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  • Articles  (33,836)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (32,349)
  • Oxford University Press  (1,487)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 2010-2014  (10,864)
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  • Articles  (33,836)
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  • 1
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    Restoration of singularities in reconstructed phase of crystal image in electron holography (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Off-axis electron holography can be used to measure the inner potential of a specimen from its reconstructed phase image and is thus a powerful technique for materials scientists. However, abrupt reversals of contrast from white to black may sometimes occur in a digitally reconstructed phase image, which results in inaccurate information. Such phase distortion is mainly due to the digital reconstruction process and weak electron wave amplitude in some areas of the specimen. Therefore, digital image processing can be applied to the reconstruction and restoration of phase images. In this paper, fringe reconnection processing is applied to phase image restoration of a crystal structure image. The disconnection and wrong connection of interference fringes in the hologram that directly cause a 2 phase jump imperfection are correctly reconnected. Experimental results show that the phase distortion is significantly reduced after the processing. The quality of the reconstructed phase image was improved by the removal of imperfections in the final phase.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Response of thymus lymphocytes to streptozotocin-induced diabetes and exogenous vitamin C administration in rats (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Diabetes causes oxidative stress, which in turn generates excessive free radicals resulting in cellular damage. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that protects tissues and organs from oxidative stress. The thymus is one of the most important lymphoid organs, which regulates T-lymphocyte proliferation and maturation. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of vitamin C on the thymus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The mitotic activity and cell integrity of thymic lymphocytes were explored. Wistar Albino rats were divided into three groups: control (Group 1), STZ-diabetes (Group 2) and vitamin C-treated STZ-diabetics (Group 3). Rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg STZ to induce diabetes. Vitamin C (20 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically. Semithin and ultrathin sections were examined under a light or an electron microscope, respectively. Considerable numbers of mitotic lymphocytes were observed in the thymus of control rats. In the diabetic rats, however, numbers of mitotic lymphocytes decreased to ~57% of controls, and cell division abnormalities were observed. Additionally, diabetic rats showed degeneration in the structure of the thymus including trabecular thickening, accumulation of lipid vacuoles, heterochromatic nuclei and loss of mitochondrial cristae. Degradation of medullar and cortical integrity was also detected. In the vitamin C-treated STZ-diabetic group, the structure of the thymus and mitotic activity of the lymphocytes were similar to the control group. These results suggest that vitamin C protects the thymus against injury caused by diabetes and restores thymocyte mitotic activity.
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  • 3
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    Subscription Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Stability of {111}Pd/{0002}ZnO polar interface formed by internal oxidation of Pd-Zn alloys (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: We investigated the stability of Pd/ZnO polar interfaces formed by internal oxidation of Pd–Zn alloys by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy and convergent-beam electron diffraction. At 1273 K, a $$(111{)}_{\mathrm{Pd}}/(000\overline{2}{)}_{\mathrm{ZnO}}$$ polar interface defaceted and transformed into a curved interface, while another (111) Pd /(0002) ZnO polar interface retained its flatness. The $$(111{)}_{\mathrm{Pd}}/(000\overline{2}{)}_{\mathrm{ZnO}}$$ polar interface lost some stability over non-polar interfaces at 1273 K, while the (111) Pd /(0002) ZnO polar interface remained stable.
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  • 5
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    Interaction of electrons with light metal hydrides in the transmission electron microscope (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of light metal hydrides is complicated by the instability of these materials under electron irradiation. In this study, the electron kinetic energy dependences of the interactions of incident electrons with lithium, sodium and magnesium hydrides, as well as the constituting element effect on the interactions, were theoretically discussed, and electron irradiation damage to these hydrides was examined using in situ TEM. The results indicate that high incident electron kinetic energy helps alleviate the irradiation damage resulting from inelastic or elastic scattering of the incident electrons in the TEM. Therefore, observations and characterizations of these materials would benefit from increased, instead decreased, TEM operating voltage.
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  • 6
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    The presence of perforated synapses in the striatum after dopamine depletion, is this a sign of maladaptive brain plasticity? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Synaptic plasticity is the process by which long-lasting changes take place at synaptic connections. The phenomenon itself is complex and can involve many levels of organization. Some authors separate forms into adaptations that have positive or negative consequences for the individual. It has been hypothesized that an increase in the number of synapses may represent a structural basis for the enduring expression of synaptic plasticity during some events that involve memory and learning; also, it has been suggested that perforated synapses increase in number after some diseases and experimental situations. The aim of this study was to analyze whether dopamine depletion induces changes in the synaptology of the corpus striatum of rats after the unilateral injection of 6-OHDA. The findings suggest that after the lesion, both contralateral and ipsilateral striata exhibit an increased length of the synaptic ending in ipsilateral (since third day) and contralateral striatum (since Day 20), loss of axospinous synapses in ipsilateral striatum and a significant increment in the number of perforated synapses, suggesting brain plasticity that might be deleterious for the spines, because this type of synaptic contacts are presumably excitatory, and in the absence of the modulatory effects of dopamine, the neuron could die through excitotoxic mechanisms. Thus, we can conclude that the presence of perforated synapses after striatal dopamine depletion might be a form of maladaptive synaptic plasticity.
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  • 7
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    Quantitative measurement of intracellular protein dynamics using photobleaching or photoactivation of fluorescent proteins (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Unlike in vitro protein dynamics, intracellular protein dynamics are intricately regulated by protein–protein interactions or interactions between proteins and other cellular components, including nucleic acids, the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton. Alteration of these dynamics plays a crucial role in physiological phenomena such as gene expression and cell division. Live-cell imaging via microscopy with the inherent properties of fluorescent proteins, i.e. photobleaching and photoconversion, or fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, provides insight into the movement of proteins and their interactions with cellular components. This article reviews techniques based on photo-induced changes in the physicochemical properties of fluorescent proteins to measure protein dynamics inside living cells, and it also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques.
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  • 8
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    Cover Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Atomic force microscope-assisted scanning tunneling spectroscopy under ambient conditions (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: We have developed a method of atomic force microscopy (AFM)-assisted scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) under ambient conditions. An AFM function is used for rapid access to a selected position prior to performing STS. The AFM feedback is further used to suppress vertical thermal drift of the tip–sample distance during spectroscopy, enabling flexible and stable spectroscopy measurements at room temperature.
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  • 10
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    In situ transmission electron microscopy observation of dislocation motion in 9Cr steel at elevated temperatures: influence of shear stress on dislocation behavior (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: To elucidate high-temperature plastic deformation (creep) mechanism in materials, it is essential to observe dislocation motion under tensile loading. There are many reports on in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations in the literature; however, the relationship between the dislocation motion and shear stress in 9Cr steel is still not clear. In this study, in order to evaluate this relationship quantitatively, in situ TEM observations were carried out in conjunction with finite element method (FEM) analysis. A tensile test sample was strained at an elevated temperature (903 K) inside a transmission electron microscope, and the stress distribution in the strained sample was analyzed by FEM. The dislocation behavior was clearly found to depend on the shear stress. At a shear stress of 66 MPa, both the dislocation velocity and mobile dislocation density were low. However, a high shear stress level of 95 MPa caused a noticeable increase in the dislocation velocity and mobile dislocation density. Furthermore, in this article, we discuss the dependence of the dislocation behavior on stress. The results presented here also indicate that the relationship between the microstructure and the strength of materials can be revealed by the methods used in this work.
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  • 11
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    Dual-axis 360{degrees} rotation specimen holder for analysis of three-dimensional magnetic structures (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: A dual-axis 360° rotation specimen holder was developed for use in reconstructing the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of a magnetic field using a combination of electron holography and tomography. Pillar-shaped specimens are used to obtain accurate reconstruction without a missing angle. The holder's rotation rod can be turned 〉360°; the pillar is set ±45° to the azimuth for both x - and y -axis rotation. Two rotation series of holograms in individual axes are recorded for vector field tomography. The two vector components of the magnetic field are reconstructed directly from the two series of holograms, and the remaining component is calculated using Maxwell's equation, div B = 0. As a result, all 3D magnetic fields are reconstructed.
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  • 12
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    Development of an electrochemical cell for in situ transmission electron microscopy observation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: A new type of electrochemical cell was developed for in situ transmission electron microscopy observation that enables the electrode materials to be conveniently changed. The electrochemical cell was used to observe the electrochemical growth or dissolution of copper islands on a gold film with simultaneous cyclic voltammetry measurements. The copper islands could be explained by three-dimensional growing model.
