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  • Other Sources  (335)
  • Springer  (335)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • 2000-2004  (335)
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  • 101
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    Trace metals in the ocean: evolution, biology and global change (2003)
    Springer
    In:  In: Marine Science Frontiers for Europe. , ed. by Wefer, G., Lamy, F. and Mantoura, F. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 79-105. ISBN 3-540-40168-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-06
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 102
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    Global SST influence on twentieth century NAO variability (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 21 . pp. 63-75.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-13
    Description: Recent studies have suggested that sea surface temperature (SST) is an important source of variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Here, we deal with four basic aspects contributing to this issue: (1) we investigate the characteristic time scales of this oceanic influence; (2) quantify the scale-dependent hindcast potential of the NAO during the twentieth century as derived from SST-driven atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) ensembles; (3) the relevant oceanic regions are identified, corresponding SST indices are defined and their relationship to the NAO are evaluated by means of cross spectral analysis and (4) our results are compared with long-term coupled control experiments with different ocean models in order to ensure whether the spectral relationship between the SST regions and the NAO is an intrinsic mode of the coupled climate system, involving the deep ocean circulation, rather than an artefact of the unilateral SST forcing. The observed year-to-year NAO fluctuations are barely influenced by the SST. On the decadal time scales the major swings of the observed NAO are well reproduced by various ensembles from the middle of the twentieth century onward, including the negative state in the 1960s and part of the positive trend afterwards. A six-member ECHAM4-T42 ensemble reveals that the SST boundary condition affects 25% of total decadal-mean and interdecadal-trend NAO variability throughout the twentieth century. The most coherent NAO-related SST feature is the well-known North Atlantic tripole. Additional contributions may arise from the southern Pacific and the low-latitude Indian Ocean. The coupled climate model control runs suggest only the North Atlantic SST-NAO relationship as being a true characteristic of the coupled climate system. The coherence and phase spectra of observations and coupled simulations are in excellent agreement, confirming the robustness of this decadal-scale North Atlantic air–sea coupled mode.
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  • 103
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    From platform to basin: the evolution of a Paleocene carbonate margin (Eastern Desert, Egypt) (2003)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92 (4). pp. 624-640.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-18
    Description: In this study, progradation and the subsequent retrogradation of a late Paleocene isolated carbonate platform (Galala Mountains, Eastern Desert, Egypt) is demonstrated by variations of distinct facies associations from the platform margin in the north to the hemipelagic basin in the south. A combination of a sea-level drop and tectonic uplift at around 59 Ma (calcareous nannofossil biozone NP5) favored the initiation of the carbonate platform. From this time onwards, the facies distribution along the platform–basin transect can be subdivided into five facies belts comprising nine different facies associations. Their internal relationships and specific depositional settings are strongly coupled with the Maastrichtian–Paleocene seafloor topography, which resulted from local tectonic movements. Patch reefs and reef debris were deposited at the platform margin and the horizontally bedded limestones on the upper slope. Slumps and debris flows were stored on the lower slope. In the subhorizontal toe-of-slope facies belt, mass-flow deposits pass into calciturbidites. Further southwards in the basin, only hemipelagic marls were deposited. Between 59 and 56.2 Ma (NP5–NP8), the overall carbonate platform system prograded in several pulses. Distinct changes in facies associations from 56.2 to 55.5 Ma (NP9) resulted from rotational block movements. They led to increased subsidence at the platform margin and a coeval uplift in the toe-of-slope areas. This resulted in the retrogradation of the carbonate platform. Furthermore the patch-reef and reef-debris facies associations were substituted by the larger foraminifera shoal association. The retrogradation is also documented by a significant decrease in slump and debris-flow deposits on the slope and calciturbidites at the toe of slope.
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  • 104
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    Metazoan parasites and food composition of juvenile Etmopterus spinax (L., 1758) (Dalatidae, Squaliformes) from the Norwegian Deep (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Parasitology Research, 89 . pp. 245-251.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-12
    Description: A total of 37 juvenile Etmopterus spinax from the Norwegian Deep were examined for stomach contents and metazoan ecto- and endoparasites. These squaliform elasmobranchs were caught by benthopelagic net in May 2001 at a depth of 194–214 m. The euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica and the teleost Maurolicus muelleri were the principal prey organisms. With increasing total length of E. spinax, the frequency of Meganyctiphanes norvegica prey decreased and that of M. muelleri increased. Seven different metazoan parasite species were found: adult Monogenea (2), larval and adult Cestoda (3), and larval Nematoda (2). The predominant parasites were an unidentified monocotylid monogenean and the cestode Aporhynchus norvegicus, with respective prevalences of infestation of 83.8% and 81.1%. The sites of infestation were the gills (Squalonchocotyle spinacis, Monogenea), nasal cavities (Monocotylidae indet.), body cavity (Lacistorhynchus tenuis, Cestoda), stomach wall and organs of the body cavity (Anisakis simplex, Nematoda), and stomach and spiral valve (A. norvegicus and Pseudophyllidea indet., Cestoda; Hysterothylacium aduncum, Nematoda). No other metazoan parasite taxa were found, and the musculature was free of parasites. Five new host and three new locality records were established. M. muelleri seems to be an important intermediate host for the endoparasitic nematodes which were found, with E. spinax serving as a paratenic host. E. spinax also serves as an intermediate host for the trypanorhynch cestode L. tenuis, and as the definitive host for the two monogeneans and the trypanorhynch A. norvegicus. The latter uses Meganyctiphanes norvegica as the second intermediate host in the Norwegian Deep. The relationship between the feeding ecology, habitat, and vagility of E. spinax and the resulting parasite fauna is discussed.
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  • 105
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    The impact of moderate-scale explosive eruptions on stratospheric gas injections (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Bulletin of Volcanology, 65 (6). pp. 433-440.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Volcanic gases such as SO2, H2S, HCl and COS emitted during explosive eruptions significantly affect atmospheric chemistry and therefore the Earth's climate. We have evaluated the dependence of volcanic gas emission into the atmosphere on altitude, latitude, and tectonic setting of volcanoes and on the season in which eruptions occurred. These parameters markedly influence final stratospheric gas loading. The latitudes and altitudes of 360 active volcanoes were compared to the height of the tropopause to calculate the potential quantity of volcanic gases injected into the stratosphere. We calculated a possible stratospheric gas loading based on different volcanic plume heights (6, 10, and 15 km) generated by moderate-scale explosive eruptions to show the importance of the actual plume height and volcano location. At a plume height of 15 km for moderate-scale explosive eruptions, a volcano at sea level can cause stratospheric gas loading because the maximum distance to the tropopause is 15–16 km in the equatorial region (0–30°). Eruptions in the tropics have to be more powerful to inject gas into the stratosphere than eruptions at high latitudes because the tropopause rises from ca. 9–11 km at the poles to 15–16 km in the equatorial region (0–30°N and S). The equatorial region is important for stratospheric gas injection because it is the area with the highest frequency of eruptions. Gas injected into the stratosphere in equatorial areas may spread globally into both hemispheres.
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  • 106
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    Submarine Landslides on Continental Margins (2003)
    Springer
    In:  In: Ocean Margin Systems. , ed. by Wefer, G., Billet, D., Hebbeln, D., Jorgensen, B. B., Schlüter, M. and van Veering, T. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 179-193. ISBN 3-540-43921-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 107
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    Up-beat motion in swimming limbs: New insights into assessing movement of free-living marine vertebrates. (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 142 . pp. 537-547.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: A new system is presented for assessing the movement of animal limbs including, after suitable calibration, quantification of limb stroke frequency and amplitude, which may be used to derive limb angular velocity and acceleration. The system is based on use of an archival unit logging data from a Hall sensor, itself set to sense magnetic-field strength at frequencies of up to 30 Hz. Typically, the Hall sensor is placed on the animal body adjacent to the limb being monitored, while a small magnet is glued to the limb. Changes in limb position result in variation of the magnetic-field strength perceived by the sensor. Captive trials were successfully performed on a harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), an Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) and a hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), as well as on 18 free-living Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). The unit performed well in almost all cases, illustrating that stroke frequency was relatively invariant in any species tending, however, to be higher in smaller animals and showing that the primary variance was manifest in stroke amplitude. As an example of the utility of the system, the importance of buoyancy was demonstrated in the penguins, which had longer glide phases and lower flipper beat amplitudes at greater depths, because body air was compressed, which reduced upthrust. The small size of the system (ca. 25 g in air) makes it suitable for a wide range of marine vertebrates. Potential problems of system sensitivity, the suitability of particular recording frequencies and the value of appropriate calibration are discussed.
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  • 108
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    An experiment demonstrating that marine slumping is a mechanism to transfer methane from seafloor gas-hydrate deposits into the upper ocean and atmosphere (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 22 (4). pp. 198-203.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-24
    Description: The scientific community is engaged in a lively debate over whether and how venting from the gas-hydrate reservoir and the Earth’s climate is connected. The various scenarios which have been proposed are based on the following assumptions: the inventory of methane gas-hydrate deposits is locally enormous, the stability of marine gas-hydrate deposits can easily be perturbed by temperature and pressure changes, enough methane can be released from these deposits to contribute adequate volumes of this isotopically distinct greenhouse gas to alter the composition of oceanic or atmospheric methane reservoirs, and the mechanisms exist for the transfer of methane from deeper geologic reservoirs to the ocean and/or atmosphere. However, some potential transfer mechanisms have been difficult to evaluate. Here, we consider the possibility of marine slumping as a mechanism to transfer methane carbon from gas hydrates within the seafloor into the ocean and atmosphere. Our analyses and field experiments indicate that large slumps could release volumetrically significant quantities of solid gas hydrates which would float upwards in the water column. Large pieces of gas hydrate would reach the upper layers of the ocean before decomposing, and some of the methane would be directly injected into the atmosphere.
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  • 109
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    Intermediate sodium-potassium mica in hydrothermally altered rocks of the Waterloo deposit, Australia: a combined SEM-EMP-XRD-TEM study (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 146 (2). pp. 159-173.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: Metastable intermediate Na–K mica represents a product of hydrothermal alteration in volcanic rocks from the alteration halo of the Waterloo massive sulfide deposit, Australia. The XRD pattern of this solid solution between paragonite and muscovite is characterized by a rational series of basal reflections with d values intermediate between the end members. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the intermediate Na–K mica forms thick stacks that belong to a two-layer polytype. Na-rich intermediate Na–K mica typically occurs together with paragonite whereas K-rich intermediate Na–K mica is intergrown with muscovite. The intermediate Na–K mica is interpreted to have formed as a result of the incomplete transformation of K-rich mica to Na-rich mica through dissolution and recrystallization processes driven by compositional changes of the hydrothermal fluids interacting with the volcanic rocks. Alteration must have proceeded under non-equilibrium conditions because the composition of the solid solution falls into the miscibility gap separating paragonite and muscovite.
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  • 110
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    40Ar/39Ar laser probe age determination confirms the Ries impact crater as the source of glass particles in Graupensand sediments (Grimmelfingen Formation, North Alpine Foreland Basin) (2003)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92 (1). pp. 1-6.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-18
    Description: Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of reworked suevite material recovered from Graupensand deposits (Grimmelfingen Formation, North Alpine Foreland Basin, Middle Miocene) are identical to those recorded in Ries suevite. 40Ar/39Ar laser probe analyses of two glass particles from Graupensand components and of a glass fragment from the Ries suevite yielded ages ranging between 14.3 and 14.4 Ma, identical within analytical uncertainties. Hitherto, the Ries impact event was dated at 15 Ma (conventional K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar methods) whereas the Graupensande have been placed into the Ottnangian (around 18.5 Ma), on the basis of mammal biostratigraphy. Small sample masses involved in laser probe technique allowed rigorous preselection of highly pure glass particles, thus reducing possible age determination errors through partly molten (or even unmolten) mineral fragments from the Variscan crystalline basement. Our results reconfirm previous statements considering the Graupensande as reworked products of the Ries impact ejecta blanket, thus placing the age of the Grimmelfingen Formation into the Badenian (of Middle Miocene) rather than into the Ottnangian (Early Miocene).
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  • 111
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    DGG & GV 2001 MARGINS Meeting (Kiel, Germany) - New perspectives in carbonate sedimentology (Editorial) (2003)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92 (4). pp. 441-444.
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    Publication Date: 2017-05-18
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  • 112
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    Platelet aggregation inhibitors from Philippine marine invertebrate samples screened in a new microplate assay (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biotechnology, 5 (4). pp. 395-400.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-14
    Description: A new microplate assay for Ca(2+)-induced platelet aggregation as detected by Giemsa dye was used to screen marine invertebrate samples from the Philippines for inhibitors of human platelet aggregation. Out of 261 crude methanol extracts of marine sponges and tunicates, 25 inhibited aggregation at 2 mg/ml. Inhibition of agonist-induced aggregation in an aggregometer was used to confirm results of the microplate assay and to determine the specific mode of inhibition of 2 samples. The marine sponge Xestospongia sp. yielded a xestospongin/araguspongine-type molecule that inhibited collagen-induced aggregation by 87% at 2 micro g/ml, and epinephrine-induced aggregation by 78% at 20 micro g/ml, while the marine sponge Aplysina sp. yielded 5,6-dibromotryptamine, which inhibited epinephrine-induced aggregation by 51% at 20 micro g/ml. In this study we have found that the microplate assay is a simple, inexpensive, yet useful preliminary tool to qualitatively screen a large number of marine samples for antiplatelet aggregation activity.
