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  • Other Sources  (397)
  • AMS (American Meteorological Society)  (173)
  • Taylor & Francis  (154)
  • Am. Geophys. Union
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • 2000-2004  (163)
  • 1995-1999  (110)
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  • 1
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    Side-Scan Sonar Characteristics and Manganese Nodule Abundance in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zones, NE Equatorial Pacific (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 22 (1-2). pp. 103-114.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-20
    Description: The deep ocean floor between the Clarion and Clipperton fracture zones (NE equatorial Pacific) has the highest known manganese nodule abundance in the world oceans. A detailed analysis of MR1 (Mapping Researcher 1, 11–12 kHz) sonar images and free-fall grab data in the Korean manganese nodule field areas reveals a close relationship between side-scan sonar characteristics of the seafloor and manganese nodule abundance. Eight sonar facies are identified based on back-scattering intensity and distribution patterns. These sonar facies can be interpreted as (1) volcanic seamounts (facies I-1), (2) bounding faults of abyssal hills (facies I-2 and II-1), (3) lava flows or volcanoclastic mass-flow deposits around the volcanic seamounts (facies I-3 and II-2), (4) crests of abyssal hills (facies II-1), (5) abyssal troughs between abyssal hills (facies III-1), (6) relatively flat areas (facies II-3 and III-2). In the areas where facies II-1 (abyssal hill crests with thin sediment cover) and II-3 (relatively flat areas draped by thin sediments) are dominant, manganese nodules occur abundantly. In contrast, zones comprising facies III-1 (abyssal troughs with thick sediment cover) and III-2 (relatively flat areas covered by thick sediments) are characterized by low abundance of manganese nodules. This relationship between distribution of sonar facies and manganese nodule abundance implies that (1) the qualitative difference in acoustic reflectivity of long-range sidescan sonar with some ground truth data is useful for regional assessment of manganese nodule occurrence over wide areas in a reasonable time, and (2) seafloor topography and sediment thickness are important controlling factors for regional occurrences of manganese nodules.
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  • 2
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    Modelling torque generation by the mero-carpopodite joint of the american lobster and the snow crab (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 37 (4). pp. 235-251.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Description: The torque generated by a rotating joint comprises the useful force exerted by the joint on the external environment, and both the magnitude and distribution of torque through the step cycle during walking are important variables in understanding the mechanics of walking. The mechanics of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) and snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) during walking were modelled to examine the relative roles of flexor versus extensor apodeme–muscle complexes, investigate which legs of these decapods likely contribute the greatest to locomotion, determine scaling effects of torque generation, and assess the relative roles of various model variables on torque production. Force generated along the length of the apodeme by the muscle was modelled based on apodeme surface area, muscle stress, and muscle fibre pinnation angle. Torque was then calculated from this estimated force and the corresponding moment arm. The flexor apodeme–muscle complex is calculated to generate consistently greater forces than the extensor, and generally this results in flexor torque being larger than extensor, though the snow crab does illustrate the opposite in two of its legs. This greater torque generation in flexion suggests that, in addition to the pushing of the trailing legs, the pulling action of the leading legs may play a significant role, at least during lateral walking. Leg 4 of both species appears to generate greater torques and thus provide the greatest forces for locomotion. Torque generation as a function of body size shows a second order response due to the increase in apodeme surface area. The pinnation angle of the muscle fibre is found to be insignificant in force generation, apodeme surface area (representing muscle cross sectional area) likely plays the most influential role in total force production, and moment arm controls the distribution of this force through the step cycle. Muscle stress remain a largely unknown quantity however, and may significantly affect both magnitude and distribution through step cycle of forces, and thus torque. Despite the uncertainty associated with the muscle stress parameter, the modelled results fit well with previously published force measurements.
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  • 3
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    Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability and its relation to decadal modulations of ENSO (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 17 (19). pp. 3761-3774.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-23
    Description: The decadal-scale variability in the tropical Pacific has been analyzed herein by means of observations and numerical model simulations. The two leading modes of the sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the central western Pacific are a decadal mode with a period of about 10 yr and the ENSO mode with a dominant period of about 4 yr. The SST anomaly pattern of the decadal mode is ENSO like. The decadal mode, however, explains most variance in the western equatorial Pacific and off the equator. A simulation with an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) forced by reanalysis data is used to explore the origin of the decadal mode. It is found that the variability of the shallow subtropical–tropical overturning cells is an important factor in driving the decadal mode. This is supported by results from a multicentury integration with a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM) that realistically simulates tropical Pacific decadal variability. Finally, the sensitivity of the shallow subtropical–tropical overturning cells to greenhouse warming is discussed by analyzing the results of a scenario integration with the same CGCM.
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  • 4
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    The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 305 . pp. 367-371.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Using inorganic carbon measurements from an international survey effort in the 1990s and a tracer-based separation technique, we estimate a global oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink for the period from 1800 to 1994 of 118 ± 19 petagrams of carbon. The oceanic sink accounts for ∼48% of the total fossil-fuel and cement-manufacturing emissions, implying that the terrestrial biosphere was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of about 39 ± 28 petagrams of carbon for this period. The current fraction of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions stored in the ocean appears to be about one-third of the long-term potential.
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  • 5
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    Circulation and deep water export at the western exit of the subpolar North Atlantic (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 . pp. 817-843.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The current system east of the Grand Banks was intensely observed by World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) array ACM-6 during 1993–95 with eight moorings, reaching about 500 km out from the shelf edge and covering the water column from about 400-m depth to the bottom. More recently, a reduced array by the Institut für Meerskunde (IfM) at Kiel, Germany, of four moorings was deployed during 1999–2001, focusing on the deep-water flow near the western continental slope. Both sets of moored time series, each about 22 months long, are combined here for a mean current boundary section, and both arrays are analyzed for the variability of currents and transports. A mean hydrographic section is derived from seven ship surveys and is used for geostrophic upper-layer extrapolation and isopycnal subdivision of the mean transports into deep-water classes. The offshore part of the combined section is dominated by the deep-reaching North Atlantic Current (NAC) with currents still at 10 cm s−1 near the bottom and a total northward transport of about 140 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), with the details depending on the method of surface extrapolation used. The mean flow along the western boundary was southward with the section-mean North Atlantic Deep Water outflow determined to be 12 Sv below the σθ = 27.74 kg m−3 isopycnal. However, east of the deep western boundary current (DWBC), the deep NAC carries a transport of 51 Sv northward below σθ = 27.74 kg m−3, resulting in a large net northward flow in the western part of the basin. From watermass signatures it is concluded that the deep NAC is not a direct recirculation of DWBC water masses. Transport time series for the DWBC variability are derived for both arrays. The variance is concentrated in the period range from 2 weeks to 2 months, but there are also variations at interannual and longer periods, with much of the DWBC variability being related to fluctuations and meandering of the NAC. A significant annual cycle is not recognizable in the combined current and transport time series of both arrays. The moored array results are compared with other evidence on deep outflow and recirculation, including recent models of different types and complexity.
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  • 6
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    Late Saalian and Eemian palaeoenvironmental history of the Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (Laptev Sea region, Arctic Siberia) (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Boreas, 33 (4). pp. 319-348.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-22
    Description: Palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences complemented by infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and 230Th/U dates from Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (7320'N, 14130'E) document the environmental history in the region for at least the past 200 ka. Pollen spectra and insect fauna indicate that relatively wet grass-sedge tundra habitats dominated during an interstadial c. 200–170 ka BP. Summers were rather warm and wet, while stable isotopes reflect severe winter conditions. The pollen spectra reflect sparser grass-sedge vegetation during a Taz (Late Saalian) stage, c. 170–130 ka BP, with environmental conditions much more severe compared with the previous interstadial. Open Poaceae and Artemisia plant associations dominated vegetation at the beginning of the Kazantsevo (Eemian) c. 130 ka BP. Some shrubs (Alnus fruticosa, Salix, Betula nana) grew in more protected and wetter places as well. The climate was relatively warm during this time, resulting in the melting of Saalian ice wedges. Later, during the interglacial optimum, shrub tundra with Alnus fruticosa and Betula nana s.l. dominated vegetation. Climate was relatively wet and warm. Quantitative pollen-based climate reconstruction suggests that mean July temperatures were 4–5 C higher than the present during the optimum of the Eemian, while late Eemian records indicate significant climate deterioration.
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  • 7
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    Improving ENSO Simulations and Predictions Through Ocean State Estimation (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 17 (22). pp. 4301-4315.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Simulations and seasonal forecasts of tropical Pacific SST and subsurface fields that are based on the global Consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) ocean-state estimation procedure are investigated. As compared to similar results from a traditional ENSO simulation and forecast procedure, the hindcast of the constrained ocean state is significantly closer to observed surface and subsurface conditions. The skill of the 12-month lead SST forecast in the equatorial Pacific is comparable in both approaches. The optimization appears to have better skill in the SST anomaly correlations, suggesting that the initial ocean conditions and forcing corrections calculated by the ocean-state estimation do have a positive impact on the predictive skill. However, the optimized forecast skill is currently limited by the low quality of the statistical atmosphere. Progress is expected from optimizing a coupled model over a longer time interval with the coupling statistics being part of the control vector.
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  • 8
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    Formation of the South Pacific shallow salinity minimum: a Southern Ocean pathway to the tropical Pacific (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (11). pp. 2398-2412.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: In the eastern South Pacific Ocean, at a depth of about 200 m, a salinity minimum is found. This minimum is associated with a particular water mass, the “Shallow Salinity Minimum Water” (SSMW). SSMW outcrops in a fresh tongue (Smin) centered at about 45°S. The Smin appears to emanate from the eastern boundary, against the mean flow. The watermass transformation that creates SSMW and Smin is investigated here. The Smin and SSMW are transformed from saltier and warmer waters originating from the western South Pacific. The freshening and cooling occur when the water is advected eastward at the poleward side of the subtropical gyre. Sources of freshening and cooling are air–sea exchange and advection of water from south of the subtropical gyre. A freshwater and heat budget for the mixed layer reveals that both sources equally contribute to the watermass transformation in the mixed layer. The freshened and cooled mixed layer water is subducted into the gyre interior along the southern rim of the subtropical gyre. Subduction into the zonal flow restricts the transformation of interior properties to diffusion only. A simple advection/diffusion balance reveals diffusion coefficients of order 2000 m2 s−1. The tongue shape of the Smin is explained from a dynamical viewpoint because no relation to a positive precipitation–evaporation balance was found. Freshest Smin values are found to coincide with slowest eastward mixed layer flow that accumulates the largest amounts of freshwater in the mixed layer and creates the fresh tongue at the sea surface. Although the SSMW is the densest and freshest mode of water subducted along the South American coast, the freshening and cooling in the South Pacific affect a whole range of densities (25.0–26.8 kg m−3). The transformed water turns northward with the gyre circulation and contributes to the hydrographic structure of the gyre farther north. Because the South Pacific provides most of the source waters that upwell along the equatorial Pacific, variability in South Pacific hydrography may influence equatorial Pacific hydrography. Because one-half of the transformation is found to be controlled through Ekman transport, variability in wind forcing at the southern rim of the subtropical gyre may be a source for variability of the equatorial Pacific.
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  • 9
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    Tidally induced cross-frontal mean circulation: analytical study (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (1). pp. 293-305.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-11
    Description: An analytical model is developed to study the tidally induced mean circulation in the frontal zone. Four distinct forcing mechanisms are identified, which result in the generation of the counterclockwise Bernoulli cell, the clockwise Ekman cell, the clockwise frontal cell, and the Stokes drift (facing in the direction with the shallow water to the left). The decomposition of the cross-frontal circulation provides a dynamical framework for interpreting and understanding its complex structure. To illustrate the underlying physics, three model configurations are considered pertaining to a homogenous ocean and winter and summer fronts. For a homogeneous ocean, the circulation is dominated by three cells; for the winter front, the offshore Bernoulli cell is strengthened; and for the summer front, two counterrotating cells are found in the vertical direction, associated with the two branches of the front. The dependence of the cell structure on the Ekman, Burger, and other dimensionless numbers is examined.
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  • 10
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    Development of a European Multi-Model Ensemble System for Seasonal to Inter-Annual Prediction (DEMETER) (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85 (6). pp. 853-872.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-07
    Description: A multi-model ensemble-based system for seasonal-to-interannual prediction has been developed in a joint European project known as DEMETER (Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System for Seasonal to Interannual Prediction). The DEMETER system comprises seven global atmosphere–ocean coupled models, each running from an ensemble of initial conditions. Comprehensive hindcast evaluation demonstrates the enhanced reliability and skill of the multimodel ensemble over a more conventional single-model ensemble approach. In addition, innovative examples of the application of seasonal ensemble forecasts in malaria and crop yield prediction are discussed. The strategy followed in DEMETER deals with important problems such as communication across disciplines, downscaling of climate simulations, and use of probabilistic forecast information in the applications sector, illustrating the economic value of seasonal-to-interannual prediction for society as a whole.
