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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 34 (2001), S. 16-19 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Texture effects caused by preferred orientation can be corrected in Rietveld analysis by an alternative algorithm presented in this contribution. This algorithm is equivalent to models using symmetrized linear combinations of spherical harmonic functions, but it is unique to all Laue classes and to all orders. Positive definiteness of the polar-axis density is achieved by the exponential method. The outlined algorithm was tested during Rietveld refinement of selected polycrystal samples. The algorithm was proven to be numerically robust and satisfactorily described deviations from the ideal intensity ratios of the Bragg reflections caused by the texture of the samples.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Systematische Veränderungen in den SEE-Verteilungen unterschiedlich gefärbter Fluorite der Zinnlagerstätte Ehrenfriedersdorf (Deutschland) können auf die Evolution des mineralbildenden Fluids innerhalb des Endo- und Exokontakts eines mit der Lagerstättenbildung in Verbindung stehenden Li-F-Granits zurückgeführt werden. Ein mögliches geochemisches Modell, das die SEE-Verteilungen der Fluorite erklären kann, geht davon aus, daß die Lanthanide aus zwei unterschiedlichen Stoffquellen stammen. Es wird angenommen, daß ein im Mantel oder in der unteren Kruste entstandenes Fluid (leichte SEE n  〈 schwere SEE n ) eine Stoffquelle während der Entstehung der Li-F granitischen Magmen und der Lagerstättenbildung darstellte. Die metamorphen Nebengesteine (leichte SEE n  〉 schwere SEE n ) wurden durch Assimilation und Fluid-Nebengestein-Wechselwirkung (unter Einschluß der Zumischung krustaler Fluide) als zweite Stoffquelle in diese Prozesse einbezogen. Minerale, die in dem relativ kühlen und oxidierenden Umfeld des Exokontakts aus dem erzbildenden Fluid kristallisierten, bauten die SEE ein und besitzen daher SEE-Verteilungen, die auf eine einfache Mischung der Lanthanidenverteilungen der beiden Stoffquellen zurückgeführt werden können. Der Mineralabsatz im Gangsystem des Exokontakts führte zu einer sukzessiven Abnahme der absoluten Lanthanidenkonzentrationen des migrierenden Fluids. Die SEE-Verteilungen der Fluorite weisen darüber hinaus darauf hin, daß das mineralbildende Fluid im Exokontakt an Eu relativ angereichert war, was mit der Fluidevolution im Endokontakt erklärbar ist. Der Einbau von Eu2+ in Minerale, die in diesem Umfeld unter hohen Temperaturen und/oder niedriger Sauerstoffugazität aus dem Fluid-Magma-System kristallisierten, wurde durch den großen Radius des Ions behindert. Dies führte zu einer Anreicherung von Eu im Fluid, das anschließend in den Exokontakt migrierte, und zu einer komplementären Verarmung im alterierten Granit. Die SEE-Verteilungen von drei unterschiedlich gefärbten Fluoritproben eines zonierten Fluoritaggregats, das aus einem Kassiterit-führenden Quarzgang des Exokontakts stammt, sind für mathematische Modellierungen geeignet, da sie innerhalb eines relativ homogenen Nebengesteins auftraten und ihre relativen Altersstellungen zueinander gut untersucht sind. Um zu testen, ob das geochemische Mischungsmodell tatsächlich die SEE-Verteilungen der drei Fluorite vollständig erklären kann, wurde ein entsprechendes mathematisches Modell aufgestellt. In Übereinstimmung mit dem vorgeschlagenen geochemischen Modell wird angenommen, daß sich zwei Endglieder mit unterschiedlichen SEE-Verteilungen mischten und daß ein Vorgang wie die Präzipitation von Mineralen den SEE-Gehalt der Mischung verringerte. Der Einbau der SEE aus dem Fluid in die Fluorite wird durch einen Fraktionierungskoeffizient beschrieben. Mit Hilfe des mathematischen Modells wurden Modellwerte abgeleitet, die in möglichst guter Übereinstimmung mit den gemessenen Lanthanidenkonzentrationen sind. Diese Übereinstimmung wurde durch Minimierung der mittleren quadratischen Abweichung zwischen den beiden Datensätzen erhalten. Es wird gezeigt, daß das globale Minimum durch die Anwendung der Gauß-Newton Methode und einer speziell entwickelten Evolutionsstrategie gefunden wurde. Ce und Eu wurden in eine erste Analyse nicht einbezogen, da positive Anomalien in den SEE-Verteilungen der Fluorite auf ein anomales Verhalten dieser beiden Elemente während der Lagerstättenbildung hinweisen. Die erhaltenen Abweichungen zwischen den Modellwerten und den gemessenen Lanthanidenkonzentrationen sind geringer als die analytischen Fehler der SEE-Bestimmungen. In einer zweiten Analyse wurden die Ce- und Eu-Konzentrationen der drei Fluorite berücksichtigt. Die Abweichungen der Modellwerte von den gemessenen Gehalten dieser zwei Elemente sind zu hoch, um lediglich auf analytische Fehler zurückgeführt werden zu können. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß das geochemische Mischungsmodell eine mögliche Erklärung der gemessenen SEE-Verteilungen der drei Fluorite darstellt, aber daß die Ce- und Eu-Gehalte nicht ausschließlich auf einen Mischungsprozeß zurückgeführt werden können.
