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  • MDPI  (56,729)
  • 2020-2024  (342)
  • 2015-2019  (56,387)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1
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    Analysis of Flow and Land Use on the Hydraulic Structure of Southeast Mexico City: Implications on Flood and Runoff (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-15
    Description: The southeast of Mexico City is one of the last areas of environmental importance for the region. However, rapid urban expansion has led to a runoff increase in the presence of intense rainfall. This situation is common to many peri-urban centers close to large cities, where the urbanization of previously green areas has had a direct negative influence on the hydraulic structure. This work proposes a study that combines hydrological analysis for the definition of precipitation scenarios with hydrodynamic simulations based on the current land use. Reconstructed flood scenarios show that the runoffs descending from mountainous areas flow into cemented channels with hydraulic sections and characteristics not adequate to drain specific discharges that can reach 0.90 m2/s and water depths of the order of 2 m, caused by extreme weather phenomena, determining flooding in nearby areas. Runoffs are also intensified by the presence of non-urbanized open spaces in a state of abandonment, whose soil does not favor infiltration and promotes the flooding of residential centers with water levels higher than 1 m. The results indicate an urgent need to adopt actions to reduce flooding and favor infiltration in an area of the city that is also important for aquifer recharge.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1120
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    CO2 Leakage Scenarios in Shale Overburden (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-29
    Description: Potential CO2 leakage from deep geologic reservoirs requires evaluation on a site-specific basis to assess risk and arrange mitigation strategies. In this study, a heterogeneous and realistic numerical model was developed to investigate CO2 migration pathways and uprising time in a shaly overburden, located in the Malaysian off-shore. Fluid flow and reactive transport simulations were performed by TOUGHREACT to evaluate the: (1) seepage through the caprock; (2) CO2-rich brine leakage through a fault connecting the reservoir with seabed. The effect of several factors, which may contribute to CO2 migration, including different rock types and permeability, Fickian and Knudsen diffusion and CO2 adsorption in the shales were investigated. Obtained results show that permeability mainly ruled CO2 uprising velocity and pathways. CO2 migrates upward by buoyancy without any important lateral leakages due to poor-connection of permeable layers and comparable values of vertical and horizontal permeability. Diffusive flux and the Knudsen flow are negligible with respect to the Darcy regime, despite the presence of shales. Main geochemical reactions deal with carbonate and pyrite weathering which easily reach saturation due to low permeability and allowing for re-precipitation as secondary phases. CO2 adsorption on shales together with dissolved CO2 constituted the main trapping mechanisms, although the former represents likely an overestimation due to estimated thermodynamic parameters. Developed models for both scenarios are validated by the good agreement with the pressure profiles recorded in the exploration wells and the seismic data along a fault (the F05 fault), suggesting that they can accurately reproduce the main processes occurring in the system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1016
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    The Impact of Profiles Data Assimilation on an Ideal Tropical Cyclone Case (2024)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3REMOTE SENSING, MDPI, 16(2), pp. 430-430, ISSN: 2072-4292
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-20
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Profile measurements play a crucial role in operational weather forecasting across diverse scales and latitudes. However, assimilating tropospheric wind and temperature profiles remains a challenging endeavor. This study assesses the influence of profile measurements on numerical weather prediction (NWP) using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model coupled to the parallel data assimilation framework (PDAF) system. Utilizing the local error-subspace transform Kalman filter (LESTKF), observational temperature and wind profiles generated by WRF are assimilated into an idealized tropical cyclone. The coupled WRF-PDAF system is adopted to carry out the twin experiments, which employ varying profile densities and localization distances. The results reveal that high-resolution observations yield significant forecast improvements compared to coarser-resolution data. A cost-effective balance between observation density and benefit is further explored through the idealized tropical cyclone case. According to diminishing marginal utility and increasing marginal costs, the optimal observation densities for U and V are found around 26–27%. This may be useful information to the meteorological agencies and researchers.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
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    Cascading Machine Learning to Monitor Volcanic Thermal Activity Using Orbital Infrared Data: From Detection to Quantitative Evaluation (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Several satellite missions are currently available to provide thermal infrared data at different spatial resolutions and revisit time. Furthermore, new missions are planned thus enabling to keep a nearly continuous ‘eye’ on thermal volcanic activity around the world. This massive volume of data requires the development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the automatic processing of satellite data in order to extract significant information about volcano conditions in a short time. Here, we propose a robust machine learning approach to accurately detect, recognize and quantify high-temperature volcanic features using Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (S2-MSI) imagery. We use the entire archive of high spatial resolution satellite data containing more than 6000 S2-MSI scenes at ten different volcanoes around the world. Combining a ‘top-down’ cascading architecture, two different machine learning models, a scene classifier (SqueezeNet) and a pixel-based segmentation model (random forest), we achieved a very high accuracy, namely 95%. These results show that the cascading approach can be applied in near-real time to any available satellite image, providing a full description of the scene, with an important contribution to the monitoring, mapping and characterization of volcanic thermal features.
    Description: Published
    Description: 171
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    A Cloud-IoT Architecture for Latency-Aware Localization in Earthquake Early Warning (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: An effective earthquake early warning system requires rapid and reliable earthquake source detection. Despite the numerous proposed epicenter localization solutions in recent years, their utilization within the Internet of Things (IoT) framework and integration with IoT-oriented cloud platforms remain underexplored. This paper proposes a complete IoT architecture for earthquake detection, localization, and event notification. The architecture, which has been designed, deployed, and tested on a standard cloud platform, introduces an innovative approach by implementing P-wave "picking" directly on IoT devices, deviating from traditional regional earthquake early warning (EEW) approaches. Pick association, source localization, event declaration, and user notification functionalities are also deployed on the cloud. The cloud integration simplifies the integration of other services in the architecture, such as data storage and device management. Moreover, a localization algorithm based on the hyperbola method is proposed, but here, the time difference of arrival multilateration is applied that is often used in wireless sensor network applications. The results show that the proposed end-to-end architecture is able to provide a quick estimate of the earthquake epicenter location with acceptable errors for an EEW system scenario. Rigorous testing against the standard of reference in Italy for regional EEW showed an overall 3.39 s gain in the system localization speed, thus offering a tangible metric of the efficiency and potential proposed system as an EEW solution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 8431
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Internet of Things ; cloud computing ; early warning systems ; earthquake localization ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Toward a Real-Time Analysis of Column Height by Visible Cameras: An Example from Mt. Etna, in Italy (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: Volcanic plume height is one the most important features of explosive activity; thus, it is a parameter of interest for volcanic monitoring that can be retrieved using different remote sensing techniques. Among them, calibrated visible cameras have demonstrated to be a promising alternative during daylight hours, mainly due to their low cost and low uncertainty in the results. However, currently these measurements are generally not fully automatic. In this paper, we present a new, interactive, open-source MATLAB tool, named ‘Plume Height Analyzer’ (PHA), which is able to analyze images and videos of explosive eruptions derived from visible cameras, with the objective of automatically identifying the temporal evolution of eruption columns. PHA is a self-customizing tool, i.e., before operational use, the user must perform an iterative calibration procedure based on the analysis of images of previous eruptions of the volcanic system of interest, under different eruptive, atmospheric and illumination conditions. The images used for the calibration step allow the computation of ad hoc expressions to set the model parameters used to recognize the volcanic plume in new images, which are controlled by their individual characteristics. Thereby, the number of frames used in the calibration procedure will control the goodness of the model to analyze new videos/images and the range of eruption, atmospheric, and illumination conditions for which the program will return reliable results. This also allows improvement of the performance of the program as new data become available for the calibration, for which PHA includes ad hoc routines. PHA has been tested on a wide set of videos from recent explosive activity at Mt. Etna, in Italy, and may represent a first approximation toward a real-time analysis of column height using visible cameras on erupting volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2595
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Automatic Early Warning to Derive Eruption Source Parameters of Paroxysmal Activity at Mt. Etna (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: Tephra dispersal and fallout resulting from explosive activity of Mt. Etna (Italy) represent a significant threat to the surrounding inhabited areas as well as to aviation operations. An earlywarning system aimed at foreseeing the onset of paroxysmal activity has been developed, combining a thermal infrared camera, infrasonic network, and a weather radar. In this way, it is possible to identify the onset of a lava fountain as well as to determine the associated mass eruption rate (MER) and top plume height (HTP). The new methodology, defined as the paroxysmal early-warning (PEW) alert system, is based on the analysis of some explosive eruptions that occurred between 2011 and 2021 at Etna, simultaneously observed by the thermal camera and infrasound systems dislocated around the summit eruptive craters, and by the weather radar, located at about 32 km from the summit craters. This work represents an important step towards the mitigation of the potential impact associated with the tephra dispersal and fallout during paroxysms at Etna, which can be applied to other volcanoes with similar activity and monitoring strategies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3501
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Modeling the Trajectories of Ballistics in the Summit Area of Mt. Etna (Italy) during the 2020–2022 Sequence of Lava Fountains (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: Between 2020 and 2022, more than sixty lava fountains occurred at Mt. Etna (Italy), which formed high eruption columns rising up to 15 km above sea level (a.s.l.). During those events, several ballistics fell around the summit craters, sometimes reaching touristic areas. The rather frequent activity poses questions on how the impact associated with the fallout of those particles, can be estimated. In this work, we present field data collected soon after the lava fountain on 21 February 2022. This event produced a volcanic plume of about 10 km a.s.l. which was directed toward the southeast. Several ballistics fell in the area of the Barbagallo Craters (just southeast of the summit area at around 2900 m a.s.l.), which is one of the most popular touristic areas on Etna. Hence, we collected several samples and performed laboratory analyses in order to retrieve their size, shape and density. Those values together with a quantitative analysis of the lava fountain were compared with results obtained by a free-available calculator of ballistic trajectories named the ‘Eject!’. A similar approach was hence applied to other lava fountains of the 2020–2022 sequence for which the fallout of large clasts was reported. This work is a first step to identifying in near real-time the area affected by the fallout of ballistics during Etna lava fountains and quantifying their hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 145
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 9
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    Assessing Shallow Soft Deposits through Near-Surface Geophysics and UAV-SfM: Application in Pocket Beaches Environments (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: This study employs a multimethod approach to investigate the sediment distribution in two pocket beaches, Ramla Beach and Mellieha S Beach, in Malta. Both study sites were digitally reconstructed using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry. For each case, an ERT and a dense network of ambient seismic noise measurements processed through a horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique were acquired. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) analysis enables the estimation of sediment thickness in each beach. HVSR analysis revealed peaks related to beach sediments overlying limestone rocks in both sites and also indicated a deeper stratigraphic contact in Mellieha S Beach. Based on ERT measurements, sediment thickness is calculated for each HVSR measurement. Interpolation of results allows for bedrock surface modelling in each case study, and when combined with digital terrain models (DTMs) derived from photogrammetric models, sediment volumes are estimated for each site. The geometry of this surface is analyzed from a geological perspective, showing structural control of sediment distribution due to a normal fault in Mellieha S Beach and stratigraphic control facilitated by a highly erodible surface in Ramla Beach. The results emphasize the importance of adopting a three-dimensional perspective in coastal studies for precise sediment volume characterization and a deeper understanding of pocket beach dynamics. This practical multimethod approach presented here offers valuable tools for future coastal research and effective coastal management, facilitating informed decision making amidst the growing vulnerability of coastal zones to climate change impacts.