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  • 13
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    Life Science and Microscopy in 2014 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Angular distribution of cross-sectioned cell boundaries at the distal terminal web in differentiating preameloblasts, inner enamel secretory ameloblasts and outer enamel secretory ameloblasts (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: The cross-sectioned profiles of differentiating preameloblasts, inner enamel secretory ameloblasts and outer enamel secretory ameloblasts at the distal terminal web were quantitatively compared. First, the angles of each line constituting the sectioned cell polygons were measured, and the patterns of angular distribution histograms were compared. Second, all groups of line angles from one differentiating preameloblast population, two inner enamel secretory ameloblast and one outer enamel secretory ameloblast populations at the distal terminal web were compared statistically by the 2 -test using the multiple comparison method. The results showed that cell shapes between differentiating preameloblasts and inner enamel secretory ameloblasts were similar, but that those between differentiating preameloblasts and outer enamel secretory ameloblasts and between inner enamel secretory ameloblasts and outer enamel secretory ameloblasts were significantly different. Third, F-actin fluorescence microscopy in the distal terminal web was performed and was consistent with the angular distribution. These results suggest that cell shapes of inner enamel secretory ameloblasts and differentiating preameloblasts at the distal terminal web are specialized for sideways cell movement during decussating tooth enamel formation.
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  • 15
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    Transmission electron microscopy study of microstructural properties and dislocation characterization in the GaN film grown on the cone-shaped patterned Al2O3 substrate (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: Growing a GaN film on a patterned Al 2 O 3 substrate is one of the methods of reducing threading dislocations (TDs), which can significantly deteriorate the performance of GaN-based LEDs. In this study, the microstructural details of the GaN film grown on a cone-shaped patterned Al 2 O 3 substrate were investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and weak-beam dark-field techniques. Various defects such as misfit dislocations (MDs), recrystallized GaN (R-GaN) islands and nano-voids were observed on the patterned Al 2 O 3 surfaces, i.e. the flat surface (FS), the inclined surface (IS) and the top surface (TS), respectively. Especially, the crystallographic orientation of R-GaN between the GaN film and the inclined Al 2 O 3 substrate was identified as $[\overline 1 2\overline 1 0]_{{\rm GaN}} \hbox{//}[\overline 1 101]_{{\rm R - GaN} \,{\rm on}\,{\rm IS}} \hbox{//}[\overline 1 100]_{ {{\rm Al}} _{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 3}} $ , $(\overline 1 012)_{{\rm GaN}} \hbox{//}(1\overline 1 02)_{{\rm R - Ga}\,{\rm Non}\,{\rm IS}} \hbox{//}(\overline {11} 26)_{ {{\rm Al}} _{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 3}} $ . In addition, a rotation by 9° between $(10\overline 1 1)_{{\rm R - GaN}} $ and $(0002)_{{\rm GaN}} $ and between $(10\overline 1 1)_{{\rm R - GaN}} $ and $(0006)_{ {{\rm Al}} _{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 3}} $ was found to reduce the lattice mismatch between the GaN film and the Al 2 O 3 substrate. Many TDs in the GaN film were observed on the FS and TS of Al 2 O 3 . However, few TDs were observed on the IS. Most of the TDs generated from the FS of Al 2 O 3 were bent to the inclined facet rather than propagating to the GaN surface, resulting in a reduction in the dislocation density. Most of the TDs generated from the TS of Al 2 O 3 were characterized as edge dislocations.
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  • 16
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    Microscopy in this issue (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
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  • 17
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    Ultra-structural analysis of the brain in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease using FIB/SEM microscopy (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative brain diseases, has been extensively researched for years. However, its synaptic structure, which is a basis for understanding neurodegenerative disorders, has not yet been understood clearly. Defining the structures of neurons and their synaptic connections is the significant goal of brain research. To study synaptic connectivity, three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the nervous system are very helpful. In this study, the 3D structure of brain synapses in the Drosophila melanogaster Swedish amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutant, which is characterized by early onset AD, was analyzed using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM). This technique is one of the most useful for 3D reconstruction, as the process of obtaining serial images is fully automated and thus avoids the problems inherent in hand-operated ultrathin serial sectioning. The 3D images of normal and AD brains reported in this study reveal characteristic features of AD such as appearance of autophagy, abnormal axon formation and increased mitochondrial size. This 3D analysis reveals structural change as a basis for understanding neurodegenerative disorder.
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  • 18
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    Dispersion relations for coupled surface plasmon-polariton modes excited in multilayer structures (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: The coupled surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) modes excited in an Al/SiO 2 /Al multilayer structure were analyzed using angle-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (AREELS) with a relativistic electron probe. The dispersion relations for the coupled SPP modes were then directly observed and compared with predicted relations obtained via calculations. Good agreement was noted between the experimental and calculated results. In the multilayer structures, the dispersion relation for the coupled SPP modes was found to be sensitive to the thickness of each film, which could be interpreted qualitatively by the electron energy-loss probability calculated for thin aluminum (Al) films and narrow Al gaps using Kröger's formula. It was demonstrated that significant differences in the excitation probability for SPPs could be observed depending on the coupling modes.
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  • 19
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    Cover Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
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  • 20
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    Microscopy in this issue (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
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  • 21
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    Analysis of the structure and morphology of crystalline polymers by electron microscopy imaging and diffraction: a personal journey (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
    Description: Crystalline polymers form complex spherulitic morphologies upon crystallization from the melt. The spherulites are made of thin lamellae, frequently twisted, in which the long chains span the lamellar thickness and are folded back and forth at the lamellar surface. Investigation of the crystalline and lamellar structures becomes, however, possible by using single crystals, the size and thickness of which are well adapted for transmission electron microscopy. Imaging in bright and dark field modes, electron diffraction and specific decoration techniques have made it possible to reach a detailed understanding of lamellar and surface structures as well as the crystallization processes. These insights are transferable to the more complex bulk architectures and thus help analyze some of their most striking features. Electron microscopy turns out to be a major tool and in many cases the only possible tool to reach such molecular and even sub-molecular understanding. Some of these insights are illustrated, based mostly on work performed in our laboratory. They involve some original experimental techniques that should be useful in materials science.
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  • 22
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    Electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy studies of a hybrid material composed of coronene molecules encapsulated in single-walled carbon nanotubes (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
    Description: Electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) studies were conducted on bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes encaging coronene molecules (coronenes@SWCNTs). Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the coronenes@SWCNTs suggests that the coronene molecules inside the SWCNTs are separated into segments. Each segment is a stack consisting of ~10 molecules and has a different tilted condition with respect to the nanotube axis. EELS spectra of the coronenes@SWCNTs show characteristic structures due to interband transitions between the van Hove singularities of the SWCNTs, and also -plasmon and + plasmon (volume plasmon) peaks. The volume plasmon energy of 23.0 eV for the coronene@SWCNTs is larger than that of an empty SWCNT bundle, indicating a contribution from the valence electrons of the coronene molecules. This value for the volume plasmon energy was reproduced using a model with an average of 85% filling of the SWCNTs by the coronene molecules. Therefore, both the SAED and EELS observations suggest that the SWCNTs are highly filled with coronene molecules. Further indication was that interband transition energies of coronene molecules of the present coronenes@SWCNTs material may be different from those in isolated ones and/or in solid state.
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  • 23
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    Subscription Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
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  • 24
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    Tooth replacement and putative odontogenic stem cell niches in pharyngeal dentition of medaka (Oryzias latipes) (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
    Description: The small-sized teleost fish medaka, Oryzias latipes , has as many as 1000 pharyngeal teeth undergoing continuous replacement. In this study, we sought to identify the tooth-forming units and determine its replacement cycles, and further localize odontogenic stem cell niches in the pharyngeal dentition of medaka to gain insights into the mechanisms whereby continuous tooth replacement is maintained. Three-dimensional reconstruction of pharyngeal epithelium and sequential fluorochrome labeling of pharyngeal bones and teeth indicated that the individual functional teeth and their successional teeth were organized in families, each comprising up to five generations of teeth and successional tooth germs, and that the replacement cycle of functional teeth was approximately 4 weeks. BrdU label/chase experiments confirmed the existence of clusters of label-retaining epithelial cells at the posterior end of each tooth family where the expression of pluripotency marker Sox2 was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Label-retaining cells were also identified in the mesoderm immediately adjacent to the posterior end of each tooth family. These data suggest the importance of existence of slow-cycling dental epithelial cells and Sox2 expressions at the posterior end of each tooth family to maintain continuous tooth formation and replacement in the pharyngeal dentition of medaka.