    Notes: Summary Systematic changes in REE patterns of fluorites with various colourations from the Ehrenfriedersdorf tin deposit, Germany, can be related to the evolution of the mineral forming hydrothermal fluid within the endo- and exocontact of a related Li-F granite. One possible geochemical model that may explain the fluorite REE patterns assumes that lanthanides derived from two distinct element sources. It is suggested that a mantle- or lower crust-derived fluid (LREEs n  〈 HREEs n ) participated as one source of elements in the formation of the Li-F granitic magmas and in ore deposition. The metamorphic wall rocks (LREEs n  〉 HREEs n ) were involved as a second source of elements due to assimilation and fluid-rock interaction (including admixing of crustal fluids). Minerals that crystallised in the relatively cool and/or oxidising environment of the exocontact incorporated the REEs from the ore-forming fluid and therefore exhibit REE patterns that result from simple mixing of the lanthanide distributions of the two element sources. Mineral precipitation in the exocontact vein system led to a successive decrease of the total lanthanide concentration of the migrating fluid. The fluorite REE patterns further suggest that the mineral-forming fluid in the exocontact showed a relative enrichment of Eu that can be attributed to fluid evolution within the endocontact. The large ionic radius of Eu2+ hampered the incorporation of Eu into minerals crystallising from the fluid-magma system in this high temperature and/or low oxygen fugacity environment. This process lead to an enrichment of Eu in the fluid that subsequently entered the exocontact and resulted in a corresponding Eu depletion of the altered granite. The lanthanide distributions of three differently coloured fluorite samples from a single zoned fluorite aggregate out of a cassiterite-bearing quartz vein of the exocontact are suitable for mathematical modelling because of their sample location in a sequence of homogeneous wall rocks and their well-constrained relative age relationships. Mathematical modelling has been carried out to test whether the geochemical mixing model can indeed explain the entire REE patterns of the three samples. In accordance with the proposed geochemical model, it is assumed that two endmembers with distinct REE patterns were mixed and that a process such as mineral precipitation reduced the total REE content of the mixture. The incorporation of REEs from the fluid into fluorite is described by a partition coefficient. Model values that are in closest possible agreement with the measured fluorite lanthanide concentrations were derived from the mathematical model by minimising the mean squared deviation between the two data sets. It is shown that the global minimum was found by application of the Gauss-Newton method and a specially designed evolutionary strategy. Ce and Eu were not considered in a first analysis because positive anomalies in the fluorite REE patterns indicate anomalous geochemical behaviour of these elements during the ore forming processes. The differences between the model values and the measured lanthanide concentrations were found to be smaller than the analytical errors of the REE measurements. In a second analysis the Ce and Eu concentrations of the three fluorites were taken into account and deviations between the model and measured values for these two elements were observed that could not be explained by analytical errors only. These findings suggest that the geochemical mixing model is a likely explanation for the measured fluorite REE patterns, while the observed Ce and Eu contents do not simply result from mixing processes.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Explosions of hot water, steam, and gas are common periodic events of subaerial geothermal systems. These highly destructive events may cause loss of life and substantial damage to infrastructure, especially in densely populated areas and where geothermal systems are actively exploited for energy. We report on the occurrence of a large number of explosion craters associated with the offshore venting of gas and thermal waters at the volcanic island of Panarea, Italy, demonstrating that violent explosions similar to those observed on land also are common in the shallow submarine environment. With diameters ranging from 5 to over 100 m, the observed circular seafloor depressions record a history of major gas explosions caused by frequent perturbation of the submarine geothermal system over the past 10,000 years. Estimates of the total gas flux indicate that the Panarea geothermal system released over 70 Mt of CO2 over this period of time, suggesting that CO2 venting at submerged arc volcanoes contributes significantly to the global atmospheric budget of this greenhouse gas. The findings at Panarea highlight that shallow submarine gas explosions represent a previously unrecognized volcanic hazard around populated volcanic islands that needs to be taken into account in the development of risk management strategies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1937-1944