    Description: This work was partially supported by the project Satellite Investigation to study POcket BEach Dynamics (SIPOBED, SRF-2021-2S1, PI: Sebastiano D’Amico),the project Multi-disciplinary monitoring system for a resilient management of coastal areas (REMACO) funded by the INTERREG V A–Italy-Malta Capitalization Programme, the INGV Project “Ricerca 703 Libera” BR2019.23 (“Unveiling silent faults in low strain-rates regions through the integration 704 of high-resolution geophysical and seismological analyses” P.I. Fabio Villani), and by the Internationalisation Partnership & Awards Scheme Plus (IPAS+) supported by the Malta Council for Science and Technology through the project “Near-surface geophysics and geomatic applied to coastal systems” (IPAS-2022-020).
    Description: Published
    Description: 40
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio; seismic ambient noise; pocket beach; Malta; near-surface geophysics; electrical resistivity tomography; photogrammetry ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
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  • 10
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    Directional Amplification at Rock Sites in Fault Damage Zones (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Site effects refer to the modification of ground shaking caused by the local geological con- ditions that can result in the strong amplification of ground motion. The best-known cause for site effects is the presence of superficial soft soil deposits, which are considered in seismic design codes of many countries through the use of scaling factors. Rock sites are assumed to show no local site amplification. However, even at rock sites, seismic waves can be locally amplified at frequencies of engineering interest, with larger motion along one site-specific azimuth on the horizontal plane (the so called “directional site resonance or amplification”). These effects have been related to the pres- ence of large-scale open cracks or microcracks in different geological environments (faults, land- slides, volcanic areas) everywhere with a common signature: maximum amplification occurs trans- verse to the predominant fracture strike. In this paper, we summarize our main results obtained in the last decade with regard to several fault zones with different kinematics, where ground motion is polarized (and amplified) perpendicularly to the predominant fracture field as an effect of the stiffness anisotropy. In order to give a further constraint, we also show some cases where the direc- tional amplification effects were compared with the S-wave splitting analysis method.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6060
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 11
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    A New Installation for Geomagnetic Field Monitoring at Talos Dome, a Remote Antarctic Site Away from Permanent Observatories (2024)
    MDPI | MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-11
    Description: An automatic geomagnetic station for monitoring the Earth’s magnetic field variations was installed in December 2020 at Talos Dome, a remote site on the Antarctic Plateau, about 300 km away from the permanent geomagnetic observatory at Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS). Designed and assembled at the laboratory of electronics of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in Rome, this autonomous station is formed by a vector magnetometer specifically manufactured by Lviv Institute (Ukraine) for very low temperatures and a low-power system supplied by batteries charged by a wind generator and solar panel. Data, sampled at 1 Hz, are locally stored and can be downloaded once a year during the Antarctic summer expeditions. The goal was to integrate observatory data for better monitoring the geomagnetic field from an uncovered Antarctic area. In fact, it is well known that the distribution of geomagnetic observatories strongly favors the northern hemisphere, and each new instrumental installation in Antarctica should be considered as a useful attempt to balance the geomagnetic monitoring in the two hemispheres. The achieved goal was to obtain a long data series, keeping the station working even during the austral winter when the temperature can reach −60 ◦C; we recorded almost 11 months of data in one year and the station is still operating. Data from the new station, jointly with data from permanent observatories, improve the analysis of the magnetospheric dynamics and the ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling. Talos Dome, together with the Italian geomagnetic observatory at Mario Zucchelli Station and New Zealand geomagnetic observatory at Scott Base, constitutes a network along the 80◦S geomagnetic parallel, which is interesting for studying the longitudinal propagation of geomagnetic signals of external origin. In this work we present the characteristics of the station and of the data it provides, with the aim of them for analysis in the framework of space weather.
    Description: Published
    Description: 339
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.05. Geomagnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Modeling Turbulent Fluctuations in High-Latitude Ionospheric Plasma Using Electric Field CSES-01 Observations (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: High-latitude ionospheric plasma constitutes a very complex environment, which is characterized by turbulent dynamics in the presence of different ion species. The turbulent plasma motion produces statistical features of both electromagnetic and velocity fields, which have been broadly studied over the years. In this work, we use electric field high-resolution observations provided by the China-Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite-01 in order to investigate the properties of plasma turbulence within the Earth’s polar cap. We adopt a model of turbulence in which the fluctuations of the electric field are assimilated to a stochastic process evolving throughout the scales, and we show that such a process (i) satisfies the Markov condition (ii) can be modeled as a continuous diffusion process. These observations enable us to use a Fokker–Planck equation to model the changes in the statistics of turbulent fluctuations throughout the scales. In this context, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the proposed approach in modeling plasma electric field fluctuations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1466
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: polar ionosphere ; electric field turbulence ; Markov processes ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    A Joint Multifractal Approach to Solar Wind Turbulence (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Previous studies have shown that solar wind, a plasma medium with turbulent dynamics, exhibits anomalous scaling features, i.e., intermittency, in the inertial domain. This intermittent nature has primarily been investigated through the study of the scaling features of the structure functions of single quantities. We use a novel approach based on joint multifractal analysis in this study to simultaneously investigate the scaling characteristics of both the magnetic field and the plasma velocity in solar wind turbulence. Specifically, we focus on the joint multifractal behavior of magnetic and velocity field fluctuations in both fast and slow solar wind streams observed by the ESA-Ulysses satellite, with the goal of identifying any differences in their joint multifractal characteristics.