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  • 25
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    Direct measurement of dispersion relation for surface plasmon-polaritons on silver nanoantennas (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
    Description: We investigated the degree to which the dispersion relation of surface plasmon-polaritons excited on silver nanoantennas depends on length. To accomplish this, dispersion measurements for individual silver nanoantennas with lengths from 220 nm to 2.5 μm were performed using angle-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (AREELS) and spatially resolved EELS (SREELS). AREELS enabled measurements of the dispersion relation extending into the high-energy region of 2.6 eV for a 2.5-μm-long silver nanoantenna, without the need to excite Fabry–Perot-type resonances. Our experiments showed that the dispersion relation of silver nanoantennas that have the same diameter is independent of their individual lengths.
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  • 26
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    Detecting single-electron events in TEM using low-cost electronics and a silicon strip sensor (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
    Description: There is great interest in developing novel position-sensitive direct detectors for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that do not rely in the conversion of electrons into photons. Direct imaging improves contrast and efficiency and allows the operation of the microscope at lower energies and at lower doses without loss in resolution, which is especially important for studying soft materials and biological samples. We investigate the feasibility of employing a silicon strip detector as an imaging detector for TEM. This device, routinely used in high-energy particle physics, can detect small variations in electric current associated with the impact of a single charged particle. The main advantages of using this type of sensor for direct imaging in TEM are its intrinsic radiation hardness and large detection area. Here, we detail design, simulation, fabrication and tests in a TEM of the front-end electronics developed using low-cost discrete components and discuss the limitations and applications of this technology for TEM.
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    A study of the native cell wall structures of the marine alga Ventricaria ventricosa (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyceae) using atomic force microscopy (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
    Description: A substantial proportion of the architecture of the plant cell wall remains unknown with a few cell wall models being proposed. Moreover, even less is known about the green algal cell wall. Techniques that allow direct visualization of the cell wall in as near to its native state are of importance in unravelling the spatial arrangement of cell wall structures and hence in the development of cell wall models. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image the native cell wall of living cells of Ventricaria ventricosa ( V. ventricosa ) at high resolution under physiological conditions. The cell wall polymers were identified mainly qualitatively via their structural appearance. The cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) were easily recognizable and the imaging results indicate that the V. ventricosa cell wall has a cross-fibrillar structure throughout. We found the native wall to be abundant in matrix polysaccharides existing in different curing states. The soft phase matrix polysaccharides susceptible by the AFM scanning tip existed as a glutinous fibrillar meshwork, possibly incorporating both the pectic- and hemicellulosic-type substances. The hard phase matrix producing clearer images, revealed coiled fibrillar structures associated with CMFs, sometimes being resolved as globular structures by the AFM tip. The coiling fibrillar structures were also seen in the images of isolated cell wall fragments. The mucilaginous component of the wall was discernible from the gelatinous cell wall matrix as it formed microstructural domains over the surface. AFM has been successful in imaging the native cell wall and revealing novel findings such as the ‘coiling fibrillar structures’ and cell wall components which have previously not been seen, that is, the gelatinous matrix phase.
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    Three-dimensional structure of bovine heart NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) by electron microscopy of a single negatively stained two-dimensional crystal (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
    Description: Bovine heart NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), which is the largest (about 1 MDa) membrane protein complex in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, catalyzes the electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone, coupled with proton pumping. We have crystallized bovine complex I in reconstituted lipid bilayers and obtained a three-dimensional density map by the electron crystallographic analysis of a single negatively stained two-dimensional crystal. The asymmetric unit with dimensions of a = 388 Å, b = 129 Å and = 90° contains two molecules and is of P 1 symmetry. Structural differences between the two molecules indicate flexibility of the hydrophilic domain relative to the membrane-embedded domain.
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    Local electrical properties of n-AlInAs/i-GaInAs electron channel structures characterized by theprobe-electron-beam-induced current technique (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
    Description: We developed a probe-electron-beam-induced current (probe-EBIC) technique to investigate the electrical properties of n-Al 0.48 In 0.52 As/i-Ga 0.30 In 0.70 As electron channel structures for a high-electron-mobility transistor, grown on a lattice-matched InP substrate and lattice-mismatched GaAs (001) and Si (001) substrates. EBIC imaging of planar surfaces at low magnifications revealed misfit dislocations originating from the AlInAs-graded buffer layer. The cross-sections of GaInAs channel structures on an InP substrate were studied by high-magnification EBIC imaging as well as cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy. EBIC imaging showed that the structure is nearly defect-free and the carrier depletion zone extends from the channel toward the i-AlInAs buffer layer.
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    Effects of the presence of indium on the mammary gland ultrastructure, body weight, food intake and plasmatic prolactin concentration (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: Several studies have demonstrated the toxic effect of indium. This element induces impairments in many organs such as spleen, lungs and testicles after its systemic administration. Teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of this element have also been established. In the present study, we attempt to investigate the histological and the ultrastructural consequences of the presence of this element in mammary gland tissue using conventional transmission electron microscopy and to evaluate the incidences of its presence on the food intake, body weight and prolactin plasmatic concentration of lactating female rats. Our study showed that this element induced a significant decrease in food intake and body weight, and caused some cellular damage in the glandular epithelial cell such as cytoplasmic vacuolization and expansion of the ergastoplasm. The ultrastructural observations also showed many electron-dense surcharges in the lysosomes of the glandular epithelial cells. The electron probe microanalysis showed that these deposits are composed of indium and phosphorus. The lysosomes, known for their protective role of sequestrating foreign elements to avoid their diffusion in the blood, failed to stop the toxic effect of indium.
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    Analysis of nonlinear intensity attenuation in bright-field TEM images for correct 3D reconstruction of the density in micron-sized materials (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: To obtain the correct tomographic reconstruction of micron-sized materials, the nonlinear intensity attenuation of bright-field transmission electron microscopy (BF-TEM) images was analyzed as a function of the sample thickness using a high-voltage electron microscope. The intensity attenuation was precisely measured relative to the projection thickness of carbon microcoils (CMCs) at acceleration voltages of 400–1000 kV using objective apertures (OAs) with radii of 2.1–28 nm –1 . The results show that the nonlinearity is strongly dependent on the OA size and the acceleration voltage. The influence of nonlinearity on tomographic reconstructions was also examined using a specially developed 360°-tilt sample holder. Sliced images of the reconstructed volumes indicated that an increase in the nonlinearity caused artificial fluctuations in the internal density of materials and inaccurate shapes of the objects in more significant cases. Conditions sufficient for reconstruction with the correct density have been estimated to be 0.67 of the minimum electron transmittance, and for reconstructions with correct shapes, 0.4. This information enables foreseeing the quality of the reconstruction from a single BF-TEM image prior to the tilt-series acquisition. As a result to demonstrate the appropriateness of these conditions, a CMC with a diameter of 3.7 µm was reconstructed successfully; i.e. not only the shape but also the internal density were correctly reproduced using electron tomography.
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    In situ ETEM synthesis of NiGa alloy nanoparticles from nitrate salt solution (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: Metallic alloy nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized in situ in an environmental transmission electron microscope. Atomic level characterization of the formed alloy NPs is carried out at synthesis conditions by use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy.
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    A new field-of-view autotracking method for online tomography reconstruction based on back-projected ray image cross-correlation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: We devised a new field-of-view autotracking method for online tomography reconstruction based on a cross-correlation between a pair of neighbours, called back-projected ray images , among a specimen tilt sequence. One ray image is calculated through normal filtered back-projection only in the cross-sectional plane from each projection image. This ray-image matching can reliably track the field-of-view because a pair of neighbouring ray images mostly cross-correlates at the existing three-dimensional object position. Online experiments using real specimens resulted in successful autotracking performance with high accuracy, and online tomograms were obtained immediately after the final tracking at the last tilting angle.
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    Magnified pseudo-elemental map of atomic column obtained by Moire method in scanning transmission electron microscopy (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: Moiré method in scanning transmission electron microscopy allows observing a magnified two-dimensional atomic column elemental map of a higher pixel resolution with a lower electron dose unlike conventional atomic column mapping. The magnification of the map is determined by the ratio between the pixel size and the lattice spacing. With proper ratios for the x and y directions, we could observe magnified elemental maps, homothetic to the atomic arrangement in the sample of SrTiO 3 [0 0 1]. The map showed peaks at all expected oxygen sites in SrTiO 3 [0 0 1].