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Gas explosions . ; Geothermal systems ; Submarine gas venting ; Volcanic CO2 flux ; Volcanic hazards ; Panarea island ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: The Grass Valley orogenic gold district in the Sierra Nevada foothills province, central California, the largest historic gold producer of the North American Cordillera, comprises both steeply dipping E-W veins located along lithologic contacts in accreted ca. 300 and 200 Ma oceanic rocks and shallowly dipping N-S veins hosted by the Grass Valley granodiorite; the latter have yielded about 70% of the 13 million ounces of historic lode gold production in the district. The oceanic host rocks were accreted to the western margin of North America between 200 and 170 Ma, metamorphosed to greenschist and amphibolite facies, and uplifted between 175 and 160 Ma. Large-scale magmatism in the Sierra Nevada occurred between 170 to 140 Ma and 120 to 80 Ma, with the Grass Valley granodiorite being emplaced during the older episode of magmatism. Uranium-lead isotope dating of hydrothermal xenotime yielded the first absolute age of 162 ± 5 Ma for the economically more significant N-S veins. The vein-hosted xenotime, as well as associated monazite, are unequivocally of hydrothermal origin as indicated by textural and chemical characteristics, including grain shape, lack of truncated growth banding, lack of an Eu anomaly, and low U and Th concentrations. Furthermore, the crack-seal texture of the veins, with abundant wall-rock slivers, suggests their formation as a result of episodic fluid flow possibly related to reoccurring seismic events, rather than a period of fluid exsolution from an evolving magma. The N-S veins are temporally distinct from a younger 153 to 151 Ma gold event that was previously reported for the E-W veins. Overlapping U-Pb zircon (159.9 ± 2.2 Ma) and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar biotite and hornblende (159.7 ± 0.6–161.9 ± 1.4 Ma) ages and geothermobarometric calculations indicate that the Grass Valley granodiorite was emplaced at ca. 160 Ma at elevated temperatures (~800°C) within approximately 3 km of the paleosurface and rapidly cooled to the ambient temperature of the surrounding country rocks (〈300°C). The age of the granodiorite is indistinguishable from that of the N-S veins, as recorded by the U-Pb age of xenotime in those veins. Consequently, the N-S veins must have formed between 162 and 157 Ma, the maximum permissive age of magma emplacement and the youngest permissive xenotime U-Pb age, respectively, during an E- to ENE-directed compressional regime. The geochemistry of the Grass Valley granodiorite is consistent with it being the product of arc magmatism. It served as a receptive host for mineralization, but it is has no direct genetic relationship to gold mineralization. Initial uplift of the intrusive mass correlates with the initial voluminous fluid flow event and vein formation at depths of no greater than 3 km. The E-W gold-bearing veins hosted within greenschist-facies country rocks adjacent to the intrusion formed during a second hydrothermal event 5 to 10 million years later than the magmatism and were contemporaneous with a shift to transtensional deformation denoted by sinistral strike-slip faulting.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-05-01
    Description: Exploration for deep-seated mineral deposits in mature mining camps requires integration of large and heterogeneous spatial data-sets. Traditionally, geological, geochemical, and geophysical observations are acquired, processed and analysed independently within separate spatial contexts or more commonly, for geochemical data, in non-spatial feature space. Although methodological developments are still in progress, 3D GIS (geographic information system) technologies already provide powerful tools that can be used to integrate such heterogeneous data-sets to visualize, compare, and characterize geological relationships in a more supportive interpretive environment. Importantly, this technology provides better opportunities to embed all these properties in a more robust geometric framework in which structural history and palaeogeographic setting can be taken into account. We present 3D GIS applications that aid in interpreting relationship patterns amongst faults, folds and geochemical trends. Examples from the Noranda mining region, a classic VMS mining camp, demonstrate the applicability of 3D GIS to support the discovery of new mineral resources at depth.