    Description: Published
    Description: 748
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: multifractal analysis ; solar wind ; turbulence ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
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  • 14
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    CSES-01 Electron Density Background Characterisation and Preliminary Investigation of Possible Ne Increase before Global Seismicity (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: In this paper, we provide a characterisation of the ionosphere from April 2018 to September 2022 for 48 investigated months. We used the data of the China Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01), which is a sun-synchronous satellite with five days of revisit time and fixed local time of about 2 a.m. and 2 p.m. The unique orbit of CSES-01 permitted us to produce a monthly background of the ionosphere for night- and daytime with median values acquired during geomagnetic quiet time in equatorial and mid-latitude regions (i.e., between 50° S and 50° N of geographical latitude). We compared the obtained CSES-01 monthly median values with the solar activity in terms of sunspot numbers, and we found a high correlation of 0.89 for nighttime and 0.85 for daytime between the mean sunspot number and the maximum of the characterised CSES-01 Ne map values. In addition, we extracted all the anomalous positive increases in CSES-01 electron density and compared them with the Worldwide M5.5+ shallow earthquakes. We tested two different definitions of anomaly based on median and interquartile range or (mild) outliers. We tried two relationships between anomalies inside Dobrovolsky’s area before the earthquake and the magnitude of the same seismic events: one which considers distance in space and time and a second which only uses the anticipation time of the anomaly before the earthquake. Using both anomaly definitions, we searched the best coefficients for these two laws for mid-latitude and equational regions. We found that the best coefficients are independent of the anomaly definition, but better accuracy (greater than 80%) is obtained for the outlier definition. Finally, using receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we show that CSES-01 increases seem statistically correlated to the incoming seismic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1527
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CSES ; electron density ; earthquake ; ionosphere ; satellite background ; 01.02. Ionosphere ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
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    Unveiling the Core Patterns of High-Latitude Electron Density Distribution at Swarm Altitude (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The ionosphere has distinctive characteristics under different solar and geomagnetic conditions, as well as throughout the seasons, and has a direct impact on our technological life in terms of radio communication and satellite navigation systems. In the pursuit of developing highly accurate ionospheric models and/or improving existing ones, understanding the various physical mechanisms that influence electron density dynamics is critical. In this study, we apply the Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) method to the electron density distribution in the mid-to-high latitude (above 50 ° magnetic latitude) regions in order to identify the dominant scales at which these mechanisms operate. The data were collected by the Swarm mission in the Northern Hemisphere. MEMD allows us to separate the main intrinsic modes and assess their relative contributions to the original one, thereby identifying the most important modes and the spatial scales at which they exert influence. Our study spanned the period from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2021, which was characterized by low solar activity levels. This choice allowed for a more focused investigation of other variables influencing electron density distribution under similar solar activity conditions. We specifically examined the variations of the resulting modes in relation to different seasons and geomagnetic activity conditions, providing valuable insights into the complex behavior of the ionosphere in response to various external factors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4550
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition ; High-Latitude ionosphere ; Electron density ; Swarm satellites ; 01.02. Ionosphere ; 05.06. Methods
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  • 16
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    Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration of the Pockmark Field in the Gulf of Patras: New Insights on Formation, Growth and Activity (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The Patras Gulf Pockmark field is located in shallow waters offshore Patras City (Greece) and is considered one of the most spectacular and best-documented fluid seepage activities in the Ionian Sea. The field has been under investigation since 1996, though surveying was partially sparse and fragmentary. This paper provides a complete mapping of the field and generates new knowledge regarding the fluid escape structures, the fluid pathways, their origin and the link with seismic activity. For this, data sets were acquired utilising high-resolution marine remote sensing techniques, including multibeam echosounders, side-scan sonars, sub-bottom profilers and remotely operated vehicles, and laboratory techniques focusing on the chemical composition of the escaping fluids. The examined morphometric parameters and spatial distribution patterns of the pockmarks are directly linked to tectonic structures. Acoustic anomalies related to the presence of gas in sediments and in the water column document the activity of the field at present and in the past. Methane is the main component of the fluids and is of microbial origin. Regional and local tectonism, together with the Holocene sedimentary deposits, appear to be the main contributors to the growth of the field. The field preserves evidence that earthquake activity prompts the activation of the field.
    Description: Published
    Description: 10449
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 17
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    Combining Ground Penetrating Radar and Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Surveys to Characterize the Structure of the Calderone Glacieret (Gran Sasso d’Italia, Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: Ice is a rich reservoir of past climate information, and the well-documented increasing rate of glacier retreat represents a great loss for paleoclimate studies. In this framework, the Ice Memory project aims to extract and analyze ice cores from glacier regions worldwide and store them in Antarctica as a heritage record for future generations of scientists. Ice coring projects usually require a focused geophysical investigation, often based on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) prospecting to assess the most suitable drilling positions. As a novel approach in the Calderone Glacieret, we integrated the GPR method with Frequency Domain Electromagnetic (FDEM) surveys, a technique not commonly applied in the glacial environment. We used a separated-coils FDEM instrument to characterize the glacieret structure. The acquired FDEM datasets were inverted and compared to the GPR data and borehole information. The results demonstrated the capability of the FDEM technique to define the structure of the glacieret correctly; therefore, the potential to be applied in frozen subsoil environments. This opens new perspectives for the use of the FDEM technique to characterize periglacial environments, such as rock glaciers, where the coarse-blocky surface hinders data acquisition and enhances the problem of signal scattering.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2615
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: FDEM ; EMI ; GPR ; Calderone Glacieret ; cryosphere ; environmental geophysics ; cryosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Urban Seismic Networks: A Worldwide Review (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: Seismic networks in urban areas today represent key infrastructure to better address the tasks of earthquake preparation and mitigation in the pre-event phase, and are an important knowledge tool supporting disaster risk management during seismic crises and post-disaster recovery. In the last fifteen years, a decrease in instrumentation costs and the development of new low-cost devices have enhanced the deployment of several monitoring and experimental networks worldwide. This paper conducts a review of scientific work that refer to the deployment of Urban Seismic Networks (USN) in order to define the current state of the art. We collected a list of more than one hundred USNs worldwide that were operative within the period from 1994–2023. For each USN, we report the locations and objectives along with information about the timing, coverage, geometry, and technical characteristics (sensors and transmission). By reviewing all these aspects, this paper offers important insights to provide guidelines for new implementations, bearing in mind that the interest in monitoring urban areas is expected to continue to increase in the near future driven by population growth in urbanized areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 13165
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    An Overview of Geophysical Techniques and Their Potential Suitability for Archaeological Studies (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: The need to study, protect, and conserve archaeological heritage has enhanced the application of geophysical techniques as non-invasive and reliable tools to investigate fragile and valuable assets. This review presents the most popular geophysical techniques suitable for archaeogeophysical investigations, namely, magnetometry, ground penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity tomography, together with a series of multiparametric measures taken from aerial platforms (UAS). For each method, we recall the basic physical principles, illustrate the operative procedures for field investigation, and provide indications about data processing and modeling. We propose a flowchart to address reliable and effective geophysical investigations, from its planning to the development of the final archaeogeophysical model. We underline the integrated approach, in which the combination of various techniques allows the best results in terms of resolution, coverage, investigation depth, speed, and costs to be obtained. We introduce a suite of studied cases in which this approach has been applied successfully.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2886–2927
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    Editorial for Special Issue “Precise GNSS Positioning and Navigation: Methods, Challenges, and Applications” (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can provide users with high-precision positioning information continuously and benefits all walks of life, e.g., unmanned driving, urban navigation, deformation monitoring, etc. The important scientific research and application value of GNSSs have prompted many countries and regions to develop GNSS technologies. GNSS core positioning technologies, such as Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and Real-Time Kinematic positioning (RTK), can provide decimeter-level or even centimeter-level positioning accuracy in open environments. However, active GNSS positioning technologies are susceptible to complex conditions, including canyon environments, low-cost receivers, and multi-GNSS situations, and, on occasion, cannot provide accurate, continuous, and reliable positioning information. The diversification of GNSS systems and constellations, receiver types, and observation environments puts forward higher requirements for technology and algorithms to maintain high-precision positioning and navigation services. Advanced algorithms are key to solving GNSS practical application problems and expanding the scope of GNSS applications. This Special Issue aims at studies covering improved methods and the latest challenges in precise GNSS positioning and navigation, especially under complex conditions for various research investigations as well as a range of practical applications. Both theoretical and applied research contributions to the GNSS high-precision technology in all disciplines are considered. Topics may cover anything from precise muti-GNSS positioning algorithms and GNSS data processing to more comprehensive targets and scales. Therefore, new algorithms for high-precision positioning and navigation, GNSS receivers, software development for data collection and processing, and their applications in various fields are all included.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2271
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GNSS Positioning ; GNSS Navigation ; Challenges ; Applications
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    Estimation of the Uncertainties Introduced in Thermal Map Mosaic: A Case of Study with PIX4D Mapper Software (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: The aim of this study is to analyse problems related to thermal mapping obtained from thermal data acquired from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) equipped with thermal cameras. We focused on an accurate analysis of uncertainties introduced by the PIX4D Mapper software version 4.4.12 used to obtain the surface temperature maps of thermal images acquired using the UAS. To achieve this aim, we used artificial thermal references during the surveys, as well as natural hot targets, i.e., thermal anomalies in the Pisciarelli hydrothermal system in Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc). Artificial thermal targets, expressly created and designed for this goal, are a prototype here called “developed thermal target” (DTT) created by the drone laboratory at Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia—Osservatorio Vesuviano (INGV-OV).We show the results obtained through three surveys, and during the last two, thermal targets were positioned on land at different flight heights of the UAS. Different heights were also necessary to test the spatial resolution of the DTT with the used thermal camera as well as possible temperature differences between the raw images acquired via UAS with the thermal mapping obtained from the PIX4D Mapper software. In this work, we estimate the uncertainty that may be introduced by the mosaic procedure, and furthermore we find an attenuation of the measured temperatures introduced by the different distances between the thermal anomaly and sensor. These results appear to be of great importance for the subsequent calibration phase of the thermal maps, especially in cases where these methodologies are applied for the purposes of monitoring volcanic/geothermal areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4385
