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  • Sea ice  (10)
  • 03.02. Hydrology
  • 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
  • Elsevier  (10)
  • John Wiley & Sons  (7)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Springer Nature
  • 2015-2019  (17)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1
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    Vapour discharges on Nevado del Ruiz during the recent activity: Clues on the composition of the deep hydrothermal system and its effects on thermal springs (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-16
    Description: The Nevado del Ruiz volcano is considered one of the most active volcanoes in Colombia, which can potentially threaten approximately 600,000 inhabitants. The existence of a glacier and several streams channelling in some main rivers, flowing downslope, increases the risk for the population living on the flank of the volcano in case of unrest, because of the generation of lahars and mudflows. Indeed, during the November 1985 subplinian eruption, a lahar generated by the sudden melting of the glacier killed twenty thousand people in the town of Armero. Moreover, the involvement of the local hydrothermal system has produced in the past phreatic and phreatomagmatic activity, as occurred in 1989. Therefore, the physico-chemical conditions of the hydrothermal system as well as its contribution to the shallow thermal groundwater and freshwater in terms of enthalpy and chemicals require a close monitoring. The phase of unrest occurred since 2010 and culminated with an eruption in 2012, after several years of relative stability, stillmaintains amoderate alert, as required by the high seismicity and SO2 degassing. In October 2013, a sampling campaign has been performed on thermal springs and stream water, located at 2600–5000 m of elevation on the slope of Nevado del Ruiz, analyzed for water chemistry and stable isotopes. Some of these waters are typically steam-heated (low pH and high sulfate content) by the vapour probably separating from a zoned hydrothermal system. By applying a model of steam-heating, based on mass and enthalpy balances, we have estimated themass rate of hydrothermal steam discharging in the different springs. The composition of the hottest thermal spring (Botero Londono) is probably representative of a marginal part of the hydrothermal system, having a temperature of 250 °C and low salinity (Cl ~1500 mg/l), which suggest, along with the retrieved isotope composition, a chiefly meteoric origin. The vapour discharged at the steam vent “Nereidas” (3600 m asl) is hypothesized to be separated from a high temperature hydrothermal system. Based on its composition and on literature data on fluid inclusions, we have retrieved the P-T-X conditions of the deep hydrothermal system, aswell as its pH and fO2. The vapour feeding Nereidas would separate from a biphasic hydrothermal system characterized by the following parameters: t= 315 °C, P= 15 MPa, NaCl = 10 wt%, CO2=5 wt%, and similar proportion between liquid and vapour. Considering also the equilibria involving S-bearing gases and HCl, pH would approach the value of 1.5 while fO2 would correspond to the FeO-Fe2O3 buffer. Chlorine content is estimated at 10,300mg/l. Changes in the magmatic input into the hydrothermal system couldmodify its degree of vapourization and/or P-T-X conditions, thus inducing corresponding variations in vapour discharges and thermal waters. These findings, paralleled by contemporary measurements of water flow rates, could give significant clues on risk evaluation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 40-53
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Nevado del Ruiz ; Water isotopes ; Geothermal system ; Equilibrium modelling ; Water chemistry ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 03.02. Hydrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Under-ice phytoplankton blooms inhibited by spring convective mixing in refreezing leads (2018)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 123 (2018): 90–109, doi:10.1002/2016JC012575.
    Description: Spring phytoplankton growth in polar marine ecosystems is limited by light availability beneath ice-covered waters, particularly early in the season prior to snowmelt and melt pond formation. Leads of open water increase light transmission to the ice-covered ocean and are sites of air-sea exchange. We explore the role of leads in controlling phytoplankton bloom dynamics within the sea ice zone of the Arctic Ocean. Data are presented from spring measurements in the Chukchi Sea during the Study of Under-ice Blooms In the Chukchi Ecosystem (SUBICE) program in May and June 2014. We observed that fully consolidated sea ice supported modest under-ice blooms, while waters beneath sea ice with leads had significantly lower phytoplankton biomass, despite high nutrient availability. Through an analysis of hydrographic and biological properties, we attribute this counterintuitive finding to springtime convective mixing in refreezing leads of open water. Our results demonstrate that waters beneath loosely consolidated sea ice (84–95% ice concentration) had weak stratification and were frequently mixed below the critical depth (the depth at which depth-integrated production balances depth-integrated respiration). These findings are supported by theoretical model calculations of under-ice light, primary production, and critical depth at varied lead fractions. The model demonstrates that under-ice blooms can form even beneath snow-covered sea ice in the absence of mixing but not in more deeply mixed waters beneath sea ice with refreezing leads. Future estimates of primary production should account for these phytoplankton dynamics in ice-covered waters.