    Print ISSN: 1467-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-7873
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-01-16
    Description: In eukaryotes, the nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is mainly mediated by soluble nuclear transport receptors of the karyopherin-β superfamily termed importins and exportins. The highly versatile exportin chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is essential for nuclear depletion of numerous structurally and functionally unrelated protein and ribonucleoprotein cargoes. CRM1 has been...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-02-23
    Description: The world-class Veladero high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit is located near the northern end of the El Indio-Pascua metallogenic belt in Argentina. New 40 Ar- 39 Ar alunite and jarosite ages were obtained at four mineralized centers in the Veladero district: the Amable and Filo Federico orebodies that compose the Veladero deposit, and the Argenta and Fabiana satellite centers. These ages indicate that magmatic-hydrothermal alteration and related gold mineralization were episodic, and activity in the Veladero district occurred over a period of approximately 3 m.y. The earliest magmatic-hydrothermal alteration in the Veladero district is recorded by alunite from Argenta that formed at 13.12 ± 0.18 Ma. At the Fabiana prospect, alunite is dated at 10.09 ± 0.08 Ma. At the Veladero deposit, the alteration and mineralization at the Filo Federico and Amable orebodies formed at different times despite their close proximity. Previously available data indicate that alunite at Amable formed at 11.93 ± 0.09 Ma, whereas Filo Federico alunite samples are younger and yield 40 Ar- 39 Ar ages of 11.05 ± 0.12 and 10.34 ± 0.11 Ma. The oldest postmineralization jarosite alteration at Amable is dated at 11.8 ± 0.3 Ma and the youngest is dated at 8.58 ± 0.17 Ma. The age constraints suggest that the spatially overlapping Amable and Filo Federico orebodies formed approximately 1 m.y. apart, at about 11.9 Ma at Amable and after 11.1 Ma at Filo Federico. The results demonstrate that the Veladero district is host to the oldest centers of significantly mineralized magmatic-hydrothermal alteration within the El Indio-Pascua metallogenic belt. Magmatic-hydrothermal alteration and gold mineralization at the Veladero deposit broadly overlapped with isolated centers of middle to late Miocene volcanic activity in the region, dated at 12.7 ± 0.9 to 11.0 ± 0.2 Ma. In contrast to Veladero, the other high-sulfidation deposits in the belt are significantly younger with reported 40 Ar- 39 Ar alunite alteration ages of other major deposits in the belt ranging from 9.4 (the Lama deposit at Pascua Lama) to 6.2 Ma (the El Indio deposit). These deposits formed during volcanic quiescence caused by shallowing of the Nazca plate below South America during the late Miocene, whereas Veladero formed prior to the cessation of volcanism. Fertile magmas of roughly 13 to 10 Ma were previously thought to be restricted to the Maricunga metallogenic belt approximately 200 km north of Veladero, but the present study demonstrates that mineralization in this age range occurred as far south as Veladero. These results are significant for regional exploration, in particular in the area between the Maricunga and El Indio-Pascua metallogenic belts.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: A subseafloor replacement-style barite and sulfide occurrence was drilled in shallow waters at the Palinuro volcanic complex, the northernmost Aeolian arc volcano in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. Using a lander-type drilling device, 11 successful drill holes yielded a total of 13.5 m of core from a sediment-filled depression located at a water depth of 630 to 650 m. The longest continuous drill core recovered consists of 4.84 m of massive to semimassive barite and sulfides with abundant late, native sulfur overprint. Seafloor observations suggest that the hydrothermal system associated with the formation of the subseafloor barite and sulfide ore zone is still active, although black smoker activity does not occur on the seafloor. The recovered drill core shows that the subseafloor deposit is zoned with depth. The top of the mineralized zone is comprised of a variably silicified vuggy barite-sulfide facies that shows notable polymetallic metal enrichment, while the deeper portion of the mineralized zone is dominated by massive pyrite having distinctly lower base and precious metal grades. Metal zonation of the barite and sulfide deposit is related to the evolution of the hydrothermal fluids in space and time. The barite cap and the massive pyrite present in the deeper portion of the mineralized zone appear to have formed early in the paragenesis. During the main stage of the mineralization, the barite cap was brecciated and cemented by a polymetallic assemblage of barite and pyrite with minor chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite, trace famatinite, and rare cinnabar. Lower