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Detecting Volcanic Thermal Anomalies from Satellite Images (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: The latest generation of high-spatial-resolution satellites produces measurements of high-temperature volcanic features at global scale, which are valuable to monitor volcanic activity. Recent advances in technology and increased computational resources have resulted in an extraordinary amount of monitoring data, which can no longer be so readily examined. Here, we present an automatic detection algorithm based on a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses infrared satellite data to automatically determine the presence of volcanic thermal activity. We exploit the potentiality of the transfer learning technique to retrain a pre-trained SqueezeNet CNN to a new domain. We fine-tune the weights of the network over a new dataset opportunely created with images related to thermal anomalies of different active volcanoes around the world. Furthermore, an ensemble approach is employed to enhance accuracy and robustness when compared to using individual models. We chose a balanced training dataset with two classes, one containing volcanic thermal anomalies (erupting volcanoes) and the other containing no thermal anomalies (non-erupting volcanoes), to differentiate between volcanic scenes with eruptive and non-eruptive activity. We used satellite images acquired in the infrared bands by ESA Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and NASA & USGS Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal InfraRed Sensor (OLI/TIRS). This deep learning approach makes the model capable of identifying the appearance of a volcanic thermal anomaly in the images belonging to the volcanic domain with an overall accuracy of 98.3%, recognizing the scene with active flows and erupting vents (i.e., eruptive activity) and the volcanoes at rest. This model is generalizable, and has the capability to analyze every image captured by these satellites over volcanoes around the world.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3718
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 23
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    Coupling Flank Collapse and Magma Dynamics on Stratovolcanoes: The Mt. Etna Example from InSAR and GNSS Observations (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: Volcano ground deformation is a tricky puzzle in which different phenomena contribute to the surface displacements with different spatial–temporal patterns. We documented some high variable deformation patterns in response to the different volcanic and seismic activities occurring at Mt. Etna through the January 2015–March 2021 period by exploiting an extensive dataset of GNSS and InSAR observations. The most spectacular pattern is the superfast seaward motion of the eastern flank. We also observed that rare flank motion reversal indicates that the short‐term contraction of the volcano occasionally overcomes the gravity‐controlled sliding of the eastern flank. Conversely, fast dike intrusion led to the acceleration of the sliding flank, which could potentially evolve into sudden collapses, fault creep, and seismic release, increasing the hazard. A better comprehension of these interactions can be of relevance for addressing short‐term scenarios, yielding a tentative forecasting of the quantity of magma accumulating within the plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 847
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna Volcano ; SAR interferometry ; GNSS ; flank collapse ; magma intrusion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    InSAR-Based Detection of Subsidence Affecting Infrastructures and Urban Areas in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: The study of deformation signals associated with seismicity in alluvial plain areas is a challenging topic that, however, is increasingly studied thanks to the great aid given by remote sensing techniques that exploit Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. This study focuses on the determination of the deformation field within the Emilia-Romagna Region (northern Italy), in the area comprising Modena, Reggio Emilia, and Parma cities. SAR data acquired along both orbits during the Sentinel-1 and Cosmo-SkyMed satellite missions were processed with the Small Baseline Subset interferometric technique from June 2012, after the serious seismic swarm of May 2012, to January 2022, just before the two earthquakes occurred in February 2022. The results, validated with Global Navigation Satellite System measurements, do not highlight displacements correlated with the seismicity but, thanks to their high spatial resolution, it was possible to discriminate areas affected by noticeable subsidence phenomena: (i) the highly industrialized areas located north of the municipalities of Reggio Emilia and Modena cities and (ii) a sector of the high-speed railway sited north of the Reggio Emilia city centre, close to the Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana station. Here we show that, at least since 2012, the latter area is affected by subsidence which can be related to the secondary consolidation process of the fine soils loaded by the railway embankment. The piezometric level analysis also suggests that the lowering of the groundwater table could accelerate the subsidence rate, affecting the stability of infrastructures in highly populated and industrialized areas
    Description: Published
    Description: 2076-3263
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: InSAR ; subsidence ; Alluvial plain ; Emilia-Romagna
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 webGIS: The Online Platform for Relative Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Scenarios up to 2100 for the Mediterranean Coasts (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: Here we show the SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 web-based geographic information system (webGIS) that supports land planners and decision makers in considering the ongoing impacts of Relative Sea Level Rise (RSLR) when formulating and prioritizing climate-resilient adaptive pathways for the Mediterranean coasts. The webGIS was developed within the framework of the SAVEMEDCOASTS and SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 projects, funded by the European Union, which respond to the need to protect people and assets from natural disasters along the Mediterranean coasts that are vulnerable to the combined effects of Sea Level Rise (SLR) and Vertical Land Movements (VLM). The geospatial data include available or new high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM), bathymetric data, rates of VLM, and multi-temporal coastal flooding scenarios for 2030, 2050, and 2100 with respect to 2021, as a consequence of RSLR. The scenarios are derived from the 5th Assessment Report (AR5) provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and encompass different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) for climate projections. The webGIS reports RSLR scenarios that incorporate the temporary contribution of both the highest astronomical tides (HAT) and storm surges (SS), which intensify risks to the coastal infrastructure, local community, and environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2071
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: land subsidence ; sea level rise ; SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 ; Mediterranean Sea
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: In September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO2 flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO2 flux marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021. These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some areas, soil CO2 degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November, the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the multiple hazards.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1405
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 27
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    Two-Dimensional Geothermal Model of the Peruvian Andes above the Nazca Ridge Subduction (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: The aseismicNazca Ridge produces localized flat-slab subduction beneath the South American margin at latitudes 10 to 15 S. The geological evolution and the spatio-temporal pattern of deformation of the upper plate have been strongly influenced by the presence of the flat slab. In this study, we investigated the lithospheric thermal structure of this region by elaborating a 2D geothermal model along a section across the top of the Nazca Ridge, the Peru–Chile trench, the Andean Cordillera, and the Amazonian Basin, for a total length of 1000 km. For the sake of modelling, the crust of the overriding plate was subdivided into two parts, i.e., a sedimentary cover (including the entire lithostratigraphic sequence) and a crystalline basement. Applying an analytical methodology, we calculated geotherms and isotherms by setting (i) thickness, (ii) density, (iii) heat production, and (iv) thermal conductivity for each geological unit and considering (v) heat flux at theMoho, (vi) frictional heating produced by faults, and (vii) plate convergence rate. The resulting model could make a significant advance in our understanding of how flat slab geometry associated with the Nazca Ridge subduction affects the thermal structure and hence the tectonic evolution of the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7697
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: subduction zones ; slab geometry ; thermal structure ; isotherms
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    Hydrogeochemistry and Isotopic Composition of Waters in the Renella Cave (Central Italy): New Insights into Groundwater Dynamics (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: This article presents data from monthly monitoring carried out on cave and stream waters belonging to the Renella Cave karst system from September 2020 to April 2022. Additionally, old data pertaining to cave waters from previous published work are discussed. The aim is to develop a dataset for future climatic and hydrological studies on the Renella Cave and its surface recharges. Water samples were collected and analyzed for major ions, δ18O and δ2H, on water molecules. The cave sump water level, water temperature, and electrical conductivity were continuously measured and compared to the precipitation data. Additionally, air temperature and pressure inside and outside the cave were also monitored. The classification based on the Piper-Hill diagram indicated that both stream and cave waters belong to the bicarbonate-alkaline earth hydrochemical facies, indicating that their chemism is essentially determined by the dissolution of the Grezzoni Fm. Isotopic data suggest that both stream and cave waters have a meteoric origin, and their variability mainly depends on underground homogenization. Hydrogeochemistry, isotopic composition, and the monitoring data allowed a deeper understanding of the cave karst system, and identified an underground circulation network that is fragmented into independent parts.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1764
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: hydrological monitoring; ; stable isotopes ; karst system; ; Apuan Alps; ; hydrogeochemistry;
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Efficient SOM’s Application to Seismic Fumarolic Tremor for the Detection of Anomalous Hydrothermal Activity in Campi Flegrei Volcano (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-19
    Description: In recent decades, the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) showed unrest characterized by in- creases in seismicity, ground uplift, and hydrothermal activity. Currently, the seismic and hydrother- mal phenomena are mostly concentrated in the Solfatara–Pisciarelli area, which presents a wide fumarolic field and mud emissions. The main fumarole in Pisciarelli is associated with a boiling mud pool. Recently, episodes of a sudden increase in hydrothermal activity and expansion of mud and gas emissions occurred in this area. During these episodes, which occurred in December 2018 and September 2020, Short Duration Events (SDEs), related to the intensity of mud pool boiling, were recorded in the fumarolic seismic tremor. We applied a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) neural network to recognize the occurrence of SDEs in the fumarolic tremor of Campi Flegrei, which provides important information on the state of activity of the hydrothermal system and about the possible phreatic activity. Our method, based on an ad hoc feature extraction procedure, effectively clustered the seismic signals containing SDEs and separated them from those representing the normal fumarolic tremor. This result is useful for improving the monitoring of the Solfatara–Pisciarelli hydrothermal area which is a high-risk zone in Campi Flegrei.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5505
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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    Applications of Ground-Based Infrared Cameras for Remote Sensing of Volcanic Plumes (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-19
    Description: Ground-based infrared cameras can be used effectively and safely to provide quantitative information about small to moderate-sized volcanic eruptions. This study describes an infrared camera that has been used to measure emissions from the Mt. Etna and Stromboli (Sicily, Italy) volcanoes. The camera provides calibrated brightness temperature images in a broadband (8–14 µm) channel that is used to determine height, plume ascent rate and volcanic cloud/plume temperature and emissivity at temporal sampling rates of up to 1 Hz. The camera can be operated in the field using a portable battery and includes a microprocessor, data storage and WiFi. The processing and analyses of the data are described with examples from the field experiments. The updraft speeds of the small eruptions at Stromboli are found to decay with a timescale of ∼10 min and the volcanic plumes reach thermal equilibrium within ∼2 min. A strong eruption of Mt. Etna on 1 April 2021 was found to reach ∼9 km, with ascent speeds of 10–20 ms−1. The plume, mostly composed of the gases CO2, water vapour and SO2, became bent over by the prevailing winds at high levels, demonstrating the need for multiple cameras to accurately infer plume heights.