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  • 113
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    Mineral-chemical studies of metamorphosed hydrothermal alteration in the Kristineberg volcanogenic massive sulfide district, Sweden (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Mineralium Deposita, 38 (4). pp. 423-442.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-29
    Description: The massive sulfide deposits of the Kristineberg area, Sweden, occur within a 2- to 3-km-thick succession of felsic volcaniclastic rocks belonging to the Skellefte Group. The volcanic pile is intruded by a synvolcanic Jorn-type granitoid (Viterliden intrusive complex) and is overlain by a thick sequence of metasedimentary rocks (Vargfors Group). Mineralization occurs at two main stratigraphic levels, at the base of the felsic volcanic succession and at the contact with the metasedimentary rocks of the Vargfors Group. The Kristineberg Cu–Zn mine is the largest deposit (approximately 21Mt) and occurs at the base of the volcanic pile, close to the contact with the Viterliden intrusive complex. Four smaller deposits (Ravliden, Ravlidmyran, Horntrask and Nyliden) occur along the upper ore horizon. These deposits are thought to be related to a late intrusive phase of the Viterliden complex which cuts the altered volcanic rocks at the Kristineberg deposit. Within an area of about 50km 2 surrounding the Kristineberg deposit, felsic volcanic rocks between the two ore horizons are affected by extensive albite-destructive alteration (sodium depletion) and development of chlorite and muscovite (strong co-enrichment in magnesium and potassium). The Kristineberg deposit is enveloped by a large and partly transposed quartz–chlorite alteration zone, approximately 2km in diameter, and a distal but coherent pyrite–quartz–muscovite alteration zone extending as far as 4km from the deposit. Chlorite(talc) in the mine area is notably magnesium-rich and contains anomalous F, Ba, Zn and Mn. High fluorine is also present in coexisting muscovite and phlogopite. The magnesium-rich chlorite alteration contrasts sharply with the iron enrichment observed in many other felsic, volcanic-hosted Precambrian massive sulfide deposits. This may indicate fixation of iron by large amounts of pyrite in the section or entrainment of large amounts of seawater in the hydrothermal upflow zones. Kyanite is developed locally in the chlorite-rich pipe at Kristineberg in response to regional thermal metamorphism of highly aluminous alteration in the immediate foot-wall rocks. Spectacular, andalusite-bearing quartz–muscovite schists and quartz–biotite–cordierite schists also occur where the altered felsic volcanic rocks are intruded by the late Revsund granite. However, similar metamorphic mineral growth is not observed where the volcanic rocks at the contact are less altered. Deposits near the top of the felsic volcanic succession are characterized by magnesium-rich chlorite alteration in the foot wall and proximal calc-silicate assemblages (dolomite, calcite, tremolite, garnet, margarite) where the host sedimentary rocks are carbonate-rich. In general, the calc-silicate alteration is restricted to the immediate hanging wall and zones lateral to the deposits and does not represent a regionally extensive exploration target. The two main ore horizons in the Kristineberg area are not linked by any obvious discordant structures or alteration zones. However, mineral-chemical studies highlight several possible fluid flow pathways leading from the Kristineberg deposit to the Ravliden ore horizon, more than 2km upsection. Overprinting regional metamorphic minerals have inherited the hydrothermal signature of the ore-related alteration. Electronic Supplementary Material is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-002-0299-y. On that page (frame on the left side), a link takes you directly to the supplementary material.
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  • 114
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    Regional-scale hydrothermal alteration in the Central Blake River Group, western Abitibi subprovince, Canada: implications for VMS prospectivity (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Mineralium Deposita, 38 (4). pp. 393-422.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-29
    Description: The Late Archean Blake River Group is a thick succession of predominantly mafic volcanic rocks within the southern zone of the Abitibi greenstone belt. It contains a number of silicic volcanic centers of different size, including the large Noranda volcanic complex, which is host to 17 past-producing volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. The Noranda complex consists of a 7- to 9-km-thick succession of bimodal mafic and felsic volcanic rocks erupted during five major cycles of volcanism. Massive sulfide formation coincided with a period of intense magmatic activity (cycle III) and the formation of the Noranda cauldron. Hydrothermal alteration in these rocks is interpreted to reflect large-scale hydrothermal fluid flow associated with rapid crustal extension and rifting of the volcanic complex. The alteration includes abundant albite, chlorite, epidote and quartz (silicification), which exhibit broad stratigraphic and structural control and correlate with previously mapped whole-rock oxygen isotope zonation. The Mine Sequence volcanic rocks are characterized by abundant iron-rich chlorite (Fe/Fe+Mg 〉0.5), hydrothermal amphibole (ferroactinolite) and coarse-grained epidote of clinozoisite composition (10wt% Fe 2O 3) lacking the clinozoisite solid solution. Alteration in the Mine Sequence volcanic rocks persists along strike well beyond the limits of the main ore deposits (as far as several tens of kilometers) and can be readily distinguished from greenschist facies metamorphic assemblages at a regional scale. The lack of similar alteration in the pre-cauldron sequences is consistent with limited 18O-depletion and suggests that the early history of the volcanic complex did not support large-scale, high-temperature fluid flow in these rocks. Comparisons with a much smaller, barren volcanic complex in nearby Ben Nevis township reveal important differences in the alteration mineralogy between volcanoes of different size, with implications for area selection during regional-scale mineral exploration. The Ben Nevis Complex consists of a 3- to 4-km-thick succession of mafic, intermediate and felsic volcanic rocks centered on a small subvolcanic intrusion. Alteration of the volcanic rocks comprises mainly low-temperature assemblages of prehnite, pumpellyite, magnesium-rich chlorite (Fe/Fe+Mg 10wt% Fe 2O 3) and calcite. Actinolite magnetite alteration occurs proximal to the intrusive core of the complex, but the limited extent of this alteration indicates only local high-temperature fluid circulation adjacent to the intrusion. A distal zone of carbonate alteration is located 4–6km from the center of the volcano. Although iron-bearing carbonates are present locally within this zone, the absence of siderite argues against a high-temperature origin for this alteration. These observations do not offer positive encouragement for the existence of a fossil geothermal system of sufficient size or intensity to have produced a large massive sulfide deposit.
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  • 115
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    Invertebrate Humoral Factors: Cytokines as Mediators of Cell Survival (2003)
    Springer
    In:  In: Invertebrate Cytokines and the Phylogeny of Immunity. Progress in molecular and subcellular biology, 34 . Springer, Berlin, pp. 1-25. ISBN 978-3-642-62236-6
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: The presence and the different functional aspects of cytokine-related molecules in invertebrates are described. Cytokine-like factors affect immune functions, such as cell motility, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and cytotoxicity. In particular, cell migration shows a species-specific effect for IL-1α and TNF-α and a dose-correlated effect for IL-8, PDGF-AB and TGF-β1. Apart from some exceptions, the phagocytic effect increases significantly at all the concentrations tested and with all the species used. PDGF-AB, TGF-β1 and IL-8 provoke conformational changes in mollusk immunocytes, involving the signaling transduction pathways of phosphatidylinositol and cAMP. PDGF-AB and TGF-β1 partially inhibit the induced programmed cell death in an insect cell line, and the survival effect is mediated by the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase, PKA and PKC. The exogenous administration of these growth factors in an invertebrate wound repair model showed that they are able to control the wound environment and promote the repair process by accelerating the coordinated activities involved. Moreover, IL-1α, IL-2 and TNF-α are able to induce nitric oxide synthase. PDGF-AB and TGF-β1 provoke an increase in neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (NEP)-like activity in membrane preparations from mollusk immunocytes, while NEP deactivates the PDGF-AB- and TGF-β1-induced cell shape changes. Cytokines are also involved in invertebrate stress response in a manner extremely similar to that in vertebrates. Several studies suggest the existence on the mollusk immunocyte membrane of an ancestral receptor capable of binding both IL-2 and CRH. Furthermore, the competition found between CRH and a large number of cytokines supports the idea that invertebrate cytokine receptors show a certain degree of promiscuity. The multiple functions of cytokines detected in invertebrates underline another characteristic of mammalian cytokines, i.e. their great pleiotropicity. Altogether, the studies on the function of the invertebrate humoral factors show a close overlapping with those found in vertebrates, and the hypothesized missing correlation between invertebrate and vertebrate cytokine genes that is emerging from the limited molecular biology data present in literature might represent a very peculiar strategy followed by Nature in the evolution of cytokines.
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  • 116
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    Assessing reference conditions according to the European water framework directive using modelling and analysis of historical data: an example from Randers Fjord, Denmark (2003)
    Springer
    In:  AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 32 (4). pp. 287-294.
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-03
    Description: The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the definition of reference conditions, i.e. pristine conditions, for all surface waters. As the present state of Danish coastal waters cannot be referred to as pristine, reference conditions have to be assessed by analysis of historical data or by the use of models. Using Randers Fjord as an example, the aim of this work was i) to demonstrate possibilities and restrictions of assessing reference conditions by historical data and by modelling; and ii) to demonstrate how ecological conditions have changed along with eutrophication. The ample historical data from Randers Fjord allowed us to assess reference conditions with respect to benthic macrophytes and benthic fauna. Models of varying complexity enabled us to assess reference conditions for nutrients, chlorophyll a, Secchi depth, and eelgrass. We conclude that models can be a useful supplement to assess reference conditions, though they are presently restricted by the lack of quantitative links between eutrophication and species composition.
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  • 117
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    Effects of culture density and live prey on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Aquaculture International, 11 (3). pp. 225-242.
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: The effects of culture density on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish were tested. Groups of 1, 3 and 5 hatchlings were placed in small containers with bottom surface of 80 cm2, obtaining individual densities of 125, 375 and 625 cuttlefish m−2, respectively. Additionally, groups of 5 hatchlings were placed in containers with 2 different bottom areas (80 and 240 cm2), providing culture densities of 625 and 42 cuttlefish m−2, respectively. A total of 120 hatchlings were used and experiments lasted for 40 days. No differences were found in growth between any of the densities tested throughout the experiment until 35 days old. After this, cuttlefish placed in isolation grew significantly larger. A second experiment was conducted in a flow through system, using two rectangular tanks with bottom surface of 0.5 m2. Two groups of 25 cuttlefish hatchlings were used in this experiment, which lasted for 40 days. Both groups were fed live juvenile shrimp (Crangon crangon) during the first 5 days. Afterwards, one group was fed live fish fry of different species, while the other continued to be fed shrimp. After day 10 and until the end of the experiment, hatchlings fed shrimp grew significantly larger than those fed fish fry. Survival of hatchlings fed shrimp or fish fry after 40 days was of 100% and 68%, respectively. Total protein content of both prey types was similar. Therefore, the higher polar lipid content, especially due to the higher phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine levels observed in the shrimp, compared to fish fry could possibly be one of the major factor to explain the significantly higher growth rates for S. officinalis juveniles fed shrimp. Also, the percentage of polar lipids in the shrimp (47.4%) was closer to the one of juvenile cuttlefish (38.1%) than the composition of polar lipids in fish fry (10.4%). This could also be an important factor to explain the poor growth and survival obtained when feeding fish fry to the cuttlefish.
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  • 118
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    Winter diet and foraging range of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) from Kidney Cove, Falkland Islands (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 26 (1). pp. 32-40.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The winter diet and foraging range of gentoo penguins, Pygoscelis papua, were studied at Kidney Cove, Falkland Islands. The mean wet mass of the 56 stomach-content samples collected from May to October was 32.7±47.4 g. The diet consisted generally of cephalopods, crustaceans and fish, as well as two other molluscs. Among the six cephalopod species identified, the commercially fished Patagonian squid, Loligo gahi, had the highest abundance and was also the main prey by reconstituted mass (53% of the total reconstituted mass). Lobster krill, Munida gregaria, one of five species of crustaceans, was the most abundant prey species by frequency of occurrence and by number (68% and 60%, respectively). Rock cod, Patagonotothen ramsayi, accounted for the majority of the fish diet with 34% of the total reconstituted mass. Most prey species identified in the winter diet were also abundant diet components during the breeding season. However, the known biology of the prey species and their rate of digestion indicated that, in winter, adults may forage further offshore than during the breeding season. This assumption was supported by the results obtained from two birds satellite-tracked during the study period. Both birds remained mainly in inshore waters and returned frequently ashore, but one penguin foraged up to 276 km from the coast. The differences in the foraging behaviour of the two birds were reflected in significant differences with regard to time spent underwater, distance travelled per day and calculated travelling speed. Furthermore, the progress of cohorts of L. gahi over the winter is consistent with results from life-cycle studies in this region and suggests that birds have been foraging in the feeding grounds of L. gahi.
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  • 119
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    Genetic differentiation in the squid Moroteuthis ingens inferred from RAPD analysis (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 26 (3). pp. 166-170.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) were applied in a cephalopod population study. Samples of the squid Moroteuthis ingens taken from around the Falkland Islands and Macquarie Island were used to test a null hypothesis that M. ingens forms a single, panmictic population in the Southern Ocean. Six of the 8 arbitrary RAPD primers screened produced a total of 30 reproducible polymorphic bands. Analysis of RAPD allele frequencies demonstrated high levels of variation between individuals but little variation between two sample sites. Although the differentiation between the two sites was low, subtle population structure was detected and the null hypothesis was rejected. The implications of low genetic differentiation between the two sites are briefly discussed in terms of possible egg and paralarval drift facilitated via the circumpolar current.
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  • 120
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    Size-related dietary changes observed in the squid Moroteuthis ingens at the Falkland Islands: stomach contents and fatty-acid analyses (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 26 (7). pp. 474-485.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Dietary composition of the onychoteuthid squid Moroteuthis ingens at the Falkland Islands was related to predator size, as shown by stomach contents and fatty-acid analyses. Comparisons were made between two size classes of squid: those of mantle length 〈200 mm and those of mantle length 〉200 mm. Smaller squid had frequently consumed crustaceans and cephalopods; fish were of secondary importance. Larger squid consumed mostly fish and moderate amounts of cephalopods, but had rarely consumed crustaceans. These findings were supported by comparisons drawn between digestive-gland fatty-acid profiles and the fatty-acid profiles of potential prey species. Fatty-acid analyses indicated that the crustaceans Euphausia lucens, Munida gregaria and Themisto gaudichaudii were important prey items of smaller squid, whereas stomach content and fatty-acid analyses indicated that Gymnoscopelus nicholsi of around 100 mm standard length represented much of the fish prey of larger squid.