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  • 11
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    Adiabatically correcting an eddy-permitting model of the North Atlantic using large-scale hydrographic data: application to the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (4). pp. 701-719.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: This study focuses on an important aspect of air–sea interaction in models, namely, large-scale, spurious heat fluxes due to false pathways of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current (NAC) in the “storm formation region” south and east of Newfoundland. Although high-resolution eddy-resolving models show some improvement in this respect, results are sensitive to poorly understood, subgrid-scale processes for which there is currently no complete, physically based parameterization. A simple method to correct an ocean general circulation model (OGCM), acting as a practical substitute for a physically based parameterization, is explored: the recently proposed “semiprognostic method,” a technique for adiabatically adjusting flow properties of a hydrostatic OGCM. The authors show that application of the method to an eddy-permitting model of the North Atlantic Ocean yields more realistic flow patterns and watermass characteristics in the Gulf Stream and NAC regions; in particular, spurious surface heat fluxes are reduced. Four simple modifications to the method are proposed, and their benefits are demonstrated. The modifications successfully account for three drawbacks of the original method: reduced geostrophic wave speeds, damped mesoscale eddy activity, and spurious interaction with topography. It is argued that use of a corrected (eddy permitting) OGCM in a coupled modeling system for simulating present climate (as now becomes possible because of increasing computer power) should lead to a more realistic simulation in regions of strong air–sea interaction as compared with that obtained with an uncorrected model. The method is also well suited for the simulation of the uptake and transport of passive tracers, such as anthropogenic carbon dioxide or components of ecosystem models.
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  • 12
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    Phytoplankton dynamics in the eastern Caribbean Sea as detected with space remote sensing (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25 (7-8). pp. 1449-1453.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: The Space Information Laboratory (SIL) of the Tropical Center for Earth and Space Studies of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagu¨ ez (UPRM) has been collecting and processing satellite data since December of 1996. Satellite imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the Sea viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS) provides us with a new understanding of phytoplankton dynamics in the Caribbean region. SeaWiFS shows the intrusion of waters into the eastern Caribbean Sea from the Orinoco River during fall and from the Amazon River during spring–summer. Strong coastal upwelling in Venezuela produced by the trade winds during winter– spring is detected with the AVHRR. The satellite data suggest that these seasonal events may play an important role in phytoplankton fertilization of the eastern Caribbean Sea. SeaWiFS and hydrological data are also combined to evaluate the impact of hurricanes on phytoplankton distribution. The development of models for estimation of ocean primary productivity using SeaWiFS and AVHRR data is now in progress.
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  • 13
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    Space–time behaviour of the Angola–Benguela Frontal Zone during the Benguela Niño of April 1999 (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25 (7-8). pp. 1337-1340.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-08
    Description: The hydrographic conditions in the south-east Atlantic were investigated during the cruise of R/V Poseidon in April 1999. The area of investigation covers the two major eastern boundary currents of the Southern Atlantic and its convergence in the Angola-Benguela Frontal Zone (ABFZ). Hydrographic measurements have been carried out in combination with current measurements and are supplemented with remote sensing data of sea surface temperature (SST) and wind stress. The Angola Current transported in its surface part less saline water from the great rivers in the north towards the ABFZ. At the same time, south of the front, strong coastal upwelling in the Benguela was observed. At the beginning of April 1999 the ABFZ was found at an unusual southern position. The rapid dynamic response of the ABFZ to wind forcing is discussed on the basis of satellite SST images combined with hydrographic measurements.
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  • 14
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    Deep water flow in the Mariana and Caroline Basins (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (3). pp. 566-581.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Two major water masses dominate the deep layers in the Mariana and Caroline Basins: the Lower Circumpolar Water (LCPW), arriving from the Southern Ocean along the slopes north of the Marshall Islands, and the North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW) reaching the region from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Hydrographic and moored observations and multibeam echosounding were performed in the East Mariana and the East Caroline Basins to detail watermass distributions and flow paths in the area. The LCPW enters the East Mariana Basin from the east. At about 13°N, however, in the southern part of the basin, a part of this water mass arrives in a southward western boundary flow along the Izu–Ogasawara–Mariana Ridge. Both hydrographic observations and moored current measurements lead to the conclusion that this water not only continues westward to the West Mariana Basin as suggested before, but also provides bottom water to the East Caroline Basin. The critical throughflow regions were identified by multibeam echosounding at the Yap Mariana Junction between the East and West Mariana Basins and at the Caroline Ridge between the East Mariana and East Caroline Basins. The throughflow is steady between the East and West Mariana Basins, whereas more variability is found at the Caroline Ridge. At both locations, throughflow fluctuations are correlated with watermass property variations suggesting layer-thickness changes. The total transport to the two neighboring basins is only about 1 Sverdrup (1Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) but has considerable impact on the watermass structure in these basins. Estimates are given for the diapycnal mixing that is required to balance the inflow into the East Caroline Basin. Farther above in the water column, the high-silica tongue of NPDW extends from the east to the far southwestern corner of the East Mariana Basin, with transports being mostly southward across the basin.
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  • 15
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    The ocean takes a deep breath (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 306 (5700). p. 1377.
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-08
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  • 16
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    Reconstructing, monitoring, and predicting multidecadal-scale changes in the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation with sea surface temperature (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 17 (7). pp. 1605-1614.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Sea surface temperature (SST) observations in the North Atlantic indicate the existence of strong multidecadal variability with a unique spatial structure. It is shown by means of a new global climate model, which does not employ flux adjustments, that the multidecadal SST variability is closely related to variations in the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC). The close correspondence between the North Atlantic SST and THC variabilities allows, in conjunction with the dynamical inertia of the THC, for the prediction of the slowly varying component of the North Atlantic climate system. It is shown additionally that past variations of the North Atlantic THC can be reconstructed from a simple North Atlantic SST index and that future, anthropogenically forced changes in the THC can be easily monitored by observing SSTs. The latter is confirmed by another state-of-the-art global climate model. Finally, the strong multidecadal variability may mask an anthropogenic signal in the North Atlantic for some decades.
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  • 17
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    Widespread Intense Turbulent Mixing in the Southern Ocean (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 303 . pp. 210-213.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-02
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  • 18
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    Arctic climate change: observed and modelled temperature and sea-ice variability (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Tellus A: Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 56 (4). pp. 328-341.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-14
    Description: Changes apparent in the arctic climate system in recent years require evaluation in a century-scale perspective in order to assess the Arctic's response to increasing anthropogenic greenhouse-gas forcing. Here, a new set of century- and multidecadal-scale observational data of surface air temperature (SAT) and sea ice is used in combination with ECHAM4 and HadCM3 coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean global model simulations in order to better determine and understand arctic climate variability. We show that two pronounced twentieth-century warming events, both amplified in the Arctic, were linked to sea-ice variability. SAT observations and model simulations indicate that the nature of the arctic warming in the last two decades is distinct from the early twentieth-century warm period. It is suggested strongly that the earlier warming was natural internal climate-system variability, whereas the recent SAT changes are a response to anthropogenic forcing. The area of arctic sea ice is furthermore observed to have decreased similar to8 x 10(5) km(2) (7.4%) in the past quarter century, with record-low summer ice coverage in September 2002. A set of model predictions is used to quantify changes in the ice cover through the twenty-first century, with greater reductions expected in summer than winter. In summer, a predominantly sea-ice-free Arctic is predicted for the end of this century.
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  • 19
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    Corrigendum: Arctic climate change: observed and modeled temperature and sea-ice variability (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Tellus A: Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 56 (5). pp. 559-560.
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-14
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  • 20
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    Ventilation of the Glacial Deep Pacific Ocean (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 306 (5699). pp. 1169-1172.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-15
    Description: Measurements of the age difference between coexisting benthic and planktic foraminifera from western equatorial Pacific deep-sea cores suggest that during peak glacial time the radiocarbon age of water at 2-kilometers depth was no greater than that of today. These results make unlikely suggestions that a slowdown in deep-ocean ventilation was responsible for a sizable fraction of the increase of the ratio of carbon-14 (14C) to carbon in the atmosphere and surface ocean during glacial time. Comparison of 14C ages for coexisting wood and planktic foraminifera from the same site suggests that the atmosphere to surface ocean 14C to C ratio difference was not substantially different from today's.
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  • 21
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    Representing El Niño in coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs: the dominant role of the atmospheric component? (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 17 . pp. 4623-4629.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Description: A systematic modular approach to investigate the respective roles of the ocean and atmosphere in setting El Niño characteristics in coupled general circulation models is presented. Several state-of-the-art coupled models sharing either the same atmosphere or the same ocean are compared. Major results include 1) the dominant role of the atmosphere model in setting El Niño characteristics (periodicity and base amplitude) and errors (regularity) and 2) the considerable improvement of simulated El Niño power spectratoward lower frequencywhen the atmosphere resolution is significantly increased. Likely reasons for such behavior are briefly discussed. It is argued that this new modular strategy represents a generic approach to identifying the source of both coupled mechanisms and model error and will provide a methodology for guiding model improvement.
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    The influence of natural surface microtopographies on fouling (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 20 (1). pp. 43-51.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-06
    Description: Multiple antifouling strategies of marine organisms may consist of combinations of physical, chemical and mechanical mechanisms. In this study, the role of surface microtopography (〈500 mum) of different marine organisms, such as Cancer pagurus , Mytilus edulis , Ophiura texturata and the eggcase of Scyliorhinus canicula , has been investigated as a possible component of their defence systems. High resolution resin replicates of these natural surface structures were exposed to natural fouling in field experiments. Abundances of recruits were determined and compared to those on untextured, but otherwise identical, control surfaces to quantify the influence of the different microtopographies on fouling rates. Antifouling effects of microtopographies varied with type of microtopography and coloniser species. The surface microtopography of C. pagurus significantly rejected macrofoulers. The surface structures of the eggcase and O. texturata had repellent effects on microfoulers. Barnacle settlement was temporarily reduced on surface microtopographies of M. edulis and the eggcase. These results emphasise the promising non-toxic antifouling properties of microtextured surfaces
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  • 23
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    Spreading of the Indonesian Throughflow in the Indian Ocean (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 . pp. 772-792.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-11
    Description: The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) spreading pathways and time scales in the Indian Ocean are investigated using both observational data and two numerical tracer experiments, one being a three-dimensional Lagrangian trajectory experiment and the other a transit-time probability density function (PDF) tracer experiment, in an ocean general circulation model. The model climatology is in agreement with observations and other model results except that speeds of boundary currents are lower. Upon reaching the western boundary within the South Equatorial Current (SEC), the trajectories of the ITF tracers within the thermocline exhibit bifurcation. The Lagrangian trajectory experiment shows that at the western boundary about 38%±5% thermocline ITF water flows southward to join the Agulhas Current, consequently exiting the Indian Ocean, and the rest, about 62%±5%, flows northward to the north of SEC. In boreal summer, ITF water penetrates into the Northern Hemisphere within the Somali Current. The primary spreading pathway of the thermocline ITF water north of SEC is upwelling to the surface layer with subsequent advection southward within the surface Ekman layer toward the southern Indian Ocean subtropics. There it is subducted and advected northward in the upper thermocline to rejoin the SEC. Both the observations and the trajectory experiment suggest that the upwelling occurs mainly along the coast of Somalia during boreal summer and in the open ocean within a cyclonic gyre in the Tropics south of the equator throughout the year. All the ITF water eventually exits the Indian Ocean along the western boundary within the Mozambique Channel and the east coast of Madagascar and, farther south, the Agulhas Current region. The advective spreading time scales, represented by the elapsed time corresponding to the maximum of transit- time PDF, show that in the upper thermocline the ITF crosses the Indian Ocean, from the Makassar Strait to the east coast of the African continent, on a time scale of about 10 yr and reaches the Arabian Sea on a time scale of over 20 yr.
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  • 24
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    Sea level variations in the western Mediterranean studied by a numerical tidal model of the Strait of Gibraltar (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 . pp. 433-443.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Aspects of the sea level changes in the western Mediterranean Sea are investigated using a numerical tidal model of the Strait of Gibraltar. As a prerequisite, the performance of this model, that is, a two-dimensional, nonlinear, two-layer, boundary-fitted coordinate numerical model based on the hydrostatic approximation on an f plane, is assessed in the simulation of mean and tidal circulation of the Strait of Gibraltar. The model is forced by imposing mean interface and surface displacements as well as M2, S2, O1, and K1 tidal components along the Atlantic and Mediterranean model open boundaries. Model results are compared with observations and with results obtained from a tidal inverse model for the eastern entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar. In general, good agreement is found. A sensitivity study performed by varying different model parameters shows that the model behaves reasonably well in the simulation of the averaged circulation. The model is then used to investigate the climatological sensitivity of the simulated dynamics in the Strait of Gibraltar to changes in the density difference between Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. For this purpose, given a certain density difference between Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, the authors iteratively searched for that sea level drop between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean that fulfills the mass balance of the Mediterranean. It is found that an increase of the density difference leads to an increase of the exchange flow and to an increase of the sea level drop between the two basins. A trend in the sea level drop of O(1 cm yr−1), such as the one observed between 1994 and 1997, is explained by the model as the result of a trend of O(10−4 yr−1) in the relative density difference between the Mediterranean and Atlantic waters. The observed north–south asymmetry in this trend is also captured by the model, and it is found to arise from changes in the along-strait velocity. Results suggest that the dynamics within the Strait of Gibraltar cannot be neglected when sea level changes in the western Mediterranean basin are investigated.
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  • 25
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    Asphalt volcanism and chemosynthetic life, Campeche Knoll, Gulf of Mexico (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 304 . pp. 999-1002.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: In the Campeche Knolls, in the southern Gulf of Mexico, lava-like flows of solidified asphalt cover more than 1 square kilometer of the rim of a dissected salt dome at a depth of 3000 meters below sea level. Chemosynthetic tubeworms and bivalves colonize the sea floor near the asphalt, which chilled and contracted after discharge. The site also includes oil seeps, gas hydrate deposits, locally anoxic sediments, and slabs of authigenic carbonate. Asphalt volcanism creates a habitat for chemosynthetic life that may be widespread at great depth in the Gulf of Mexico.
