using RNA concentration and the RNA to protein ratio as growth indices. In field samples of Loligo forbesi and Eledone cirrhosa, RNA concentrations and the RNA to protein ratio were higher in immature animals than in mature animals. In Loligo forbesi, values were also higher in males than in females and higher in smaller individuals than in large individuals. Both these trends are consistent with expected differences in growth rate, i.e. RNA is higher in faster growing animals. Mature female Eledone cirrhosa, a species in which the female is larger and presumably grows faster, had higher RNA concentrations than mature males. However, no such difference between the sexes was seen for immature E. cirrhosa or Todarodes sagittatus. Methods for transport and maintenance of Loligo forbesi in captivity in the Azores are described. Many of the captive squid showed poor growth and survival but results from these animals nevertheless confirmed that RNA concentrations were higher in males than in females and higher in animals with smaller gonads than in animals with large gonads. Higher protein concentrations were found in males than in females, and protein concentration was also positively correlated with feeding rate and digestive gland indices. Octopus vulgaris held in captivity grew rapidly and consistently and RNA concentrations were lower in bigger animals than in smaller animals. Neither experiment provided direct support for the hypothesis that RNA concentration or the RNA to protein ratio is directly related to growth rate. Systematic variation in protein concentration, e.g. in relation to recent feeding, leads us to suggest that protein concentration (mg/g fresh body weight) is likely to provide a more reliable index than the RNA to protein ratio.
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  • 92
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    Movements and diving behavior of weaned Weddell seal ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) pups (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 21 (1). pp. 23-36.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-11
    Description: Between 1993 and 1995, the diving behavior and movement patterns of 23 weaned Weddell seal pups (Leptonychotes weddellii) were tracked in the Ross Sea. Antarctica, using satellite-linked time-depth recorders. Regression analyses revealed that for seals of between 8 and 27 weeks old, age was poorly correlated with the dive depth, duration, or frequency. However, changes in dive parameters suggested that Weddell seal pups were attempting to maximize dive time, but the manner in which this was done depended on age and time of day. Movement patterns indicated that most Weddell seal pups left their natal area by the end of February, and traveled north along the Antarctic continent coastline. Several individuals returned to McMurdo Sound, but others were last located more than 400 km from McMurdo. Routes followed suggest that pups can use the pack ice habitat, but prefer to remain closer to the coastline than do adults.
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  • 93
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    Confirmation of serial spawning in the chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii off the coast of South Africa (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 135 (2). pp. 307-313.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-17
    Description: Ovary maturation and spawning in the chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii were investigated by collecting squid from across their distributional range on the southeastern coast of South Africa between 1992 and 1993. Based on histological examination of the ovarian tissue and the separation of multiple modes in oocyte size-frequency distribution, ovary development was characterised by eight distinct stages. Our study confirms serial spawning in L. v. reynaudii.
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  • 94
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    Growth of cultured Octopus mimus (Cephalopoda, Octopodidae) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Fisheries Research, 40 (1). pp. 81-89.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-17
    Description: Laboratory rearing of 19 Octopus mimus from 40 to 589 g at 20.1±1.8°C (September to December 1991) provided information on the growth pattern and variation in instantaneous relative growth rate (G) of this Chilean littoral octopus. The three smallest specimens (ranging from 40 to 49.8 g) attained an average weight of 558 g in 70 days. Growth of this species had two phases. Growth was exponential during the first 40 days of culture with an average G of 5.33%. It slowed and became logarithmic when the animals attained weights ranging from 326.6 to 439 g. Instantaneous relative growth rate decreased from 2.25% to 0.99% during the logarithmic phase. A similar pattern was found for the 16 larger specimens (61.4–406.4 g initial weight). The change in growth pattern observed between the exponential and logarithmic phases occurred at body weights ranging from 326.6 to 454.2 g. No differences in growth were found between sexes in O. mimus. The growth pattern of this species is discussed and compared to other small-egged octopus species raised in captivity.
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  • 95
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    The duration of egg incubation in high-latitude and deep-sea cephalopods (1999)
    Kluwer
    In:  Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 25 (6). pp. 499-506.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-01
    Description: The duration of egg incubation was calculated using formular given by Laptikhovskii [38], connecting this duration with egg size and water temperature in cephalopods with large eggs inhabiting the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, the northern seas of Russia, and the Polar Basin. The calculation showed that octopi of the generae Bathypolypus, Benthoctopus and Graneledone brood eggs from 1.5 to almost 3 years, and all this time the females sit on their eggs, protecting them. According to our calculations, the duration of egg development in the finned octopi Cirroteuthis muelleri and Opisthoteuthis spp., whose eggs are protected with strong chitinous shell, is 20-32 months. In the sepiolid cuttlefishes Rossia pacifica, R. palpebrosa, and R. moelleri, whose eggs are sheltered from enemies, the duration of egg development is 4-4.5 months; however, taking into account the experimental data, the latter is probably not less than half a year. The duration of egg incubation in the gonatid squids Gonatus fabricii, G. onyx, and Berryteuthis magister lasts 12-16 weeks and, in the Antarctic octopods Grimpoteuthis glacialis and Megaleledone senoi, 2.5-3.5 years. lf the period of embryonal development and, for brooding bottom octopodids, the period from egg release to female death (which normally concurs with the hatching of young) are both included in the life cycle, the life span of cephalopods appears to be much longer than previously thought. Because deep-sea squids and brooding octopus females cease feeding before egg release, the duration of incubation and of egg brooding does not affect the specific production of cephalopods and is of no importance to the biological economy of the ocean. However, one should consider that if squids and octopi consume a lot of food and grow rapidly, it is because this is necessary not only for them to mature rapidly, breed, and complete their life cycle, but also for them to accumulate sufficient nutrients to leave successful progeny. The question of whether female gonatid squids actually brood their laid eggs is discussed.