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    Subscription Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
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    Practical aspects of monochromators developed for transmission electron microscopy (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: A few practical aspects of monochromators recently developed for transmission electron microscopy are briefly reviewed. The basic structures and properties of four monochromators, a single Wien filter monochromator, a double Wien filter monochromator, an omega-shaped electrostatic monochromator and an alpha-shaped magnetic monochromator, are outlined. The advantages and side effects of these monochromators in spectroscopy and imaging are pointed out. A few properties of the monochromators in imaging, such as spatial or angular chromaticity, are also discussed.
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    Cover Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
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    Microscopic analysis of a native Bacillus thuringiensis strain from Malaysia that produces exosporium-enclosed parasporal inclusion (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: The current study focused on the microscopic studies of a native Bacillus thuringiensis strain isolated from Malaysia, Bt-S84-13a, that produced an unusual crystal type. Primary detection of parasporal inclusions using a phase contrast microscope presented one to two small crystal proteins in the sporulating cells of Bt-S84-13a. Compound light microscopic examination of autolysed Bt-S84-13a cells stained with 0.133% Coomassie Brilliant Blue showed two types of crystal morphology: small crystals independent of spores and spore-associated crystals. Surface structure analysis with a scanning electron microscope revealed spherical-like, coarse and wrinkled-looking crystal in Bt-S84-13a. A close-up observation of the crystal morphology using a transmission electron microscope also demonstrated two parasporal inclusions in Bt-S84-13a. One inclusion was deposited against the forespore and was in a shape of incomplete rectangular. Another smaller inclusion was developed within the exosporium and was rectangular in shape. However, the latter inclusion was found lack in another bacterial cell which was still in the early stages of sporulation. This unique crystal morphology may imply some biological potential in Bt-S84-13a.
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    Measurement of vibrational spectrum of liquid using monochromated scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: Investigations on the dynamic behavior of molecules in liquids at high spatial resolution are greatly desired because localized regions, such as solid–liquid interfaces or sites of reacting molecules, have assumed increasing importance with respect to improving material performance. In application to liquids, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a promising analytical technique with the appropriate resolutions. In this study, we obtained EELS spectra from an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl) imide (C 2 mim-TFSI), chosen as the sampled liquid, using monochromated scanning TEM (STEM). The molecular vibrational spectrum and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap of the liquid were investigated. The HOMO–LUMO gap measurement coincided with that obtained from the ultraviolet–visible spectrum. A shoulder in the spectrum observed ~0.4 eV is believed to originate from the molecular vibration. From a separately performed infrared observation and first-principles calculations, we found that this shoulder coincided with the vibrational peak attributed to the C–H stretching vibration of the [C 2 mim + ] cation. This study demonstrates that a vibrational peak for a liquid can be observed using monochromated STEM–EELS, and leads one to expect observations of chemical reactions or aids in the analysis of the dynamic behavior of molecules in liquid.
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    Cover Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-03
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    Subscription Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    In situ observation of structural transformation of gold nanorods under pulsed laser irradiation in an HVEM (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-03
    Description: A pulsed laser light illumination system was attached to a high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) for in situ observation of light-induced behaviors of nano objects. The wavelength of emitted laser pulses was 1064, 532 or 266 nm, and the pulse duration was 6–8 ns. Using this combined HVEM system, we observed the deformation behavior of gold nanorods irradiated by a pulsed laser ( = 1064 nm) at an intensity of 310 J m –2 pulse or higher. A single shot of pulsed laser reduced the aspect ratio of the gold nanorods from 5 to a much smaller value. The extent of the reduction increased at higher laser intensities. However, at 310 J m –2 pulse –1 , additional pulsed shots induced limited further deformation. The mean aspect ratio approximated to 2.5 even after irradiation with 7 pulses (total fluence exceeding 2 MJ m –2 ). In situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observation revealed that deformation was accompanied by total atomic restructuring of the nanorod interiors.
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    Atomic force microscopy in biofilm study (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-03
    Description: Biofilms have been classically visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The complex operating procedure of SEM restricts its use in routine practice. There is a need of newer visualizing techniques for examining surfaces of biofilms, in particular under ambient conditions. We have presented the unique advantages of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in studying surfaces of biofilms through analyses of the height images obtained on biofilms of two gram positive and one gram negative bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus , Nocardia brasiliensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , respectively. Biofilm quality of the three different bacteria, ageing effects on Nocardia spp. biofilm surface and effects of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin at different doses on Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas biofilm surfaces have been investigated under ambient conditions and distinctive features have been observed.
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    Alternative automatic alignment method for specimen tilt-series images based on back-projected volume data cross-correlations (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-03
    Description: We devised a new automatic image alignment method for a specimen tilt series; this method is based on the volume data cross-correlation among 3-D cross-sections reconstructed from different sets of projection images (including a single image) for tilt-series alignment or tilt-axis search purposes. This method requires neither markers nor image feature points traceable through the tilt series, and it was examined through simulations and applied to biological thin sections. The method automatically aligned tilt series centred at the correctly detected tilt axis with a precision sufficient for practical applications.
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    Dressing living organisms in a thin polymer membrane, the NanoSuit, for high-vacuum FE-SEM observation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-03
    Description: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has made remarkable progress and has become an essential tool for observing biological materials at microscopic level. However, various complex procedures have precluded observation of living organisms to date. Here, a new method is presented by which living organisms can be observed by field emission (FE)-SEM. Using this method, active movements of living animals were observed in vacuo (10 –5 –10 –7 Pa) by protecting them with a coating of thin polymer membrane, a NanoSuit, and it was found that the surface fine structure of living organisms is very different from that of traditionally fixed samples. After observation of mosquito larvae in the high vacuum of the FE-SEM, it was possible to rear them subsequently in normal culture conditions. This method will be useful for numerous applications, particularly for electron microscopic observations in the life sciences.
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    High-precision image-drift-correction method for EM images with a low signal-to-noise ratio (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-03
    Description: The phase correlation method (PCM) is well known for high-precision matching between images. However, if the signal-to-noise ratio of an image is low, the method is difficult to apply. To solve this problem, we developed an improved PCM that can match images automatically with sub-pixel matching precision. Using this method, a 0.2-nm crystal lattice spacing was clearly revealed after 10 blurred images were processed in a verification experiment; such a lattice could not be recognized or hardly be recognized in each individual image.
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    Systematical investigation on characteristics of a photocatalyst: tantalum oxynitrides (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-03
    Description: Tantalum oxynitrides with various nitrogen contents were synthesized from Ta 2 O 5 powder by nitridation under a flow of ammonia at 1123 K for various durations. X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, elemental analysis and photocatalytic reaction were performed to investigate these samples. Selected-area electron diffraction analysis of the mixed crystalline phases of powder samples revealed that each particle had only one crystalline phase. This indicates that entire particles underwent a rapid structural transformation once their nitrogen content reached a critical value. We discovered a new intermediate crystalline phase of tantalum oxynitride, TaO ( a 〉 1) N ( b 〈1) , appeared before the generation of the β-TaON phase. The crystal structure of TaO ( a 〉 1) N ( b 〈1) is suggested to be monoclinic, with unit cell parameters of a = 5.1 Å, b = 35.6 Å, c = 5.4 Å and β = 93.5°. The ratio of nitrogen to oxygen in the samples increased with increasing nitridation duration. The increasing rate is different in the different nitridation stage due to the different structure of the samples. Nitrogen entered the samples quickly during the initial 5 h of nitridation, and a monoclinic β-TaON phase was formed. A mesoporous structure emerged in the nitrided particles during the phase transition, greatly increasing the surface area of the samples. The more the nitrogen entered one sample, the darker the color of it due to the narrower the band gap. H 2 and O 2 evolved by water splitting from the nitrided samples irradiated with visible light. Change in the evolution rate of H 2 and O 2 had a relation with the structure of the samples.
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    Measurement of large low-order aberrations by using a series of through-focus Ronchigrams (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-03
    Description: A method for measuring large aberrations up to second order (defocus, 2-fold astigmatism and axial coma), which uses a through-focus series of Ronchigrams, is proposed. The method is based on the principle that line-focus conditions in Ronchigrams can be locally detected and low-order aberrations can thereby be measured. The proposed method provides auto-tuning of large low-order aberration; in particular, iterative aberration measurement and correction reduce low-order aberrations from several thousand nanometers to less than a few hundred nanometers, which can be handled by conventional fine-aberration tuning methods.