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  • 26
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    Response to Comment on "Parasite Selection for Immunogenetic Optimality" (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 303 (5660). 957b-957.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-04
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  • 27
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    An Organizing Center for Thermohaline Excitability (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (12). pp. 2756-2760.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The bifurcation behavior of a conceptual heat–salt oscillator model is analyzed by means of numerical continuation methods. A global (homoclinic) bifurcation acts as an organizing center for the dynamics of the simplified convective model. It originates from a codimension-2 bifurcation in an extended parameter space. Comparison with earlier work by Cessi shows that the intriguing stochastic thermohaline excitability can be understood from the bifurcation structure of the model. It is argued that global bifurcations may play a crucial role in determining long-term variability of the thermohaline circulation.
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  • 28
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    Scale-Dependent Reconstruction of The NAO Index (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 17 . pp. 2157-2169.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-02
    Description: A method is presented to reconstruct decadal variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The spectral characteristics of the NAO on time scales of decades and longer are of particular interest for the understanding of North Atlantic ocean–atmosphere interactions. The reconstruction is based on a transfer model calibration that uses bandpass-filtered time series. The maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) is applied for decomposing the time series variance into different time scales. A total of 43 proxies, including Greenland ice cores and European tree-ring chronologies, are selected and regionally grouped providing four independent reconstructions for the period 1700–1978. The mean reconstruction agrees well with two recently published reconstructions during most of the time period. However, there are considerable differences in the earliest part before 1750. Running correlations between the reconstructions indicate that time-dependent relations exist among the different NAO reconstructions. The results suggest that the geographical distribution of proxies strongly affects the reconstruction and could explain some of the apparent discrepancies among the reconstructions recently published in literature. In the early eighteenth century, external forcing (solar, volcanic) seems to mask the NAO signature within the proxies
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    Boundary circulation at the exit of the Labrador Sea (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 . pp. 1548-1570.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The deep circulation and related transports of the southern Labrador Sea are determined from direct current observations from ship surveys and a moored current-meter array. The measurements covered a time span from summer 1997 to 1999 and show a well-defined deep boundary current extending approximately out to the 3300-m depth contour and weak reverse currents farther offshore. The flow has a strong barotropic component, and significant baroclinic flow is only found in the shallow Labrador Current at the shelf break and associated with a deep core of Denmark Strait Overflow Water. The total deep-water transport below σΘ = 27.74 kg m−3 was 26 ± 5 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) comprising Labrador Sea Water (LSW), Gibbs Fracture Zone Water (GFZW), and Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW). Intraseasonal variability of the flow and transport was high, ranging from 15 to 35 Sv, and the annual means differed by 17%. A seasonal cycle is confined to the shallow Labrador Current; in its deeper part, where the mean flow is still strong, no obvious seasonality could be detected. The transport of the interior anticyclonic recirculation was estimated from lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler stations and geostrophy, yielding about 9 Sv. Thus, the net deep-water outflow from the Labrador Sea was about 17 Sv. The baroclinic transport of GFZW and DSOW referenced to the depth of the isopycnal σΘ = 27.80 kg m−3 is only about one-third of the total transport in these layers. Longer-term variations of the total transports are not represented well by the baroclinic contribution.
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  • 30
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    Evaluation of biological activity of Turkish plants. Rapid screening for the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential by TLC bioautographic methods (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Pharmaceutical Biology, 42 (4-5). pp. 374-383.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-03
    Description: Using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography, a total of 58 extracts from various organs (aerial parts, leaves, flowers, fruits, roots) of 16 Turkish plants were tested for their antibacterial, antifungal, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, antioxidant, and radical scavenging activities. The hexane, CHCl3/CH2Cl2, water, and total MeOH extracts were used. No activity was observed against two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aureginosa) and the yeast Candida albicans. However, 23 plant extracts, mostly the CHCl3/CH2Cl2 and H2O-solubles, inhibited the growth of all five Gram-positive bacteria tested, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Of the active extracts, the CHCl3-soluble of the roots of Putoria calabrica (L. fil) DC (Rubiaceae) displayed the highest antibacterial potential. The majority of the CHCl3/CH2Cl2 crude extracts also appeared to inhibit acetylcholinesterase on TLC plates at 100 µg/spot concentration. Particularly active samples were the middle polarity extracts (CHCl3/CH2Cl2) of the leaves of Rhododendron smirnovii Trautv., R. ponticum L., and R. ungernii Trautv. (Ericaceae). β-Carotene, β-carotene/linoleic acid mixture, and 2,2-diphenyl-l-pieryhydrazyl (DPPH) solutions sprayed onto TLC plates were used for detecting antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of the crude extracts. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities were found to be predominant in highly polar extracts. The water-solubles of all Rhododendron (Ericaceae) and Phlomis (Lamiaceae) species presented the most significant activity.
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    Microbes, Molecules, and Marine Ecosystems (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 303 (5664). pp. 1622-1624.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-06
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  • 32
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    Effect of Inoculating Flower Stalks and Vegetable Waste with Ligno-cellulolytic Microorganisms on the Composting Process (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B- Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 39 (5-6). pp. 871-887.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: A lab-scale composting experiment was carried out using vegetable and flower stalks waste to study the effectiveness of ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms (LCMs) obtained from the previous isolation on composting process, especially on enhancement of biodegradation rate of these organic materials. The addition of LCMs to compost showed promised to be a valuable asset by rendering timely benefits in efficiency, maturity, and quality of the composting. This was evidenced by a significant increase of temperature, O2 consumption and CO2 emission, and population density of LCMs in compost mass compared with that of biotic (addition of culture of horse feces) and abiotic (1% molasses amendment) treatments, as well as control trial. The phytotoxicity assay showed that the substrate became mature after 60 days’ composting. The LCMs inoculation enhanced the biodegradation of the composting materials as evidenced by an increasing screening ratio (1.2 cm sieve pore) of 34.5% in the treated trail, compared with that of control, which elucidated that big advantage of adding selected inoculants over other treatment, and screening ratio is a reasonable index to compare the quality of different compost. However, the inoculation seemed to have no significant effect on the moisture content, pH, and the final organic carbon of the composting materials.
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  • 33
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    First records of egg masses of Nototodarus gouldi McCoy, 1888 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae), with comments on egg‐mass susceptibility to damage by fisheries trawl (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 31 (2). pp. 161-166.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-01
    Description: The egg mass and embryos of the ommastrephid squid Nototodarus gouldi McCoy, 1888 are reported for the first time, their identity confirmed by mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence determination. The egg mass is a free‐floating gelatinous sphere of at least 1.5 m diameter and contains an estimated several thousand randomly distributed eggs; similar egg masses recorded from north‐eastern New Zealand waters of 1.0–2.0 m diameter are reported. Observed fluctuations in populations for this and other squid species may be a partial result of trawl damage to the egg masses.
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  • 34
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    Estimating the Decadal Predictability of a Coupled AOGCM. (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 17 (22). pp. 4463-4472.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-23
    Description: On seasonal time scales, ENSO prediction has become feasible in an operational framework in recent years. On decadal to multidecadal time scales, the variability of the oceanic circulation is assumed to provide a potential for climate prediction. To investigate the decadal predictability of the coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) European Centre-Hamburg model version 5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (ECHAM5/MPI-OM), a 500-yr-long control integration and “perfect model” predictability experiments are analyzed. The results show that the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the North Atlantic, Nordic Seas, and Southern Ocean exhibit predictability on multidecadal time scales. Over the ocean, the predictability of surface air temperature (SAT) is very similar to that of SST. Over land, there is little evidence of decadal predictability of SAT except for some small maritime-influenced regions of Europe. The AOGCM produces predictable signals in lower-tropospheric temperature and precipitation over the North Atlantic, but not in sea level pressure.
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  • 35
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    Comments on "Synchronous variability in the southern hemisphere atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean resulting from the annular mode" - Reply (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
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  • 36
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    The Early Twentieth-Century Warming in the Arctic—A Possible Mechanism (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-10
    Description: The huge warming of the Arctic that started in the early 1920s and lasted for almost two decades is one of the most spectacular climate events of the twentieth century. During the peak period 1930–40, the annually averaged temperature anomaly for the area 60°–90°N amounted to some 1.7°C. Whether this event is an example of an internal climate mode or is externally forced, such as by enhanced solar effects, is presently under debate. This study suggests that natural variability is a likely cause, with reduced sea ice cover being crucial for the warming. A robust sea ice–air temperature relationship was demonstrated by a set of four simulations with the atmospheric ECHAM model forced with observed SST and sea ice concentrations. An analysis of the spatial characteristics of the observed early twentieth-century surface air temperature anomaly revealed that it was associated with similar sea ice variations. Further investigation of the variability of Arctic surface temperature and sea ice cover was performed by analyzing data from a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. By analyzing climate anomalies in the model that are similar to those that occurred in the early twentieth century, it was found that the simulated temperature increase in the Arctic was related to enhanced wind-driven oceanic inflow into the Barents Sea with an associated sea ice retreat. The magnitude of the inflow is linked to the strength of westerlies into the Barents Sea. This study proposes a mechanism sustaining the enhanced westerly winds by a cyclonic atmospheric circulation in the Barents Sea region created by a strong surface heat flux over the ice-free areas. Observational data suggest a similar series of events during the early twentieth-century Arctic warming, including increasing westerly winds between Spitsbergen and Norway, reduced sea ice, and enhanced cyclonic circulation over the Barents Sea. At the same time, the North Atlantic Oscillation was weakening.
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    Earth Science in the City: A Reader (2003)
    Am. Geophys. Union
    In:  Washington, D.C.; 440 pp., Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 56, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 0-87590-299-5 (soft cover))
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; environment ; sustainability ; storms ; population ; growth ; GIS ; Modelling ; pollution ; weapons ; space ; weather ; Volcanology ; remote-sensing ; Tsunami(s) ; landslides ; ecology ; ground ; water ; urban ; planning ; Modelling ; 6314 ; Policy ; Sciences: ; Demand ; estimation ; GFZ ; Bibl. ; M ; 05.0410 ; 000344587 ; Fakundiny ; NYGS ; Hebestreit ; Gonzales ; Preuss ; Orsi
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
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    Inside the Subduction Factory (2003)
    Am. Geophys. Union
    In:  Washington, viii + 311 pp., Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 125-169, (ISSN 0065-8448, ISBN 0-87590-997-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Subduction zone ; Geol. aspects ; GeodesyY ; Volcanology ; Seismicity ; Rheology ; Geochemistry ; Mineralogy ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Electromagnetic methods/phenomena ; Geothermics ; AGU ; Textbook of geophysics
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  • 39
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    Parasite Selection for Immunogenetic Optimality (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 301 (5638). p. 1343.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-31
    Description: In vertebrates, genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), with their pronounced polymorphism, potentially represent outstanding examples for the selective advantages of genetic diversity (1). Theoretical models predicted that, within an individual, MHC alleles can be subjected to two opposing selective forces, resulting in an optimal number of genes at intermediate individual MHC diversity (2, 3). Diversifying selection increases heterozygosity and enables wider recognition of pathogens (4). This process is opposed by the need to delete T cells that react with self peptide–MHC combinations (5) from the repertoire, which has been proposed as a possible mechanism constraining expansion of MHC genes. Because too high MHC diversity might delimit T cell diversity, it might also impose limitations on the efficiency of pathogen recognition. However, empirical evidence demonstrating fitness benefits in terms of parasite resistance caused by this type of optimal MHC diversity has been lacking. Therefore, we tested whether three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) carrying an intermediate level of individual MHC diversity also displayed the strongest level of resistance against parasite infection. Sticklebacks are particularly suited to test MHC optimality, because MHC class II genotypes can differ markedly in the number of MHC class IIB alleles (6). We caught fish from an outbred population and used these to breed six sibships of immunologically naïve fish (i.e., they had no previous contact to parasites). Immunogenetic diversity ranged from three to nine MHC class IIB alleles found in reverse-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) [see (6) for details on genotyping]. The MHC genotypes within these sibships segregated above and below the hypothesized optimal number of ∼5 MHC class IIB alleles, which had previously been estimated in an epidemiological field survey (7). In individual infection treatments, fish from all sibships were simultaneously exposed to three of the most abundant parasite species identified in the field (Fig. 1A) (8). After two rounds of infection, separated by an interval of 8 weeks, we found a significant minimal mean infection rate at an intermediate number of individual MHC class IIB variants [i.e., 5.82 expressed alleles (Fig. 1B)]. This result was also confirmed when sibships were considered separately [i.e., 4.96 alleles (Fig. 1C)] (9). The strong pattern only appeared when infection with all three parasites was accounted for simultaneously. This may not be surprising, because single alleles are expected to correlate with single diseases and multiple alleles can contribute to resistance against several infectious agents (2).