    Description: National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant Numbers: PLR-1304563 , PLR-1303617; KEL; NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program Grant Number: DGE-0645962
    Description: 2018-07-07
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Under-ice blooms ; Leads ; Convective mixing ; Arctic ; Sea ice
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Dissolved Carbon in Groundwater versus Gas Emissions from the Soil: The Two Sides of the Same Coin (2017)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-13
    Description: This study focuses on the interaction among deep volcanic/hydrothermal gases, groundwater and soil gases at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy). The chemical-physical parameters of the groundwater, the total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) and the isotopic composition of the CO2 dissolved in groundwater are reported and discussed. Furthermore, a comparison between soil gases and groundwater indicates that groundwater and soil gases show the same qualitative information, giving a good overall picture of the main degassing zones of a volcanic system, whereas the soil gas discharge provides an evaluation of the mass released by the deep feeding system. This approach can be a useful tool both to characterize mixing and/or interaction processes among different sources and for a monitoring of degassing activity of a volcanic system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 116-119
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Soil CO2 flux ; Dissolved gases ; Isotope composition of CO2 ; Groundwaters ; Vulcano Island ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    The seeding of ice algal blooms in Arctic pack ice : the multiyear ice seed repository hypothesis (2017)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 122 (2017): 1529–1548, doi:10.1002/2016JG003668.
    Description: During the Norwegian young sea ICE expedition (N-ICE2015) from January to June 2015 the pack ice in the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard was studied during four drifts between 83° and 80°N. This pack ice consisted of a mix of second year, first year, and young ice. The physical properties and ice algal community composition was investigated in the three different ice types during the winter-spring-summer transition. Our results indicate that algae remaining in sea ice that survived the summer melt season are subsequently trapped in the upper layers of the ice column during winter and may function as an algal seed repository. Once the connectivity in the entire ice column is established, as a result of temperature-driven increase in ice porosity during spring, algae in the upper parts of the ice are able to migrate toward the bottom and initiate the ice algal spring bloom. Furthermore, this algal repository might seed the bloom in younger ice formed in adjacent leads. This mechanism was studied in detail for the dominant ice diatom Nitzschia frigida. The proposed seeding mechanism may be compromised due to the disappearance of older ice in the anticipated regime shift toward a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean.
    Description: Norwegian Research Council Grant Number: 244646; Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment Grant Number: N-ICE; Norwegian Research Council Grant Number: 221961; Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Grant Number: ID Arctic; Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Climate and Environment, Norway; Polish-Norwegian Research Program Grant Number: Pol-Nor/197511/40/2013; Research Council of Norway project STASIS Grant Number: 221961; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant Canada Foundation for Innovation Investment in Science Fund; Research Council of Norway project Boom or Bust Grant Number: 244646; Centre of Ice, Climate and Ecosystems
    Keywords: Ice algae ; Arctic ; Sea ice ; N-ICE ; Multiyear ice ; Seeding
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    How well does wind speed predict air-sea gas transfer in the sea ice zone? A synthesis of radon deficit profiles in the upper water column of the Arctic Ocean (2017)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122 (2017): 3696–3714, doi:10.1002/2016JC012460.