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  • 121
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    The diet of black-browed albatrosses at the Diego Ramirez Islands, Chile (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 26 (10). pp. 638-647.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-26
    Description: The diet of black-browed albatrosses was studied at Gonzalo Island, Diego Ramirez, Chile, during the early chick-rearing periods of 2000, 2001, and 2002. Diet composition was determined by sampling chick-stomach contents during January and February of each year. Reconstituted meal mass was similar throughout the study, with diet being dominated by fish in all 3 years. Overall, the main items taken were the fishes Macruronus magellanicus (66–89% by mass) and Micromesistius australis (2.6–3.7% by mass), which are both fisheries-related species, and the squid Martialia hyadesi (8–20% by mass). The distribution of the prey species indicates that black-browed albatrosses obtained the bulk of their food over the South American continental shelf, but also foraged at the Antarctic Polar Front. The prevalence in the diet of fish species discarded from fishing operations, and the presence of fish hooks and fish bait species, indicate a strong association with fisheries in southern Chile.
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  • 122
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    Molecular and morphological analyses of the cuttlefish Sepia apama indicate a complex population structure (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 143 (5). pp. 947-962.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: The giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama Gray, 1849 annually forms a massive and unique spawning aggregation in northern Spencer Gulf, South Australia, which has attracted commercial fishing interests in recent years. However, many basic life-history characteristics of S. apama are unknown, and anecdotal evidence suggests that there is more than one species. The present study assessed the population structure and species status of S. apama using data from allozyme electrophoresis, microsatellite loci, nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial COXIII gene, multivariate morphometrics and colour patterns. Analyses of allozyme and microsatellite allele frequencies revealed two very divergent but geographically separated populations consisting of specimens from the east coast and southern Australia. However, the presence of a heterozygote in a putative contact zone between the east coast and southern Australia suggested that these populations were not reproductively isolated. Mitochondrial haplotypes seem to have introgressed further north into the contact zone than have nuclear alleles. Differences in colour patterns that previously had been attributed anecdotally to different geographic populations were, in fact, correlated with sexual dimorphism. These data are most consistent with S. apama being one species the populations of which were geographically isolated in the past (historical vicariance) and have come into secondary contact. Comparison of microsatellite allele frequencies among four South Australian samples indicated significant deviations from panmixia. South Australian samples were also reliably diagnosed by means of multivariate morphometrics. Significant differences in mantle length were observed among populations.
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  • 123
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    The influence of culture density and enriched environments on the first stage culture of young cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Aquaculture International, 11 (6). pp. 531-544.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-24
    Description: The culture of Sepia officinalis hatchlings and juveniles at different densities and enriched environments was investigated. Experiments were conducted to determine effects of culture density and the use of a substrate on growth and survival. Experiment I studied the effect of three different densities (52, 515 and 1544 hatchlings m−2). Experiment II tested the effects of the enriched environment, using a sandy bottom with pvc shelters. Experiment III tested the effects of density on growth, survival, feeding rates and food conversions. Cuttlefish were fed live grass shrimp at rates of 20% body weight per day (BW d−1). Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes varians) was supplied ad libitum as food in all experiments. In experiment I, growth was different between the three densities, with highest growth for density of 515 hatchlings m−2. IGR was of 8.8, 9.6 and 9.2% BW d−1 for the three densities tested, respectively. Both groups of experiment II had similar growth. IGR was of 10.1 and 9.7% BW d−1 for enriched and non-enriched environments, respectively. Densities of 10, 45 and 120 juvenile m−2 were used in experiment III. Significant differences in feeding rates were only found between densities of 10 and 120 cuttlefish m−2 during the last week. Results indicate that culture of cuttlefish hatchlings could be done in a non-enriched environment, with densities not exceeding 500 hatchlings m−2 and minimum bottom areas of about 600 cm2. Densities of 120 juveniles m−2 in a minimum area of about 1083 cm2 should be considered for juveniles between 5 and 25 g.
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  • 124
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    Mercury in the marine food chain in the Southern Ocean at Macquarie Island: an analysis of a top predator, Patagonian toothfish ( Dissostichus eleginoides ) and a mid-trophic species, the warty squid ( Moroteuthis ingens ) (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 27 (1). pp. 1-5.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-02
    Description: The characteristics and habitat of the Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) are typical of fish that accumulate high concentrations of mercury. In this study, mercury determinations were made on samples of muscle tissue from Macquarie Island toothfish and the Southern Ocean deepwater warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens). The analysis of mercury in the biological tissues was made by cold vapour-atomic absorption spectrometry following acid digestion. Performance of the analytical procedure was assessed by analysis of certified reference material (DORM-2, dogfish muscle). Mercury concentrations of 16 Macquarie Island toothfish ranged from 0.12 mg kg–1 (550 g, 381 mm TL) to 0.59 mg kg–1 (6,100 g, 823 mm TL), with a mean concentration of 0.33±0.12 mg kg–1. A significant correlation was found between mercury and either toothfish weight or total length. The fish analysed were juveniles, which suggests that larger individuals would have higher mercury concentrations well exceeding food standard code limits for mercury in fish (typically 0.5 mg kg–1). Warty squid, also from around Macquarie Island, had a low mean mercury concentration of 0.086 mg kg–1 in mantle tissue; no significant correlation existed between mercury concentration and either squid mantle length or total weight. It is postulated that the squid have a mechanism, possibly involving the digestive gland, that prevents bioaccumulation of mercury in the mantle, and presumably other body tissues.
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  • 125
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    Microbial Systems in Sedimentary Environments of Continental Margins (2003)
    Springer
    In:  In: Ocean Margin Systems. , ed. by Wefer, G., Billett, D., Hebbeln, D., Jørgensen, B. B., Schlüter, M. and van Weering, T. C. E. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 479-495.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-27
    Description: The zone of continental margins is most important for the ocean’s productivity and nutrient budget and connects the flow of material from terrestrial environments to the deep-sea. Microbial processes are an important “filter” in this exchange between sediments and ocean interior. As a consequence of the variety of habitats and special environmental conditions at continental margins an enormous diversity of microbial processes and microbial life forms is found. The only definite limit to microbial life in sedimentary systems of continental margins appears to be high temperatures in the interior earth or in fluids rising from the interior. Many of the catalytic capabilities which microorganisms possess are still only incompletely explored and appear to continuously expand as new organisms are discovered. Recent discoveries at continental margins such as the microbial life in the deep sub-seafloor, microbial utilization of hydrate deposits, highly specialized microbial symbioses and the involvement of microbial processes in the formation of carbonate mounds have extended our understanding of the Earth’s bio- and geosphere dramatically. The aim of this paper is to identify important scientific issues for future research on microbial life in sedimentary environments of continental margins.
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  • 126
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    The effects of an extraordinary El Niño / La Niña event on the size and growth of the squid Loligo opalescens off Southern California (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 142 (5). pp. 925-935.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The population structure of the California market squid Loligo opalescens was studied for the Channel Islands region off Southern California between June 1998 and March 2000. During this time Californian waters were exposed to an extraordinary El Niño event that was possibly the most dramatic change in oceanographic conditions that occurred last century. There was then a rapid transition to record cool La Niña conditions. Statolith increments were used to determine age parameters and increment periodicity was validated for the first 54 days of life. Based on statolith increment counts, the oldest males and females were 257 and 225 days respectively and individuals matured as young as 129 and 137 days respectively. No distinct hatching period was detected. There was a general trend of increasing body size throughout the study period. Squid that hatched and grew through the El Niño were strikingly smaller and had slower growth rates compared to squid that grew through the La Niña. This was related to oceanography and associated productivity. There was a positive correlation between squid mantle length and upwelling index and a negative correlation between mantle length and sea temperature. The 'live-fast die-young' life history strategy of squid makes them ideal candidates for following the effects of the dramatic changes in oceanographic conditions off California. We propose that squid can serve as ecosystem recorders and productivity integrators over time and space and are useful organisms to tie oceanography to biology.
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  • 127
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    On reproductive strategies of the epipelagic octopods of the superfamily Argonautoidea (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 142 (2). pp. 321-326.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Females of Tremoctopus violaceus, Argonauta argo and Ocythoe tuberculata in the Aegean Sea have larger eggs than specimens from the western Mediterranean and open ocean; the most probable reason is a shift in the reproductive strategies of Argonautoidea from the Aegean Sea toward the K-side, because of the high stability of this habitat in contrast to the unstable high seas. Potential fecundity of T. violaceus is 100,000–300,000; batch fecundity is 10,000–30,000, but at the beginning and at the end of spawning the batches are smaller. In A. argo potential fecundity is at least 85,000, with batch fecundity of some 2,000–4,000 eggs. The potential fecundity of small, mature O. tuberculata was 300,000 eggs. T. violaceus is an "intermittent terminal spawner", whereas both A. argo and O. tuberculata are "continuous spawners".
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  • 128
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    Small-scale spatial and temporal patterns of egg production by the temperate loliginid squid Sepioteuthis australis (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 142 (3). pp. 509-516.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: This study explored the spawning dynamics of southern calamary (Sepioteuthis australis) by estimating small-scale temporal and spatial variability in egg production in an area known to attract spawning aggregations. Surveys of the seagrass beds (Amphibolis antarctica) over 14 months determined the timing and location of egg deposition, as well as estimating total egg production and loss of deposited egg masses from the spawning grounds. Egg laying in the inshore seagrass beds occurred predominantly during the austral spring and early summer. Egg production at one location (Hazards Bay) was very similar between the two years, but at the second location (Coles Bay) egg production was threefold less during the second summer. There was considerable spatial variability in egg production among seagrass beds within a kilometre of each other as well as within 10 km. Variability in the use of seagrass beds by the squid during each summer could not be attributed to differences in seagrass density or vegetation cover. Losses of deposited egg masses in the A. antarctica beds were detected on two occasions. On the first occasion the loss was correlated with storms; however, the second and smaller loss of egg masses was not correlated with storm activity. Information about the spatial and temporal patterns of egg production was used to make recommendations about the use of fishing closures to protect spawning adults from over-fishing.
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  • 129
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    Inter-annual variation in the cephalopod component of the diet of the wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans, breeding at Bird Island, South Georgia (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 142 (3). pp. 611-622.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Cephalopods play an important role in the diet of many predators of the Southern Ocean. We investigated the cephalopod component of the diet of the wandering albatross, during breeding at South Georgia, from 269 boluses containing more than 34,000 beaks (corresponding to 19,452 individual cephalopods), collected between 1989 and 1999, and assessed the inter-annual variability of the cephalopod species, the level of scavenging on cephalopods by wandering albatrosses and the relationships between cephalopod availability and wandering albatross breeding parameters (breeding period, breeding success, fledging period, fledging success, egg mass and chick mass). We also proposed possible foraging areas of wandering albatrosses based on the cephalopods eaten. The cephalopod component of the diet of wandering albatrosses was relatively stable over the 11 years of the study. By number of lower beaks, three species predominated in the cephalopod component of the diet: Kondakovia longimana (29.5% of the total number of lower beaks; family Onychoteuthidae), Taonius sp. (20.4%; family Cranchiidae) and Histioteuthis sp. B (19.5%; family Histioteuthidae). K. longimana was consistently the predominant cephalopod species by mass in every year of the study (range 60.2–88.7% of mass contribution to diet). A minimum estimate of 30% of the number of cephalopods scavenged corresponded to 85% of the total mass of the cephalopods that contributed to the diet. Wandering albatrosses fed consistently more on "Antarctic" cephalopods than on "sub-Antarctic" or "subtropical" cephalopods in all years of the study, suggesting that Antarctic waters are an important foraging area for wandering albatrosses. Although some significant correlations between cephalopod abundance and wandering albatross breeding parameters existed (e.g. correlation between Taonius sp. by number and fledging success), none included K. longimana. When comparing groups of variables (using canonical analysis), no correlations were found between the most important cephalopod species (by number and by mass), total mass of squid consumed, cephalopod diversity index (H) for each year, and wandering albatross breeding parameters. This may reflect the possibility that other components in the diet (e.g. fish and carrion) are more important or, more likely, that the consistency across years of the wandering albatross breeding performance indicates that it is well buffered against fluctuations in prey availability.
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  • 130
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    Diet of Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella at the Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 26 (1). pp. 49-54.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, was investigated at the Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula, by the analysis of 31 and 149 scats collected from January to March 1998 and 2000, respectively. Overall, fish and krill, followed by penguins and squids, were the most frequent prey and constituted the bulk of the diet. The importance of the remaining taxa represented in the samples (octopods, gastropods, bivalves, isopods, polychaetes and poriferans) was negligible. Among fish, channichthyids constituted the bulk of the diet, with Chionodraco rastrospinosus and Chaenodraco wilsoni, followed by the nototheniid, Pleuragramma antarcticum, being the main prey. The myctophid, Electrona antarctica, was the most frequent and numerous fish prey. The results are discussed and compared with those reported for the South Shetland Islands, the closest area for which similar information is available.