    Description: Published
    Description: 82
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Modelling Paroxysmal and Mild-Strombolian Eruptive Plumes at Stromboli and Mt. Etna on 28 August 2019 (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-19
    Description: Volcanic eruptions pose a major natural hazard influencing the environment, climate and human beings at different temporal and spatial scales. Nevertheless, several volcanoes worldwide are poorly monitored and assessing the impact of their eruptions remains, in some cases, challenging. Nowadays, different numerical dispersion models are largely employed in order to evaluate the potential effects of volcanic plume dispersion due to the transport of ash and gases. On 28 August 2019, both Mt. Etna and Stromboli had eruptive activity; Mt. Etna was characterised by mild- Strombolian activity at summit craters, while at Stromboli volcano, a paroxysmal event occurred, which interrupted the ordinary typical-steady Strombolian activity. Here, we explore the spatial dispersion of volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas plumes in the atmosphere, at both volcanoes, using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) considering the ground-measured SO2 amounts and the plume-height as time-variable eruptive source parameters. The performance of WRF-Chem was assessed by cross-correlating the simulated SO2 dispersion maps with data retrieved by TROPOMI and OMI sensors. The results show a feasible agreement between the modelled dispersion maps and TROPOMI satellite for both volcanoes, with spatial pattern retrievals and a total mass of dispersed SO2 of the same order of magnitude. Predicted total SO2 mass for Stromboli might be underestimated due to the inhibition from ground to resolve the sin-eruptive SO2 emission due to the extreme ash-rich volcanic plume released during the paroxysm. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a WRF-Chem model with time-variable ESPs in simultaneously reproducing two eruptive plumes with different SO2 emission and their dispersion into the atmosphere. The operational implementation of this method could represent effective support for the assessment of local-to-regional air quality and flight security and, in case of particularly intense events, also on a global scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5727
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Lessons Learnt from Monitoring the Etna Volcano Using an IoT Sensor Network through a Period of Intense Eruptive Activity (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-11
    Description: This paper describes the successes and failures after 4 years of continuous operation of a network of sensors, communicating nodes, and gateways deployed on the Etna Volcano in Sicily since 2019, including a period of Etna intense volcanic activity that occurred in 2021 and resulted in over 60 paroxysms. It documents how the installation of gateways at medium altitude allowed for data collection from sensors up to the summit craters. Most of the sensors left on the volcanic edifice during winters and during this period of intense volcanic activity were destroyed, but the whole gateway infrastructure remained fully operational, allowing for a very fruitful new field campaign two years later, in August 2023. Our experience has shown that the best strategy for IoT deployment on very active and/or high-altitude volcanoes like Etna is to permanently install gateways in areas where they are protected both from meteorological and volcanic hazards, that is mainly at the foot of the volcanic edifice, and to deploy temporary sensors and communicating nodes in the more exposed areas during field trips or in the summer season.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1577
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: wireless sensor networks ; wireless sensor networks ; LoRaWAN ; IoT
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    Unraveling the Seismic Source in Archaeoseismology: A Combined Approach on Local Site Effects and Geochemical Data Integration (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-12
    Description: Archaeoseismological research often deals with two unresolved questions: the magnitude and level of damage caused by past earthquakes, and the precise location of the seismic source. We propose a comprehensive review of an integrated approach that combines site effects with the analysis of geochemical data in the field of archaeoseismology. This approach aims to identify active buried faults potentially related to the causative seismic source and provide insights into earthquake parameters. For each integrated method, we report the foundational principles, delineation of theoretical field procedures, and exemplification through two case studies. Site effects analysis in archaeoseismology assumes a pivotal role in unraveling historical seismic occurrences. It enables estimating the earthquake magnitude, assessing the seismotectonic patterns, and determining the resulting damage level. Valuable data related to earthquake parameters can be extracted by analyzing vibration frequencies and acceleration measurements from structures within archaeological sites. This information is instrumental in characterizing seismic events, evaluating their impact on ancient structures, and enhancing our understanding of earthquake hazards within the archaeological context. Geochemical investigations supply indispensable tools for identifying buried active faults. The analysis of fluids and gases vented in proximity to faults yields valuable insights into their nature, activity, and underlying mechanisms. Faults often manifest distinctive geochemical imprints, enabling the differentiation between tectonically active and volcanically related fault systems. The presence of specific gases can further serve as indicators of the environmental conditions surrounding these fault networks. Integrating site effects analysis and geochemical investigations within archaeoseismological research is crucial to improving our understanding of unknown past earthquakes. Moreover, it enhances the seismic hazard assessment of the region under study.