    Description: We present 34 profiles of radon-deficit from the ice-ocean boundary layer of the Beaufort Sea. Including these 34, there are presently 58 published radon-deficit estimates of air-sea gas transfer velocity (k) in the Arctic Ocean; 52 of these estimates were derived from water covered by 10% sea ice or more. The average value of k collected since 2011 is 4.0 ± 1.2 m d−1. This exceeds the quadratic wind speed prediction of weighted kws = 2.85 m d−1 with mean-weighted wind speed of 6.4 m s−1. We show how ice cover changes the mixed-layer radon budget, and yields an “effective gas transfer velocity.” We use these 58 estimates to statistically evaluate the suitability of a wind speed parameterization for k, when the ocean surface is ice covered. Whereas the six profiles taken from the open ocean indicate a statistically good fit to wind speed parameterizations, the same parameterizations could not reproduce k from the sea ice zone. We conclude that techniques for estimating k in the open ocean cannot be similarly applied to determine k in the presence of sea ice. The magnitude of k through gaps in the ice may reach high values as ice cover increases, possibly as a result of focused turbulence dissipation at openings in the free surface. These 58 profiles are presently the most complete set of estimates of k across seasons and variable ice cover; as dissolved tracer budgets they reflect air-sea gas exchange with no impact from air-ice gas exchange.
    Description: NSF Arctic Natural Sciences program Grant Number: 1203558
    Description: 2017-11-05
    Keywords: Radon-deficit ; Air-sea gas exchange ; Sea ice ; Gas transfer velocity ; Air-sea flux ; Carbon
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Preliminary Geochemical and Isotopic Results in Thermal and Cold Waters of Graciosa Volcanic Island (Azores) (2017)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Graciosa Island is located in the Azores Archipelago, along the so-called Terceira Rift, NE boundary of the Azores Plateau. From the hydrochemical point of view, two types of Na-Cl groundwater systems were identified: a cold aquifer system emerging at springs and exploited through boreholes for public water supply with different degrees of mineralization, and a hydrothermal system with issuing temperatures around 45 ºC. Geothermometers applied to the thermal waters point to deep temperature around 167 ºC and to immature waters, not reaching complete equilibrium with the reservoir rock. The isotopic composition and geochemistry of the thermal waters indicate mixture groundwater - seawater in different percentages and ion-exchange mechanisms that will be able to: i) increase groundwater salinity, ii) strongly change the isotopic composition to more enriched values, with different degrees of mixing.
    Description: Published
    Description: 630-633
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Thermal waters ; Volcanic island ; seawater-groundwater mixture ; Azores (Portugal) ; 03.02. Hydrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Changes in snow distribution and surface topography following a snowstorm on Antarctic sea ice (2017)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 121 (2016): 2172–2191, doi:10.1002/2016JF003893.
    Description: Snow distribution over sea ice is an important control on sea ice physical and biological processes. We combine measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer and blowing snow on an Antarctic sea ice floe with terrestrial laser scanning to characterize a typical storm and its influence on the spatial patterns of snow distribution at resolutions of 1–10 cm over an area of 100 m × 100 m. The pre-storm surface exhibits multidirectional elongated snow dunes formed behind aerodynamic obstacles. Newly deposited dunes are elongated parallel to the predominant wind direction during the storm. Snow erosion and deposition occur over 62% and 38% of the area, respectively. Snow deposition volume is more than twice that of erosion (351 m3 versus 158 m3), resulting in a modest increase of 2 ± 1 cm in mean snow depth, indicating a small net mass gain despite large mass relocation. Despite significant local snow depth changes due to deposition and erosion, the statistical distributions of elevation and the two-dimensional correlation functions remain similar to those of the pre-storm surface. Pre-storm and post-storm surfaces also exhibit spectral power law relationships with little change in spectral exponents. These observations suggest that for sea ice floes with mature snow cover features under conditions similar to those observed in this study, spatial statistics and scaling properties of snow surface morphology may be relatively invariant. Such an observation, if confirmed for other ice types and conditions, may be a useful tool for model parameterizations of the subgrid variability of sea ice surfaces.