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  • 131
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    Sponge-Associated Bacteria: General Overview and Special Aspects of Bacteria Associated with Halichondria panicea (2003)
    Springer
    In:  In: Sponges (Porifera). , ed. by Müller, W. E. G. Springer, Berlin, pp. 35-57.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 132
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    Rotifers colonising sediments with shallow gas hydrates (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Naturwissenschaften, 90 . pp. 273-276.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: Rotifers, one of the smallest metazoans, are only seldom found in marine environments. Surprisingly, we discovered high abundances of at least two new species of rotifers settling in anoxic and highly sulphidic sediments associated with shallow gas hydrates (GH) at the southern crest of Hydrate Ridge off Oregon, NE Pacific, in a water depth of about 780 m. At basins adjacent to Hydrate Ridge, 1,285–2,304 m deep, we found rotifers co-occurring with the sulphide-oxidising bacteria Thioploca sp.
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  • 133
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    In depth studies of Magellanic foraging behavior: Can we estimate prey consumption by perturbations in the profile? (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 143 . pp. 825-831.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: A new concept based on analysis of dive depth data was developed to help estimate prey consumption in ten free-ranging Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) that were brooding chicks. By simultaneously analysing the undulations in the dive depth profile (measured by time-depth recorders, TDRs) and beak opening (obtained from the recently developed intra-mandibular angle sensors, IMASEN), it was possible to determine the proportions of the undulations in the dive profile that resulted (or not) in prey capture. This methodology allowed the number of prey consumed to be estimated with a mean error of 10±6% using TDR data alone. If the mean mass of prey is known, then the overall mass of prey consumed per unit time can be determined. Additionally, the method allows estimation of the depth at which prey is taken and thus indicates how penguins exploit the water column. Due to its simplicity, the proposed methodology has applications for other Spheniscus penguin species and should be considered for other marine endotherm divers that show undulations in the dive depth profile.
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  • 134
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    Antarctic Circumpolar Modes in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Ocean Dynamics, 53 (4). pp. 323-333.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-06
    Description: Eastward-propagating patterns in anomalous potential temperature and salinity of the Southern Ocean are analyzed in the output of a 1000-year simulation of the global coupled atmosphere–ocean GCM ECHO-G. Such features can be associated with the so-called Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW). It is found that time–longitude diagrams that have traditionally been used to aid the visualization of the ACW are strongly influenced by the width of the bandpass time filtering. This is due to the masking of considerable low-frequency variability that occurs over a broad range of time scales. Frequency–wavenumber analysis of the ACW shows that the eastward-propagating waves do have preferred spectral peaks, but that both the period and wavenumber change erratically when comparing different centuries throughout the simulation. The variability of the ACW on a variety of time scales from interannual to centennial suggests that the waiting time for a sufficient observational record to determine the time scale of variability of the real world ACW (and the associated decadal time scale predictability of climate for southern landmasses) will be a very long one.
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  • 135
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    Phosphatase activity in the sea (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Hydrobiologia, 493 . pp. 187-200.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-02
    Description: Phosphatase is a key-enzyme in the marine environment, although life in the sea is normally not P limited. Expression of phosphatase in algae is generally regulated by the prevailing external concentration of inorganic phosphate, but the internal N:P ratio may also play a role. For bacteria, additional mechanisms like their C and N demands may be important. This is suggested by high phosphatase activities occasionally measured in eutrophic or deep water in the presence of relatively high phosphate concentrations. The distribution of phosphatase activity among the particulate and the dissolved fractions is highly variable. In particular, the dissolved fraction can contribute considerably to the total phosphatase activity (up to 70%), which differs from the pattern of other hydrolytic ectoenzymes. Parts of this fraction may originate from marine protozoa. The contribution of bacteria and phytoplankton to the particle-associated fraction of phosphatase is extremely variable, depending on P-availability, the dominant organisms, water depth and environmental factors. Community analysis revealed that bacteria attached to marine snow and N2-fixing cyanobacteria were frequently strong producers of phosphatase. Field studies carried out on a great variety of marine regions suggest that phosphatase activity is generally a good indicator of the P status of phytoplankton. Several heat-stable or heat-labile phosphatases, isolated from marine organisms living in extreme or other environments have been recommended for biotechnological applications.
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  • 136
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    Daphnia versus copepod impact on summer phytoplankton: functional compensation at both trophic levels (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Oecologia (135). pp. 639-647.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Here we report on a mesocom study performed to compare the top-down impact of microphagous and macrophagous zooplankton on phytoplankton. We exposed a species-rich, summer phytoplankton assemblage from the mesotrophic Lake Schöhsee (Germany) to logarithmically scaled abundance gradients of the microphagous cladoceran Daphnia hyalina×galeata and of a macrophagous copepod assemblage. Total phytoplankton biomass, chlorophyll a and primary production showed only a weak or even insignificant response to zooplankton density in both gradients. In contrast to the weak responses of bulk parameters, both zooplankton groups exerted a strong and contrasting influence on the phytoplankton species composition. The copepods suppressed large phytoplankton, while nanoplanktonic algae increased with increasing copepod density. Daphnia suppressed small algae, while larger species compensated in terms of biomass for the losses. Autotrophic picoplankton declined with zooplankton density in both gradients. Gelatinous, colonial algae were fostered by both zooplankton functional groups, while medium-sized (ca. 3,000 µm3), non-gelatinous algae were suppressed by both. The impact of a functionally mixed zooplankton assemblage became evident when Daphnia began to invade and grow in copepod mesocosms after ca. 10 days. Contrary to the impact of a single functional group, the combined impact of both zooplankton groups led to a substantial decline in total phytoplankton biomass.
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  • 137
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    Isotopic evidence (He, B, C) for deep fluid and mud mobilization from mud volcanoes in the Caucasus continental collision zone (Georgia, Russia) (2003)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92 . pp. 407-425.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
    Description: The Caucasian orogenic wedge formed as a consequence of the closure of the Tethyan Ocean, and numerous fields of active mud volcanoes pepper the area adjacent to the Black and Caspian Seas. Stable isotope ratios of boron, helium, and carbon have been measured for gas, fluid and sediment samples from active mud volcanoes of Taman Peninsula and Georgia to estimate the sources and mobilization depths of the fluid phase and mud. Boron concentrations in mud volcano fluids were found to be 5–35× higher than seawater. Fluid isotope ratios vary between δ11B=22 and 39‰, while isotope ratios of the smectite- and illite-rich extruded mud are considerably depleted in heavy 11B (δ11B=−8 to +7‰). B contents of these muds are ~8× higher than modern marine sediments. This suggests that liquefaction prior to mud volcanism was accompanied by both B enrichment and isotope fractionation, most likely at an intermediate depth mud reservoir at 2–4 km. The hydrocarbon-generating source beds to the mud volcanoes are located at 7 to 〉10 km depth in the folded Maikop Formation and are of proposed Oligocene–Miocene age. The most likely mechanism is re-hydration of these shales by both hydrocarbons and a geochemically mature fluid from greater depth within the orogenic wedge. Such a deep fluid source is supported by our results from gas analyses, which imply an admixture of minor amounts (less than 1%vol) of 3He (Georgia), thermogenic 13C in methane as well as "ultraheavy" 13C in CO2 (both Taman and Georgia). The overall results attest active local flow of geochemically different fluids along deep-seated faults penetrating the two study areas in the Caucasian orogenic wedge, with the waters as well as the gases coming from below the Maikop Formation.
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  • 138
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    Competitive ranks of three Fucus spp. (Phaeophyta) in laboratory experiments—testing of Keddy's competitive hierarchy model (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Helgoland Marine Research, 57 (2). pp. 83-90.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: Keddy's competitive hierarchy model describes species distribution patterns along gradients under equilibrium conditions and can potentially serve as an explanation for zonation patterns of intertidal seaweeds on rocky shores. One of the assumptions of the model is a competitive hierarchy with the top competitor occupying the benign end of the gradient. Another assumption is the consistency of competitive ranks of species in all environmental conditions included in the shared parts of species' fundamental niches. In laboratory replacement series experiments, the competitive ranks of pairs of Fucus species that occupy adjacent zones in the field were analysed and compared to ranks found in previous field experiments. Unattached thalli of Fucus serratus versus F. vesiculosus or F. vesiculosus versus F. spiralis, respectively, were held in aerated beakers to establish the competitive ranking of the three congeners. Each replacement series was conducted at three total densities. F. vesiculosus was clearly competitively dominant over F. serratus. In competition with F. spiralis, F. vesiculosus was only dominant at its lowest absolute input frequencies, but at higher frequencies dominance was reversed. At high densities, the total ranking was F. spiralis 〉 F. vesiculosus 〉 F. serratus, which is the opposite order to that which would be expected from Keddy's model. Although all three species thrived well under the laboratory conditions, the results did not reflect in situ competitive dominances, which may be an effect of nutrient competition in the laboratory. Keddy's assumption that competitive ranks are consistent over the whole range of fundamental niches cannot be supported for Fucus spp.
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  • 139
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    Comparison between magmatic activity and gold mineralization at Conical Seamount and Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Mineralogy and Petrology, 79 (3-4). pp. 259-283.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: Grab samples from the submarine Conical Seamount, located about 10 km south of the giant Ladolam gold deposit, Lihir Island, reveal the highest gold concentrations yet reported from the modern seafloor. Lavas from Conical Seamount are characterized by high K2O contents, high K2O/Na2O ratios, and high Ce/Yb ratios, which are typical of high-K igneous rocks from oceanic (island) arc-settings. The primitive character of the rocks from Conical Seamount implies a magmatic evolution related to a single eruptive phase, which contrasts with the more evolved rocks forming Lihir Island. Geochemical as well as mineral chemical data suggest that the melts from both Conical Seamount and Lihir Island originate from the same magma source. In common with the samples from Lihir Island, elevated oxygen fugacities of 0.7–2.5 log units above the FMQ buffer are recorded from the Conical Seamount lavas. There are distinct differences between the mineralization styles at Conical Seamount and at the Ladolam gold deposit, Lihir Island. While early-stage pyritic stockwork mineralization at Conical Seamount is hosted by clay-silica altered basaltic rocks with local alunite±kaolinite alteration, main-stage Au-mineralization occurs in sericite-alkali feldspar altered polymetallic sulfide-bearing siliceous veins. By contrast, early-stage pyritic stockwork mineralization at Ladolam is restricted to biotite–magnetite ± silica-altered monzodiorite, while the main-stage bulk-tonnage mineralization occurs as auriferous pyrite-bearing hydrothermal breccias which, in places, are cut by quartz–chalcedony–illite–adularia–pyrite±marcasite veins containing isolated bonanza gold grades.
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  • 140
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    The response of experimental rocky shore communities to nutrient additions (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Ecosystems, 6 (6). pp. 577-594.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-12
    Description: The aim of this study was to determine whether the experimental nutrient enrichment of littoral rocky shore communities would be followed by a predicted accumulation of fast-growing opportunistic algae and a subsequent loss of perennial benthic vegetation. Inorganic nitrogen (N) and potassium (P) was added to eight concrete mesocosms inhabited by established littoral communities dominated by fucoids. The response to nutrient enrichment was followed for almost 2 1/2 years. Fast-growing opportunistic algae (periphyton and ephemeral green algae) grew significantly faster in response to nutrient enrichment, but the growth of red filamentous algae and large perennial brown algae was unaffected. However, these changes were not followed by comparable changes in the biomass and composition of the macroalgae. The biomass of opportunistic algae was stimulated only marginally by the nutrient enrichment, and perennial brown algae (fucoids) remained dominant in the mesocosm regardless of nutrient treatment level. Established rocky shore communities thus seem able to resist the effects of heavy nutrient loading. We found that the combined effects of the heavy competition for space and light imposed by canopy-forming algae, preferential grazing on opportunistic algae by herbivores, and physical disturbance, succeeded by a marked export of detached opportunistic algae, prevented the fast-growing algae from becoming dominant. However, recruitment studies showed that the opportunistic algae would become dominant when free space was available under conditions of high nutrient loading and low grazing pressure. These results show that established communities of perennial algae and associated fauna in rocky shore environments can prevent or delay the accumulation of bloom-forming opportunistic algae and that the replacement of long-lived macroalgae by opportunistic species at high nutrient loading may be a slow process. Nutrient enrichment may not, in itself, be enough to stimulate structural changes in rocky shore communities.
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  • 141
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    Entrance of hot pyroclastic flows into the sea: Experimental observations (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Bulletin of Volcanology, 65 (2-3). pp. 144-164.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-04
    Description: The entrance of hot pyroclastic flows into water has been observed in a series of experiments in which shooting granular flows of hot ignimbrite ash (≤403 °C), of bulk density near that of water, run down a smooth chute and enter a water-filled tank at an angle of 26°. Flows of relatively cool ash (〈150 °C) impulsively displace some volume of near-shore water upon impact, generating a water wave that rapidly travels away from shore. The granular flow material then separates into two portions. (1) A fine-ash surge cloud is formed where the granular flow hits water and rapidly travels down-tank over the water. (2) The main portion of material penetrates the surface and mixes with the water, creating a turbulent mixing zone resembling a hydraulic jump, which advances downstream as long as the pyroclastic flow is maintained. Most pumice floats to the surface, lithics and coarse ash fall out onto the floor, but ash that remains in suspension forms a turbidity current that travels down the floor of the tank. With increasing ash temperature, an increasing fraction of incoming material is initially transported along the water surface; almost all material takes this path at temperatures 〉250 °C. Mixing across the water surface over some distance from shore generates steam explosions forming fountains of wet and dry ash and convectively rising fine-ash plumes. Steam explosions increase in strength and lateral extent towards higher ash temperatures and mass fluxes. The explosions generate water waves that remain driven by massive fountain fallout across some distance from shore. The ash fountains feed pyroclastic surges, which advance down tank over water at high speeds. Underwater plumes of sediment falling from the ash fountains and surges drop coarse load onto the floor whereas the finer load forms a turbidity current. High temperature and poor size sorting of pyroclastic flows are key parameters that determine the processes of interaction with water and the associated hazards. Poor sorting allows for the formation of ash-cloud surges moving over water, even from cool flows. High temperatures cause littoral explosions and facilitate extensive mass transport over water. All flows generate tsunami waves by different mechanisms.