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    A simple way to obtain backscattered electron images in a scanning transmission electron microscope (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Description: We have fabricated a simple detector for backscattered electrons (BSEs) and incorporated the detector into a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) sample holder. Our detector was made from a 4-mm 2 Si chip. The fabrication procedure was easy, and similar to a standard transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample thinning process based on ion milling. A TEM grid containing particle objects was fixed to the detector with a silver paste. Observations were carried out using samples of Au and latex particles at 75 and 200 kV. Such a detector provides an easy way to obtain BSE images in an STEM.
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    Science for lasting peace (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNutt, Marcia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 15;345(6198):715. doi: 10.1126/science.1259611.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marcia McNutt is Editor-in-Chief of Science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. What's killing the reindeer? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):685. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6210.685.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Carnivory ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Food Chain ; Lynx ; Mustelidae ; Norway ; Population Dynamics ; *Reindeer
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    Ebola's perfect storm (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piot, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1221. doi: 10.1126/science.1260695.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Peter Piot is director and professor of Global Health at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa, Western/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control ; Ebola Vaccines ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Poverty
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Materials design. Folding structures out of flat materials (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉You, Zhong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 8;345(6197):623-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1257841.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX3 0PL, UK. zhong.you@eng.ox.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    RNA events. Cas9 targeting and the CRISPR revolution (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barrangou, Rodolphe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):707-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1252964.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. rbarran@ncsu.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Caspase 9/genetics/*metabolism ; *Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; *DNA Cleavage ; Gene Targeting/*methods ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; RNA, Guide/*genetics ; Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics
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    Ultrafast switching to a stable hidden quantum state in an electronic crystal (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-12
    Description: Hidden states of matter may be created if a system out of equilibrium follows a trajectory to a state that is inaccessible or does not exist under normal equilibrium conditions. We found such a hidden (H) electronic state in a layered dichalcogenide crystal of 1T-TaS2 (the trigonal phase of tantalum disulfide) reached as a result of a quench caused by a single 35-femtosecond laser pulse. In comparison to other states of the system, the H state exhibits a large drop of electrical resistance, strongly modified single-particle and collective-mode spectra, and a marked change of optical reflectivity. The H state is stable until a laser pulse, electrical current, or thermal erase procedure is applied, causing it to revert to the thermodynamic ground state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stojchevska, L -- Vaskivskyi, I -- Mertelj, T -- Kusar, P -- Svetin, D -- Brazovskii, S -- Mihailovic, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 11;344(6180):177-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1241591.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Complex Matter, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Environmental Economics. Using and improving the social cost of carbon (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pizer, William -- Adler, Matthew -- Aldy, Joseph -- Anthoff, David -- Cropper, Maureen -- Gillingham, Kenneth -- Greenstone, Michael -- Murray, Brian -- Newell, Richard -- Richels, Richard -- Rowell, Arden -- Waldhoff, Stephanie -- Wiener, Jonathan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1189-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1259774.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA. william.pizer@duke.edu. ; Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. ; Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA. University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. ; Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. ; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA. ; Electric Power Research Institute, Washington, DC 20036, USA. ; University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61801, USA. ; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477446" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/*economics ; Climate Change/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Environment ; Models, Economic ; Socioeconomic Factors
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    Conservation biology. The coming salamander plague (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):530-1. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6209.530.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Chytridiomycota ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*veterinary ; *Endangered Species ; Mycoses/*veterinary ; Urodela/*microbiology
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    Genetics. A genomic road map for complex human disease (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gregersen, Peter K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1087-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1251426.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 110430, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crohn Disease/*genetics ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology ; *Gene-Environment Interaction ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/*genetics ; Male ; Monocytes/*immunology ; STAT Transcription Factors/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change. Is Atlantic holding Earth's missing heat? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 22;345(6199):860-1. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6199.860.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Global Warming ; *Greenhouse Effect ; *Hot Temperature
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    Aging. Aging-induced type I interferon response at the choroid plexus negatively affects brain function (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-26
    Description: Aging-associated cognitive decline is affected by factors produced inside and outside the brain. By using multiorgan genome-wide analysis of aged mice, we found that the choroid plexus, an interface between the brain and the circulation, shows a type I interferon (IFN-I)-dependent gene expression profile that was also found in aged human brains. In aged mice, this response was induced by brain-derived signals, present in the cerebrospinal fluid. Blocking IFN-I signaling within the aged brain partially restored cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis and reestablished IFN-II-dependent choroid plexus activity, which is lost in aging. Our data identify a chronic aging-induced IFN-I signature, often associated with antiviral response, at the brain's choroid plexus and demonstrate its negative influence on brain function, thereby suggesting a target for ameliorating cognitive decline in aging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baruch, Kuti -- Deczkowska, Aleksandra -- David, Eyal -- Castellano, Joseph M -- Miller, Omer -- Kertser, Alexander -- Berkutzki, Tamara -- Barnett-Itzhaki, Zohar -- Bezalel, Dana -- Wyss-Coray, Tony -- Amit, Ido -- Schwartz, Michal -- AG045034/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 3;346(6205):89-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1252945. Epub 2014 Aug 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ; Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. michal.schwartz@weizmann.ac.il ido.amit@weizmann.ac.il. ; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. michal.schwartz@weizmann.ac.il ido.amit@weizmann.ac.il.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25147279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/genetics/*pathology ; Animals ; Brain/*physiology ; Choroid Plexus/*metabolism ; *Cognition ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Interferon Regulatory Factors/*genetics ; Interferon Type I/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurogenesis ; Receptors, Interferon/genetics
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    Central cell-derived peptides regulate early embryo patterning in flowering plants (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-12
    Description: Plant embryogenesis initiates with the establishment of an apical-basal axis; however, the molecular mechanisms accompanying this early event remain unclear. Here, we show that a small cysteine-rich peptide family is required for formation of the zygotic basal cell lineage and proembryo patterning in Arabidopsis. EMBRYO SURROUNDING FACTOR 1 (ESF1) peptides accumulate before fertilization in central cell gametes and thereafter in embryo-surrounding endosperm cells. Biochemical and structural analyses revealed cleavage of ESF1 propeptides to form biologically active mature peptides. Further, these peptides act in a non-cell-autonomous manner and synergistically with the receptor-like kinase SHORT SUSPENSOR to promote suspensor elongation through the YODA mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Our findings demonstrate that the second female gamete and its sexually derived endosperm regulate early embryonic patterning in flowering plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Costa, Liliana M -- Marshall, Eleanor -- Tesfaye, Mesfin -- Silverstein, Kevin A T -- Mori, Masashi -- Umetsu, Yoshitaka -- Otterbach, Sophie L -- Papareddy, Ranjith -- Dickinson, Hugh G -- Boutiller, Kim -- VandenBosch, Kathryn A -- Ohki, Shinya -- Gutierrez-Marcos, Jose F -- BB/F008082/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/L003023/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/L003023/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 11;344(6180):168-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1243005.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*embryology/genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Body Patterning ; Endosperm/embryology/genetics ; Flowers/*embryology/genetics ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Seeds/*embryology/genetics
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    Hunting a climate fugitive (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 27;344(6191):1472-3. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6191.1472.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollutants ; Atmosphere ; Climate Change ; *Methane ; *Natural Gas ; *Oil and Gas Fields
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    Carbon cycle. Sunlight controls water column processing of carbon in arctic fresh waters (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-26
    Description: Carbon in thawing permafrost soils may have global impacts on climate change; however, the factors that control its processing and fate are poorly understood. The dominant fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from soils to inland waters is either complete oxidation to CO2 or partial oxidation and river export to oceans. Although both processes are most often attributed to bacterial respiration, we found that photochemical oxidation exceeds rates of respiration and accounts for 70 to 95% of total DOC processed in the water column of arctic lakes and rivers. At the basin scale, photochemical processing of DOC is about one-third of the total CO2 released from surface waters and is thus an important component of the arctic carbon budget.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cory, Rose M -- Ward, Collin P -- Crump, Byron C -- Kling, George W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 22;345(6199):925-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1253119.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. rmcory@umich.edu. ; Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ; Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arctic Regions ; Carbon/*chemistry ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Photochemical Processes ; Soil ; *Sunlight ; Wetlands
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    Raising the bar (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNutt, Marcia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):9. doi: 10.1126/science.1257891.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marcia McNutt is Editor-in-Chief of Science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bias (Epidemiology) ; *Editorial Policies ; *Manuscripts as Topic ; Research Design/*statistics & numerical data ; Statistics as Topic/*standards
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    Positive feedback within a kinase signaling complex functions as a switch mechanism for NF-kappaB activation (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-17