    Description: AAD Science Grant Number: 4073; NSF Grant Numbers: OPP-1142075, EAR-0735156; NASA Grant Number: NNX15AC69G; Swiss National Science Foundation
    Description: 2017-05-15
    Keywords: Lidar ; Sea ice ; Snow ; Snow distribution ; Blowing snow
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Fractionation processes affecting the stable carbon isotope signature of thermal waters from hydrothermal/volcanic systems: The examples of Campi Flegrei and Vulcano Island (southern Italy) (2017)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The carbon isotopic composition of dissolved C-bearing species is a powerful tool to discriminate the origin of carbon in thermal waters from volcanic and hydrothermal systems. However, the δ13C values of dissolved CO2 and TDIC (Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) are often different with respect to the isotopic signature that characterizes the potential carbon primary sources, i.e. deep hydrothermal reservoirs, magmatic gases and organic activity. The most commonly invoked explanation for such isotopic values is related to mixing processes between deep and shallow end-members. Nevertheless, experimental and empirical investigations demonstrated that isotopic fractionation due to secondary processes acting on the uprising fluids from the hydrothermal reservoirs is able to reproduce the measured isotopic values. In this paper,we investigated the chemistry of thermalwaters, collected at Campi Flegrei and Vulcano Island (southern Italy),whose origin is related to interaction processesamongmagmatic gases, meteoric water, seawater and hosting rocks. A special focus was dedicated to the δ13C values of dissolved CO2 (δ13CCO2(aq)) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CTDIC). The δ13CCO2(aq) and δ13CTDIC values in the water samples fromboth these systems ranged from(i) those measured in fumarolic gases, likely directly related to the deep hydrothermal-magmatic reservoir, and (ii) those typically characterizing biogenic CO2, i.e. produced by microbially-driven degradation of organic matter. A simple mixingmodel of the two end-members, apparently explaining these intermediate carbon isotopic values, contrastswith the chemical composition of the dissolved gases. On the contrary, isotopic fractionation due to secondary processes, such as calcite precipitation, affecting hydrothermal fluids during their underground circulation, seems to exhaustively justify both the chemical and isotopic data. If not recognized, these processes, which frequently occur in volcanic and hydrothermal systems, may lead to an erroneous interpretation of the carbon source, causing an underestimation of the contribution of the hydrothermal/magmatic fluids to the dissolved carbon species. These results pose extreme caution in the interpretation of intermediate δ13CCO2(aq) and δ13CTDIC values for the assessment of the carbon budget of hydrothermal- volcanic systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 46–57
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Thermal waters ; Carbon isotopes ; Dissolved CO2 ; TDIC ; Volcanic-hydrothermal systems ; Secondary fractionation processes ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 03.02. Hydrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Ecosystem model intercomparison of under-ice and total primary production in the Arctic Ocean (2016)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016); 934–948, doi:10.1002/2015JC011183.
    Description: Previous observational studies have found increasing primary production (PP) in response to declining sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. In this study, under-ice PP was assessed based on three coupled ice-ocean-ecosystem models participating in the Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS) project. All models showed good agreement with under-ice measurements of surface chlorophyll-a concentration and vertically integrated PP rates during the main under-ice production period, from mid-May to September. Further, modeled 30-year (1980–2009) mean values and spatial patterns of sea ice concentration compared well with remote sensing data. Under-ice PP was higher in the Arctic shelf seas than in the Arctic Basin, but ratios of under-ice PP over total PP were spatially correlated with annual mean sea ice concentration, with higher ratios in higher ice concentration regions. Decreases in sea ice from 1980 to 2009 were correlated significantly with increases in total PP and decreases in the under-ice PP/total PP ratio for most of the Arctic, but nonsignificantly related to under-ice PP, especially in marginal ice zones. Total PP within the Arctic Circle increased at an annual rate of between 3.2 and 8.0 Tg C/yr from 1980 to 2009. This increase in total PP was due mainly to a PP increase in open water, including increases in both open water area and PP rate per unit area, and therefore much stronger than the changes in under-ice PP. All models suggested that, on a pan-Arctic scale, the fraction of under-ice PP declined with declining sea ice cover over the last three decades.