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  • 96
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    Introduced marine species of the North Sea coasts (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Helgoland Marine Research, 52 . pp. 219-234.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: About 80 non-indigenous species are assumed to have been introduced into the North Sea by transoceanic shipping and aquaculture. The number is certainly underestimated as most small organisms received insufficient attention at the species level. Also, the seafaring tradition of the North Sea countries is much longer than our biological surveys are. Most exotic invertebrates originate from the western Atlantic and were introduced by shipping, while most algae stem from the Pacific and came with the introduced oysters. A peak of newcomers was observed in the 1970s. Most of the arrivals became established in brackish environments, at harbor sites and in the vicinity of oyster farms, fouling on hard substrates or living as epibionts. A few live in sediments, are holoplanktonic or are parasites. At the open coast, approximately 6% of the macrobenthic species are exotics, while in estuaries their share is up to 20%. Most exotics have been encountered in the southern North Sea first, and many did not spread further north. About 25% of the established non-natives are widespread and attain locally high abundances. As a consequence, some inshore habitats are entirely dominated by exotics. The overall effect on the ecosystem seems to be more additive than one of displacement. This suggests that the coastal biota of the North Sea are quite capable of accommodating newcomers. However, this is no guarantee that the next introduced species may not cause severe ecological change or economic harm. There is a need to minimize the risk of unintentional introductions by ballast water treatment and by adhering to quarantine procedures in aquaculture. Current research on exotics in the North Sea is regarded as inadequate for proper evaluation and management requirements.
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  • 97
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    Particle Flux across the Mid-European Continental Margin (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 46 . pp. 1999-2024.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-20
    Description: Results are presented from particle flux studies using sediment trap and current meter moorings along a transect at the European continental margin at 49°N within the EU-funded Ocean Margin Exchange (OMEX) project. Two moorings were placed, at the mid- and outer slope in water depths of 1500 and 3660 m, with traps at 600 and 1050 m and at 580, 1440 and 3220 m, respectively. Residual currents at the mid-slope follow the slope contour, whereas seasonal off-slope flow was registered at the outer slope. At 600 m on the slope fluxes are similar to those in the abyssal North Atlantic. The flux of all components (bulk dry weight, particulate organic and inorganic carbon, lithogenic matter and opal) increased with water depth. Highest fluxes were recorded at 1440 m at the outer slope, where off-slope residual currents mediate particle export. The injection of biogenic and lithogenic particles below the depth of winter mixing results in the export of particles from shallower waters. Calculated lateral fluxes of particulate organic carbon exceed the primary flux by over a factor of 2 at 1440 m on the outer slope. Estimated lateral fluxes of suspended particulate matter in the water column and intermediate nepheloid layers at the outer slope are potentially large compared to sinking fluxes measured by sediment traps. A comparison is made of particle flux at three continental margin sites and two sites in the adjacent open North Atlantic, from which it is seen that bulk and organic matter flux increases exponentially with proximity to the shelf break. The percentage contribution of particulate organic carbon to biogenic fluxes increases from a mean of 5.7% in the abyssal N. Atlantic to 13.9% at the continental margins
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  • 98
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    Growth of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) under hypoxic and oscillating oxygen conditions (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Aquaculture, 174 . pp. 355-367.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-12
    Description: Effects of moderate hypoxia and oscillating oxygen conditions on growth of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) were investigated. Groups of four to six sea bass (initial weights 40–90 g) were exposed to one of three oxygen regimes (40% air saturation; oscillations between 40–86% with a period of 770 min; 86% as a control) at 22°C and a salinity of 37 for 1 month. All fish survived and gained weight, but relative to the controls, the sea bass exposed to hypoxic conditions consumed significantly less food, exhibited a reduced growth, and had a lower condition factor. Oscillating groups were intermediate, and not statistically distinguishable from either normoxic or hypoxic treatments. Feed conversion efficiency and variation in body size were not significantly affected by oxygen conditions. Growth was correlated with feed intake, suggesting that reduced growth under moderate hypoxic or oscillating oxygen conditions is primarily due to reduced appetite and not a consequence of a decrease in feed conversion efficiency.
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  • 99
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    New Views of the Atlantic: A Tribute to Gerold Siedler: Preface (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46 (1-2). pp. 1-7.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
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  • 100
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    Representing phytoplankton aggregates in biogeochemical models (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 46 . pp. 1841-1859.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-06
    Description: We show how to represent changes in the distribution of size and sinking speed of marine particles by a two-parameter model. In contrast to fully size-resolved models, this representation holds promise for constructing ocean biogeochemical models with detailed spatial resolution and seasonally varying sinking speed. We treat the mass and number of particles as separate state variables, each obeying its own conservation law. Average size and sinking speed of particles change as particles aggregate or the largest particles sink out. The distribution of particle sizes is assumed to follow a power law, whose exponent changes as a function of average particle size. Compared to biogeochemical models with constant particle sinking speed, our approach imposes a modest increase in computational cost and produces important effects like more rapid sinking immediately following a phytoplankton bloom. Compared to models that use hundreds of size classes to represent the detailed evolution of particle size distribution, our approach offers a major reduction in computational cost, while maintaining realistic behaviour like the sudden onset of significant aggregation when particles are sufficiently abundant.
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