    Description: Published
    Description: 427-447
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: archaeoseismology ; local site effects ; earthquake parameters ; geochemical investigation ; buried active fault
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    New Concept of Smart UAS-GCP: A Tool for Precise Positioning in Remote-Sensing Applications (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Today, ground control points (GCPs) represent indispensable tools for products’ georeferencing in all the techniques concerning remote sensing (RS), particularly in monitoring activities from unmanned aircraft system (UAS) platforms. This work introduces an innovative tool, smart GCPs, which combines different georeferencing procedures, offering a range of advantages. It can serve three fundamental purposes concurrently: (1) as a drone takeoff platform; (2) as a base station, allowing the acquisition of raw global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data for post-processed kinematic (PPK) surveys or by providing real-time GNSS corrections for precision positioning; (3) as a rover in the network real-time kinematic (NRTK) mode, establishing its position in real time with centimetric precision. The prototype has undergone testing in a dedicated study area, yielding good results for all three geodetic correction techniques: PPK, RTK, and GCP, achieving centimeter-level accuracy. Nowadays, this versatile prototype represents a unique external instrument, which is also easily transportable and able to connect to the GNSS RING network, obtaining real-time positioning corrections for a wide range of applications that require precise positioning. This capability is essential for environmental applications that require a multitemporal UAS-based study. When the real-time RING data are accessible to the scientific community operating in RS surveying, this work could be a helpful guide for researchers approaching such investigations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 123
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 35
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    Tracing Magma Migration at Mt. Etna Volcano during 2006–2020, Coupling Remote Sensing of Crater Gas Emissions and Ground Measurement of Soil Gases (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The geochemical monitoring of volcanic activity today relies largely on remote sensing, but the combination of this approach together with soil gas monitoring, using the appropriate parameters, is still not widely used. The main purpose of this study was to correlate data from crater gas emissions with flank emissions of soil gases at Mt. Etna volcano from June 2006 to December 2020. Crater SO2 fluxes were measured from fixed stations around the volcano using the DOAS technique and applying a modeled clear-sky spectrum. The SO2/HCl ratio in the crater plume was measured with the OP-FTIR technique from a transportable instrument, using the sun as an IR source. Soil CO2 efflux coupled with the 220Rn/222Rn activity ratio in soil gases (named SGDI) were measured at a fixed monitoring site on the east flank of Etna. All signals acquired were subject both to spectral analysis and to filtering of the periodic signals discovered. All filtered signals revealed changes that were nicely correlated both with other geophysical signals and with volcanic eruptions during the study period. Time lags between parameters were explained in terms of different modes of magma migration and storage inside the volcano before eruptions. A comprehensive dynamic degassing model is presented that allows for a better understanding of magma dynamics in an open-conduit volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1122
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mt. Etna crater ; SO2 flux ; halogen fluxes ; soil radon ; soil CO2 flux ; eruptive activity ; magma degassing ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 36
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    Relative Sea-Level Rise Projections and Flooding Scenarios for 2150 CE for the Island of Ustica (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The island of Ustica (Italy) is constantly exposed to the effects of sea-level rise, which is threatening its coastal zone. With the aim of assessing the sea levels that are anticipated by 2150 CE under the climatic projections shown in the AR6 report from the IPCC, a detailed evaluation of potential coastal flooding under different climatic scenarios and the ongoing land subsidence has been carried out for three coastal zones. Scenarios are based on the determination of the current coastline position, a high-resolution digital terrain and marine model, and the SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 climatic projections. Relative sea-level rise projections allowed the mapping of the potential inundated surfaces for 2030, 2050, 2100, and 2150. The results show rising sea levels for 2150, ranging from a minimum of 66 ± 40 cm (IPCC AR6 SSP2.6 scenario) to a maximum of 128 ± 52 cm (IPCC AR6 SSP8.5 scenario). In such conditions, considering the SSP8.5 scenario during storm surges with return times (RTs) of 1 and 100 years, the expected maximum wave run-up along the island may vary from 3 m (RT = 1) to 14 m (RT = 100), according to the coastal morphology. Our results show that adaptation and mitigation actions are required to protect the touristic and harbor installations of the island.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2013
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Present-Day Surface Deformation in North-East Italy Using InSAR and GNSS Data (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Geodetic data can detect and estimate deformation signals and rates due to natural and anthropogenic phenomena. In the present study, we focus on northeastern Italy, an area characterized by ~1.5–3 mm/yr of convergence rates due to the collision of Adria-Eurasia plates and active subsidence along the coasts. To define the rates and trends of tectonic and subsidence signals, we use a Multi-Temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) approach called the Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS), which is based on the detection of coherent and temporally stable pixels in a stack of single-master differential interferograms. We use Sentinel-1 SAR images along ascending and descending orbits spanning the 2015–2019 temporal interval as inputs for Persistent Scatterers InSAR (PSI) processing. We apply spatial-temporal filters and post-processing steps to reduce unrealistic results. Finally, we calibrate InSAR measurements using GNSS velocities derived from permanent stations available in the study area. Our results consist of mean ground velocity maps showing the displacement rates along the radar Line-Of-Sight for each satellite track, from which we estimate the east–west and vertical velocity components. Our results provide a detailed and original view of active vertical and horizontal displacement rates over the whole region, allowing the detection of spatial velocity gradients, which are particularly relevant to a better understanding of the seismogenic potential of the area. As regards the subsidence along the coasts, our measurements confirm the correlation between subsidence and the geological setting of the study area, with rates of ~2–4 mm/yr between the Venezia and Marano lagoons, and lower than 1 mm/yr near Grado.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1704
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 38
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    Ostracod and Foraminifer Responses to Late Pleistocene–Holocene Volcanic Activity in Northern Victoria Land as Recorded in Ross Sea (Antarctica) Marine Sediments (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The impacts on ostracods and foraminifers caused by three Late Quaternary ashfalls of different intensities and recovered in the ANTA02-NW2 core sediments (Drygalski Basin, western Ross Sea) were analysed for the first time. Albeit with different timing, both associations demonstrated similar response patterns associated with the deposition of material from volcanic eruptions. In particular, based on the palaeontological evidence, it was possible to divide the cores into four intervals/phases recording the evolution of the ecosystem before and after the deposition events: (1) Pre-extinction phase (high abundance and high diversity values). (2) Extinction phase, characterised by the complete disappearance of ostracod fauna; the foraminiferal assemblage, although not entirely absent, records extremely low values of abundance and diversity (survivor assemblage). (3) Recovery phase (increasing abundance and diversity values), characterised by the recolonisation of some opportunistic taxa; species such as Australicythere devexa and Australicythere polylyca dominate the ostracod assemblage. (4) Post-extinction phase (high abundance and high diversity values), with the return to an environmental equilibrium characterised by the colonisation of specialised taxa such as Argilloecia sp., Cytheropteron sp., Echinocythereis sp., and Hemicytherura spp. Our results may aid in the understanding of how communities (i.e., ostracods and foraminifers) recovered after the impact of direct deposits of volcanic ash into ocean waters. The mechanisms by which disappearance and/or mortality was induced are still not clear. The release of toxic metals during the reaction of the volcanic ash with seawater, the resulting chemical alteration in the seawater, and the change in pH, together with the possible suppression of planktonic organisms, may have caused the two main extinction phases recorded by the ANTA02-NW2 core sediments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 35
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: ostracods ; Drygalski Basin ; western Ross Sea shelf ; volcanic ashfalls ; ecosystem evolution ; foraminifers
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    Data Fusion for Satellite-Derived Earth Surface: The 2021 Topographic Map of Etna Volcano (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: We present a new automatic procedure for updating digital topographic data from multi-source satellite imagery, which consists in the production of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) from high resolution optical satellite images, followed by a context-aware fusion that exploits the complementary characteristics of the multi-source DSMs. The fused DSM minimizes blunders and artifacts due to occlusions (e.g., the presence of clouds, snow or ash plumes) in the source images, resulting in improved accuracy and quality versus those that are not merged. The procedure has been tested to produce the 2021 digital topography of Mt Etna, whose summit area is constantly changing and shows the new peak of 3347 m on the north rim of the South East Crater. We also employ the 2021 DSM to measure the volcanic deposits emplaced in the last five years, finding about 120 million cubic meters, with a yearly average volume of about 24 million cubic meters in agreement with the large eruptive rates registered at Mt Etna since the nineteen seventies. The flexibility and modularity of the presented procedure make it easily exportable to other environmental contexts, allowing for a fast and frequent reconstruction of topographic surfaces even in extreme environments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 198
    Description: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 40
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    Multi-Satellite Detection of Long-Range Transport and Transformation of Atmospheric Emissions from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Large volumes of atmospheric pollutants injected into the troposphere and stratosphere from volcanic eruptions can exert significant influence on global climate. Through utilizing multisatellite observations, we present a large-scale insight into the long-range transport and transformation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption on 15 January 2022. We found that the transport of volcanic emissions, along with the transformation from SO2 to sulfate aerosols, lasted for two months after the Tongan eruption. The emitted volume of SO2 from the volcano eruption was approximately 183 kilotons (kt). Both satellite observation and numerical simulation results show that the SO2 and volcanic ash plumes moved westward at a rate of one thousand kilometers per day across the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions and that SO2 transformation in the atmosphere lasted for half a month. The transport and enhancement of aerosols is related to the conversion of SO2 to sulfate. CALIPSO lidar observations show that SO2 reached an altitude of 25–30 km and transformed into sulfate in the stratosphere after 29 January. Sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere deceased gradually with transport and fell back to the background level after two months. Our study shows that satellite observations give a good characterization of volcanic emissions, transport, and SO2-sulfate conversion, which can provide an essential constraint for climate modeling.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2661
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 41
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    What Is the Effect of Seismic Swarms on Short-Term Seismic Hazard and Gutenberg-Richter b-Value Temporal Variation? Examples from Central Italy, October–November 2023 (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: A seismic hazard can be quantified by using probabilities. Modern seismic forecasting models (e.g., Operational Earthquake Forecasting systems) allow us to quantify the short-term variations in such probabilities. Indeed these probabilities change with time and space, in particular after strong seismic events. However, the short-term seismic hazard could also change during seismic swarms, i.e., a sequence with several small-/medium-sized events. The goal of this work is to quantify these changes, using the Italian Operational Earthquake Forecasting system, and also estimate the variations in the Gutenberg–Richter b-value. We focus our attention on three seismic swarms that occurred in Central Italy in October–November 2023. Our results indicate that short-term variations in seismic hazard are limited, less than an order of magnitude, and also that b-value variations are not significant. Placing our findings in a more general context, we can state that according to currently available models and catalogs, the occurrence of seismic swarms does not significantly affect the short-term seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 49
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 42
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    Mid- and High-Latitude Electron Temperature Dependence on Solar Activity in the Topside Ionosphere through the Swarm B Satellite Observations and the International Reference Ionosphere Model (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: This study focuses on the open question of the electron temperature (Te) variation with solar activity in the topside ionosphere at mid- and high latitudes. It takes advantage of in situ observations taken over a decade (2014–2023) from Langmuir probes on board the low-Earth-orbit Swarm B satellite and spanning an altitude range of 500–530 km. The study also includes a comparison with Te values modeled using the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model and with Millstone Hill (42.6° N. 71.5° W) incoherent scatter radar observations. The largest Te variation with solar activity was found at high latitudes in the winter season, where Te shows a marked decreasing trend with solar activity in the polar cusp and auroral regions and, more importantly, at sub-auroral latitudes in the nightside sector. Differently, in the summer season, Te increases with solar activity in the polar cusp and auroral regions, while for equinoxes, variations are smaller and less clear. Mid-latitudes generally show negligible Te variations with solar activity, which are mostly within the natural dispersion of Te observations. The comparison between measured and modeled values highlighted that future implementations of the IRI model would benefit from an improved description of the Te dependence on solar activity, especially at high latitudes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 490
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 01.02. Ionosphere
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  • 43
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    Natural Frequencies of Diatom Shells: Alteration of Eigenfrequencies Using Structural Patterns Inspired by Diatoms (2024)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Biomimetics, MDPI, 9(2), pp. 85-85, ISSN: 2313-7673
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Diatoms have delicate and complex shells showing different lightweight design principles that have already been applied to technical products improving the mechanical properties. In addition, diatom inspired structures are expected to significantly affect the vibration characteristics, i.e., the eigenfrequencies. Directed eigenfrequency shifts are of great interest for many technical applications to prevent undesired high vibration amplitudes. Therefore, numerous complex diatom inspired dome structures primarily based on combs, ribs, and bulging patterns were constructed and their eigenfrequencies were numerically studied. Different structural patterns were identified to significantly affect eigenfrequencies. The results were compared to dome structures equipped with rib patterns in combination with a common structural optimization tool. The study indicates that a combination of (1) selecting diatom inspired structural patterns that strongly affect eigenfrequencies, and (2) adapting them to the boundary conditions of the technical problem is an efficient method to design diatom inspired lightweight solutions with high eigenfrequencies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 44
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    Exploring Convolutional Neural Networks for the Thermal Image Classification of Volcanic Activity (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: This paper addresses the classification of images depicting the eruptive activity of Mount Etna, captured by a network of ground-based thermal cameras. The proposed approach utilizes Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), focusing on pretrained models. Eight popular pretrained neural networks underwent systematic evaluation, revealing their effectiveness in addressing the classification problem. The experimental results demonstrated that, following a retraining phase with a limited dataset, specific networks such as VGG-16 and AlexNet, achieved an impressive total accuracy of approximately 90%. Notably, VGG-16 and AlexNet emerged as practical choices, exhibiting individual class accuracies exceeding 90%. The case study emphasized the pivotal role of transfer learning, as attempts to solve the classification problem without pretrained networks resulted in unsatisfactory outcomes.