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  • 142
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    Sponge-associated bacteria: General overview and special aspects of bacteria associated with Halichondria panicea (2003)
    Springer
    In:  In: Marine Molecular Biotechnology. , ed. by Müller, W. E. G. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 35-57.
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-28
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  • 143
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    Reproductive isolation between intertidal and subtidal Scoloplos armiger (Polychaeta, Orbiniidae) indicates sibling species in the North Sea (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 143 (3). pp. 511-517.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: Two distinct modes of development in the common polychaete Scoloplos armiger (O. F. Müller, 1776) occur in the North Sea region: holobenthic development in egg cocoons and pelagic larvae hatching from suspended eggs. In the northern Wadden Sea near the island of Sylt, we observed that egg cocoons are produced intertidally while pelagic larvae originate from the adjacent subtidal zone. A previous genetic comparison between these subtidal and intertidal populations revealed distinct gene pools, suggesting that reproductive differences are not phenotypic but heritable. In this study, crossbreeding experiments show that intertidal and subtidal populations are reproductively isolated. Couples with males and females from different habitats had no offspring. Production of egg cocoons is determined by female origin from the intertidal zone. Pelagic larvae occurred only in couples with subtidal females and subtidal males. Intertidal males have spermatozoa with heads twice as long as those from subtidal males and a significantly shorter flagellum. We suspect that deviating sperm morphology may cause the reproductive breakdown at the fertilization stage. Juveniles hatching from cocoons have shorter anal cirri compared to juveniles that metamorphosed from pelagic larvae. We conclude there to be two sympatric sibling species in S. armiger: 'type I' in intertidal areas, which have egg cocoons, no pelagic larvae, elongated sperm heads, shortened sperm flagella and anal cirri; and a subtidal 'type S', lacking egg cocoons but with pelagic larvae, short sperm heads, long sperm flagella and anal cirri.
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  • 144
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    Sibling species or poecilogony in the polychaete Scoloplos armiger? (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 142 . pp. 937-947.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: In marine invertebrates multiple modes of development, or poecilogony, may occur in a single species. However, after close examination, many of such putative cases turned out to be sibling species. A case in point may be the cosmopolitan orbiniid polychaete Scoloplos armiger, which inhabits marine shallow sediments. In addition to the well-known direct, holobenthic development from egg cocoons, pelagic larvae have also been described. Our culture experiments revealed a spatially segregated source of the two developmental modes. All females of an intertidal population produced egg cocoons and no pelagic larvae. All but 2 out of 15 females of an adjacent subtidal population produced pelagic larvae and no egg cocoons. Based on these results we performed a molecular genetic analysis (RAPD-PCR) on three intertidal and four subtidal populations in the North Sea. Selected samples from all sites were analysed also by the AFLP method. We found significantly higher genetic diversity within subtidal than within intertidal populations. This is consistent with a wider dispersal by pelagic larvae and a smaller effective population size when development is holobenthic. Total genetic divergence is not related to distance but to the intertidal/subtidal division. We suggest that S. armiger actually represents two sibling species.
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  • 145
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    Acoustic investigations of mud volcanoes in the Sorokin Trough, Black Sea (2003)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: The Sorokin Trough (Black Sea) is characterized by diapiric structures formed in a compressional tectonic regime that facilitate fluid migration to the seafloor. We present acoustic data in order to image details of mud volcanoes associated with the diapirs. Three types of mud volcanoes were distinguished: cone-shaped, flat-topped, and collapsed structures. All mud volcanoes, except for the Kazakov mud volcano, are located above shallow mud diapirs and diapiric ridges. Beyond the known near-surface occurrence of gas hydrates, bottom simulating reflectors are not seen on our seismic records, but pronounced lateral amplitude variations and bright spots may indicate the presence of gas hydrates and free gas.
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  • 146
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    Timing and distribution of calciturbidites around a deeply submerged carbonate platform in a seismically active setting (Pedro Bank, Northern Nicaragua Rise, Caribbean Sea) (2003)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: The sedimentological study of thirteen sediment cores from the periplatform setting surrounding Pedro Bank (Northern Nicaragua Rise, Caribbean Sea) shows that during the last 300 ka turbidite deposition is controlled by at least four factors: (1) late Quaternary sea level fluctuations, (2) prolific fine-grained sediment production and export resulting in oversteepening of the upper slope environment, (3) the proximity to the bank margin, and (4) local slope and seafloor morphology. The most intriguing finding of this study is the paucity of turbidites, with only 101 turbidites in 13 cores in this tectonically active setting near the Caribbean plate boundary. Throughout the last 300 ka, the frequency of turbidite input during interglacial stages is three times higher than during glacial stages. Also it is obvious that changes in sea level influence the timing of turbidite deposition. This is especially evident during the transgressions resulting in rapid renewed bank-top flooding, subsequent neritic sediment overproduction, and offbank export. The flooding event during each transgression is usually recorded by the onset of turbidite deposition at various sites along several platform-to-basin transects in down- and upcurrent slope settings. Overall, however, more turbidites are deposited during the regressive rather than the transgressive phases in sea level, probably as a result of sediment reorganisation on the slope resulting in slope failure. Five cores show "highstand bundling" of calciturbidites, i.e. higher number of turbidites during highstands than during lowstands in sea level.
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  • 147
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    New volcanological and volatile data provide strong support for the continuous existence of Galápagos Islands over the past 17 million years (2003)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-10
    Description: The first systematic rock sampling of volcanoes along the Galápagos hotspot tracks (the aseismic Cocos, Carnegie, Malpelo and Coiba ridges and adjacent seamounts) in the area between the Galápagos Islands and Central and South America was carried out on R/V Sonne cruise 144-3. Guyot-shaped seamounts, paleo-beach or intertidal wave-cut platform deposits, the structure and texture of volcanic rocks, and low sulfur contents of fresh glasses dredged at these volcanoes imply that ocean islands existed continuously above the Galápagos hotspot for at least the past 17 million years. These new data significantly extend the time period over which the unique endemic Galápagos fauna could have evolved, providing a complete solution to the long-standing enigma of the evolution of Galápagos land and marine iguanas
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  • 148
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    Integrated scenarios of regional development in Ceara and Piaui (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Global change and regional impacts. Water availability and vulnerability of ecosystems and society in the semiarid northeast of Brazil
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 149
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    Large-scale hydrological modeling of a semiarid environment: Model development, validation and application (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Global change and regional impacts. Water availability and vulnerability of ecosystems and society in the semi-arid Northeast of Brazil
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 150
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    Integrated modeling of climate change impacts in Northeastern Brazil (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Global change and regional impacts. Water availability and vulnerability of ecosystems and society in the semi-arid Northeast of Brazil
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 151
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    The climate of Piauí and Ceará (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Global change and regional impacts. Water availability and vulnerability of ecosystems and society in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 152
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    Climate analysis and scenarios for Northeast Brazil (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Global change and regional impacts. Water availability and vulnerability of ecosystems and society in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 153
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    Dynamic regional climate modeling and sensitivity experiments for the northeast of Brazil (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Global change and regional impacts. Water availability and vulnerability of ecosystems and society in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 154
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    Benthic Processes and the Burial of Carbon (2003)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-17
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 155
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    Die Hochwasserkatastrophen im Sommer 2002. Ökologische und ökonomische Gründe, Folgen, Konsequenzen und Ursachen (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 14(4): 206-210
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    Publication Date: 2002
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY FLOODS GERMANY
  • 156
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    Understanding Viscoelasticity: Basics of Rheology (2002)
    Springer
    In:  New York. 145 pp., Springer, vol. 4, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (3-540-43395-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Rheology ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of physics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 157
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    Im Einklang mit der Erde - Geowisenschaften für die Zukunft (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 2, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN: 0-691-05010-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: geography ; environment ; protection ; geosciences ; future ; sustainable ; climate ; natural ; hazards ; water ; resources ; ecology ; economy
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  • 158
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    Higher-Order Numerical Methods for Transient Wave Equations (2002)
    Springer
    In:  New York, 348 pp., Springer, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN: 3-540-41598-X)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of physics ; Finite Element Method ; Finite difference method ; perfectly ; matched ; Layers ; PML ; Gauss-Labatto ; element ; shape
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  • 159
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    Self-Organized Criticality in Earth Systems (2002)
    Springer
    In:  New York, Springer, vol. III/12, Supplement to III/4, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 0-87590-299-5 (soft cover))
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: SOC ; FractureT ; Textbook of geophysics ; Seismicity ; Gutenberg-Richter magnitude frequency b-value ; forest ; fires ; land ; slides
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  • 160
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    Synthesis: Back to Santa Rosalia, or No Wonder There Are So Many Species (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Competition and Coexistence. , ed. by Sommer, U. and Worm, B. Ecological Studies, 161 . Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 207-218. ISBN 978-3-642-62800-9
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-26
    Description: Modern competition research started with G.E. Hutchinson’s, Homage to Santa Rosalia, and his now-famous question “why are there so many species?” (Hutchinson 1959,1961). This confronted observed species richness with the competitive exclusion principle, a principle that had been derived from theory and from highly artificial experiments. It would always have been easy to point at the “artificial” character of the competitive exclusion principle. Indeed many researchers have refused to deal with Hutchinson’s question because they considered it a pseudo-problem, which arose from a contradiction between overly simplified theory and complicated reality. However, those who took Hutchinson’s challenge seriously have gained fundamental insights into how competition plays out in nature, how species coexist, and how communities function. In this final chapter we attempt to synthesize these insights as they have been presented in this book. We focus on six key topics: - Identification of major trade-off axes (Sect. 8.1) - Confirmation of the “intermediate disturbance hypothesis”, and detection of interactions among competition, resource supply, predation and disturbance in field experiments (Sect. 8.2) - The interplay of space colonization, dispersal and neighborhood competition in sessile communities (Sect. 8.3) - Potential for chaotic, self-generated heterogeneity in communities (Sect. 8.4) - Role of exclusive resources in competition among mobile animals (Sect. 8.5) - Coexistence by slow exclusion (Sect. 8.6)
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  • 161
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    The Late Cenozoic uplift - climate change paradox (2002)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91 . pp. 746-774.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
    Description: The geologic evidence for worldwide uplift of mountain ranges in the Neogene is ambiguous. Estimates of paleoelevation vary, according to whether they are based on the characteristics of fossil floras, on the masses and grain sizes of eroded sediments, or on calculations of increased thickness of the lithosphere as a result of faulting. Detrital erosion rates can be increased both by increased relief in the drainage basin and by a change to more seasonal rainfall patterns. The geologic record provides no clear answer to the question whether uplift caused the climatic deterioration of the Neogene or whether the changing climate affected the erosion system in such a way as to create an illusion of uplift. We suggest that the spread of C4 plants in the Late Miocene may have altered both the erosion and climate systems. These changes are responsible for the apparent contradictions between data supporting uplift and those supporting high elevations in the past.
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  • 162
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    Are rocky shore ecosystems affected by nutrient-enriched seawater? Some preliminary results from a mesocosm experiment (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Hydrobiologia, 484 . pp. 167-175.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-02
    Description: The response of rocky shore ecosystems to increased nutrient availability was examined in eight land-based mesocosms designed for hard-bottom littoral communities built at Marine Research Station Solbergstrand (Norway). The average seawater volume in each basin was 9 m3 with an average water residence time of about 2 h. A tidal regime resembling that in the fjord was maintained in the basins, and waves were generated regularly. NH4NO3 and H3PO4, at a constant molar NP ratio of 16:1, was added into 6 basins at concentrations 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 μM DIN above the background DIN concentration during 1 1/2 years. Two mesocosms were kept as control treatment. Marine communities were introduced into the basins two years prior to the start of nutrient dosage. The effects of nutrient enrichment were few and only marginal during the first year of nutrient addition, while some effects became more obvious during the second year. The growth rate of the periphyton and fast-growing macroalgae communities was stimulated by nutrient enrichment, while the response was less evident among the perennial fucoids. The structure of the macroalgal communities, however, did not change during 16 months' measurements. In contrast, growth on artificial rock substrates during the same period of time revealed intensive growth of the fast-growing Ulva lactuca in high-dosed basins compared with low-dosed and control basins, which were dominated by the fucoid Fucus serratus. The fauna communities exhibited only a minor response to nutrient treatment. The common periwinkle Littorina littorea, however, appeared with increased abundance in the high-dosed basins. The total system metabolism tended to increase slightly, but not significantly, with increased nutrient loading.
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  • 163
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    Parasites of the Antarctic rattail Macrourus whitsoni (Regan, 1913) (Macrouridae, Gadiformes) (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 25 . pp. 633-640.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-09
    Description: A total of 386 Macrourus whitsoni from Antarctic waters were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Sixty-five M. whitsoni collected near Halley Bay (Weddell Sea) and 321 specimens from the continental slope off King George Island (South Shetland Islands) were studied for sphyriid copepods directly after being caught. A subsample of 25 specimens from the Weddell Sea and of 9 specimens from King George Island were studied for the presence of other metazoan parasites. Twenty-two species were found, including one myxozoan, six digeneans, one monogenean, three cestodes, seven nematodes, one acanthocephalan and three crustacean species/taxa. While Auerbachia monstrosa and Capillaria sp. are reported for the first time from around the Antarctic, the other parasites have been recorded earlier in the Southern Ocean. Many parasite species found have a wide zoogeographical range and a low host-specificity. The parasite fauna of M. whitsoni revealed several similarities with its congeners M. carinatus and M. holotrachys from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters. This can be explained by a wide host range of many macrourid deep-sea parasites, together with an overlap in distribution patterns of their hosts. Other supporting factors are host migration and a close phylogenetic relationship between the hosts, which enable the parasites to infest all three macrourids. Eight new host and 14 new locality records are established.