    Description: NASA Grant Number: NNX13AE81G; the NSF Office of Polar Programs Grant Number: (ARC-0968676, PLR-1417925, PLR-1417677 and PLR-1416920); the NASA Cryosphere Grant Number: (NNX12AB31G); Climate and Biological Response Grant Number: (NNX11AO91G)
    Description: 2016-07-27
    Keywords: Ecosystem modeling ; Sea ice ; Under-ice production ; Phenology ; Primary production ; Arctic Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Emerging trends in the sea state of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ocean Modelling 105 (2016): 1-12, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.02.009
    Description: The sea state of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas is controlled by the wind forcing and the amount of ice-free water available to generate surface waves. Clear trends in the annual duration of the open water season and in the extent of the seasonal sea ice minimum suggest that the sea state should be increasing, independent of changes in the wind forcing. Wave model hindcasts from four selected years spanning recent conditions are consistent with this expectation. In particular, larger waves are more common in years with less summer sea ice and/or a longer open water season, and peak wave periods are generally longer. The increase in wave energy may affect both the coastal zones and the remaining summer ice pack, as well as delay the autumn ice-edge advance. However, trends in the amount of wave energy impinging on the ice-edge are inconclusive, and the associated processes, especially in the autumn period of new ice formation, have yet to be well-described by in situ observations. There is an implicit trend and evidence for increasing wave energy along the coast of northern Alaska, and this coastal signal is corroborated by satellite altimeter estimates of wave energy.
    Description: This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research, Code 322, “Arctic and Global Prediction”, directed by Drs. Martin Jeffries and Scott Harper. (Grant numbers and Principal Investigators are: Ackley, N000141310435; Babanin, N000141310278; Doble, N000141310290; Fairall, N0001413IP20046; Gemmrich, N000141310280; Girard-Ardhuin and Ardhuin, N000141612376; Graber, N000141310288; Guest, N0001413WX20830; Holt, N0001413IP20050; Lehner, N000141310303; Maksym, N000141310446; Perrie, N00014-15-1-2611; Rogers, N0001413WX20825; Shen, N000141310294; Squire, N000141310279; Stammerjohn, N000141310434; Thomson, N000141310284; Wadhams, N000141310289.)
    Keywords: Sea ice ; Arctic Ocean ; Ocean surface waves
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  • 11
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    Geosciences and the stewardship of our planet (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The time for a first book on Geoethics has come. The faster, greedier pace of society and globalization demands it. The comfortable life of scholars in the ivory tower is coming to a rude awakening. People demand understandable information on geohazards, judges condemn scientist and engineers for lack of communication, indigenous people rise in anger accusing experts of misleading them, attempts to avoid transparency in developments still exist, the helplessness of technology to deal with nuclear waste becomes more evident everyday and nature exposes shortcuts in constructing critical facilities with her own awesome force.....