    Description: Supported by Italian Research Center on High Performance Computing Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC), project funded by European Union—NextGenerationEU—and National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)—Mission 4 Component 2 within the activities of Spoke 3 (Astrophysics and Cosmos Observations). Sonia Calvari also acknowledges the financial support of the Project FIRST ForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano (Delibera n. 144/2020; Scientific Responsibility: S.C.) Vulcani 2019.
    Description: Published
    Description: 124-137
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna Volcano ; Lava Fountains ; classification of events ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 45
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    Editorial of Special Issue “Unconventional Drone-Based Surveying” (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), as well as unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) or unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), later on simply called drones, have reached a sufficient degree of maturity to allow their use for various purposes. Drones are used in remote sensing, in particular in geological mapping and architectural surveying. New applications continually appear; among them, disaster management, precision agriculture, weather forecast, wildlife monitoring, search and rescue, law enforcement, shipping and delivery, and also entertainment, with different type of sensors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 175
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 46
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    Is Sea Level Rise a Known Threat? A Discussion Based on an Online Survey (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: Since the last century, global warming has been triggering sea level rise at an unprecedented rate. In the worst case climate scenario, sea level could rise by up to 1.1 m above the current level, causing coastal inundation and cascading effects, thus affecting about one billion people around the world. Though widespread and threatening, the phenomenon is not well known to citizens as it is often overshadowed by other effects of global warming. Here, we show the results of an online survey carried out in 2020–2021 to understand the level of citizens’ knowledge on sea level rise including causes, effects, exacerbation in response to land subsidence and best practice towards mitigation and adaptation. The most important result of the survey is that citizens believe that it is up to governments to take action to cope with the effects of rising sea levels or mitigate the rise itself. This occurs despite the survey showing that they actually know what individuals can do and that a failure to act poses a threat to society. Gaps and preconceptions need to be eradicated by strengthening the collaboration between scientists and schools to improve knowledge, empowering our society.
    Description: Published
    Description: 367–379
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 47
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    An Update of the NeQuick-Corr Topside Ionosphere Modeling Based on New Datasets (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: A new analytical formula for H0, one of the three parameters (H0, g, and r) on which the NeQuick model is based to describe the altitude profile of the electron density above the F2-layer peak height hmF2, has recently been proposed. This new analytical representation of H0, called H0,corr, relies on numerical grids based on two different types of datasets. On one side, electron density observations by the Swarm satellites over Europe from December 2013 to September 2018, and on the other side, IRI UP (International Reference Ionosphere UPdate) maps over Europe of the critical frequency of the ordinary mode of propagation associated with the F2 layer, foF2, and hmF2, at 15 min cadence for the same period. The new NeQuick topside representation based on H0,corr, hereafter referred to as NeQuick-corr, improved the original NeQuick topside representation. This work updates the numerical grids of H0,corr by extending the underlying Swarm and IRI UP datasets until December 2021, thus allowing coverage of low solar activity levels, as well. Moreover, concerning Swarm, besides the original dataset, the calibrated one is considered, and corresponding grids of H0,corr calculated. At the same time, the role of g is investigated, by considering values different from the reference one, equal to 0.125, currently adopted. To understand what are the best H0,corr grids to be considered for the NeQuick-corr topside representation, vertical total electron content data for low, middle, and high latitudes, recorded from five low-Earth-orbit satellite missions (COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3, GRACE, METOP, TerraSAR-X, and Swarm) have been analyzed. The updated H0,corr grids based on the original Swarm dataset with a value for g = 0.15, and the updated H0,corr grids based on the calibrated Swarm dataset with a value for g = 0.14, are those for which the best results are obtained. The results show that the performance of the different NeQuick-corr models is reliable also for low latitudes, even though these are outside the spatial domain for which the H0,corr grids were obtained, and are dependent on solar activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 498
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 48
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    IMD: A Dating Code to Facilitate the Study of Transient Phenomena on the Surface of Mars (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: See also the related software "INGV Martian Dating (IMD) applications": http://hdl.handle.net/2122/16819
    Description: Today, we have satellite images of Mars with a resolution of up to 24 cm per pixel. The planet has a thin atmosphere compared to Earth’s, but its surface is revealing itself to be active and complex. The use of images is an increasingly precise means of investigation for the study of transient phenomena that occur on the surface of the planet. We have developed a dating code that could be useful in the study of such phenomena. Thanks to this dating code, it is possible to immediately understand what season is in progress in the observed area starting from the terrestrial reference date of the photos taken by the orbiters. Some intermediate parameters of this calculation, such as the Martian year and the day of the year, can be equally useful for similar investigations. Satellite study of transient phenomena observable on the surface of Mars can range from geology (wind erosion and sedimentation) to meteorology (wind and phase transitions) to indigenous or non-indigenous biology.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mars ; calendar ; seasons ; day of year ; transient phenomena ; surface changes ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
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  • 49
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    Environmental Reconstruction from the Identification of Magnetic Minerals in the Upper Sedimentary Infill of the Gran Dolina Cave (Burgos, Spain) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
    Description: The cave system in the Sierra de Atapuerca holds one of the most important archaeological sites for the understanding of early human occupation in Europe. Among the different cavities and galleries, the Gran Dolina cave yielded a new hominin species coined as Homo antecessor of an Early Pleistocene age. Encouraged by our previous results in Gran Dolina, we carried out a study to extend and deepen our rockmagnetic investigation of the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the upper Gran Dolina cave based on experiments that include composition, relative concentration, and grain size of the magnetic iron oxides present in the sediments. Based on the rockmagnetic experiments, we identified magnetite, hematite, goethite, and possibly maghemite in changeable amounts along the profile, which allows us to complement the existing shortage in the literature on the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the site. We tentatively interpret the rockmagnetic changes recorded in the cave sediments in terms of glacial/interglacial conditions, furnishing the base for a better understanding for the formation conditions of this unprecedented archaeological site.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4580
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: environmental magnetism ; rockmagnetic analysis ; cave ; Sierra de Atapuerca ; magnetic minerals
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    Landslide Mapping in Calitri (Southern Italy) Using New Multi-Temporal InSAR Algorithms Based on Permanent and Distributed Scatterers (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-06
    Description: MDPI Open Access Journals search menu Journals Remote Sensing Volume 16 Issue 9 10.3390/rs16091610 Download PDFsettingsOrder Article Reprints This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon. Open AccessArticle Landslide Mapping in Calitri (Southern Italy) Using New Multi-Temporal InSAR Algorithms Based on Permanent and Distributed Scatterers by Nicola Angelo Famiglietti 1ORCID,Pietro Miele 1,*ORCID,Marco Defilippi 2,Alessio Cantone 2,Paolo Riccardi 2,Giulia Tessari 2 andAnnamaria Vicari 1ORCID 1 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Irpinia, 83035 Grottaminarda, Italy 2 SarmapSA, 6987 Caslano, Switzerland * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091610 Submission received: 20 March 2024 / Revised: 23 April 2024 / Accepted: 28 April 2024 / Published: 30 April 2024 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslide Inventory Mapping and Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Techniques) Downloadkeyboard_arrow_down Versions Notes Abstract Landslides play a significant role in the morpho-evolutional processes of slopes, affecting them globally under various geological conditions. Often unnoticed due to low velocities, they cause diffuse damage and loss of economic resources to the infrastructure or villages built on them. Recognizing and mapping mass movements is crucial for mitigating economic and social impacts. Conventional monitoring techniques prove challenging for large areas, necessitating resource-intensive ground-based networks. Leveraging abundant synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors, satellite techniques offer cost-effective solutions. Among the various methods based on SAR products for detecting landslides, multi-temporal differential interferometry SAR techniques (MTInSAR) stand out for their precise measurement capabilities and spatiotemporal evolution analysis. They have been widely used in several works in the last decades. Using information from the official Italian landslide database (IFFI), this study employs Sentinel-1 imagery and two new processing chains, E-PS and E-SBAS algorithms, to detect deformation areas on the slopes of Calitri, a small town in Southern Italy; these algorithms assess the cumulated displacements and their state of activity. Taking into account the non-linear trends of the scatterers, these innovative algorithms have helped to identify a dozen clusters of points that correspond well with IFFI polygons.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1610