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  • 40
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    Parasite Selection for Immunogenetic Optimality (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 301 (5638). p. 1343.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-14
    Description: In vertebrates, genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), with their pronounced polymorphism, potentially represent outstanding examples for the selective advantages of genetic diversity (1). Theoretical models predicted that, within an individual, MHC alleles can be subjected to two opposing selective forces, resulting in an optimal number of genes at intermediate individual MHC diversity (2, 3). Diversifying selection increases heterozygosity and enables wider recognition of pathogens (4). This process is opposed by the need to delete T cells that react with self peptide–MHC combinations (5) from the repertoire, which has been proposed as a possible mechanism constraining expansion of MHC genes. Because too high MHC diversity might delimit T cell diversity, it might also impose limitations on the efficiency of pathogen recognition. However, empirical evidence demonstrating fitness benefits in terms of parasite resistance caused by this type of optimal MHC diversity has been lacking. Therefore, we tested whether three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) carrying an intermediate level of individual MHC diversity also displayed the strongest level of resistance against parasite infection. Sticklebacks are particularly suited to test MHC optimality, because MHC class II genotypes can differ markedly in the number of MHC class IIB alleles (6). We caught fish from an outbred population and used these to breed six sibships of immunologically naïve fish (i.e., they had no previous contact to parasites). Immunogenetic diversity ranged from three to nine MHC class IIB alleles found in reverse-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) [see (6) for details on genotyping]. The MHC genotypes within these sibships segregated above and below the hypothesized optimal number of ∼5 MHC class IIB alleles, which had previously been estimated in an epidemiological field survey (7). In individual infection treatments, fish from all sibships were simultaneously exposed to three of the most abundant parasite species identified in the field (Fig. 1A) (8). After two rounds of infection, separated by an interval of 8 weeks, we found a significant minimal mean infection rate at an intermediate number of individual MHC class IIB variants [i.e., 5.82 expressed alleles (Fig. 1B)]. This result was also confirmed when sibships were considered separately [i.e., 4.96 alleles (Fig. 1C)] (9). The strong pattern only appeared when infection with all three parasites was accounted for simultaneously. This may not be surprising, because single alleles are expected to correlate with single diseases and multiple alleles can contribute to resistance against several infectious agents (2).
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  • 41
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    Histological investigation of organisms with hard skeletons: a case study of siliceous sponges (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 78 (3-4). pp. 191-199.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-27
    Description: Siliceous and calcareous sponges commonly are treated with acid to remove the spicules prior to embedding and cutting for histological investigations. Histology of spiculated sponge tissue represents a challenging problem in sponge histotechnology. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a key method for studying sponge-associated microbes, is not possible after acid treatment. For a broad range of siliceous sponge species, we developed and evaluated methods for embedding in paraffin, methylmethacrylate resins, LR White resin and cryomatrix. Different methods for cutting tissue blocks as well as mounting and staining sections also were tested. Our aim was to enable histological investigations and FISH without prior removal of the spicules. To obtain an overview of tissue and skeleton arrangement, we recommend embedding tissue blocks with LR White resin combined with en bloc staining techniques for large specimens with thick and numerous spicules, but paraffin embedding and subsequent staining for whole small specimens. For FISH on siliceous sponges, we recommend Histocryl embedding if the spicule content is high, but paraffin embedding if it is low. Classical histological techniques are used for detailed tissue examinations.
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    Crab walking of quadruped robots with a locked joint failure (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Advanced Robotics, 17 (9). pp. 863-878.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-14
    Description: Fault tolerance is an important aspect in the development of control systems for multi-legged robots since a failure in a leg may lead to a severe loss of static stability of a gait. In this paper, an algorithm for tolerating a locked joint failure is described in gait planning for a quadruped robot with crab walking. A locked joint failure is one for which a joint cannot move and is locked in place. If a failed joint is locked, the workspace of the resulting leg is constrained, but legged robots have fault tolerance capability to continue walking maintaining static stability. A strategy for fault-tolerant gaits is described and, especially, a periodic gait is presented for crab walking of a quadruped. The leg sequence and the formula of the stride length are analytically driven based on gait study and robot kinematics. The adjustment procedure from a normal gait to the proposed fault-tolerant crab gait is shown to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed scheme.
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    A revision of the family Forskaliidae (Siphonophora, Physonectae) (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Natural History, 37 (11). pp. 1281-1327.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-01
    Description: The family Forskaliidae (Siphonophora, Physonectae) contains a single genus, Forskalia, whose species are, in general, poorly known. However, in recent years many Forskalia specimens have been collected by scuba divers or by using submersibles. These specimens have allowed a comprehensive review of the species within the genus to be carried out. In addition two new species are described.
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    Potential feedbacks between Pacific Ocean ecosystems and interdecadal climate variations (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 84 (5). pp. 617-633.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-07
    Description: Oceanic ecosystems altered by interdecadal climate variability may provide a feedback to the physical climate by phytoplankton affecting heat fluxes into the upper ocean and dimethylsulfide fluxes into the atmosphere
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  • 45
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    Near-inertial oscillations of geophysical surface frontal currents (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33 . pp. 1990-1999.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-10
    Description: Intrinsic oscillations of stable geophysical surface frontal currents of the unsteady, nonlinear, reduced-gravity shallow-water equations on an f plane are investigated analytically and numerically. For frictional (Rayleigh) currents characterized by linear horizontal velocity components and parabolic cross sections, the primitive equations are reduced to a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In the inviscid case, two periodic analytical solutions of the nonlinear problem describing 1) the inertially reversing horizontal displacement of a surface frontal current having a fixed parabolic cross section and 2) the cross-front pulsation of a coastal current emerging from a motionless surface frontal layer are presented. In a linear and in a weakly nonlinear context, analytical expressions for field oscillations and their frequency shift relative to the inertial frequency are presented. For the fully nonlinear problem, solutions referring to a surface frontal coastal current are obtained analytically and numerically. These solutions show that the currents oscillate always superinertially, the frequency and the amplitude of their oscillations depending on the magnitude of the initial disturbance and on the squared current Rossby number. In a linear framework, it is shown that disturbances superimposed on the surface frontal current are standing waves within the bounded region, the frequencies of which are inertial/superinertial for the first mode/higher modes. In the same frame, a zeroth mode, which could be interpreted as the superposition of an inertial wave on a background vorticity field, would formally yield subinertial frequencies. For surface frontal currents affected by Rayleigh friction, it is shown that the magnitude of the mean current decays according to a power law and that the oscillations decay faster, because this decay follows an exponential law. Implications of the intrinsic oscillations and of their rapid dissipation for the near-inertial motion in an active ambient ocean are discussed.
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  • 46
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    Seismic imaging of the downwelling Indian lithosphere beneath Central Tibet (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 300 (5624). pp. 1424-1427.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: A tomographic image of the upper mantle beneath central Tibet from INDEPTH data has revealed a subvertical high-velocity zone from ~ 100- to ~ 400- kilometers depth, located approximately south of the Bangong-Nujiang Suture. We interpret this zone to be downwelling Indian mantle lithosphere. This additional lithosphere would account for the total amount of shortening in the Himalayas and Tibet. A consequence of this downwelling would be a deficit of asthenosphere, which should be balanced by an upwelling counterflow, and thus could explain the presence of warm mantle beneath north-central Tibet.
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  • 47
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    Warm-core eddies studied by laboratory experiments and numerical modeling (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33 . pp. 431-435.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-10
    Description: Aspects of the dynamics of warm-core eddies evolving in a deep ocean are investigated using the results of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. The vortices, produced experimentally in a system brought to solid body rotation by rapidly lifting a bottomless cylinder containing freshwater immersed in a salty ambient fluid, show clearly the presence of inertial oscillations: deepenings and contractions, shoalings and expansions, alternate during an exact inertial period. These pulsations, though predicted analytically and simulated numerically, had never been measured before for surface eddies having aspect ratios, as well as Rossby and Burger numbers, typical of geophysical warm-core eddies. The spatial structure of the vortex radial and tangential velocity components is analyzed using the experimental results and numerical simulations carried out by means of a layered, nonlinear, reduced-gravity frontal model. It is found that, while the dependence of the vortex radial velocity on the vortex radius evolves toward linearity as time elapses, different spatial structures seem to be possible for the vortex tangential velocity dependence. This behavior, which strongly differs from the “pulson” dynamics, is instead consistent with recently found analytical solutions of the nonlinear, reduced-gravity shallow-water equations describing the dynamics of warm-core eddies on an f plane.
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  • 48
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    Large-scale spreading of deep waters in the western Mediterranean Sea by submesoscale coherent eddies (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33 (1). pp. 75-87.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-11
    Description: Two large-scale free-drifting isobaric-floats experiments, “SOFARGOS”/Marine Science and Technology Programme, phase 2 (MAST2) and Mass Transfer and Ecosystem Response (MATER)/MAST3, undertaken in 1994–95 in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea and in 1997–98 in the Algerian Basin, respectively, have revealed for the first time that Western Mediterranean Deep Water, newly formed by deep convection in the Gulf of Lion (the so-called Medoc site), can be advected several hundreds of kilometers away from the formation area by anticyclonic submesoscale coherent vortices (SCVs). This behavior implies that SCVs participate actively in the large-scale thermohaline circulation and deep ventilation of the western Mediterranean Sea. These SCVs are characterized by small radius (5 km), very low potential vorticity, high aspect ratio (0.1), and extended lifetime (〉0.5 yr).
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  • 49
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    Prokaryotic Chromosomes and Disease (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 301 (5634). pp. 790-793.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: Recent insights into bacterial genome organization and function have improved our understanding of the nature of pathogenic bacteria and their ability to cause disease. It is becoming increasingly clear that the bacterial chromosome constantly undergoes structural changes due to gene acquisition and loss, recombination, and mutational events that have an impact on the pathogenic potential of the bacterium. Even though the bacterial genome includes additional genetic elements, the chromosome represents the most important entity in this context. Here, we will show that various processes of genomic instability have an influence on the many manifestations of infectious disease
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  • 50
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    Descent and Modification of the Overflow Plume in the Denmark Strait* (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33 (7). pp. 1351-1364.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-29
    Description: Bulk properties of the Denmark Strait overflow (DSO) plume observed in velocity and hydrography surveys undertaken in 1997 and 1998 are described. Despite the presence of considerable short-term variability, it is found that the pathway and evolution of the plume density anomaly are remarkably steady. Bottom stress measurements show that the pathway of the plume core matches well with a rate of descent controlled by friction. The estimated entrainment rate diagnosed from the rate of plume dilution with distance shows a marked increase in entrainment at approximately 125 km from the sill, leading to a net dilution consistent with previous reports of a doubling of overflow transport measured by current meter arrays. The entrainment rate increase is likely related to the increased topographic slopes in the region, compounded by a decrease in interface stratification as the plume is diluted and enters a denser background.
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  • 51
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    Late Quaternary history of the accumulation plain North of the Chekanovsky Ridge (Lena Delta, Russia) : a multidisciplinary approach (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Polar Geography, 27 (4). pp. 277-319.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-23
    Description: Permafrost deposits were studied along the Olenyeksky and the Arinsky distributaries in the western Lena delta using a multidisciplinary approach that included sedimentological, mineralogical, stable-isotope, and paleoecological analyses in order to reconstruct the Late Quaternary landscape and environmental history of this Northeast.
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  • 52
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    Influence of marine allochthonous input on sandy beach communities (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 41 . pp. 115-159.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-11
    Description: This review provides an overview of the importance of beach accumulations of macrophytes and other organic beach-cast material on the ecology of sandy beach ecosystems. It describes the composition of these allochthonous subsidies, their abundance on beaches in relation to seasonal, lunar, tidal and spatial trends, their decomposition and utilisation by bacterial, meio- and macrofaunal communities. The paper then analyses the community structure and the species succession in both macrophyte wrack and carrion and reports the most important findings on individual wrack-inhabiting species (amphipods, isopods, dipterans). Other aspects, such as feeding and microclimatic preferences of certain species and their interactions in wracks, are also discussed. Links to vertebrate species and other secondary consumers that exploit beach-cast macrophytes and carrion as trophic resource are considered, and the importance of wrack in recycling nutrients to nearshore coastal ecosystems is stressed. The beneficial and detrimental effects of organic beach-cast material on both plants and animals of beach and nearshore communities and on the geomorphology of coastal beach-dune systems are pointed out. Another section is dedicated to human use of beach-cast macrophytes through harvesting of economically important species and of other stranded material through its exploitation for traditional reasons. The effects of harvesting on local faunal communities and on the stability of the dunes is discussed. A final section of the paper includes the positive and negative effects of man-made debris on sandy-beach ecosystems and briefly reviews the major findings.
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  • 53
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    Is the Mussel Test a good Indicator of Antifouling Activity? A Comparison Between Laboratory and Field Assays (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 19 (sup1). pp. 161-169.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-02
    Description: Current antifouling technologies rely on metal-based paints, but due to their toxicity, an expected worldwide ban of organotin-containing paints is now prompting the quest for safe and effective alternatives. One of these is antifouling coatings whose active components are naturally occurring compounds in marine organisms. A number of laboratory bioassays has been designed to search for antifouling compounds. However, there is no evidence to date that these assays provide results reproducible through ecologically realistic field experiments. Natural concentrations of the extracts from the Brazilian seaweeds Laurencia obtusa and Stypopodium zonale were tested in the laboratory through the 'mussel test' and in the field through the 'phytagel method' in order to compare the efficiency of these methods in assessing antifouling activity. L. obtusa extract significantly inhibited fouling in both the laboratory and field assays, while S. zonale stimulated fouling in both assays. Major compounds from the extracts were identified. The findings suggest that the 'mussel test' is a reliable time and cost-saving screening method for antifouling substances, although field assays are more sensitive for detection of their activity spectrum.
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    Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 302 (5646). pp. 862-866.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: The Alpine Iceman provides a unique window into the Neolithic-Copper Age of Europe. We compared the radiogenic (strontium and lead) and stable (oxygen and carbon) isotope composition of the Iceman's teeth and bones, as well as 40Ar/39Ar mica ages from his intestine, to local geology and hydrology, and we inferred his habitat and range from childhood to adult life. The Iceman's origin can be restricted to a few valleys within ∼60 kilometers south(east) of the discovery site. His migration during adulthood is indicated by contrasting isotopic compositions of enamel, bones, and intestinal content. This demonstrates that the Alpine valleys of central Europe were permanently inhabited during the terminal Neolithic.