temperature precipitates formed during the main stage of mineralization include sphalerite, galena, pyrite, opal-A, and barite, which are associated with traces of Pb-Sb-As sulfosalts such as bournonite-seligmannite, or semseyite. A distinct mineral assemblage of fine-grained anhedral enargite, hypogene covellite, chalcopyrite, and galena is commonly associated with colloform sphalerite, galena, and pyrite as a late phase of this main stage. Colloform pyrite and marcasite are the last sulfides formed in the paragenetic sequence. The deposit is interpreted to have formed from fluids having an intermediate-sulfidation state, although excursions to high- and very high sulfidation states are indicated by the presence of abundant enargite and hypogene covellite. Laser ablation and conventional sulfur isotope analyses show that pyrite formed close to the seafloor within the zone of polymetallic metal enrichment has a variable sulfur isotope composition ( 34 S = –39 to +3), whereas a more narrow range is observed in the massive pyrite at depth ( 34 S = –10 to 0). Similar variations were also documented for the late native sulfur overprint. Overall, the negative sulfur isotope ratios at depth, the intermediate- to very high sulfidation conditions during mineralization, and the abundance of native sulfur suggest contributions of magmatic volatiles to the mineralizing fluids from a degassing magma chamber at depth. Biological processes are interpreted to have played a major role during late stages of ore formation. The combination of a subseafloor replacement deposit with a massive to semimassive barite cap rock overlying massive pyrite, the intermediate- to high-sulfidation characteristics, and the strong biological influence on the late stages of mineralization are distinct from other modern seafloor massive sulfide deposits and represents a style of submarine mineralization not previously recognized in a modern volcanic arc environment. The barite and sulfide occurrence at Palinuro shares many characteristics with porphyry-related base metal veins and intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposits, suggesting that metallogenic processes associated with arc-related magmatic-hydrothermal systems are not restricted to the subaerial environment.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: The results of three decades of seafloor research provide the most reliable information on the importance of water depth in massive sulfide formation. Available data from over 130 occurrences show that water depths of seafloor vent sites vary with plate tectonic setting and the regional magmatic and volcanic environment. The shallowest hydrothermal systems in subduction-related settings are hosted by arc volcanoes. These shallow vent sites have a number of features in common with subaerial epithermal systems. Massive sulfide occurrences in arc-related rifts, the most likely setting for many ancient analogs, are generally restricted to water depths from ~700 to 2,000 m, with rifts developing within old arc crust at the deeper end of this range. Back-arc spreading centers proximal to arcs host massive sulfide deposits at depths of ~1,500 to 2,000 m. The deepest hydrothermal systems occur along mature back-arc spreading centers distal to volcanic arcs where water depths range from ~2,000 to 3,700 m. These deeper vent sites probably represent the best modern analogues of ophiolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Boiling of the hydrothermal fluids is common at volcanic arcs and in arc-related rifts. In these environments, elevated magmatic gas contents of the hydrothermal fluids can contribute to the widespread occurrence of phase separation and associated gas loss. By contrast, the high ambient pressures in deep marine hydrothermal systems along mature back-arc spreading centers prevent fluids from boiling during their ascent to the seafloor. Boiling controls the maximum temperature at which hydrothermal fluids discharge at the seafloor and, therefore, influences the metal content of seafloor sulfide deposits. Copper-rich massive sulfides typically occur at water depths exceeding ~1,000 m, whereas Zn- and Pb-rich occurrences may form at any water depth. Boiling can be an important control on Ag and Au grades but is not the only factor controlling precious metal enrichment in massive sulfides. Shallow marine hot spring deposits can be highly enriched in trace metals such as As, Hg, and Sb. Submarine volcanic arc and back-arc settings are geologically complex and significant variations in water depth can occur over short distances. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of these environments in ancient volcanic terranes is hampered by the lack of unequivocal volcanological or sedimentological criteria that indicate water depth. The relationships established here using modern seafloor observations provide important constraints on the paleoenvironmental setting of ancient volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
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