    Description: A switchlike response in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity implies the existence of a threshold in the NF-kappaB signaling module. We show that the CARD-containing MAGUK protein 1 (CARMA1, also called CARD11)-TAK1 (MAP3K7)-inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) kinase-beta (IKKbeta) module is a switch mechanism for NF-kappaB activation in B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Experimental and mathematical modeling analyses showed that IKK activity is regulated by positive feedback from IKKbeta to TAK1, generating a steep dose response to BCR stimulation. Mutation of the scaffolding protein CARMA1 at serine-578, an IKKbeta target, abrogated not only late TAK1 activity, but also the switchlike activation of NF-kappaB in single cells, suggesting that phosphorylation of this residue accounts for the feedback.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shinohara, Hisaaki -- Behar, Marcelo -- Inoue, Kentaro -- Hiroshima, Michio -- Yasuda, Tomoharu -- Nagashima, Takeshi -- Kimura, Shuhei -- Sanjo, Hideki -- Maeda, Shiori -- Yumoto, Noriko -- Ki, Sewon -- Akira, Shizuo -- Sako, Yasushi -- Hoffmann, Alexander -- Kurosaki, Tomohiro -- Okada-Hatakeyama, Mariko -- 5R01CA141722/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):760-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1250020.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. ; Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QC Bio) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. ; Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), 6-2-3, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan. Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan. ; Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. ; Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University 4-101, Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan. ; Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan. ; Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QC Bio) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. ahoffmann@ucla.edu kurosaki@rcai.riken.jp marikoh@rcai.riken.jp. ; Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ahoffmann@ucla.edu kurosaki@rcai.riken.jp marikoh@rcai.riken.jp. ; Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. ahoffmann@ucla.edu kurosaki@rcai.riken.jp marikoh@rcai.riken.jp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chickens ; Feedback, Physiological ; Guanylate Cyclase/genetics/*metabolism ; I-kappa B Kinase/*metabolism ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/*agonists ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics/*metabolism ; Serine/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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    Human evolution. How we tamed ourselves--and became modern (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):405-6. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6208.405.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*psychology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Skull/*anatomy & histology ; Testosterone/metabolism ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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    Public health. Measuring the path toward malaria elimination (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340075/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340075/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Churcher, Thomas S -- Cohen, Justin M -- Novotny, Joseph -- Ntshalintshali, Nyasatu -- Kunene, Simon -- Cauchemez, Simon -- MR/K010174/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U54 GM088491/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1230-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1251449.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK. ; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA 02127, USA. ; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA 02127, USA. Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. ; National Malaria Control Program, Manzini, Swaziland. ; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK. Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. simon.cauchemez@pasteur.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Culicidae/parasitology ; Disease Eradication/*methods/*trends ; Endemic Diseases/*prevention & control ; Female ; *Global Health ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/parasitology ; Malaria/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Seasons
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    Physics. The advantages of extra entanglement (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Widera, Artur -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 11;344(6180):160-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1251472.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Kaiserslautern University, Erwin-Schrodinger-Str., 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Environment. 25 years after the Exxon Valdez, where are the herring? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pegau, W Scott -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 28;343(6178):1416. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6178.1416.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24675929" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; *Disasters ; *Fishes ; *Petroleum Pollution
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    HIV latency. Specific HIV integration sites are linked to clonal expansion and persistence of infected cells (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-28
    Description: The persistence of HIV-infected cells in individuals on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) presents a major barrier for curing HIV infections. HIV integrates its DNA into many sites in the host genome; we identified 2410 integration sites in peripheral blood lymphocytes of five infected individuals on cART. About 40% of the integrations were in clonally expanded cells. Approximately 50% of the infected cells in one patient were from a single clone, and some clones persisted for many years. There were multiple independent integrations in several genes, including MKL2 and BACH2; many of these integrations were in clonally expanded cells. Our findings show that HIV integration sites can play a critical role in expansion and persistence of HIV-infected cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262401/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262401/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maldarelli, F -- Wu, X -- Su, L -- Simonetti, F R -- Shao, W -- Hill, S -- Spindler, J -- Ferris, A L -- Mellors, J W -- Kearney, M F -- Coffin, J M -- Hughes, S H -- 25XS119/PHS HHS/ -- HSSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- R01 CA089441/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA089441/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Z99 CA999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 11;345(6193):179-83. doi: 10.1126/science.1254194. Epub 2014 Jun 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. ; Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. ; HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy. ; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA. ; HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. hughesst@mail.nih.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24968937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/*genetics ; Clone Cells/virology ; DNA, Viral/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Genome, Human ; HIV/genetics/*physiology ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/genetics/*virology ; Humans ; RNA, Viral/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*genetics ; Virus Integration/*genetics ; Virus Latency/*genetics
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    Virology. Getting rid of a persistent troublemaker to cure hepatitis (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shlomai, Amir -- Rice, Charles M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 14;343(6176):1212-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1252186.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24626921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology ; DNA, Circular/*metabolism ; DNA, Viral/*metabolism ; Hepatitis B/*drug therapy ; Hepatitis B virus/*drug effects ; Hepatocytes/*drug effects ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/*pharmacology ; Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/*agonists
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    The administrator: Jay Walsh (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):29. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6179.29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Administrative Personnel ; Biomedical Research/*economics/organization & administration ; Budgets ; Financing, Government ; Illinois ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; Research Support as Topic/*organization & administration ; United States ; Universities/*economics/organization & administration
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    Neuromuscular disease. DOK7 gene therapy benefits mouse models of diseases characterized by defects in the neuromuscular junction (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-23
    Description: The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synapse between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle. Defects in NMJ transmission cause muscle weakness, termed myasthenia. The muscle protein Dok-7 is essential for activation of the receptor kinase MuSK, which governs NMJ formation, and DOK7 mutations underlie familial limb-girdle myasthenia (DOK7 myasthenia), a neuromuscular disease characterized by small NMJs. Here, we show in a mouse model of DOK7 myasthenia that therapeutic administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding the human DOK7 gene resulted in an enlargement of NMJs and substantial increases in muscle strength and life span. When applied to model mice of another neuromuscular disorder, autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, DOK7 gene therapy likewise resulted in enlargement of NMJs as well as positive effects on motor activity and life span. These results suggest that therapies aimed at enlarging the NMJ may be useful for a range of neuromuscular disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arimura, Sumimasa -- Okada, Takashi -- Tezuka, Tohru -- Chiyo, Tomoko -- Kasahara, Yuko -- Yoshimura, Toshiro -- Motomura, Masakatsu -- Yoshida, Nobuaki -- Beeson, David -- Takeda, Shin'ichi -- Yamanashi, Yuji -- G0701521/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1505-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1250744.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Occupational Therapy, Nagasaki University School of Health Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan. ; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan. ; Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. ; Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. yyamanas@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dependovirus ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Genetic Therapy/*methods ; Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Muscle Proteins/*genetics ; Muscle, Skeletal/*innervation/physiopathology ; Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/genetics/*pathology/*therapy ; Neuromuscular Junction/*pathology
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    Composition of isolated synaptic boutons reveals the amounts of vesicle trafficking proteins (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-31
    Description: Synaptic vesicle recycling has long served as a model for the general mechanisms of cellular trafficking. We used an integrative approach, combining quantitative immunoblotting and mass spectrometry to determine protein numbers; electron microscopy to measure organelle numbers, sizes, and positions; and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to localize the proteins. Using these data, we generated a three-dimensional model of an "average" synapse, displaying 300,000 proteins in atomic detail. The copy numbers of proteins involved in the same step of synaptic vesicle recycling correlated closely. In contrast, copy numbers varied over more than three orders of magnitude between steps, from about 150 copies for the endosomal fusion proteins to more than 20,000 for the exocytotic ones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilhelm, Benjamin G -- Mandad, Sunit -- Truckenbrodt, Sven -- Krohnert, Katharina -- Schafer, Christina -- Rammner, Burkhard -- Koo, Seong Joo -- Classen, Gala A -- Krauss, Michael -- Haucke, Volker -- Urlaub, Henning -- Rizzoli, Silvio O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1023-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1252884.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Gottingen Medical Center, European Neuroscience Institute, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany. International Max Planck Research School Neurosciences, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Gottingen Medical Center, European Neuroscience Institute, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany. International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biology, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Gottingen Medical Center, European Neuroscience Institute, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany. ; Leibniz Institut fur Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Robert-Rossle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany. ; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. Bioanalytics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Gottingen, 37075 Gottingen, Germany. ; Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Gottingen Medical Center, European Neuroscience Institute, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany. srizzol@gwdg.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Exocytosis ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Immunoblotting/methods ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Microscopy, Electron/methods ; Models, Neurological ; Presynaptic Terminals/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Protein Transport ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Synaptic Vesicles/chemistry/*metabolism ; Synaptosomes/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/analysis/*metabolism