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  • 55
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    Surveying the upper Ocean with the Ocean Surveyor - a new Phased Array Doppler Current Profiler (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20 (5). pp. 742-751.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: A new shipboard current profiler, a 75-kHz ocean surveyor, was operationally used during two research cruises in the tropical Atlantic and the subpolar North Atlantic, respectively. Here, a report is presented on the first experience with this instrument in two very different current regimes, in the Tropics with large vertical shears, and in the subpolar regime with mainly barotropic flow. The ocean surveyor continuously measured currents in the upper ocean from near the surface to about 500–700-m depth. The measurement range showed a dependence on the regional and temporal variations of scattering particles and on the intensity of swell and wind waves. Statistical comparisons are performed with on-station lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) profiles and underway measurements by classic shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements. Accuracy estimates for hourly averaged ocean surveyor currents result in errors of about 1 cm s–1 for on-station data and of 2–4 cm s–1 for underway measurements, depending on the regional abundance of scatterers and on the weather conditions encountered.
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    A Nonlinear Theory for El Niño Bursting (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 60 . pp. 152-165.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-16
    Description: A new mechanism is proposed that explains two key features of the observed El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon—its irregularity and decadal amplitude changes. Using a low-order ENSO model, the authors show that the nonlinearities in the tropical heat budget can lead to bursting behavior characterized by decadal occurrences of strong El Niño events. La Niña events are not affected, a feature that is also seen in ENSO observations. One key result of this analysis is that decadal variability in the Tropics can be generated without invoking extratropical processes or stochastic forcing. The El Niño bursting behavior simulated by the low-order ENSO model can be understood in terms of the concept of homoclinic and heteroclinic connections. It is shown that this new model for ENSO amplitude modulations and irregularity, although difficult to prove, might explain some features of ENSO dynamics seen in more complex climate models and the observations.
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  • 57
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    Do monospecific stands of three Fucus species (Phaeophyta) comply with the ‘self-thinning rule’? (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  European Journal of Phycology, 38 . pp. 171-180.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-12
    Description: Development of biomass and density in experimental monospecific stands of Fucus serratus, F. vesiculosus and F. spiralis was followed on Helgoland (southern North Sea) in plots with three different initial germling densities. As biomass increased over time, considerable mortality occurred. Mortality was significantly higher in stands with higher initial densities, leading to similar final densities. The self-thinning law, which describes boundary conditions for combinations of biomass and density of plants, was refuted in two ways for all three Fucus species: (i) several data points on a bi-logarithmic plane lay considerably above self-thinning lines with conventional parameters from terrestrial plant ecology; however, ‘overall boundaries’ (i.e. a self-thinning line that constrains all lines found) from terrestrial plant ecology were not significantly transgressed, (ii) lines fitted with principal components analysis (PCA) revealed a positive correlation between stand biomass and density. Reasons are proposed why seaweeds generally seem to show higher maximum biomass for a given density than terrestrial plants. Size distributions at the end of the experiment were positively skewed with high Gini coefficients that lay in the range found in other seaweed studies. Inequality decreased with individual mass and increased with density. Gini coefficients were highly correlated with other measurements of inequality (coefficient of variation, skewness).
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    The Sensitivity of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge Overflow to Forcing Changes. (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33 . pp. 2307-2319.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-10
    Description: Processes that influence the volume and heat transport across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge system are investigated in a numerical model with ° horizontal resolution. The focus is on the sensitivity of cross-ridge transports and the reaction of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean circulation to changes in wind stress and buoyancy forcing on seasonal to interannual timescales. A general relation between changes in wind stress or cross-ridge density contrasts and the overturning transport of Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian Seas source water is established from a series of idealized experiments. The relation is used subsequently to interpret changes in an experiment over the years 1992–97 with realistic forcing. On seasonal and interannual timescales there is a clear correlation between heat flux and wind stress curl variability. The realistic model suggests a steady decrease in the strength of the cyclonic subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic with a corresponding decrease in heat transport during the 1990s
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  • 59
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    Coherent Resonat millenial-scale climate transitions triggered by massive meltwater pulses (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 16 (15). pp. 2569-2585.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The role of mean and stochastic freshwater forcing on the generation of millennial-scale climate variability in the North Atlantic is studied using a low-order coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model. It is shown that millennial-scale oscillations can be excited stochastically, when the North Atlantic Ocean is fresh enough. This finding is used in order to interpret the aftermath of massive iceberg surges (Heinrich events) in the glacial North Atlantic, which are characterized by an excitation of Dansgaard–Oeschger events. Based on model results, it is hypothesized that Heinrich events trigger Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles and that furthermore the occurrence of Heinrich events is dependent on the accumulated climatic effect of a series of Dansgaard–Oeschger events. This scenario leads to a coupled ocean–ice sheet oscillation that shares many similarities with the Bond cycle. Further sensitivity experiments reveal that the timescale of the oscillations can be decomposed into stochastic, linear, and nonlinear deterministic components. A schematic bifurcation diagram is used to compare theoretical results with paleoclimatic data.
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  • 60
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    Synoptic variability of ocean-atmosphere turbulent fluxes associated with atmospheric cyclones (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 16 . pp. 2717-2734.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-24
    Description: Synoptic-scale variability in the air–sea turbulent fluxes in the areas of midlatitudinal western boundary currents is analyzed. In the Gulf Stream area, ocean–atmosphere fluxes on synoptic time- and space scales are clearly coordinated with the propagating synoptic-scale atmospheric transients. The statistical analysis of 6-hourly resolution sea level pressure and surface turbulent fluxes from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for the period from 1948 to 2000 in the area of strong sea surface temperature gradients in the Gulf Stream gives strong proof for the association between the propagating cyclones and synoptic patterns of surface turbulent fluxes. It is shown that sea–air interaction in this area is controlled by the sharpness of surface temperature gradients in the ocean and by the intensity of the advection of the air masses in different parts of cyclones during the cold-air and warm-air outbreaks. A simple parameter based on the joint consideration of the characteristics of sea surface temperature and sea level pressure fields is used to characterize the synoptic variability of air–sea turbulent fluxes. The effectiveness of the relationship between surface temperature and surface pressure on one side and air–sea flux anomalies on the other vary from year to year in phase with variability in the frequencies of deep atmospheric cyclones in the Gulf Stream area. The limits of applicability of the approach, its sensitivity to higher-resolution sea surface temperature data, and the possibility of its further applications are discussed.
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    Investigation of the atmospheric water budget of the BALTEX area using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Tellus A: Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 55 . pp. 426-437.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-14
    Description: The Baltic Sea Experiment BALTEX is the European regional project of GEWEX. The aim of BALTEX is to improve the knowledge of the water and energy cycle of the Baltic Sea including its catchment area (the BALTEX area). In this study the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data (Kalnay et al. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 1996, 77, 437–471) are used to derive the mean atmospheric water budget over the BALTEX area. For this purpose the horizontal water vapour fluxes are calculated. In the long-term mean (here 1948 – 2000) the vertically integrated divergence of these fluxes must balance evaporation minus precipitation. The latter two are provided by the NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. The water budget over the BALTEX area is, however, not closed. An error estimation is performed. The divergence of the water vapour flux is corrected due to the mass balance correction technique (Alestalo, Tellus, 1981, 33, 360–371). Large differences are obtained between the precipitation given by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and by the analysis of the observations by Rubel and Hantel (Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 2001, 77, 155–166). With these analysed precipitation data and the corrected divergence of the water vapour fluxes the imbalance of the water vapour budget could be remarkably reduced.
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    Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science (299). pp. 389-392.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Overexploitation threatens the future of many large vertebrates. In the ocean, tunas and sea turtles are current conservation concerns because of this intense pressure. The status of most shark species, in contrast, remains uncertain. Using the largest data set in the Northwest Atlantic, we show rapid large declines in large coastal and oceanic shark populations. Scalloped hammerhead, white, and thresher sharks are each estimated to have declined by over 75% in the past 15 years. Closed-area models highlight priority areas for shark conservation, and the need to consider effort reallocation and site selection if marine reserves are to benefit multiple threatened species.
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    Does the Trigger for Abrupt Climate Change Reside in the Ocean or in the Atmosphere? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 300 (5625). pp. 1519-1522.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-15
    Description: Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain the large and abrupt climate changes that punctuated glacial time. One attributes such changes to reorganizations of the ocean's thermohaline circulation and the other to changes in tropical atmosphere-ocean dynamics. In an attempt to distinguish between these hypotheses, two lines of evidence are examined. The first involves the timing of the freshwater injections to the northern Atlantic that have been suggested as triggers for the global impacts associated with the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events. The second has to do with evidence for precursory events associated with the Heinrich ice-rafted debris layers in the northern Atlantic and with the abrupt Dansgaard-Oeschger warmings recorded in the Santa Barbara Basin.
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    Characteristics of the Recent Eastward Shift of Interannual NAO Variability (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 16 (20). pp. 3371-3382.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-20
    Description: Recent observational studies have shown that the centers of action of interannual variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) were located farther eastward during winters of the period 1978–97 compared to previous decades of the twentieth century. In this study, which focuses on the winter season (December–March), new diagnostics characterizing this shift are presented. Further, the importance of this shift for NAO-related interannual climate variability in the North Atlantic region is discussed. It is shown that an NAO-related eastward shift in variability can be found for a wide range of different parameters like the number of deep cyclones, near-surface air temperature, and turbulent surface heat flux throughout the North Atlantic region. By using a near-surface air temperature dataset that is homogenous with respect to the kind of observations used, it is shown that the eastward shift is not an artifact of changes in observational practices that took place around the late 1970s. Finally, an EOF-based Monte Carlo test is developed to quantify the probability of changes in the spatial structure of interannual NAO variability for a relatively short (20 yr) time series given multivariate “white noise.” It is estimated that the likelihood for differences in the spatial structure of the NAO between two independent 20-yr periods, which are similar (as measured by the angle and pattern correlation between two NAO patterns) to the observed differences, to occur just by chance is about 18%. From the above results it is argued that care has to be taken when conclusions about long-term properties of NAO-related climate variability are being drawn from relatively short recent observational data (e.g., 1978–97).
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  • 65
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    Net precipitation over the Baltic Sea for one year using several methods (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Tellus A: Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 55 . pp. 352-367.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-15
    Description: Precipitation and evaporation over the Baltic Sea are calculated for a one-year period from September 1998 to August 1999 by four different tools, the two atmospheric regional models HIRLAM and REMO, the oceanographic model PROBE-Baltic in combination with the SMHI (1 × 1)° database and Interpolated Fields, based essentially on ship measurements. The investigated period is slightly warmer and wetter than the climatological mean. Correlation coefficients of the differently calculated latent heat fluxes vary between 0.81 (HIRLAM and REMO) and 0.56 (SMHI/PROBE-Baltic and Interpolated Fields), while the correlation coefficients between model fluxes and measured fluxes range from 0.61 and 0.78. Deviations of simulated and interpolated monthly precipitation over the Baltic Sea are less than ±5 mm in the southern Baltic and up to 20 mm near the Finnish coast for the one-year period. The methods simulate the annual cycle of precipitation and evaporation of the Baltic Proper in a similar manner with a broad maximum of net precipitation in spring and early summer and a minimum in late summer. The annual averages of net precipitation of the Baltic Proper range from 57 mm (REMO) to 262 mm (HIRLAM) and for the Baltic Sea from 96 mm (SMHI/PROBE-Baltic) to 209 mm (HIRLAM). This range is considered to give the uncertainty of present-day determination of the net precipitation over the Baltic Sea.
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    The challenge of long-term climate change (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 302 . pp. 1923-1925.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Climate policy needs to address the multidecadal to centennial time scale of climate change. Although the realization of short-term targets is an important first step, to be effective climate policies need to be conceived as long-term programs that will achieve a gradual transition to an essentially emission-free economy on the time scale of a century. This requires a considerably broader spectrum of policy measures than the primarily market-based instruments invoked for shorter term mitigation policies. A successful climate policy must consist of a dual approach focusing on both short-term targets and long-term goals
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    Selection in Europe: Context, developments and research agenda (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12 (3). pp. 257-287.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-17
    Description: The aim of this article is to give a contextual description of personnel selection in Europe, and to highlight some typical features and recent trends in practice and research. We begin with describing the socio-economic environment in which European personnel selection is embedded. Next, we take a closer look at the institutional settings in which personnel selection takes place and its underlying principles. Consequently we review and discuss recent empirical evidence on selection practices and methods, and interpret observed characteristics in terms of contextual differences. Looking at recent changes in the European organizational environment, we note that selection practices exhibit a certain degree of conservatism, and that selection research and theory are slow in addressing new issues. The lack of responsiveness to the changing context is attributed to a continued adherence to the "right man in the right place" paradigm. As an alternative paradigm we propose the "theatre model" of selection, which seems more suitable to tune personnel selection to current contextual demands. Finally, we present a view of the future agenda for European selection research.
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    Reply to a comment of Behera et al. on "A cautionary note on the interpretation of EOFs" (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 16 . pp. 1094-1098.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-24
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    Activity, distribution, and diversity of sulfate reducers and other bacteria in sediments above gas hydrate (Cascadia Margin, Oregon) (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Geomicrobiology Journal, 20 . pp. 269-294.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Cold seep environments such as sediments above outcropping hydrate at Hydrate Ridge (Cascadia margin off Oregon) are characterized by methane venting, high sulfide fluxes caused by the anaerobic oxidation of methane, and the presence of chemosynthetic communities. Recent investigations showed that another characteristic feature of cold seeps is the occurrence of methanotrophic archaea, which can be identified by specific biomarker lipids and 16S rDNA analysis. This investigation deals with the diversity and distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria, some of which are directly involved in the anaerobic oxidation of methane as syntrophic partners of the methanotrophic archaea. The composition and activity of the microbial communities at methane vented and nonvented sediments are compared by quantitative methods including total cell counts, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), bacterial production, enzyme activity, and sulfate reduction rates. Bacteria involved in the degradation of particulate organic carbon (POC) are as active and diverse as at other productive margin sites of similar water depths. The availability of methane supports a two orders of magnitude higher microbial biomass (up to 9.6 2 10 10 cells cm m 3 ) and sulfate reduction rates (up to 8 w mol cm m 3 d m 1 ) in hydrate-bearing sediments, as well as a high bacterial diversity, especially in the group of i -proteobacteria including members of the branches Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus , Desulforhopalus , Desulfobulbus , and Desulfocapsa . Most of the diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in hydrate-bearing sediments comprises seep-endemic clades, which share only low similarities with previously cultured bacteria.