    Description: Published
    Description: XXI-XXII
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Philosophy ; Geosciences ; Geoscientists ; Ethics ; Earth Sciences ; Sustainability ; Research Integrity ; Professional Ethics ; Geoscience communication ; Responsibility ; Stewardship ; Planet ; Earth ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 12
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    Geoethics: ethical challenges and case studies in Earth Science (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Key Features. Written by a global group of contributors with backgrounds ranging from philosopher to geo-practitioner, providing a balance of voices. Includes case studies, showing where experts have gone wrong and where key organizations have ignored facts, wanting assessments favorable to their agendas. Provides a much needed basis for discussion to guide scientists to consider their responsibilities and to improve communication with the public. Description. Edited by two experts in the area, Geoethics: Ethical Challenges and Case Studies in Earth Sciences addresses a range of topics surrounding the concept of ethics in geoscience, making it an important reference for any Earth scientist with a growing concern for sustainable development and social responsibility. This book will provide the reader with some obvious and some hidden information you need for understanding where experts have not served the public, what more could have been done to reach and serve the public and the ethical issues surrounding the Earth Sciences, from a global perspective. Table of contents. Section 1: Introduction Section 2: Philosophical reflections Section 3: The ethics of practice Section 4: Man made hazards Section 5: Natural hazards Section 6: Exploitation of resources Section 7: Low income and indigenous communities Section 8: Geoscience community
    Description: Published
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 5T. Sorveglianza sismica e operatività post-terremoto
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Philosophy ; Natural hazards ; Man made hazards ; Georesources ; Low income countries ; Geoscience community ; Communication ; Geoeducation ; Natural risks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    The Meaning of Geoethics (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This chapter outlines a framework of the issues addressed by geoethics. Starting from an etymological analysis of the word “geoethics,” we identify the cultural basis on which to expand the debate on geoethics, while also proposing for consideration by the scientific community some questions that may guide the development of future research and practice in geosciences. We attempt to define some fundamental points that, in our opinion, will strengthen geoethics and help its development. The goal of geoethics is to suggest practical solutions and provide useful techniques, and also to promote cultural renewal in how humans perceive and relate to the planet, through greater attention to the protection of life and the richness of the Earth, in all its forms. As each science does, geoethics should also be able to present an image of the world, pointing out the manner in which it can be understood, investigated, designed, and experienced.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-14
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Etymological analysis ; Geoethics ; Geoscientists oath ; Responsibility ; Society ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Trend and interannual variability in southeast Greenland Sea Ice : impacts on coastal Greenland climate variability (2015)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 41 (2014): 8619–8626, doi:10.1002/2014GL062107.
    Description: We describe the recent occurrence of a region of diminished sea ice cover or “notch” offshore of the Kangerdlugssuaq Fiord, the site of the largest tidewater glacier along Greenland's southeast coast. The notch's location is consistent with a topographically forced flux of warm water toward the fiord, and the decrease of the sea ice cover is shown to be associated with a regional warming of the upper ocean that began in the mid-1990s. Sea ice in the vicinity of the notch also exhibits interannual variability that is shown to be associated with a seesaw in surface temperature and sea ice between southeast and northeast Greenland that is not describable solely in terms of the North Atlantic Oscillation. We therefore argue that other modes of atmospheric variability, including the Lofoten Low, are required to fully document the changes to the climate that are occurring along Greenland's east coast.
    Description: G.W.K.M. was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. F.S. and M.O. were supported by NSF OCE 1130008 and NASA NNX13AK88G.
    Description: 2015-06-02
    Keywords: Greenland ; Sea ice ; Interannual variability ; Lofoten Low ; Icelandic Low
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 15
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    Inorganic carbon system dynamics in landfast Arctic sea ice during the early-melt period (2015)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120 (2015): 3542-3566, doi:10.1002/2014JC010620.
    Description: We present the results of a 6 week time series of carbonate system and stable isotope measurements investigating the effects of sea ice on air-sea CO2 exchange during the early melt period in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Our observations revealed significant changes in sea ice and sackhole brine carbonate system parameters that were associated with increasing temperatures and the buildup of chlorophyll a in bottom ice. The warming sea-ice column could be separated into distinct geochemical zones where biotic and abiotic processes exerted different influences on inorganic carbon and pCO2 distributions. In the bottom ice, biological carbon uptake maintained undersaturated pCO2 conditions throughout the time series, while pCO2 was supersaturated in the upper ice. Low CO2 permeability of the sea ice matrix and snow cover effectively impeded CO2 efflux to the atmosphere, despite a strong pCO2 gradient. Throughout the middle of the ice column, brine pCO2 decreased significantly with time and was tightly controlled by solubility, as sea ice temperature and in situ melt dilution increased. Once the influence of melt dilution was accounted for, both CaCO3 dissolution and seawater mixing were found to contribute alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon to brines, with the CaCO3 contribution driving brine pCO2 to values lower than predicted from melt-water dilution alone. This field study reveals a dynamic carbon system within the rapidly warming sea ice, prior to snow melt. We suggest that the early spring period drives the ice column toward pCO2 undersaturation, contributing to a weak atmospheric CO2 sink as the melt period advances.