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    Conversion of channelrhodopsin into a light-gated chloride channel (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: The field of optogenetics uses channelrhodopsins (ChRs) for light-induced neuronal activation. However, optimized tools for cellular inhibition at moderate light levels are lacking. We found that replacement of E90 in the central gate of ChR with positively charged residues produces chloride-conducting ChRs (ChloCs) with only negligible cation conductance. Molecular dynamics modeling unveiled that a high-affinity Cl(-)-binding site had been generated near the gate. Stabilizing the open state dramatically increased the operational light sensitivity of expressing cells (slow ChloC). In CA1 pyramidal cells, ChloCs completely inhibited action potentials triggered by depolarizing current injections or synaptic stimulation. Thus, by inverting the charge of the selectivity filter, we have created a class of directly light-gated anion channels that can be used to block neuronal output in a fully reversible fashion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wietek, Jonas -- Wiegert, J Simon -- Adeishvili, Nona -- Schneider, Franziska -- Watanabe, Hiroshi -- Tsunoda, Satoshi P -- Vogt, Arend -- Elstner, Marcus -- Oertner, Thomas G -- Hegemann, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):409-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1249375. Epub 2014 Mar 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24674867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal/cytology ; Chloride Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Chlorides/*metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ion Channel Gating ; Light ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Mutation ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Engineering ; Pyramidal Cells/metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry ; Rhodopsin/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection
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    Misleading results: don't blame the mice (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Churchill, Gary A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):370. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6169.370-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Experimentation/*standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Animals ; Humans
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    A single gene affects both ecological divergence and mate choice in Drosophila (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: Evolutionary changes in traits involved in both ecological divergence and mate choice may produce reproductive isolation and speciation. However, there are few examples of such dual traits, and the genetic and molecular bases of their evolution have not been identified. We show that methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons (mbCHCs) are a dual trait that affects both desiccation resistance and mate choice in Drosophila serrata. We identify a fatty acid synthase mFAS (CG3524) responsible for mbCHC production in Drosophila and find that expression of mFAS is undetectable in oenocytes (cells that produce CHCs) of a closely related, desiccation-sensitive species, D. birchii, due in part to multiple changes in cis-regulatory sequences of mFAS. We suggest that ecologically influenced changes in the production of mbCHCs have contributed to reproductive isolation between the two species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chung, Henry -- Loehlin, David W -- Dufour, Heloise D -- Vaccarro, Kathy -- Millar, Jocelyn G -- Carroll, Sean B -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1148-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1249998. Epub 2014 Feb 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24526311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Desiccation ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fatty Acid Synthases/*genetics/physiology ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; Hydrocarbons/*metabolism ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Reproductive Isolation
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    The big picture for big data: visualization (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shneiderman, Ben -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 14;343(6172):730. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6172.730-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24531954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; *Computer Graphics ; *Database Management Systems ; Humans ; Information Dissemination/*methods ; Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular ; Vitamin A
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    Monolignol ferulate transferase introduces chemically labile linkages into the lignin backbone (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: Redesigning lignin, the aromatic polymer fortifying plant cell walls, to be more amenable to chemical depolymerization can lower the energy required for industrial processing. We have engineered poplar trees to introduce ester linkages into the lignin polymer backbone by augmenting the monomer pool with monolignol ferulate conjugates. Herein, we describe the isolation of a transferase gene capable of forming these conjugates and its xylem-specific introduction into poplar. Enzyme kinetics, in planta expression, lignin structural analysis, and improved cell wall digestibility after mild alkaline pretreatment demonstrate that these trees produce the monolignol ferulate conjugates, export them to the wall, and use them during lignification. Tailoring plants to use such conjugates during cell wall biosynthesis is a promising way to produce plants that are designed for deconstruction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilkerson, C G -- Mansfield, S D -- Lu, F -- Withers, S -- Park, J-Y -- Karlen, S D -- Gonzales-Vigil, E -- Padmakshan, D -- Unda, F -- Rencoret, J -- Ralph, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):90-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1250161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyltransferases/*chemistry/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Angelica sinensis/enzymology/genetics ; Cell Wall/chemistry/metabolism ; Coumaric Acids/metabolism ; Genes, Plant ; Lignin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Roots/enzymology ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/growth & development ; Populus/*genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Trees/genetics/metabolism
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    Transcription. Comment on "Mechanism of eukaryotic RNA polymerase III transcription termination" (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-02
    Description: Nielsen et al. (Reports, 28 June 2013, p. 1577) characterized their RNA polymerase III (Pol III) preparation and concluded that it requires an RNA hairpin/duplex structure for terminating transcription. We could not corroborate their findings using bona fide Pol III from two laboratory sources. We show that Pol III efficiently terminates transcription in the absence of a hairpin/duplex in vitro and in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157655/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157655/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arimbasseri, Aneeshkumar G -- Kassavetis, George A -- Maraia, Richard J -- Z99 HD999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HD000412-25/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HD000412-26/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):524. doi: 10.1126/science.1253783. Epub 2014 Jul 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. ; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ; Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Commissioned Corps, U.S. Public Health Service. maraiar@mail.nih.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: RNA Polymerase III/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology ; *Transcription Termination, Genetic
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    The ancient heritage of water ice in the solar system (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Identifying the source of Earth's water is central to understanding the origins of life-fostering environments and to assessing the prevalence of such environments in space. Water throughout the solar system exhibits deuterium-to-hydrogen enrichments, a fossil relic of low-temperature, ion-derived chemistry within either (i) the parent molecular cloud or (ii) the solar nebula protoplanetary disk. Using a comprehensive treatment of disk ionization, we find that ion-driven deuterium pathways are inefficient, which curtails the disk's deuterated water formation and its viability as the sole source for the solar system's water. This finding implies that, if the solar system's formation was typical, abundant interstellar ices are available to all nascent planetary systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cleeves, L Ilsedore -- Bergin, Edwin A -- Alexander, Conel M O'D -- Du, Fujun -- Graninger, Dawn -- Oberg, Karin I -- Harries, Tim J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 26;345(6204):1590-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1258055.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 311 West Hall, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. cleeves@umich.edu. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 311 West Hall, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ; Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA. ; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258075" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Deuterium/chemistry ; Earth (Planet) ; *Ice ; Origin of Life ; *Solar System
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    Organic electronics. Room-temperature coupling between electrical current and nuclear spins in OLEDs (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-23
    Description: The effects of external magnetic fields on the electrical conductivity of organic semiconductors have been attributed to hyperfine coupling of the spins of the charge carriers and hydrogen nuclei. We studied this coupling directly by implementation of pulsed electrically detected nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The data revealed a fingerprint of the isotope (protium or deuterium) involved in the coherent spin precession observed in spin-echo envelope modulation. Furthermore, resonant control of the electric current by nuclear spin orientation was achieved with radiofrequency pulses in a double-resonance scheme, implying current control on energy scales one-millionth the magnitude of the thermal energy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malissa, H -- Kavand, M -- Waters, D P -- van Schooten, K J -- Burn, P L -- Vardeny, Z V -- Saam, B -- Lupton, J M -- Boehme, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1487-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1255624. Epub 2014 Sep 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. hmalissa@physics.utah.edu john.lupton@ur.de boehme@physics.utah.edu. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. Institut fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universitat Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. hmalissa@physics.utah.edu john.lupton@ur.de boehme@physics.utah.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Ancient DNA. Three-part ancestry for Europeans (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 5;345(6201):1106-7. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6201.1106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25190770" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA/*genetics ; European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Genome, Human ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Quaternary coral reef refugia preserved fish diversity (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-31