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    A model with simplified circulation dynamics for a baroclinic ocean with topograpgy, Part I: Waves and wind-driven circulations (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33 (12). pp. 2719-2737.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-10
    Description: A new type of ocean general circulation model with simplified physics is described and tested for various simple wind-driven circulation problems. The model consists of the vorticity balance of the depth-averaged flow and a hierarchy of equations for “vertical moments” of density and baroclinic velocity. The first vertical density moment is the (vertically integrated) potential energy, which is used to describe the predominant link between the barotropic and the baroclinic oceanic flow in the presence of sloping topography. Tendency equations for the vertical moments of density and baroclinic velocity and an appropriate truncation of the coupled hierarchy of moments are derived that, together with the barotropic vorticity balance, yield a closed set of equations describing the barotropic–baroclinic interaction (BARBI) model of the oceanic circulation. Idealized companion experiments with a numerical implementation of the BARBI model and a primitive equation model indicate that wave propagation properties and baroclinic adjustments are correctly represented in BARBI in midlatitudes as well as in equatorial latitudes. Furthermore, a set of experiments with a realistic application to the Atlantic/Southern Ocean system reproduces important aspects that have been previously reported by studies of gyre circulations and circumpolar currents using full primitive equation models
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    A damped decadal oscillation in the North Atlantic climate system (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, - (16). pp. 443-460.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: A simple stochastic atmosphere model is coupled to a realistic model of the North Atlantic Ocean. A north–south SST dipole, with its zero line centered along the subpolar front, influences the atmosphere model, which in turn forces the ocean model by surface fluxes related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The coupled system exhibits a damped decadal oscillation associated with the adjustment through the ocean model to the changing surface forcing. The oscillation consists of a fast wind-driven, positive feedback of the ocean and a delayed negative feedback orchestrated by overturning circulation anomalies. The positive feedback turns out to be necessary to distinguish the coupled oscillation from that in a model without any influence from the ocean to the atmosphere. Using a novel diagnosing technique, it is possible to rule out the importance of baroclinic wave processes for determining the period of the oscillation, and to show the important role played by anomalous geostrophic advection in sustaining the oscillation.
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    Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and climate on the northern Taymyr Peninsula, Arctic Russia (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Boreas, 32 (3). pp. 484-505.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-22
    Description: Pollen data from a Levinson-Lessing Lake sediment core (74°28'N, 98°38'E) and Cape Sabler, Taymyr Lake permafrost sequences (74°33'N, 100°32'E) reveal substantial environmental changes on the northern Taymyr Peninsula during the last c. 32000 14C years. The continuous records confirm that a scarce steppe-like vegetation with Poaceae, Artemisia and Cyperaceae dominated c. 32 000–10300 14C yr BP, while tundra-like vegetation with Oxyria, Ranunculaceae and Caryophyllaceae grew in wetter areas. The coldest interval occurred c. 18000 yr BP. Lateglacial pollen data show several warming events followed by a climate deterioration c. 10500 14C yr BP, which may correspond with the Younger Dryas. The Late Pleistocene/Holocene transition, c. 10300–10000 14C yr BP, is characterized by a change from the herb-dominated vegetation to shrubby tundra with Betula sect. Nanae and Salix. Alnus fruticosa arrived locally c. 9000–8500 14Cyr BP and disappeared c. 4000–3500 14Cyr BP. Communities of Betula sect. Nanae, broadly distributed at c. 10000–3500 14Cyr BP, almost disappeared when vegetation became similar to the modern herb tundra after 3500–3000 14Cyr BP. Quantitative climate reconstructions show Last Glacial Maximum summer temperature about 4°C below the present and Preboreal (c. 10 000 14C yr BP) temperature 2–4°C above the present. Maximum summer temperature occurred between 10 000 and 5500 14C yr BP; later summers were similar to present or slightly warmer.
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    Microbial Reefs in the Black Sea Fueled by Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 297 (5583). pp. 1013-1015.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-07
    Description: Massive microbial mats covering up to 4-meter-high carbonate buildups prosper at methane seeps in anoxic waters of the northwestern Black Sea shelf. Strong 13C depletions indicate an incorporation of methane carbon into carbonates, bulk biomass, and specific lipids. The mats mainly consist of densely aggregated archaea (phylogenetic ANME-1 cluster) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcusgroup). If incubated in vitro, these mats perform anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction. Obviously, anaerobic microbial consortia can generate both carbonate precipitation and substantial biomass accumulation, which has implications for our understanding of carbon cycling during earlier periods of Earth's history.
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    Retrieval of Surface Solar Radiation Budget under Ice Cloud Sky: Uncertainty Analysis and Parameterization (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 59 . pp. 2951-2965.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-16
    Description: This study investigates and accounts for the influence of various ice cloud parameters on the retrieval of the surface solar radiation budget (SSRB) from reflected flux at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The optical properties of ice clouds depend on ice crystal shape, size distribution, water content, and the vertical profiles of geometric and microphysical structure. As a result, the relationship between the SSRB and TOA-reflected flux for an ice cloud atmosphere is more complex and differs from that for water cloud and cloudless atmospheres. The sensitivities of the relationship between the SSRB and TOA-reflected flux are examined with respect to various ice cloud parameters. Uncertainties in the retrieval of the SSRB due to inadequate knowledge of various ice cloud parameters are evaluated thoroughly. The uncertainty study is concerned with both pure ice clouds and multiphase clouds (ice cloud above water cloud). According to the magnitudes of errors in the SSRB retrieval caused by different input variables, parameterized correction terms were introduced. If the input variables are known accurately, errors in the retrieval of the SSRB under a wide range of ice cloud conditions are expected to diminish substantially, to less than 10 W m−2 for 91% of the simulated ice cloud cases. In comparison, the same accuracy may be attained for only 19% of the retrievals for the same ice cloud cases using the retrieval algorithm designed for non-ice-cloud conditions.
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    Climatology and interannual variabilities in the intensity of synoptic-scale processes in the North Atlantic from the NCEP/NCAR Re-analysis data (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 15 . pp. 809-828.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: North Atlantic synoptic-scale processes are analyzed by bandpassing 6-hourly NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data (1958–98) for several synoptic ranges corresponding to ultrahigh-frequency variability (0.5–2 days), synoptic-scale variability (2–6 days), slow synoptic processes (6–12 days), and low-frequency variability (12–30 days). Climatological patterns of the intensity of synoptic processes are not collocated for different ranges of variability, especially in the lower troposphere. Intensities of synoptic processes demonstrate opposite trends between the North American coast and in the northeast Atlantic. Although north of 40°N the intensity of ultrahigh-frequency variability and synoptic-scale processes show similar interannual variability, further analysis indicates that secular changes, and decadal-scale and interannual variability in the intensities of synoptic processes may not be necessarily consistent for different synoptic timescales. Magnitudes of winter ultrahigh-frequency variability are highly correlated with the intensity of synoptic-scale processes in the 1960s and early 1970s. However, they show little agreement with each other during the last two decades, pointing to the remarkable change in atmospheric variability over the North Atlantic in late 1970s. North Atlantic ultrahigh-frequency variability in winter is highly correlated with surface temperature gradient anomalies in the Atlantic–American sector. These gradients are computed from the merged fields of SST and surface temperature over the continent. They demonstrate a dipolelike pattern associated with the North American coast on one hand, with the subpolar SST front and continental Canada on the other. High-frequency variability and its synoptic counterpart demonstrate different relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Reliability of these results and their sensitivity to the filtering procedures are addressed by comparison to radiosonde data and application of alternative filters.
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    Measurements of Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum and Sensible Heat over the Labrador Sea (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (2). pp. 401-410.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Turbulent fluxes of momentum and sensible heat were estimated from sonic anemometer measurements gathered over the Labrador Sea during a winter cruise of the R/V Knorr. The inertial dissipation method was used to calculate turbulent fluxes of momentum. The resulting drag coefficients agree well with earlier findings. Sensible heat fluxes were computed using both cross-correlation and inertial dissipation techniques. There is good agreement between results from both methods, although there is more scatter in the correlation fluxes than the dissipation fluxes. The inertial dissipation method gives reasonable results even under conditions of high wind speeds and low air temperatures, which combined with the relatively warm sea surface temperatures lead to sensible heat fluxes of several hundred watts per square meter. Sensible heat fluxes obtained from the sonic anemometer measurements agree well with bulk turbulent fluxes according to the formulation of Isemer and Hasse.
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    Deep velocity profiling using lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler: Bottom track and inverse solutions (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 19 (5). pp. 794-807.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-25
    Description: Lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers (LADCPs) have matured from an experimental instrument to an operational hydrographic tool to study ocean dynamics. The data processing, however, is still in a rather primitive state. First, a method to estimate bottom-track velocities using the standard water profile data was developed. Then inverse solutions are presented that enhance the standard data processing by adding external constraints such as bottom-referenced velocity profiles. Depending on the depth of the profile and the ADCP range the inclusion of bottom-track data can reduce the local velocity errors by a significant factor. The least squares framework also allows for simplified error analysis of the LADCP system and some of the trade-offs are discussed.
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    Zonal fluxes in the deep water layers of the western South Atlantic (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (8). pp. 2205-2235.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-10
    Description: Zonal transports of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the South Atlantic are determined. For this purpose the circulation of intermediate and deep water masses is established on the basis of hydrographic sections from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and some pre-WOCE sections, using temperature, salinity, nutrients, and anthropogenic tracers. Multiple linear regression is applied to infer missing parameters in the bottle dataset. A linear box-inverse model is used for a set of closed boxes given by sections and continental boundaries. After performing a detailed analysis of water mass distribution, 11 layers are prescribed. Neutral density surfaces are selected as layer interfaces, thus improving the description of water mass distribution in the transition between the subtropical and subpolar latitudes. Constraints for the inverse model include integral meridional salt and phosphorus transports, overall salt and silica conservation, and transports from moored current meter observations. Inferred transport numbers for the mean meridional thermohaline overturning are given. Persistent zonal NADW transport bands are found in the western South Atlantic, in particular eastward flow of relatively new NADW between 20° and 25°S and westward flow of older NADW to the north of this latitude range. The axis of the eastward transport band corresponds to the core of property distributions in this region, suggesting Wüstian flow. Part of the eastward flow appears to cross the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at the Rio de Janeiro Fracture Zone. Results are compared qualitatively with deep float observations and results from general circulation models
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    Labrador Sea Water tracked by profiling floats - from the boundary current into the open North Atlantic (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 573-584.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Fifteen profiling floats were injected into the deep boundary current off Labrador. They were ballasted to drift in the core depth of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) at 1500-m depth and were deployed in two groups during March and July/August 1997. Initially, for about three months, the floats were drifting within the boundary current, and the flow vectors were used to determine the mean horizontal structure of the Deep Labrador Current, which was found to be about 100 km wide with an average core speed of 18 cm s−1. North of Flemish Cap the boundary current encounters complicated topography around “Orphan Knoll,” and there the LSW outflow splits up into different routes. One obvious LSW path is eastward through the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone and another route is a narrow recirculation toward the central Labrador Sea. A surprising result was that none of the floats were able to follow the boundary current southward to the Grand Banks area and exit into the subtropics. Trajectories and temperature profiles of the eastward drifting floats indicate the importance of the North Atlantic Current for dispersing the floats, even at the level of LSW.
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  • 80
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    Large-amplitude internal solitary waves in the North Equatorial Counter Current (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 1567-1573.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The analysis of high-resolution oceanographic data referring to velocity measurements carried out by means of a vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler on 12 November 2000 in the equatorial Atlantic, at 44°W between 4.5° and 6°N, reveals the presence of three large-amplitude internal solitary waves superimposed on the velocity field associated with the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). These waves were found in the deep ocean, more than 500 km off the continental shelf and far from regions of topographic variations. They propagated toward the north-northeast, strongly inclined with respect to the main axis of the NECC and perpendicular to the Brazilian shelf, as well as to the North Brazil Current, and were characterized by maximum horizontal velocities of about 2 m s−1 and maximum vertical velocities of about 20 cm s−1. The large magnitudes of the measured velocities indicate that the observed waves represent disturbances evolving in a strongly stratified ocean. The distance separating the waves (about 70 km) indicates that the observed features cannot be considered as elements of a single train of internal solitary waves. The waves consist, instead, of truly disconnected, pulselike intense solitary disturbances. This behavior, which strongly differs from that typically observed for trains of tidally generated internal solitary waves, indicates that different mechanisms were possibly involved in their generation and/or evolution.