    Description: We acknowledge support from the Polar Continental Shelf Program (PCSP) of Natural Resources Canada, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Northern Scientific Training Program, Canada Economic Development, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
    Description: 2015-11-19
    Keywords: Sea ice ; Carbon cycling ; CO2 ; Brines ; Stable isotopes ; Arctic Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 16
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    The influence of sea ice and snow cover and nutrient availability on the formation of massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi Sea (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 118 (2015): 122-135, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.008.
    Description: A coupled biophysical model is used to examine the impact of changes in sea ice and snow cover and nutrient availability on the formation of massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms (MUPBs) in the Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean over the period 1988–2013. The model is able to reproduce the basic features of the ICESCAPE (Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment) observed MUPB during July 2011. The simulated MUPBs occur every year during 1988–2013, mainly in between mid-June and mid-July. While the simulated under-ice blooms of moderate magnitude are widespread in the Chukchi Sea, MUPBs are less so. On average, the area fraction of MUPBs in the ice-covered areas of the Chukchi Sea during June and July is about 8%, which has been increasing at a rate of 2% yr–1 over 1988–2013. The simulated increase in the area fraction as well as primary productivity and chlorophyll a biomass is linked to an increase in light availability, in response to a decrease in sea ice and snow cover, and an increase in nutrient availability in the upper 100 m of the ocean, in conjunction with an intensification of ocean circulation. Simulated MUPBs are temporally sporadic and spatially patchy because of strong spatiotemporal variations of light and nutrient availability. However, as observed during ICESCAPE, there is a high likelihood that MUPBs may form at the shelf break, where the model simulates enhanced nutrient concentration that is seldom depleted between mid-June and mid-July because of generally robust shelf-break upwelling and other dynamic ocean processes. The occurrence of MUPBs at the shelf break is more frequent in the past decade than in the earlier period because of elevated light availability there. It may be even more frequent in the future if the sea ice and snow cover continues to decline such that light is more available at the shelf break to further boost the formation of MUPBs there.
    Description: This work is supported by the NASA Cryosphere Program and Climate and Biological Response Program and the NSF Office of Polar Programs (Grant Nos. NNX12AB31G; NNX11AO91G; ARC-0901987).
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Chukchi Sea ; Phytoplankton ; Blooms ; Sea ice ; Snow depth ; Light availability ; Nutrient availability
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 17
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    Detection and quantification of oil under sea ice : the view from below (2015)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cold Regions Science and Technology 109 (2015): 9-17, doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.08.004.
    Description: Traditional measures for detecting oil spills in the open-ocean are both difficult to apply and less effective in ice-covered seas. In view of the increasing levels of commercial activity in the Arctic, there is a growing gap between the potential need to respond to an oil spill in Arctic ice-covered waters and the capability to do so. In particular, there is no robust operational capability to remotely locate oil spilt under or encapsulated within sea ice. To date, most research approaches the problem from on or above the sea ice, and thus they suffer from the need to ‘see’ through the ice and overlying snow. Here we present results from a large-scale tank experiment which demonstrate the detection of oil beneath sea ice, and the quantification of the oil layer thickness is achievable through the combined use of an upward-looking camera and sonar deployed in the water column below a covering of sea ice. This approach using acoustic and visible measurements from below is simple and effective, and potentially transformative with respect to the operational response to oil spills in the Arctic marine environment. These results open up a new direction of research into oil detection in ice-covered seas, as well as describing a new and important role for underwater vehicles as platforms for oil-detecting sensors under Arctic sea ice.
    Description: This work was funded through a competitive grant for the detection of oil under ice obtained from Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute (OSRI) (11-10-09). Additional funding/resources was obtained through the EU FP7 funded ACCESS programme (Grant Agreement n°. 265863).
    Keywords: Arctic ; Oil spill ; Sea ice ; Oil detection ; Sonar ; Camera
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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