    Description: The most prominent pattern in global marine biogeography is the biodiversity peak in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Yet the processes that underpin this pattern are still actively debated. By reconstructing global marine paleoenvironments over the past 3 million years on the basis of sediment cores, we assessed the extent to which Quaternary climate fluctuations can explain global variation in current reef fish richness. Comparing global historical coral reef habitat availability with the present-day distribution of 6316 reef fish species, we find that distance from stable coral reef habitats during historical periods of habitat loss explains 62% of the variation in fish richness, outweighing present-day environmental factors. Our results highlight the importance of habitat persistence during periods of climate change for preserving marine biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pellissier, Loic -- Leprieur, Fabien -- Parravicini, Valeriano -- Cowman, Peter F -- Kulbicki, Michel -- Litsios, Glenn -- Olsen, Steffen M -- Wisz, Mary S -- Bellwood, David R -- Mouillot, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1016-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1249853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Chemin du Musee 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark. ; Laboratoire Ecologie des Systemes Marins Cotiers UMR 5119, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ; IRD, UR 227 CoReUs, LABEX (Laboratoire d'Excellence) Corail, Laboratoire Arago, Boite Postale 44, FR-66651 Banyuls/mer, France. CESAB (Centre de Synthese et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversite)-FRB (Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite), Immeuble Henri Poincare, Domaine du Petit Arbois, FR-13857 Aix-en-Provence cedex 3, France. ; Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. ; IRD, UR 227 CoReUs, LABEX (Laboratoire d'Excellence) Corail, Laboratoire Arago, Boite Postale 44, FR-66651 Banyuls/mer, France. ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Center for Ocean and Ice, Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark. Department of Ecology and Environment, DHI Water and Environment, 2970 Horsholm, Denmark. ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia. ; Laboratoire Ecologie des Systemes Marins Cotiers UMR 5119, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia. david.mouillot@univ-montp2.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Coral Reefs ; *Fishes
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    Breast cancer. The advocate (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 28;343(6178):1460-1. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6178.1460.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24675951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics ; *Breast Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; *Patient Advocacy ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Thermohaline circulation crisis and impacts during the mid-Pleistocene transition (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-28
    Description: The mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) marked a fundamental change in glacial-interglacial periodicity, when it increased from ~41-thousand-year to 100-thousand-year cycles and developed higher-amplitude climate variability without substantial changes in the Milankovitch forcing. Here, we document, by using Nd isotopes, a major disruption of the ocean thermohaline circulation (THC) system during the MPT between marine isotope stages (MISs) 25 and 21 at ~950 to 860 thousand years ago, which effectively marks the first 100-thousand-year cycle, including an exceptional weakening through a critical interglacial (MIS 23) at ~900 thousand years ago. Its recovery into the post-MPT 100-thousand-year world is characterized by continued weak glacial THC. The MPT ocean circulation crisis facilitated the coeval drawdown of atmospheric CO2 and high-latitude ice sheet growth, generating the conditions that stabilized 100-thousand-year cycles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pena, Leopoldo D -- Goldstein, Steven L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 18;345(6194):318-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1249770. Epub 2014 Jun 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. leopoldo@ldeo.columbia.edu. ; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24968939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Climate ; *Ice Cover ; Isotopes/analysis ; Neodymium/analysis ; *Seawater ; *Water Cycle
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    Botany. Patterning cues from the altruistic sibling (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bayer, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 11;344(6180):158-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1252985.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*embryology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*metabolism ; *Body Patterning ; Flowers/*embryology ; Seeds/*embryology
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    Materials science. Fibers do the twist (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yuan, Jinkai -- Poulin, Philippe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 21;343(6173):845-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1250471.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS, Universite de Bordeaux, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24558149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cotton Fiber ; Humans ; *Nylons ; *Tensile Strength ; *Torsion, Mechanical
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    T cell memory. Skin-resident memory CD8(+) T cells trigger a state of tissue-wide pathogen alert (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: After an infection, pathogen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (T(RM) cells) persist in nonlymphoid tissues to provide rapid control upon reinfection, and vaccination strategies that create T(RM) cell pools at sites of pathogen entry are therefore attractive. However, it is not well understood how T(RM) cells provide such pathogen protection. Here, we demonstrate that activated T(RM) cells in mouse skin profoundly alter the local tissue environment by inducing a number of broadly active antiviral and antibacterial genes. This "pathogen alert" allows skin T(RM) cells to protect against an antigenically unrelated virus. These data describe a mechanism by which tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells protect previously infected sites that is rapid, amplifies the activation of a small number of cells into an organ-wide response, and has the capacity to control escape variants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ariotti, Silvia -- Hogenbirk, Marc A -- Dijkgraaf, Feline E -- Visser, Lindy L -- Hoekstra, Mirjam E -- Song, Ji-Ying -- Jacobs, Heinz -- Haanen, John B -- Schumacher, Ton N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 3;346(6205):101-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1254803. Epub 2014 Aug 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Experimental Animal Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. t.schumacher@nki.nl.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Female ; Immunologic Memory/genetics/*immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Skin/*immunology/microbiology/virology ; Transcriptome
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    Neuroscience. The Michael Jackson fly (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143233/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143233/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mann, Richard S -- R01 NS070644/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS070644/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):48-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1252431.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Neurons/*physiology
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    The vulnerable: Talene Yacoubian (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):26. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6179.26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Parkinson Disease ; Research Personnel/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Genetics. Racing for disaster? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1213-4. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6189.1213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Horses/*genetics/*physiology ; *Inbreeding ; Male ; *Physical Conditioning, Animal ; *Running ; Selection, Genetic
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    A cascade of histone modifications induces chromatin condensation in mitosis (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-05
    Description: Metaphase chromosomes are visible hallmarks of mitosis, yet our understanding of their structure and of the forces shaping them is rudimentary. Phosphorylation of histone H3 serine 10 (H3 S10) by Aurora B kinase is a signature event of mitosis, but its function in chromatin condensation is unclear. Using genetically encoded ultraviolet light-inducible cross-linkers, we monitored protein-protein interactions with spatiotemporal resolution in living yeast to identify the molecular details of the pathway downstream of H3 S10 phosphorylation. This modification leads to the recruitment of the histone deacetylase Hst2p that subsequently removes an acetyl group from histone H4 lysine 16, freeing the H4 tail to interact with the surface of neighboring nucleosomes and promoting fiber condensation. This cascade of events provides a condensin-independent driving force of chromatin hypercondensation during mitosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilkins, Bryan J -- Rall, Nils A -- Ostwal, Yogesh -- Kruitwagen, Tom -- Hiragami-Hamada, Kyoko -- Winkler, Marco -- Barral, Yves -- Fischle, Wolfgang -- Neumann, Heinz -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):77-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1244508.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Free Floater (Junior) Research Group "Applied Synthetic Biology," Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Gottingen, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry/radiation effects ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Histones/*metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Serine/*metabolism ; Sirtuin 2/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Is it time to destroy the smallpox virus? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arita, Isao -- Francis, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 29;345(6200):1010. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6200.1010-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Director Emeritus, National Hospital Organization, Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto 861-8068, Japan. ; Executive Director, Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. dfrancis@gsid.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25170141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Specimen Banks ; Biological Warfare Agents ; *Disease Eradication ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; Russia ; Smallpox/epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology ; United States ; *Variola virus ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 95
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    Biomedical research. Antioxidants could spur tumors by acting on cancer gene (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 31;343(6170):477. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6170.477.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482460" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcysteine/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Antioxidants/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Carcinogens/toxicity ; DNA Damage ; Dietary Supplements/adverse effects ; Genes, Neoplasm/*drug effects ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/*chemically induced/prevention & control ; Mice ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics/metabolism ; Vitamin E/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Vitamins/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Climate change. The tropical Pacific Ocean--back in the driver's seat? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clement, Amy -- DiNezio, Pedro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 28;343(6174):976-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1248115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24578569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cold Temperature ; *Global Warming ; Pacific Ocean ; Surface Properties
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 97
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    Microbiology. Tracking antibiotic resistance (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beatson, Scott A -- Walker, Mark J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1454-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1260471.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. ; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. mark.walker@uq.edu.au.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237090" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*biosynthesis ; *Cross Infection ; Enterobacteriaceae/*enzymology ; Humans ; *Plasmids ; beta-Lactamases/*biosynthesis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Visa labyrinth (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poliakoff, Martyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 31;343(6170):461. doi: 10.1126/science.1250720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Martyn Poliakoff is Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society of London.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Congresses as Topic/*economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Emigration and Immigration/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Federal Government ; Science/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 99
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    Environment. Major conservation group guts science team in strategy shift (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1069. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6175.1069.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; District of Columbia ; Research Personnel/*economics ; Science/*economics/*manpower
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 100
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    The new patrons of research (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNutt, Marcia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):9. doi: 10.1126/science.1253925.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marcia McNutt is Editor-in-Chief of Science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Financing, Organized ; *Foundations ; *Private Sector ; *Research Support as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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