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    Formation of Southern Hemisphere Thermocline waters: Water mass Conversion and Subduction (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 3020-3038.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-09
    Description: The ventilation of the permanent thermocline of the Southern Hemisphere gyres is quantified using climatological and synoptic observational data. Ventilation is estimated with three independent methods: the kinematic method provides subduction rates from the vertical and horizontal fluxes through the base of the mixed layer, the water age uses in situ age distribution of thermocline waters, and the annual-mean water mass formation through air–sea interaction is calculated. All three independent estimates agree within their error bars, which are admittedly large. The subduction rates are mainly controlled through their vertical and lateral components with only minor transient eddy contributions. The vertical transfer, derived from Ekman pumping, ventilates over most of the areas of the subtropical gyres, while lateral transfer occurs mainly along the Subtropical and Subantarctic Fronts, where it injects mode and intermediate waters. For the permanent thermocline the overall ventilation of the South Atlantic is about 21 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Of this, lateral transfer contributes 10 Sv, mainly in the Brazil–Malvinas confluence zone and to the northeast of Drake Passage. The effective vertical transfer at the bottom of the mixed layer is only two-thirds of the Ekman pumping due to strong northward forcing of the mixed layer itself. The Indian Ocean is ventilated at a rate of 35 Sv with equal lateral and vertical contributions. The South Pacific's overall ventilation is 44 Sv of which the lateral input contributes little more than half. West of 130°W, the South Pacific is ventilated through Ekman pumping and with only minor lateral transfer. In the east lateral transfer dominates between 10° and 20°S and along the Subantarctic Front in a narrow density range. Combining overall transports with earlier estimates for the Northern Hemisphere gives a ventilation of the World Ocean's permanent thermocline of about 160 Sv. Analysis of atmospheric reanalysis air–sea flux data reveals an overall increase in the formation of thermocline waters for all three Southern Hemisphere oceans.
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    Redfield Revisited: variability of C:N:P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis (2002)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  European Journal of Phycology, 37 . pp. 1-17.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: A compilation of data on the elemental composition of marine phytoplankton from published studies was used to determine the range of C:N:P. The N:P ratio of algae and cyanobacteria is very plastic in nutrient-limited cells, ranging from 〈5 mol N:mol P when phosphate is available greatly in excess of nitrate or ammonium to 〈100 mol N:mol P when inorganic N is present greatly in excess of P. Under optimal nutrient-replete growth conditions, the cellular N:P ratio is somewhat more constrained, ranging from 5 to 19 mol N:mol P, with most observations below the Redfield ratio of 16. Limited data indicate that the critical N:P that marks the transition between N- and P-limitation of phytoplankton growth lies in the range 20–50 mol N:mol P, considerably in excess of the Redfield ratio. Biochemical composition can be used to constrain the critical N:P. Although the biochemical data do not preclude the critical N:P from being as high as 50, the typical biochemical composition of nutrient-replete algae and cyanobacteria suggests that the critical N:P is more likely to lie in the range between 15 and 30. Despite the observation that the overall average N:P composition of marine particulate matter closely approximates the Redfield ratio of 16, there are significant local variations with a range from 5 to 34. Consistent with the culture studies, lowest values of N:P are associated with nitrate- and phosphate-replete conditions. The highest values of N:P are observed in oligotrophic waters and are within the range of critical N:P observed in cultures, but are not so high as to necessarily invoke P-limitation. The C:N ratio is also plastic. The average C:N ratios of nutrientreplete phytoplankton cultures, oceanic particulate matter and inorganic N and C draw-down are slightly greater than the Redfield ratio of 6.6. Neither the analysis of laboratory C:N:P data nor a more theoretical approach based on the relative abundance of the major biochemical molecules in the phytoplankton can support the contention that the Redfield N:P reflects a physiological or biochemical constraint on the elemental composition of primary production.
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    Quasi-decadal salinity fluctuations in the Labrador Sea (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 687-701.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-06
    Description: The quasi-decadal salinity fluctuations in the upper 300 m of the Labrador Sea are investigated by partitioning all available salinity station data since 1948 by region and bottom depth. There are major freshwater anomalies in the early 1970s (the Great Salinity Anomaly), mid-1980s, and early 1990s. These vary in amplitude throughout the region, being least on the shelf and greatest over the slope region near the Labrador Current. The Labrador Sea cannot be considered a simple conduit for freshwater anomalies originating in the East Greenland Current. There is evidence that local processes modulate the anomaly. The freshwater anomalies in the Labrador Current are approximately twice as large as those in the East Greenland Current. The Baffin Island Current flowing southward through the western Davis Strait is the only local source of freshwater with sufficient volume to account for this increase. The propagation speed, 2–3 cm s−1, of the anomaly along the Labrador Sea margin is much less than the advection speed indicating a highly damped system. The connection of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) with these quasi-decadal salinity fluctuations is most obvious in the Labrador Sea interior, where increased surface buoyancy flux during positive NAO drives deep convective mixing and thus terminates the fresh surface anomalies. Less clear are the processes by which NAO-forced changes of lateral freshwater flux modulate the salinity along the margin. The authors propose a feedback mechanism where, during years of low wind speed, freshwater accumulates offshore of the slope front in the surface layer. The increased upper-layer buoyancy prohibits further mixing, and low salinities persist.
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    Labrador Sea Water: Pathways, CFC-Inventory and Formation Rates (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 648-665.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: In 1997, a unique hydrographic and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC: component CFC-11) dataset was obtained in the subpolar North Atlantic. To estimate the synopticity of the 1997 data, the recent temporal evolution of the CFC and Labrador Sea Water (LSW) thickness fields are examined. In the western Atlantic north of 50°N, the LSW thickness decreased considerably from 1994–97, while the mean CFC concentrations did not change much. South of 50°N and in the eastern Atlantic, the CFC concentration increased with little or no change in the LSW thickness. On shorter timescales, local anomalies due to the presence of eddies are observed, but for space scales larger than the eddies the dataset can be treated as being synoptic over the 1997 observation period. The spreading of LSW in the subpolar North Atlantic is described in detail using gridded CFC and LSW thickness fields combined with Profiling Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (PALACE) float trajectories. The gridded fields are also used to calculate the CFC-11 inventory in the LSW from 40° to 65°N, and from 10° to 60°W. In total, 2300 ± 250 tons of CFC-11 (equivalent to 16.6 million moles) were brought into the LSW by deep convection. In 1997, 28% of the inventory was still found in the Labrador Sea west of 45°W and 31% of the inventory was located in the eastern Atlantic. The CFC inventory in the LSW was used to estimate the lower limits of LSW formation rates. At a constant formation rate, a value of 4.4–5.6 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) is obtained. If the denser modes of LSW are ventilated only in periods with intense convection, the minimum formation rate of LSW in 1988–94 is 8.1–10.8 Sv, and 1.8–2.4 Sv in 1995–97
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    Tracer Observations in the Labrador Sea (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 666-686.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-06
    Description: Time series of hydrographic and transient tracer (3H and 3He) observations from the central Labrador Sea collected between 1991 and 1996 are presented to document the complex changes in the tracer fields as a result of variations in convective activity during the 1990s. Between 1991 and 1993, as atmospheric forcing intensified, convection penetrated to progressively increasing depths, reaching 2300 m in the winter of 1993. Over that period the potential temperature (θ)/salinity (S) properties of Labrador Sea Water stayed nearly constant as surface cooling and downward mixing of freshwater was balanced by excavating and upward mixing of the warmer and saltier Northeast Atlantic Deep Water. It is shown that the net change in heat content of the water column (150–2500 m) between 1991 and 1993 was negligible compared to the estimated mean heat loss over that period (110 W m−2), implying that the lateral convergence of heat into the central Labrador Sea nearly balances the atmospheric cooling on a surprisingly short timescale. Interestingly, the 3H–3He age of Labrador Sea Water increased during this period of intensifying convection. Starting in 1995, winters were milder and convection was restricted to the upper 800 m. Between 1994 and 1996, the evolution of 3H–3He age is similar to that of a stagnant water body. In contrast, the increase in θ and S over that period implies exchange of tracers with the boundaries via both an eddy-induced overturning circulation and along-isopycnal stirring by eddies [with an exchange coefficient of O(500 m2 s−1)]. The authors construct a freshwater budget for the Labrador Sea and quantitatively demonstrate that sea ice meltwater is the dominant cause of the large annual cycle of salinity in the Labrador Sea, both on the shelf and the interior. It is shown that the transport of freshwater by eddies into the central Labrador Sea (140 cm between March and September) can readily account for the observed seasonal freshening. Finally, the authors discuss the role of the eddy-induced overturning circulation with regard to transport and dispersal of the newly ventilated Labrador Sea Water to the boundary current system and compare its strength (2–3 Sv) to the diagnosed buoyancy-forced formation rate of Labrador Sea Water.
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  • 86
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    A comparison of surface-layer, surface heat flux and surface momentum flux observations over the Labrador Sea with ECMWF analyses and NCEP reanalyses (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (2). pp. 383-400.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-10
    Description: Comparisons are made between a time series of meteorological surface layer observational data taken on board the R/V Knorr, and model analysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The observational data were gathered during a winter cruise of the R/V Knorr, from 6 February to 13 March 1997, as part of the Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment. The surface layer observations generally compare well with both model representations of the wintertime atmosphere. The biases that exist are mainly related to discrepancies in the sea surface temperature or the relative humidity of the analyses. The surface layer observations are used to generate bulk estimates of the surface momentum flux, and the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. These are then compared with the model-generated turbulent surface fluxes. The ECMWF surface sensible and latent heat flux time series compare reasonably well, with overestimates of only 13% and 10%, respectively. In contrast, the NCEP model overestimates the bulk fluxes by 51% and 27%, respectively. The differences between the bulk estimates and those of the two models are due to different surface heat flux algorithms. It is shown that the roughness length formula used in the NCEP reanalysis project is inappropriate for moderate to high wind speeds. Its failings are acute for situations of large air–sea temperature difference and high wind speed, that is, for areas of high sensible heat fluxes such as the Labrador Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the Gulf Stream, and the Kuroshio. The new operational NCEP bulk algorithm is found to be more appropriate for such areas. It is concluded that surface turbulent flux fields from the ECMWF are within the bounds of observational uncertainty and therefore suitable for driving ocean models. This is in contrast to the surface flux fields from the NCEP reanalysis project, where the application of a more suitable algorithm to the model surface-layer meteorological data is recommended
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  • 87
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    Atlantic Equatorial Deep Jets: Space–Time Structure and Cross-Equatorial Fluxes (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (3). pp. 891-902.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The so-called equatorial stacked jets are analyzed with ship-board observations and moored time series from the Atlantic Ocean. The features are identified and isolated by comparing vertical wavenumber spectra at the equator with those a few degrees from the equator. Mode-filtering gives clear views of the jets in meridional sections, the typical extent being ±1° in latitude. The vertical structure can be well described (explaining 82% of the variance) by N−1-stretched cosines, with a Gaussian amplitude tapering in the vertical. The stretched wavelengths are somewhat variable. Fitting jets of a fixed (stretched) wavelength to four moored sensors in the depth range 1300–1900 m, allows one to track the vertical phase of the jets with an rms error of 30°–45°. The resulting fit from a 20-month moored time series shows long periods of unchanging jet conditions and intermittent times of high variability. There is no significant vertical propagation on these timescales nor a seasonal reversal. Using a composite from many different experiments, interannual variability is visible, however. A possible mechanism for the stacked jets is inertial instability, resulting from background meridional shears at the equator. A condition is that the Ertel potential vorticity becomes zero somewhere, due to meridional asymmetries in the zonal flows. The ship-board observations show that this may be approximately fulfilled by the instantaneous zonal low-mode flows at various depths, resulting from an excess of zonal momentum south of the equator most of the time. Inertial instability should act to redistribute this zonal momentum, and our mooring data show indeed persistent northward momentum flux, but not at the depth levels expected. The momentum transport might suggest that the jets can also flux or mix other properties across the equator.
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  • 88
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    On dipole-like variability in the tropical Indian Ocean (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 15 . pp. 1358-1368.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-24
    Description: The interannual variability of the tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) is studied with observational data and a hierarchy of coupled general circulation models (CGCMs). Special attention is given to the question whether an oscillatory dipole mode exists in the tropical Indian Ocean region with centers east and west of 80°E. Our observational analyses indicate that dipole-like variability can be explained as an oscillatory mode only in the context of ENSO (El Nino/Southern Oscillation). A dipole-like structure in the SST anomalies independent of ENSO was found also. Our series of coupled model experiments shows that ocean dynamics is not important to this type of dipole-like SST variability. It is forced by surface heat flux anomalies that are integrated by the thermal inertia ofthe oceanic mixed layer, which reddens the SST spectrum.
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  • 89
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    A Cautionary Note on the Interpretation of EOFs (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 15 (2). pp. 216-225.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-24
    Description: Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses (rotated or not) are widely used in climate research. In recent years there have been several studies in which EOF analyses were used to highlight potential physical mechanisms associated with climate variability. For example, several SST modes were identified such as the “Tropical Atlantic Dipole,” the “Tropical Indian Ocean Dipole,” and different SLP modes in the Northern Hemisphere winter. In this note it is emphasized that caution should be used when trying to interpret these statistically derived modes and their significance. Indeed, from a synthetic example it is shown that patterns derived from EOF analyses can be misleading at times and associated with very little climate physics.