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  • 164
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    Lip-reading in remote subjects: An attempt to quantify and separate ingestion, breathing and vocalisation in free-living animals (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 140 . pp. 17-27.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: A new mandibular sensor is presented here based on the use of a Hall sensor, attached to one mandible, opposite a magnet, attached to the other mandible. Changes in sensor voltage, proportional to magnetic field strength, and thus inter-mandibular angle, are recorded in a logger. This system was tested on seven captive Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and three gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) during: (1) feeding trials on land, where birds were given known quantities and types of food; and (2) trials in water where birds were allowed to swim and dive freely. In addition, six free-living Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) were equipped with the system for single foraging trips. Angular signatures were looked for in instances when both captive and free-living birds might open their beaks, and it was discovered that five major behaviours could be identified: ingestion, breathing, calling, head shaking and preening. Captive feeding trials showed that prey mass could be determined with reasonable accuracy (r 2=0.92), and there was some indication that prey type could be resolved if recording frequency were high enough. Vocalisations in Adélie penguins (arc calls) took 〈0.7 s for mean maximum beak angles of 4.2° (SD 1.3), and were distinguished by their relatively gradual change in beak angle and by their high degree of symmetry. Beak shakings were distinguishable by their short duration (multiple peaks of 〈0.5 s) and minimal maximum angle (〈0.5°). Preening behaviour was apparent due to multiple decreasing peaks (angles 〈8°). Breathing could be subdivided into that during porpoising, where a characteristic double peak in beak angle was recorded, and that during normal surface rests between dives. During porpoising, only the primary peak (mean maximum beak angle 25.1°, SD 4.7) occurred when the bird was out of the water (mean maximum for second peak 5.9°, SD 4.1). During normal surface rests in free-living birds, breaths could be distinguished as a series of beak openings and closures, showing variation in amplitude and frequency according to an apparent recovery from the previous dive and preparation for the subsequent dive to come. The mandibular measuring system presented shows considerable promise for elucidating many hitherto intractable aspects of the behaviour of free-living animals.
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  • 165
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    Introduction to Kiel Graduate School papers - Editorial (2002)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91 (4). pp. 559-561.
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
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  • 166
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    Long-term trends in abundance of cladocerans in the Central Baltic: the influence of hydrography and predation by fish (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 141 . pp. 343-352.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: Long-term dynamics (1960–1997) of the cladoceran species Bosmina coregoni maritima, Evadne nordmanni and Podon spp. are described for the Gdansk Deep and the Gotland Basin (Central Baltic Sea). By using correlation analyses on seasonal time-series, the influence of temperature and salinity on the abundance of cladoceran species was investigated. A clear affinity to higher temperature was found for B. coregoni maritima in summer as well as for E. nordmanni and Podon spp. in spring. In addition to temperature, association tests with salinity revealed besides species-specific preferences, regional and temporal differences. Contrary to B. coregoni maritima, both other species were positively associated to salinity in summer and autumn in the Gdansk Deep. In the Gotland Basin only E. nordmanni was positively correlated to salinity in autumn. Differences in the response to hydrographic variables are possibly stage specific, i.e. between resting eggs and adults, or due to a different adaptation to the abiotic environment.
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  • 167
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    Fast static correction methods for high-frequency multichannel marine seismic reflection data: A high-resolution seismic study of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Geophysical Research, 23 . pp. 57-75.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-22
    Description: Very high-frequency marine multichannel seismic reflection data generated by small-volume air- or waterguns allow detailed, high-resolution studies of sedimentary structures of the order of one to few metres wavelength. The high-frequency content, however, requires (1) a very exact knowledge of the source and receiver positions, and (2) the development of data processing methods which take this exact geometry into account. Static corrections are crucial for the quality of very high-frequency stacked data because static shifts caused by variations of the source and streamer depths are of the order of half to one dominant wavelength, so that they can lead to destructive interference during stacking of CDP sorted traces. As common surface-consistent residual static correction methods developed for land seismic data require fixed shot and receiver locations two simple and fast techniques have been developed for marine seismic data with moving sources and receivers to correct such static shifts. The first method – called CDP static correction method – is based on a simultaneous recording of Parasound sediment echosounder and multichannel seismic reflection data. It compares the depth information derived from the first arrivals of both data sets to calculate static correction time shifts for each seismic channel relative to the Parasound water depths. The second method – called average static correction method – utilises the fact that the streamer depth is mainly controlled by bird units, which keep the streamer in a predefined depth at certain increments but do not prevent the streamer from being slightly buoyant in-between. In case of calm weather conditions these streamer bendings mainly contribute to the overall static time shifts, whereas depth variations of the source are negligible. Hence, mean static correction time shifts are calculated for each channel by averaging the depth values determined at each geophone group position for several subsequent shots. Application of both methods to data of a high-resolution seismic survey of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan shows that the quality of the stacked section can be improved significantly compared to stacking results achieved without preceding static corrections. The optimised records show sedimentary features in great detail, that are not visible without static corrections. Limitations only result from the sea floor topography. The CDP static correction method generally provides more coherent reflections than the average static correction method but can only be applied in areas with rather flat sea floor, where no diffraction hyperbolae occur. In contrast, the average static correction method can also be used in regions with rough morphology, but the coherency of reflections is slightly reduced compared to the results of the CDP static correction method.
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  • 168
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    Pelagic food web configurations at different levels of nutrient richness and their implications for the ratio fish production: primary production (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Sustainable Increase of Marine Harvesting: Fundamental Mechanisms and New Concepts: Proceedings of the 1 st Maricult Conference held in Trondheim, Norway, 25-28 June 2000. , ed. by Vadstein, O. and Olsen, Y. Developments in Hydrobiology, 167 . Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 11-20. ISBN 978-90-481-6217-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-30
    Description: Based on existing knowledge about phytoplankton responses to nutrients and food size spectra of herbivorous zooplankton, three different configurations of pelagic food webs are proposed for three different types of marine nutrient regimes: (1) upwelling systems, (2) oligotrophic oceanic systems, (3) eutrophicated coastal systems. Up-welling systems are characterised by high levels of plant nutrients and high ratios of Si to N and R. Phytoplankton consists mainly of diatoms together with a subdominant contribution of flagellates. Most phytoplankton falls into the food spectrum of herbivorous, crustacean zooplankton. Therefore, herbivorous crustaceans occupy trophic level 2 and zooplanktivorous fish occupy trophic level 3. Phytoplankton in oligotrophic, oceanic systems is dominated by picoplankton, which are too small to be ingested by copepods. Most primary production is channelled through the ‘microbial loop’ (picoplankton — heterotrophic nanoflagellates — ciliates). Sporadically, pelagic tunicates also consume a substantial proportion of primary production. Herbivorous crustaceans feed on heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates, thus occupying a food chain position between 3 and 4, which leads to a food chain position between 4 and 5 for zooplanktivorous fish. By cultural eutrophication, N and P availability are elevated while Si remains unaffected or even declines. Diatoms decrease in relative importance while summer blooms of inedible algae (Phaeocystis, toxic dinoflagellates, toxic prymnesiophyceae, etc.) prevail. The spring bloom may still contain a substantial contribution of diatoms. The production of the inedible algae enters the pelagic energy flow via the detritus food chain: DOC release by cell lysis — bacteria — heterotrophic nanoflagellates — ciliates. Accordingly, crustacean zooplankton occupy food chain position 4 to 5 during the non-diatom seasons. Ecological efficiency considerations lead to the conclusion that fish production:primary production ratios should be highest in upwelling systems and substantially lower in oligotrophic and in culturally eutrophicated systems. Further losses of fish production may occur when carnivorous, gelatinous zooplankton (jellyfish) replace fish.
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  • 169
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    The Sula Reef Complex, Norwegian Shelf (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Facies, 47 (1). pp. 179-200.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-02
    Description: Cool-water carbonates in the aphotic zone of deep shelf and continental margin settings in the Northeast Atlantic are produced by the deep-water coral reefs withLophelia pertusa as the major framework builder. Through a compilation of side scan sonar, airgun and manned submersible surveys from several cruises to the mid-Norwegian Sula Reef Complex (SRC), the facies pattern and zonation of one of the largest deep-water reefs in the Northeast Atlantic is described in relation to the overall seabed topography. The late glacial to early postglacial iceberg scour on the crest and shoulder of the Sula Ridge provides settling ground for the scleractinian corals already in the early Holocene. Since then coral growth continues until today but was supposed to be disturbed by an environmental hazard, the so-called second Storegga event. The distinct distribution pattern of individualLophelia reefs on the Sula Ridge has stimulated a discussion on intrinsic environmental controls such as the bentho-pelagic coupling and the alternative hydrocarbon-based nutrition hypothesis.
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  • 170
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    Alfred Bentz - Erdölgeologe in schwieriger Zeit, 1938-1947 (2002)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91 . pp. 1081-1093.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-25
    Description: Rubrik "Neues aus dem Geologenarchiv (2002)"- Alfred Bentz was the leading oil geologist in Germany during the Third Reich, the World War II and thereafter. His relevant activities are treated here mainly on the base of documents in the Geologenarchiv Freiburg. In spite of his prominent position during the Nazi Regime he can obviously not be blamed for personal guilt. As a loyal civil servant he was embedded in the tragic German fate in these years.
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  • 171
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    Sea-Ice and Iceberg Sedimentation in the Ocean : Recent and Past (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Springer, Berlin (u.a.), XI, 563 pp. ISBN 3-540-67965-0
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 172
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    Genome Plasticity in Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Enterobacteria (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 264 (2). pp. 157-175.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-25
    Description: The Enterobacteriaceae comprise a distinct phylogenetic cluster that share a common ancestor with other γ-Proteobacteria. This prokaryotic family comprises 40 genera with 200 species (Garrity 2001). Within this division many representatives live in intimate association with hosts either as pathogens, as commensals or as symbionts (Steinert et al. 2000). The best-studied examples are the entero-bacteria, which comprise the clinically relevant human and animal pathogenic species Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella spp., as well as Yersinia pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica. The entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens also belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae. This bacterium is unusual in that it combines a symbiotic life style within the guts of nematodes with a pathogenic life style that results in the killing of insects. Among the γ-Proteobacteria there are many species establishing symbiotic interactions mostly with invertebrate hosts, for example with insects, with bioluminescent squid and other marine invertebrates, and with nematodes. The genomes of several pathogens and symbionts have been sequenced recently and work is still in progress. In spite of the diverse manifestations of bacteria-host interactions, there are similar fundamental mechanisms that mediate the interaction and communication between the bacterial and eukaryotic partners (Hentschel et al. 2000; Steinert et al. 2000).
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  • 173
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    Large-scale slides on the flanks of the Canary Islands (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: European Margin Sediment Dynamics: Side-scan Sonar and Seismic Images. , ed. by Mienert, J. and Weaver, P. Springer, Berlin, pp. 293-296. ISBN 3-540-42393-1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-03
    Description: The Canary Archipelago, located off the West African continental margin, is one of the largest oceanic island groups in the ocean basins (Fig. 1). A general but slightly diffuse westward age progression of the shield phases of the islands was interpreted as evidence for a hot spot origin of the Canary Islands (Wilson 1973; Schmincke 1982; Carracedo et al. 1998). During the last 15 years, morphological studies of the submarine flanks of ocean islands with swath bathymetry, sidescan sonar and high-resolution seismic systems have demonstrated that giant submarine landslides play an important role during the evolut ion of volcanic islands. Landslides on ocean islands are one of the most important transport processes of volcaniclastic material into the volcanic apron. They are a major geological hazard due to the sector collapses themselves as weil as triggering of tsunamis.
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  • 174
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    Stromatolitic fabric of authigenic carbonate crusts in 4850 m water depth, Aleutian accretionary margin: Result of anaerobic methane oxidation by archaea at cold seeps (2002)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91 . pp. 698-711.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
    Description: Methane seepage leads to Mg-calcite and aragonite precipitation at a depth of 4,850 m on the Aleutian accretionary margin. Stromatolitic and oncoid growth structures imply encrustation of microorganisms (microbial mats) in the host sediment with a unique growth direction downward into the sediment, forming crust-shaped lithologies. Biomarker investigations of the residue after carbonate dissolution show strong enrichments in crocetane and archaeol, which contain extremely low δ13C values. This indicates the presence of methane-consuming archaea, and δ13C values of –42 to –51‰ PDB indicate that methane is the carbon source for the carbonate crusts. Thus, it appears that stromatolitic encrustations of methanotrophic anaerobic archaea probably occurs in a consortium with sulphate-reducing bacteria and that carbonate precipitation proceeds downward into the sediment, where ascending cold fluids provide a methane source. Strontium and oxygen isotope analyses as well as 14C ages of the carbonates suggest that the fluids come from deep within the sediment and that carbonate precipitation began about 3,000 years ago.
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  • 175
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    Naturräumliche Entwicklung Sylts - Vergangenheit und Zukunft (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Klimafolgen für Mensch und Küste am Beispiel der Nordseeinsel Sylt. , ed. by Daschkeit, A. and Schottes, P. Springer, Berlin, pp. 69-112.
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-14
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  • 176
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    Phylogenetic diversity of numerically important Arctic sea ice baceria cultured at subzero temperature (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Microbial Ecology, 43 (3). pp. 315-328.
