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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Seabirds : feeding ecology and role in marine ecosystems (1987)
    Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI Bio-90-0069
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VIII, 408 S. : Abb., Tab., graph. Darst. ; 23 cm
    ISBN: 0521301785
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Status and conservation of the world's seabirds : based on the proceedings of the ICBP seabird conservation symposium held in Cambridge, England, August 1982 (1984)
    Cambridge : International Council for Bird Preservation
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI Bio-93-0147
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IX, 778 S. : graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 0946888035
    Series Statement: ICBP Technical Publication 2
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting changes in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, population at South Georgia (1999)
    Springer
    Marine biology 135 (1999), S. 647-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variability in the Southern Ocean is frequently reflected in changes in the abundance of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and subsequent effects on dependent predators. However, the nature and consequences of changes in krill population dynamics that accompany fluctuations in its abundance are essentially unknown. A conceptual model, developed from quantitative measures of krill length in the diet of predators at South Georgia from 1991 to 1997, allowed predictions to be made about the abundance and population structure of krill in 1998 and the consequences for predators. Consistent with model predictions, in 1998 there was a serial change in krill population structure, low krill biomass and low reproductive performance of predators. The change in the modal size of krill, from 56 mm in December to 42 mm in March, was apparently a result of the transport of krill into the region. This is the first occasion when the future status and structure of the krill population at South Georgia has been successfully predicted. By representing local krill population dynamics, which may also reflect large-scale physical and biological processes, predators have a potential key role as indicators of environmental variation in the Southern Ocean at a range of spatial scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050665
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENTANGLEMENT IN MAN-MADE DEBRIS OF ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS AT BIRD ISLAND, SOUTH GEORGIA (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Neck collars of man-made marine debris were seen on 208 Antarctic fur seals (and removed from 170) during the 142 days of the 1988–1989 pup-rearing season at Bird Island, South Georgia. This represents at least 0.1% of the total Bird Island population and a minimum of 0.4% of animals in the best covered areas; a maximum value might approach 1%. Polypropylene straps (packaging bands) formed 59% of collars, nylon string (16%), fishing net (13%) and six other materials comprised the rest. Males accounted for 71% of entanglements, 88% of which were of young (1–4 yr old) animals; females accounted for 64% of animals older than this. Obvious physical injury was being caused to 30% of animals and only on 19% of animals was the collar loose enough potentially to come off. The magnitude of the problem at South Georgia is similar to that with northern fur seals at the Pribilof Islands, where a significant population decline has occurred concurrently. Antarctic fur seals are still increasing in numbers but stricter controls on the jettisoning of debris into the Southern Ocean ate needed if the entanglement problem is not to increase beyond the level of a potential threat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1990.tb00246.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chick growth and survival in gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua): effect of hatching asynchrony and variation in food supply (1991)
    Springer
    Polar biology 11 (1991), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua, we examined the effects of intra-clutch egg size differences and hatching asynchrony on differential chick growth and survival (including post-fledging survival), in five years for which indices of food supply were available. An initial size hierarchy within-broods at hatching was due to hatching asynchrony not intra-clutch egg size differences. In 1988 only (a ‘poor’ food year), the weight advantage gained by the first-hatched (A) chick persisted to the end of brooding (30 days), with more second-hatched (B) chicks dying. There was no difference between A- and B-chick weights at fledging (60 days) or in overall chick survival between synchronous and asynchronous broods in any year. Postfledging survival (measured in one year) was not related to fledging weight or hatching order. These results provide only partial support for the hypothesis that gentoo penguins operate a brood reduction strategy to optimise chick survival in years of low food availability. We suggest that hatching asynchrony in gentoo penguins may result from selection to keep the first egg warm as soon as it is laid, due to extreme low ambient temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet and feeding ecology of the diving petrels Pelecanoides georgicus and P. urinatrix at South Georgia (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 17 (1996), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The diet of the diving petrels Pelecanoides georgicus and P. urinatrix was studied during 1986 (P. georgicus) and 1987 (both species) by lavaging adults as they returned to feed chicks on Bird Island, South Georgia. The diet of both species was dominated by crustaceans, in particular euphausiids (mainly Euphausia superba and some Thysanoessa), which contributed 47–76% of the biomass of crustaceans in the diet of P. georgicus, and copepods, which contributed 71% of the biomass of crustaceans in the diet of P. urinatrix. Calanoides acutus was the most numerous copepod in the diet of both species; however, Rhincalanus gigas was more common in P. urinatrix than in P. georgicus. The dominant amphipod in the diet of P. georgicus, Primno macropa, was absent from the diet of Pelecanoides urinatrix, in which Themisto gaudichaudii (rare in Pelecanoides georgicus) dominated. Dietary differences were maintained in the period (2 weeks of a total of 10 weeks) when both species were simultaneously rearing chicks. Knowledge of the prey species and of the diving abilities and foraging habits of diving petrels suggests that at South Georgia Pelecanoides urinatrix feeds closer inshore and dives deeper than Pelecarnoides georgicus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050100