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  • 90
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    Sources of Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Labrador Sea (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (12). pp. 3346-3363.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Experiments with a suite of North Atlantic general circulation models are used to examine the sources of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the Labrador Sea. A high-resolution model version (112°) quantitatively reproduces the observed signature. A particular feature of the EKE in the Labrador Sea is its pronounced seasonal cycle, with a maximum intensity in early winter, as already found in earlier studies based on altimeter data. In contrast to a previously advanced hypothesis, the seasonally varying eddy field is not related to a forcing by high-frequency wind variations but can be explained by a seasonally modulated instability of the West Greenland Current (WGC). The main source of EKE in the Labrador Sea is an energy transfer due to Reynolds interaction work (barotropic instability) in a confined region near Cape Desolation where the WGC adjusts to a change in the topographic slope: Geostrophic contours tend to converge upstream of Cape Desolation, such that the topographically guided WGC narrows as well and becomes barotropically unstable. The eddies spawned from the WGC instability area, dominating the EKE in the interior Labrador Sea, are predominantly anticyclonic with warm and saline cores in the upper kilometer of the water column, while the few cyclones originating as well from the instability area show a more depth-independent structure. Companion experiments with a ⅓° model exhibit the strength of the WGC, influenced by either changes in the wind stress or heat flux forcing, as a leading factor determining seasonal to interannual changes of EKE in the Labrador Sea
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  • 91
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    Feeding and growth of the isopod Idotea baltica on the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus: Roles of inter-population and within-plant variation in plant quality (2002)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Écoscience, 9 (3). pp. 332-338.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-16
    Description: We investigated the effects of local nutrient enrichment, among-population variation in quality, and within-plant variation in quality on growth, development, and food consumption (total amount of food ingested) of the marine isopod Idotea baltica when fed Fucus vesiculosus. We found that the proximity of fish farms increased carbon/nitrogen ratio, but did not change the concentration of phlorotannins in the F. vesiculosus thallus. Algal diets taken from sites close to or far from fish farms did not affect the growth, development, or total amount of food ingested of I. baltica. Therefore, eutrophication may not necessarily decrease the level of plant resistance. We found that different F. vesiculosus beds vary in quality and led to differences in total amount of food ingested and production efficiency of I. baltica. The variation in quality of F. vesiculosus in different locations may generate variance in grazing pressure between the belts. Idotea baltica was most sensitive to within-plant variation, as the isopods grew more and had higher production efficiency on apical than basal parts of F. vesiculosus. Idotea baltica did not compensate for the lower quality of basal parts by increasing consumption. This may indicate that the low quality of the basal thallus is related to higher levels of secondary metabolites and not to lower levels of soluble sugars or nitrogen that might have encouraged compensatory consumption. Our results suggest that within-plant variation in the quality of the F. vesiculosus is more important for herbivores than possible environmental variation caused by eutrophication.
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  • 92
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    The a, b, c s of oceanographic lidar predictions: a significant step toward closing the loop between theory and experiment (2002)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Modern Optics, 49 (3-4). pp. 439-451.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-01
    Description: Small-angle phase functions (0.05° 〈 θ 〈 20°) have been measured for turbid samples that were then used in a Monte-Carlo theoretical light-scattering model. The measured phase function yields excellent agreement between model predictions and long-path tank measurements.
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  • 93
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    An adjoint method for the assimilation of statistical characteristics into eddy-resolving ocean models (2002)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Tellus A: Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 54 . pp. 406-425.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-14
    Description: The study investigates perspectives of the parameter estimation problem with the adjoint method in eddy-resolving models. Sensitivity to initial conditions resulting from the chaotic nature of this type of model limits the direct application of the adjoint method by predictability. Prolonging the period of assimilation is accompanied by the appearance of an increasing number of secondary minima of the cost function that prevents the convergence of this method. In the framework of the Lorenz model it is shown that averaged quantities are suitable for describing invariant properties, and that secondary minima are for this type of data transformed into stochastic deviations. An adjoint method suitable for the assimilation of statistical characteristics of data and applicable on time scales beyond the predictability limit is presented. The approach assumes a greater predictability for averaged quantities. The adjoint to a prognostic model for statistical moments is employed for calculating cost function gradients that ignore the fine structure resulting from secondary minima. Coarse resolution versions of eddy-resolving models are used for this purpose. Identical twin experiments are performed with a quasigeostrophic model to evaluate the performance and limitations of this approach in improving models by estimating parameters. The wind stress curl is estimated from a simulated mean stream function. A very simple parameterization scheme for the assimilation of second-order moments is shown to permit the estimation of gradients that perform efficiently in minimizing cost functions.
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  • 94
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    Decay of stable warm-core eddies in a layered frontal model (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 188-201.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-06
    Description: Aspects of the decay of stable frontal warm-core eddies in the deep ocean are investigated using a new numerical layered “frontal” model that solves the nonlinear, reduced-gravity, shallow-water equations for a horizontally inhomogeneous, viscous fluid on an f plane. After a discussion on aspects of the numerical techniques implemented to allow for the eddy expansions and contractions at the sea surface, for the first time the capability of a numerical model of reproducing the evolution of analytical nonstationary frontal vortices is explored. This step is necessary, as far as different phenomena related to the dynamics of these oceanic features are to be studied numerically. In fact the comparison between numerical and analytical inviscid solutions allows for a quantification of the numerical dissipation affecting the simulated solutions. This dissipation is found to be very small in this numerical model: The simulated lifetimes are larger than those of most of the frontal eddies observed in the World Ocean. On this basis, the eddy decay due to interfacial (linear and quadratic) friction, harmonic horizontal momentum diffusion, as well as linear ambient-water entrainment is investigated. It is found that interfacial friction represents a much more efficient mechanism than horizontal diffusion and water entrainment in inducing the eddy decay as well as in damping the eddy pulsations. It is thus suggested that internal wave radiation due to vortex pulsation can represent a relevant mechanism for the dissipation of the vortex energy in a stratified ambient ocean only episodically. Finally, a critical discussion about the appropriateness of the different approximations assumed in the investigation is presented. In particular, the appropriateness of the reduced-gravity assumption is discussed. Results are consistent with those obtained analytically in the frame of the frontal-geostrophic theory: Although the effect of an active ambient layer on the vortex dynamics is found to be virtually absent only for unrealistically large water depths, it appears that the reduced-gravity model describes warm-core eddies acceptably for values of the ratio between maximum vortex thickness and total water depth typical for Gulf Stream rings.
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  • 95
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    Synchronous Variability in the Southern Hemisphere Atmosphere, Sea Ice, and Ocean Resulting from the Annular Mode (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 15 . pp. 3043-3057.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-24
    Description: Zonally symmetric fluctuations of the midlatitude westerly winds characterize the primary mode of atmospheric variability in the Southern Hemisphere during all seasons. This is true not only in observations but also in an unforced 15 000-yr integration of a coarse-resolution (R15) coupled ocean–atmosphere model. Here it is documented how this mode of atmospheric variability, known as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), generates ocean circulation and sea ice variations in the model integration on interannual to centennial timescales that are tightly in phase with the SAM. The positive phase of the SAM is associated with an intensification of the surface westerlies over the circumpolar ocean (around 60°S), and a weakening of the surface westerlies farther north. This induces Ekman drift to the north at all longitudes of the circumpolar ocean, and Ekman drift to the south at around 30°S. Through mass continuity, the Ekman drift generates anomalous upwelling along the margins of the Antarctic continent, and downwelling around 45°S. The anomalous flow diverging from the Antarctic continent also increases the vertical tilt of the isopycnals in the Southern Ocean, so that a more intense circumpolar current is also closely associated with positive SAM. In addition, the anomalous divergent flow advects sea ice farther north, resulting in an increase in sea ice coverage. Finally, positive SAM drives increases in poleward heat transport at about 30°S, while decreases occur in the circumpolar region. Ocean and sea ice anomalies of the opposite sign occur when the SAM is negative. The ocean and sea ice fluctuations associated with the SAM constitute a significant fraction of simulated ocean variability poleward of 30°S year-round. The robustness of the mechanisms relating the SAM to oceanic variability suggests that the SAM is likely an important source of large-scale variability in the real Southern Hemisphere ocean.
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  • 96
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    Improved representation of upper ocean dynamics and mixed layer depths in a model of the North Atlantic on switching from eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving grid resolution (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 2277-2298.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Two configurations of a primitive-equation model of the North Atlantic are analyzed with respect to the simulated cycling of energy, mass, and heat in the upper ocean. One model is eddy-permitting (1/3° horizontal resolution), the other one is eddy-resolving (1/9° resolution), with both models using identical topographies and identical forcing fields at the surface and lateral boundaries. Besides showing some improvement in the simulated mean circulation and heat budgets, the eddy-resolving model reaches good agreement with satellite altimeter measurements of sea surface height variability. An unexpected finding of the model intercomparison is that simulated winter mixed layer depths in mid and high latitudes turn out to be systematically shallower by some 50 to 500 m in the higher resolution run, thereby agreeing better with observations than the 1/3° model results. This model improvement is related to enhanced levels of baroclinic instability leading to a decrease in potential energy and an associated increase in stratification. In the high-resolution model, shear-induced tilting of lateral density gradients generates stratification within the mixed layer itself, at a rate sufficient to set off an average surface heat loss of 5 W m–2 in mid and high latitudes. Although this is small compared to present uncertainties in surface heat fluxes, the resulting reduction in mixed layer depths may be important for an accurate simulation of water mass formation, air–sea gas exchange, and marine biological production. With traditional formulations of mixed layer physics assuming that properties are set by purely vertical mixing, and parameterizations of lateral subgrid-scale mixing often being tapered to zero in the mixed layer, present mixing schemes would have to be modified in order to account for eddy-induced generation of stratification in the surface mixed layer in noneddy-resolving ocean models.
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  • 97
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    Rates and Mechanisms of Water Mass Transformation in the Labrador Sea as Inferred from Tracer Observations (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 666-686.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-06
    Description: Time series of hydrographic and transient tracer (3H and 3He) observations from the central Labrador Sea collected between 1991 and 1996 are presented to document the complex changes in the tracer fields as a result of variations in convective activity during the 1990s. Between 1991 and 1993, as atmospheric forcing intensified, convection penetrated to progressively increasing depths, reaching 2300 m in the winter of 1993. Over that period the potential temperature (θ)/salinity (S) properties of Labrador Sea Water stayed nearly constant as surface cooling and downward mixing of freshwater was balanced by excavating and upward mixing of the warmer and saltier Northeast Atlantic Deep Water. It is shown that the net change in heat content of the water column (150–2500 m) between 1991 and 1993 was negligible compared to the estimated mean heat loss over that period (110 W m−2), implying that the lateral convergence of heat into the central Labrador Sea nearly balances the atmospheric cooling on a surprisingly short timescale. Interestingly, the 3H–3He age of Labrador Sea Water increased during this period of intensifying convection. Starting in 1995, winters were milder and convection was restricted to the upper 800 m. Between 1994 and 1996, the evolution of 3H–3He age is similar to that of a stagnant water body. In contrast, the increase in θ and S over that period implies exchange of tracers with the boundaries via both an eddy-induced overturning circulation and along-isopycnal stirring by eddies [with an exchange coefficient of O(500 m2 s−1)]. The authors construct a freshwater budget for the Labrador Sea and quantitatively demonstrate that sea ice meltwater is the dominant cause of the large annual cycle of salinity in the Labrador Sea, both on the shelf and the interior. It is shown that the transport of freshwater by eddies into the central Labrador Sea (140 cm between March and September) can readily account for the observed seasonal freshening. Finally, the authors discuss the role of the eddy-induced overturning circulation with regard to transport and dispersal of the newly ventilated Labrador Sea Water to the boundary current system and compare its strength (2–3 Sv) to the diagnosed buoyancy-forced formation rate of Labrador Sea Water.
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  • 98
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    Equatorial Deep Jets and abyssal mixing in the Indian Ocean (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 1165-1180.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Vertical profiles of horizontal currents and hydrographic measurements from three cruises along 80.5°E from the coast of Sri Lanka to 6°S between December 1990 and September 1994 are used to investigate the scales of the Indian Ocean deep jets as well as internal wave parameters and dissipation at the equator. The deep jets at 80.5°E have a vertical wavelength of 660 sm (stretched meters) and amplitudes exceeding 10 cm s−1 in zonal velocity. They are observed throughout the water column and their flow direction reverses at 2° off the equator. The vertical positions of the jets differ among the cruises and are consistent with a flow reversal between the data collected in winter and summer. During September 1994, the jets were less pronounced. Due to the meridional distribution of their zonal velocity and the phase relationship between zonal velocity and vertical displacement, the jets are best described as nondispersive first-mode equatorial Rossby waves. The hydrographic data revealed thick layers of low stratification with vertical scales of 15–55 m in the upper 2000 m of the water column. They are found primarily within 1° of the equator and there is some evidence of correlation between the vertical position as well as the extent and the high strain zones of the deep jets. At vertical wavenumbers larger than those of the deep jets, shear and strain levels are five times larger than at off-equatorial locations and the compliant internal wave range (“roll-off range”) begins at a smaller wavenumber (kc ≈ 0.02 cpsm). An estimate of the average dissipation rate within the deep jets yielded = 7.5 × 10−10 W kg−1 between 500- and 2000-m depth. The elevated finescale internal wave field appears to be the main cause for the existence of the low stratification layers.
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  • 99
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    The Ocean's Role in Atlantic Climate Variability (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 297 . pp. 2223-2224.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Atlantic climate variability is an important driving force of climate in the surrounding land areas. In his Perspective, Visbeck explores recent advances toward understanding and predicting climate variability in the tropical Atlantic and the North Atlantic, and elucidating the role played by the ocean's circulation.
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  • 100
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    Scaling relationships for indentation measurements (2002)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Philosophical Magazine: A, 82 (10). pp. 1821-1829.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Using dimensional analysis and finite-element calculations, several relationships that relate features of indentation loading and unloading curves to the hardness, the elastic modulus and the work of indentation are extended to conical indentation in elastic-plastic solids with various angles. These relationships provide new insights into indentation measurements. They may also be useful to the interpretation of results obtained from instrumented indentation experiments.
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