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    Publication Date: 2017-03-22
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  • 177
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    Early life stages of cephalopods in the Sargasso Sea: distribution and diversity relative to hydrographic conditions (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 141 . pp. 123-130.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: The distribution of early life stages of cephalopods was studied during a cruise of the German R.V. "Poseidon" to the Sargasso Sea in March 1993, covering an area south-east of Bermuda from 24°N to 31°N and 61°W to 65°W. Hydrographic measurements were carried out by conductivity, temperature and depth casts and/or expendable bathythermographs. The subtropical convergence zone was detected at a latitude of approximately 27°20′N and divided the Sargasso Sea into a northern and a southern area. Zooplankton sampling with a 6 m2 Isaac–Kidd midwater trawl and Bongo nets yielded a total catch of 909 specimens of early life stages of cephalopods, representing at least 13 families and 20 mainly oceanic species. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed in order to compare the species composition and abundance of cephalopods. Two different assemblages were clearly identified, north and south of the front. According to the position of the front an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was applied, which confirmed the observed differences in species composition at a highly significant level. The Cranchiidae, mainly represented by the endemic species Leachia lemur, was the most abundant family, especially in the northern part of the Sargasso Sea, and was mainly responsible for the distinction between the cephalopod assemblages. In general, higher abundances of early life stages and a higher diversity was observed north of the subtropical convergence zone, which is assumed to form a faunal boundary.
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  • 178
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    Copepoda - Cladocera - Tunicata: The role of three major mesozooplankton groups in pelagic food webs (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Ecological Research, 17 . pp. 161-174.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-26
    Description: Copepods, cladocerans and tunicates form major groups of herbivorous mesozooplankton. The former two are found in fresh and marine waters, while the latter are restricted to marine systems. In the present review, we compile existing ecophysiological knowledge about between-group differences in metabolic and reproductive rates, feeding selectivity and elemental composition. From this, we derive predictions about their impact on the lower trophic levels (phytoplankton and microbial food web) and predictions about their prevalence under different ecological conditions (e.g. nutrient richness, Si : N ratio, phytoplankton size structure and top-down control).
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  • 179
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    The transition from porphyry- to epithermal-style gold mineralization at Ladolam, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea: a reconnaissance study (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Mineralium Deposita, 37 (1). pp. 61-74.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
    Description: The exceptionally large gold resource at Ladolam (〉1,300 metric tons of gold), Lihir Island, resulted from the transition of an early-stage, low-grade porphyry gold system to a low-sulfidation epithermal gold event. This transition was probably triggered by rapid decompression during the partial slope failure of Luise stratovolcano and accompanied by the ingress of seawater. The original porphyry stage is indicated by remnant hydrothermal breccia clasts of strongly biotite–magnetite altered monzodiorite with disseminated pyrite ± chalcopyrite and poorly developed pyrite ± quartz stockwork veins. The breccias are overprinted by biotite–magnetite alteration and their matrix is strongly mineralized with disseminated auriferous pyrite. The breccias are cut by late-stage epithermal quartz–chalcedony–illite–adularia–pyrite veins and associated illite–adularia alteration that locally contain bonanza gold grades of up to 120 g/t. Isotope data suggest a magmatic source of sulfur in the gold-bearing fluids at Ladolam.
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  • 180
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    Indium: geology, mineralogy, and economics (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Springer, Berlin, New York, 257 pp. ISBN 3-540-43135-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-31
    Description: The extraordinary growth of the computer and semiconductor industrires and the increasing consumption of indium in these technologies in recent years have placed major constraints on current and future reserves of this metal. Despite the current technological interest, there is no comprehensive textbook which deals with all aspects of indium mineralization and economics. This book reviews the geological, mineralogical, geochemical and petrological characteristics of indium-bearing ore deposits and develops a general metallogenic concept for indium in identifying the essential enrichment processes and their economic significance.
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  • 181
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    Phylogeny of green sulfur bacteria on the basis of gene sequences of 16S rRNA and of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson protein (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Archives of Microbiology, 178 . pp. 131-140.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: The phylogeny of green sulfur bacteria was studied on the basis of gene sequences of the 16S rRNA and of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein. Representative and type strains (31 strains total) of most of the known species were analyzed. On the basis of fmoA gene sequences from Chlorobium tepidum ATCC 49652T and Chlorobium limicola DSM 249T available from the EMBL database, primers were constructed that allowed sequence analysis of a major part of the fmoA gene. The largely congruent phylogenetic relationship of sequences of the fmoA gene and of 16S rDNA gives considerable support to the phylogeny of green sulfur bacteria previously suggested on the basis of 16S rDNA sequences. Distinct groups of strains were recognized on the basis of 16S rDNA and FMO sequences and supported by characteristic signature amino acids of FMO. Marine strains formed clusters separate from freshwater strains. The resulting phylogenetic grouping and relationship of the green sulfur bacteria do not correlate with their current taxonomic classification
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  • 182
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    Fifteen days of continuous activity survey at Stromboli volcano, Italy, in late September 2000: Doppler radar, seismicity, infrared, soil humidity, and mapping of the crater region (2002)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91 (4). pp. 712-721.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: The intention of our study was to gain new insight into the complex interplay between different types of eruption of the Stromboli volcano by combining detailed field observation with different geophysical methods. We recorded more than 600 eruptions by use of continuous Doppler radar measurements. We detected the onset of the seismic precursor and the beginning of the visible eruption by use of seismic and infrared data. Two soil samples per day were used to monitor the effect of humidity on the eruptive style. We mapped the crater region as a reference base for the long-term morphological changes of the active region and for the exact positions of our measurement systems. Two distinct types of eruption were distinguished from each other on the basis of seismic and radar data – short, wide-angle Strombolian explosions and pulsating, sharp angle fountain-like eruptions. Data and visual observations imply that weather conditions significantly effect volcanic activity. We also interpret the intensification of eruptive activity during our field study as replenishment of the reservoir with a new batch of magma in late September 2000.
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  • 183
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    Milestones in Geosciences: Preface (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Milestones in Geosciences: Selected Benchmark Papers Published in the Journal „Geologische Rundschau“. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 1-3, 145 pp. ISBN 978-3-642-07919-1
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
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  • 184
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    Fresh Water Balance of the Gulf Stream System in a Regional Model Study (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 18 . pp. 17-27.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-13
    Description: We investigate the dependence of surface fresh water fluxes in the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current (NAC) area on the position of the stream axis which is not well represented in most ocean models. To correct this shortcoming, strong unrealistic surface fresh water fluxes have to be applied that lead to an incorrect salt balance of the current system. The unrealistic surface fluxes required by the oceanic component may force flux adjustments and may cause fictitious long-term variability in coupled climate models. To identify the important points in the correct representation of the salt balance of the Gulf Stream a regional model of the northwestern part of the subtropical gyre has been set up. Sensitivity studies are made where the westward flow north of the Gulf Stream and its properties are varied. Increasing westward volume transport leads to a southward migration of the Gulf Stream separation point along the American coast. The salinity of the inflow is essential for realistic surface fresh water fluxes and the water mass distribution. The subpolar-subtropical connection is important in two ways: The deep dense flow from the deep water mass formation areas sets up the cyclonic circulation cell north of the Gulf Stream. The surface and mid depth flow of fresh water collected at high northern latitudes is mixed into the Gulf Stream and compensates for the net evaporation at the surface.
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  • 185
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    Competition, coexistence and diversity on rocky shores (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Competition and Coexistence. , ed. by Sommer, U. and Worm, B. Ecological Studies, 161 . Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 133-163. ISBN 978-3-642-62800-9
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-26
    Description: The question "Why are there so many species?" has puzzled ecologist for a long time. Initially, an academic question, it has gained practical interest by the recent awareness of global biodiversity loss. Species diversity in local ecosystems has always been discussed in relation to the problem of competi­ tive exclusion and the apparent contradiction between the competitive exclu­ sion principle and the overwhelming richness of species found in nature. Competition as a mechanism structuring ecological communities has never been uncontroversial. Not only its importance but even its existence have been debated. On the one extreme, some ecologists have taken competi­ tion for granted and have used it as an explanation by default if the distribu­ tion of a species was more restricted than could be explained by physiology and dispersal history. For decades, competition has been a core mechanism behind popular concepts like ecological niche, succession, limiting similarity, and character displacement, among others. For some, competition has almost become synonymous with the Darwinian "struggle for existence", although simple plausibility should tell us that organisms have to struggle against much more than competitors, e.g. predators, parasites, pathogens, and envi­ ronmental harshness.
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  • 186
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    Life at the edge: Achieving prediction from environmental variability and biological variety (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Ocean Margin Systems. , ed. by Wefer, G., Billett, D., Hebbeln, D., Jorgensen, B. B., Schlüter, M. and van Weering, T. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 387-404. ISBN 3-540-43921-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-03
    Description: The ocean margins contain a great variety of habitats and biological communities. Recent discoveries, such as deep-water coral reefs, show that these communities are poorly described and understood. However, observations have already indicated that benthic communities on ocean margins show high levels of spatial and temporal variation at all scales. The European continental margin is increasingly exploited for both biological resources (fisheries) and non-biological resources (oil, gas, minerals). Environmental management of the exploitation of continental margins requires an understanding of natural levels of variation inherent in biological communities that are potentially impacted by such activities. This paper presents a synthesis of the present knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation of slope communities. Priorities for future research and its technological development are discussed. The aim of this research is to provide a scientific basis for the environmental management of the continental slopes of Europe.
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    Biodiversity and species-environment relationships of the demersal fish assemblage at the Great Meteor Seamount (subtropical NE Atlantic), sampled by different trawls (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 141 . pp. 185-199.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: Quantitative data collected with different bottom trawls at the Great Meteor Seamount (subtropical NE Atlantic, 30°N; 28.5°W) in 1967, 1970 and 1998 are compared. Bootstrap estimates of total catch per unit effort increased from 6.96 and 10.8 ind. m–1 h–1 in 1967 and 1970, respectively, to 583.98 ind. m–1 h–1 in 1998. Gear effects and an effect of gear over time accounted for 47.1% and 20% of species variability. Further significant factors were time of day and habitat, while season was not significant. A total of 43 species was collected. Including supplementary species information, a grand total of 46 species was found associated with the Great Meteor Seamount. Diversity was higher in 1967 and 1970 (Shannon's diversity: H′=2.5 and 1.6) than in 1998 (H′=0.9). Species–environment relationships are discussed in terms of a sound-scattering layer–interception hypothesis, i.e. utilisation of prey from a diurnally moving sound-scattering layer for the bentho-pelagic community. This is probably augmented by concentration effects in a circular current around the seamount (Taylor-column). Long-term changes are discussed with respect to a decrease in biodiversity due to considerable increases in Macroramphosus scolopax and Capros aper. In 1998, the increase of abundance of Trachurus picturatus and the respective decreases for genuine benthic species were likely to have been caused by a change of gear.
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  • 188
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    Competition and coexistence in plankton communities (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Competition and Coexistence. , ed. by Sommer, U. and Worm, B. Ecological Studies, 161 . Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 79-108. ISBN 3-540-43311-2
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-26
    Description: Planktonic protozoa (ciliates of the genus Paramecium) were the first test organisms by which the competitive exclusion principle could be demonstrated (Gause 1934). Plankton (now phytoplankton) again served as model organisms when Hutchinson (1961) made the ecological community aware of the apparent contradiction between the competitive exclusion principle and the number of coexisting species (“the paradox of the plankton”; the theoretical foundations are explained in Chap. 2, this Vol.). This article turned out to be extremely fruitful in generating discussion in ecology and developing models to solve the paradox of the plankton became a major challenge. The most influential of these attempts was Tilman’s (1977) theory of resource competition, which again used phytoplankton (the freshwater diatoms Asterionella formosa and Cyclotella meneghiniana) for its first experimental test. During the following decades, plankton still played an important role as experimental model organisms in the analysis of competition and coexistence. Within plankton there was a strong bias towards phytoplankton, bacterioplankton ranking second and zooplankton third. The popularity of plankton had several reasons, some of them are more technical, and one reason is more fundamental.
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  • 189
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    STOIC: a study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 18 (5). pp. 403-420.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-13
    Description: We describe the behaviour of 23 dynamical ocean-atmosphere models, in the context of comparison with observations in a common framework. Fields of tropical sea surface temperature (SST), surface wind stress and upper ocean vertically averaged temperature (VAT) are assessed with regard to annual mean, seasonal cycle, and interannual variability characteristics. Of the participating models, 21 are coupled GCMs, of which 13 use no form of flux adjustment in the tropics. The models vary widely in design, components and purpose: nevertheless several common features are apparent. In most models without flux adjustment, the annual mean equatorial SST in the central Pacific is too cool and the Atlantic zonal SST gradient has the wrong sign. Annual mean wind stress is often too weak in the central Pacific and in the Atlantic, but too strong in the west Pacific. Few models have an upper ocean VAT seasonal cycle like that observed in the equatorial Pacific. Interannual variability is commonly too weak in the models: in particular, wind stress variability is low in the equatorial Pacific. Most models have difficulty in reproducing the observed Pacific 'horseshoe' pattern of negative SST correlations with interannual Niño3 SST anomalies, or the observed Indian-Pacific lag correlations. The results for the fields examined indicate that several substantial model improvements are needed, particularly with regard to surface wind stress.
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  • 190
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    Analysis of observed and simulated SST spectra in the midlatitudes (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 19 (3-4). pp. 277-288.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-13
    Description: Statistical analyses of monthly mean sea surface temperatures (SST) from observations and from a hierarchy of global coupled ocean-atmosphere models were carried out with the focus on the midlatitudes (25°N-50°N). The spectra of the simulated SSTs have been tested against the null hypothesis of Hasselmann's stochastic climate model, which assumes an AR(1)-process for the SST variability in its simplest version. It was found that the spectra of the SST variability in the observations and in the CGCMs with fully dynamical ocean models differ significantly from AR(1)-processes, while the SST variability in an AGCM coupled to a slab ocean is consistent with an AR(1)-process. The deviations of the SST spectra from the fitted AR(1) spectra are not due to spectral peaks but are due to a slower increase of variance from seasonal to decadal time scales. Parts of these differences can be attributed to the interaction between the mixed layer and the sub-mixed-layer ocean. While the mixed layer depth variability generates SST variability on seasonal and shorter time scales, the heat exchange with the deep ocean, reduces variability on longer time scales.