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of Antarctic penguin populations in relation to inter-annual variability in sea ice distribution (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  To investigate the role of sea ice cover on penguin populations we used principal component analysis to compare population variables of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins breeding on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands with local (from direct observations) and regional (from remote sensing data) sea ice variables. Throughout the study period, the Adélie penguin population size remained stable, whereas that of chinstrap penguins decreased slightly. For neither species were there significant relationships between population size and breeding success, except for an apparent inverse density-dependent relationship between the number of Adélie breeding pairs and the number of eggs hatching. For both species, no general relationship was found between either population size or breeding success and the local sea ice conditions. However, the regional sea ice extent at a particular time prior to the start of the breeding season was related to the number of birds that arrived to breed. For both species, this period occurred before the sea ice reached its maximum extent and was slightly earlier for Adélie than for chinstrap penguins. These results suggest that sea ice conditions outside the breeding season may play an important role in penguin population processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050059
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fish prey of the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans at South Georgia (1988)
    Springer
    Polar biology 9 (1988), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fish diet (45% of total diet by weight) of Wandering Albatrosses rearing chicks at South Georgia during the austral winters of 1983 and 1984 was investigated using otoliths retrieved from regurgitations. These provide the first quantitative data for this species and for any albatross. By number of identified otoliths (32% could be identified only as ?Macrouridae and ?Moridae), Pseudochaenichthys georgianus (35%), Muraenolepis microps (33%) and Chaenocephalus aceratus (20%) predominated, with Notothenia gibberifrons, Pagothenia hansoni and Champsocephalus gunnari (together 12%) also present. Composition by weight (estimated from otolith length) of the main species was Pseudochaenichthys 51%, Muraenolepis 14%, Chaenocephalus 27%; if digestion and wear had reduced otoliths by 10% the values would be Pseudochaenichthys 54%, Chaenocephalus 25%, Muraenolepis 13%. Composition by weight (actual or corrected values) was almost identical between years but epipelagic fish were significantly more abundant in 1983 than 1984. All identified fish eaten by Wandering Albatrosses are common on the South Georgia continental shelf and most of them are caught in the commercial fishery there. However, two of the three main target species of this fishery in 1983–1984, Notothenia rossii and Champsocephalus were not, or rarely, caught by Wandering Albatrosses. It seems unlikely, therefore, that the albatrosses depend greatly on the fishery for acquisition of fish prey but how they catch several species, including Muraenolepis, which are mainly benthic in habit is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441760
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fish diet of black-browed albatross Diomedea melanophris and grey-headed albatross D. chrysostoma at South Georgia (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 469-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The fish component of the diet of black-browed and grey-headed albatrosses at South Georgia was investigated by intercepting 155 meals from adults arriving to feed chicks during February 1986 and 1994. Fish represented 30% and 72% by mass of the diet of black-browed albatrosses and 14% and 60% by mass of the diet of grey-headed albatrosses in 1986 and 1994 respectively. We determined the identity and quantified the contribution (by numbers, size and mass) of fish species mainly by using otoliths (54 representing 9 taxa and 57 representing 17 taxa in black-browed and grey-headed albatross samples respectively). For black-browed albatrosses in 1986 the main fish prey was Patagonotothen guntheri (77% of otoliths, 51% of estimated fish biomass) and a single large specimen of Icichthys australis (40% estimated biomass), whereas in 1994 Pseudochaenichthys georgianus was the main fish prey (57% of estimated biomass) with Magnisudis prionosa (30%) and Champsocephalus gunnari (12%) also making substantial contributions. Grey-headed albatross samples from 1986 were dominated by southern lampreys (40% by number, 79% of estimated biomass), lanternfish (32% of numbers, 9% by mass) and Patagonotothen guntheri (11% by mass); in 1994 Champsocephalus gunnari (42% by numbers, 24% by mass), Magnisudis prionosa (13% by number, 36% by mass), Muraenolepis microps (90% by number), Pseudochaenichthys georgianus (15% by mass) and lanternfish (18% by number but only 1% by mass) were the main prey. The importance of Patagonotothen guntheri to both species in 1986 and its absence in 1994 probably reflect albatrosses obtaining it from the commercial fishery, which was active in 1986 but closed in 1994. Otherwise the fish diet of black-browed albatrosses is dominated by krill-feeding fish, characteristic of the waters of the South Georgia shelf. In contrast, the grey-headed albatross diet comprises deeper water mesopelagic species, especially lanternfish, which reflect its affinity for the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone and associated oceanic upwellings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050077
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water flux and estimated metabolism of free-ranging gentoo and macaroni penguins at South Georgia (1983)
    Springer
    Polar biology 2 (1983), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Water turnover rates were measured in gentoo and macaroni penguins breeding sympatrically on South Georgia Island. At the time of this study, adult male macaronis were attending the nest while female macaronis and both sexes of adult gentoos were making regular foraging trips to sea and returning to feed their chicks. Both species feed principally on krill, Euphausia superba, although gentoos also feed on fish. The average water turnover rate in 2 fasting male macaronis was 12.5 ml·kg-1·day-1 with a half-time for water turnover of 36 days. The mean water flux rate in feeding birds was 155 ml·kg-1·day-1 in gentoos and 184 ml·kg-1·day-1 in macaronis. The half-times for water turnover were 2.8 days, and 2.6 days, respectively. The average metabolic rate of fasting macaronis calculated from water turnover rates was 5.6 W·kg-1 or 1.8 x the standard metabolic rate (SMR). In order to calculate prey consumption and average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) from water flux rates in feeding birds, it was assumed that a) the only sources of water are from metabolism and performed water in the diet and b) the composition of the diet is known. Based on the type of prey consumed, the calculated ADMR was 7.1 W·kg-1 or 2.6×SMR (n=5) for gentoos and 9.1 W·kg-1 or 2.9×SMR (n=3) for macaronis. The ADMR of female macaronis making regular trips to sea was 1.6 x greater than the fasting metabolism of males brooding the chick.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258284
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