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  • 191
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    On North Atlantic Inter-decadal Variability: A Stochastic View (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Ocean Forecasting. , ed. by Pinardi, N. and Woods, J. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 149-178.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 192
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    Petrology and geochemistry of the shoshonite-hosted Skouries porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Chalkidiki, Greece (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Mineralium Deposita, 37 (1). pp. 137-144.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
    Description: The Skouries porphyry Cu–Au deposit, containing an indicated reserve of 206 Mt at 0.54% Cu and 0.80 g/t Au, is hosted by at least four hypabyssal monzonite–porphyry phases. In decreasing age, they are: (1) pink monzonite, (2) main monzonite, (3) intra-mineral monzonite, and (4) late-stage porphyry. High-grade ore is directly associated with the main and intra-mineral monzonite phases. All intrusive phases are cut by late-stage monzonite dykes that are barren. The monzonites have porphyritic textures with phenocrysts of plagioclase, alkali feldspar and amphibole as well as apatite and titanite microphenocrysts in a fine-grained feldspar-dominated groundmass. Mineralized samples are affected to varying degrees by potassic alteration, ranging from weak biotite–magnetite disseminations, through cross-cutting veinlets of hydrothermal orthoclase, to zones with pervasive orthoclase flooding. The high halogen contents of the Skouries intrusions are reflected in the high Cl and F concentrations of mica phases (up to 0.19 and 2.48 wt% respectively). The presence of magmatic magnetite in all intrusive phases implies high oxygen fugacities of the parental melts. All four monzonite phases have relatively evolved compositions, as reflected by their high SiO2, low MgO and low mg#, and variable but low contents of mantle-compatible elements such as V, Ni and Co. However, their mg# suggests increasing degrees of fractionation of the parental melts with decreasing age. Their high K2O (up to 5.8 wt%) and K2O/Na2O ratios (〉1), as well as their high Ce/Yb and Th/Yb ratios (〉34 and 〉21 respectively), which are believed to have been unaffected by alteration processes, are typical of alkaline rocks of the shoshonite association. Importantly, the Skouries intrusions are characterized by very high U and Th contents (up to 18.9 ppm and 62 ppm, respectively) that are consistent with accessory thorite and rare allanite in several samples. The high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7082) for the Skouries intrusions suggest crustal contamination during emplacement. The use of geochemical discrimination diagrams assigns the rocks to a continental arc setting in accord with the interpretation of previous workers.
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  • 193
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    Bahamian carbonate platform development in response to paleoceanographic changes (2002)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91 . pp. 482-489.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
    Description: In this paper we show that the development of the sediment architecture at the leeward toe-of-slope of Great Bahama Bank (Ocean Drilling Project Leg 166, Bahama Transect) during the last 6 Ma is not only a response to sea-level fluctuations, but also to major paleo-oceanographic and climatic changes. A major sequence boundary close to the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (dated at 5.6–5.4 Ma) is interpreted to reflect a major sea-level drop that was followed by a sea-level rise, which led to the re-flooding of the Mediterranean Sea at the end of the Messinian and increasing sea-surface temperatures at Great Bahama Bank. Distinct erosional horizons occurred during the Pliocene (dated at 4.6 and 3.3–3.6 Ma) related to sea-level change and the intensification of the Gulf Stream when the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama reached a critical threshold. The Gulf Stream brings warm, saline and nutrient-poor waters to the Bahamas. Starting at the Early–Late Pliocene boundary at 3.6 Ma this paleo-oceanographic reorganization in combination with enhanced sea-level fluctuations associated with the Late Pliocene main intensification in Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (since 3.2 Ma) led to (1) a gradual change from a ramp-type to a flat-topped type morphology, and (2) a change from a skeletal to a non-skeletal-dominated sedimentary system (mainly peloidal). Increased sea-level fluctuations during the second half of the Pleistocene led to an intensified high stand-shedding depositional pattern within the surrounding basins.
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  • 194
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    Trace element mobility during sub-seafloor alteration of basaltic glass from ODP-Site 953 (off Gran Canaria) (2002)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91 (4). pp. 661-679.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: Trace element concentrations of altered basaltic glass shards (layer silicates) and zeolites in volcaniclastic sediments drilled in the volcanic apron northeast of Gran Canaria during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) leg 157 document variable element mobilities during low-temperature alteration processes in a marine environment. Clay minerals (saponite, montmorillonite, smectite) replacing volcanic glass particles are enriched in transition metals and rare earth elements (REE). The degree of retention of REE within the alteration products of the basaltic glass is correlated with the field strength of the cations. The high field-strength elements are preferentially retained or enriched in the alteration products by sorption through clay minerals. Most trace elements are enriched in a boundary layer close to the interface mineral–altered glass. This boundary layer has a key function for the physico-chemical conditions of the subsequent alteration process by providing a large reactive surface and by lowering the fluid permeability. The release of most elements is buffered by incorporation into secondary precipitates (sodium-rich zeolites, phillipsite, Fe- and Mn-oxides) as shown by calculated distribution coefficients between altered glasses and authigenic minerals. Chemical fluxes change from an open to a closed system behavior during prograde low-temperature alteration of volcaniclastic sediments with no significant trace metal flux from the sediment to the water column.
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  • 195
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    The geochemistry of oceanic carbonatites compared with continental carbonatites: mantle recycling of oceanic crustal carbonate (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Mineralogy and Petrology, 142 . pp. 520-542.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-20
    Description: Major and trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb–O–C isotopic compositions are presented for carbonatites from the Cape Verde (Brava, Fogo, Sáo Tiago, Maio and Sáo Vicente) and Canary (Fuerteventura) Islands. Carbonatites show pronounced enrichment in Ba, Th, REE, Sr and Pb in comparison to most silicate volcanic rocks and relative depletion in Ti, Zr, Hf, K and Rb. Calcio (calcitic)-carbonatites have primary (mantle-like) stable isotopic compositions and radiogenic isotopic compositions similar to HIMU-type ocean island basalts. Cape Verde carbonatites, however, have more radiogenic Pb isotope ratios (e.g. 206Pb/204Pb=19.3–20.4) than reported for silicate volcanic rocks from these islands (18.7–19.9; Gerlach et al. 1988; Kokfelt 1998). We interpret calcio-carbonatites to be derived from the melting of recycled carbonated oceanic crust (eclogite) with a recycling age of ~1.6 Ga. Because of the degree of recrystallization, replacement of calcite by secondary dolomite and elevated ∂13C and ∂18O, the major and trace element compositions of the magnesio (dolomitic)-carbonatites are likely to reflect secondary processes. Compared with Cape Verde calcio-carbonatites, the less radiogenic Nd and Pb isotopic ratios and the negative Δ7/4 of the magnesio-carbonatites (also observed in silicate volcanic rocks from the Canary and Cape Verde Islands) cannot be explained through secondary processes or through the assimilation of Cape Verde crust. These isotopic characteristics require the involvement of a mantle component that has thus far only been found in the Smoky Butte lamproites from Montana, which are believed to be derived from subcontinental lithospheric sources. Continental carbonatites show much greater variation in radiogenic isotopic composition than oceanic carbonatites, requiring a HIMU-like component similar to that observed in the oceanic carbonatites and enriched components. We interpret the enriched components to be Phanerozoic through Proterozoic marine carbonate (e.g. limestone) recycled through shallow, subcontinental–lithospheric–mantle and deep, lower-mantle sources.
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  • 196
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    New tie-points for the geomagnetic polarity time scale during the Middle Miocene from the Mogán Group on Gran Canaria and Ocean Drilling Program Leg 157 site 953 (2002)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91 (4). pp. 642-660.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
    Description: A thick sequence of volcaniclastic sediments drilled at site 953 during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 157 northeast of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) contains an almost complete magneto-stratigraphy back to the shield stage of the island 14.8 Ma ago. Onshore, a sequence of reversals has been identified and dated in 19 dominantly peralkaline rhyolitic ignimbrites, one rhyolitic, and one basaltic lava flow of the Mogán Group (13.35–13.95 Ma), which overlie basalt flows of the island's shield stage (〉14 Ma). The magneto-stratigraphy of the ignimbrites onshore has been correlated with the marine magneto-stratigraphy at site 953, determined in syn-ignimbritic volcaniclastic turbidites, which were deposited practically synchronously immediately following the entry of the parent pyroclastic flows into the sea around the circumference of the island. The four polarity intervals recorded in the sequence of the Mogán Group ignimbrites correspond to C5ACr, C5ACn, C5ADr and C5ADn. Single crystal 40Ar/39Ar-age determinations of the ignimbrites bracketing the polarity changes gave the following ages and uncertainties for the reversals C5AD (t) (13.95±0.07 Ma), C5AC(o) (13.89±0.08 Ma), and C5AC(t) (13.47±0.09 Ma). The newly dated polarity changes fit and refine the Miocene age model proposed in the global polarity time scale.
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  • 197
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    Flow Injection Techniques for the in situ Monitoring of Marine Processes (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Marine Biogeochemistry. , ed. by Gianguzza, A. Environmental Science Series . Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 385-401.
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-05
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 198
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    Simulation of Sedimentary Basins (2002)
    Springer
    In:  In: Advanced Topics in Computational Partial Differential Equations. , ed. by Langtangen, H. P. and Tveito, A. Springer, Berlin, pp. 611-658. ISBN 978-3-540-01438-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-18
    Description: In this chapter we focus on mathematical and numerical models of coupled partial differential equations governing geological processes. We consider a model governing some of the fundamental space-time geological processes in sedimentary basins. The mathematical model couples fluid and heat transfer in time in a deforming porous medium. A finite element discretization technique with a fully implicit approach represent the most robust and reliable solution. The basin model is used in a case study simulating the cooling of a high temperature (1100 degrees C) horizontal magmatic intrusion (sill), including the aspects of maturity of hydrocarbons. The model is able to handle sharp temperature gradients and give a quantitative description of the conductive and advective temperature transfer, which causes changes in the pore pressure, fluid circulation, as well as effective and thermal stresses, in the proximity of the sill.
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  • 199
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    Phylogeography of two squid (Loligo pealei and L. plei) in the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic Ocean (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 140 (1). pp. 103-115.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The loliginid squids Loligo pealei LeSueur and L. plei Blaineville (both recently proposed for reclassification as Doryteuthis) are commercially important, similar in appearance, and sympatric throughout much of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. To investigate possible cryptic speciation and population structure, we examined samples (collected from 1995 to 1997) of both species for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in PCR products of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase (subunit I). RFLP haplotypes were further characterized by direct sequencing. In North American waters, cryptic speciation was rejected by the far greater nucleotide sequence divergence between species (~14%) versus within species (〈1%). Each species displayed about a dozen RFLP haplotypes, but only three of their respective haplotypes were found among 90% of L. pealei specimens (n=356) and 97% of L. plei specimens (n=431). For L. pealei, a genetic break existed between the northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean; among sample units within each population, gene flow was consistent with panmixia. The phylogeography of L. pealei is likely a consequence of the eastward currents of the Florida Straits, the elevated temperatures of those surface waters, and the restriction of this species to the continental shelf. For L. plei, a genetic break existed between longitudes 88°W and 89°W, with the northwestern Gulf of Mexico and the northeastern Gulf–Atlantic Ocean comprising separate populations; among sample units within each population, gene flow fit an isolation-by-distance model. If the genetic break found for L. plei represents resident populations separated by nearshore physical parameters (e.g. effects of the Mississippi River and the sediment boundary at longitude 88°W), the lack of structure within the Gulf for L. pealei might be due to its distribution farther from shore. However, the two populations of L. plei probably represent annual recolonization from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico and from the eastern Caribbean Sea, whereas the populations of L. pealei probably are permanent residents within their respective regions.
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  • 200
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    The effects of temperature in the life cycle of two consecutive generations of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), cultured in the Algarve (South Portugal) (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Aquaculture International, 10 (3). pp. 207-220.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: We are presently culturing the 4th generation of thecuttlefish, Sepia officinalis in our laboratory. A firstgeneration (F1) was grown from eggs collected from the wild (Ria Formosa–South Portugal) during the summer, at mean temperatures of 27°C ± 3°. In the present study, a second generation(F2), originated from eggs laid in the laboratory by females from F1 wascultured between the start of autumn and the end of spring, at meantemperaturesof 15 °C ± 4 °C. The life cycle ofcuttlefish from F2 was compared to F1. Populations of 30 cuttlefish were usedineach experiment. Cuttlefish were grown from one day old until the cycle wascompleted (when the last female in each population had died). Cuttlefish fromF2cultured at much lower temperatures had a longer life cycle, of almost 9 months(260 days) compared to cuttlefish from F1, which completed their cycle in lessthan 6 months (165 days). Cuttlefish from F2 grew significantly larger (U =0.00; p 〈 0.01) with mean weights of 343.3 ± 80.5 g and248 ± 33.1 g for males and females, respectively, comparedtoF1 (199.6 ± 40 g and 143.3 ± 30.9 g formales and females, respectively). Females from F2 had higher fecundity (225eggsfemale−1) compared to females from F1 (144 eggs perfemale−1), produced bigger eggs (t = 45.60752; p 〈 0.0001),weighing 0.74 ± 0.18 g, compared to 0.46 ± 0.11 fromF1,and bigger hatchlings (t = 7,144783; p 〈 0.0001), weighing 0.10 ±0.02g, compared to 0.09 ± 0.02 g for the summerpopulation.
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