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Boreal (Eemian) Transgression in the Northeastern White Sea Region: Multiproxy Evidence from Bychye-2 Section (2024)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary, MDPI, 7(1), pp. 3-3, ISSN: 2571-550X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Reconstructing interglacial marine environments helps us understand the climate change mechanisms of the past. To contribute to this body of knowledge, we studied a high-resolution 455 cm-thick sediment sequence of the Boreal (Eemian) marine beds directly overlying Moscovian (Saalian) moraine in the Bychye-2 section on the Pyoza River. We analyzed lithological and microfossil (foraminifers, ostracods, pollen, aquatic palynomorphs) variations at the studied site. Stratigraphical zonation is based on the local and well-established regional pollen zones, correlated with the western European pollen zones. The studied marine beds accumulated from the end of the Moscovian glacial (>131 ka) until ca. 119.5 ka. We distinguished three successive phases: a seasonally sea-ice-covered, relatively deep, freshened basin in the initial rapid flooding stage (>131–130.5 ka); a deep basin in the maximum flooding phase with less extensive sea ice cover (130.5–130.25 ka); and a shallow basin with reduced sea ice cover (130.25–119.5 ka). According to a pollen zone comparison with other sites, the regional glacioisostatic rebound started ca. 130 ka. The diverse warm-water assemblages of benthic foraminifers and ostracods containing typical Baltic Sea species occurred during the regression, mainly 128–124 ka, thus giving evidence for a relatively long-lasting connection between the White and Baltic Seas.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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    Diatom-Inspired Structural Adaptation According to Mode Shapes: A Study on 3D Structures and Software Tools (2024)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Biomimetics, MDPI, 9(4), pp. 241-241, ISSN: 2313-7673
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Diatoms captivate both biologists and engineers with their remarkable mechanical properties and lightweight design principles inherent in their shells. Recent studies have indicated that diatom frustules possess optimized shapes that align with vibrational modes, suggesting an inherent adaptation to vibratory loads. The mode shape adaptation method is known to significantly alter eigenfrequencies of 1D and 2D structures to prevent undesired vibration amplitudes. Leveraging this insight, the diatom-inspired approach to deform structures according to mode shapes was extended to different complex 3D structures, demonstrating a significant enhancement in eigenfrequencies with distinct mode shapes. Through extensive parameter studies, frequency increases exceeding 200% were obtained, showcasing the method’s effectiveness. In the second study part, the studied method was integrated into a user-friendly, low-code software facilitating swift and automated structural adjustments for eigenfrequency optimization. The created software tools, encompassing various components, were successfully tested on the example structures demonstrating the versatility and practicality of implementing biomimetic strategies in engineering designs. Thus, the present investigation does not only highlight the noteworthiness of the structural adaptation method inspired by diatoms in maximizing eigenfrequencies, but also originate software tools permitting different users to easily apply the method to distinct structures that have to be optimized, e.g., lightweight structures in the mobility or aerospace industry that are susceptible toward vibrations.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Something Still Remains: Factors Affecting Tsunami Risk Perception on the Coasts Hit by the Reggio Calabria-Messina 1908 Event (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Mediterranean coasts are prone to tsunamis due to high seismicity in some well-known areas near plate margins. However, tsunamis have a low frequency of occurrence despite having highly destructive potential. The low frequency of occurrence and historicity of the most destructive events lead to minimizing or neglecting this risk. Past research identified socio-demographic and spatial factors that may affect tsunami risk perception. This research is based on CATI survey (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) to a sample of 5842 respondents designed to investigate whether and how risk perception and risk knowledge were affected by a major event such as the 1908 Reggio Calabria Messina tsunami, by making a comparison between areas hit by that event and unaffected areas, also providing some explanatory hypotheses. Despite differences between Calabria and Sicily, data show higher levels of tsunami risk perception in the area affected by the 1908 event, along with a major role of interpersonal sources, playing a relevant role in information gathering and understanding. Research also suggests the need to better integrate different sources of knowledge to improve people’s understanding so as to effectively cope with tsunami risk.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2787
    Description: OS: Terza missione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: tsunami ; risk communication ; risk perception ; local knowledge ; media ; scientific communication ; messina ; reggio calabria ; 05.08. Risk
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    Is the Mesochori Fault a Key Structure for Understanding the Earthquake Activity during the 2021 Damasi Earthquakes in Northern Thessaly, Greece? (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: On 3 March 2021, an important seismic sequence started in northern Thessaly, Greece. The Damasi Seismic Sequence (DSS) deformed the western sector of the Tyrnavos Graben, which includes a major blind normal fault and the Titarisios River Graben (TRG). In this contribution, we provide fieldwork observations across the TRG and satellite radar interferometry of the faults controlling the graben. In addition, we provide a map of the active faults exposed in the TRG and palaeoseismological analyses of the Mesochori Fault, which together contribute to unravelling the seismic history of the area. DInSAR provides clear evidence of the Mesochori Fault surface rupture during the main shocks, while our palaeoseismological analyses document a long seismic history of the fault, with a mean recurrence interval of 1.0–1.5 ka and a mean slip per event of ~15 cm for the last four events reactivating the scarp. Quantitative geomorphological analyses based on real-time kinematic (RTK) measurements with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers and data from UAV flight campaigns also provide evidence of postseismic activity across the Mesochori Fault. Based on these results showing that (at least) the Mesochori Fault has been reactivated several times in the latest Quaternary the seismotectonics of the TRG are discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 331
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Damasi earthquakes ; DInSAR ; coseismic and postseismic deformation ; palaeoseismology ; north Thessaly ; Greece
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  • 55
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    Bouguer Anomaly Re-Reduction and Interpretative Remarks of the Phlegraean Fields Caldera Structures (Southern Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Phlegraean Fields is a large, active caldera located in the densely populated westernmost sector of Naples’s Bay (Southern Italy). Several Bouguer anomaly surveys are available for this area with different resolution and accuracy; gravity data derive from the integration of stations placed below and above the sea level as the caldera develops both onshore and offshore. The comparison of these maps with the Digital Elevation Model shows a still remaining Terrain Effect hiding the shallower and deep caldera structure’s signal. This effect has an impact on the modelling of the gravity source’s depth and geometry. In this research, we apply a geologically constrained terrain correction method to the higher resolution Free Air dataset available for the study area to enhance the complete Bouguer reduction. The correlation analysis between the residual and the topography allows us to assess the quality of the outcomes. The results represent an improvement in the anomalies’ isolation and clearly show a continuous circular-like clustering of maxima related to the geometry of the caldera rim. The minima are associated with volcano-tectonic depression filled with pyroclastic and sediment. Furthermore, features alignments overlap the fault systems, along which the volcanic activity occurred.
    Description: Published
    Description: 209
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: phlegraean fields; bouguer anomaly; gravimetric terrain correction; phlegraean fields ; Phlegraean Fields Bouguer Anomalies
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  • 56
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    Sea Tide Influence on Ice Flow of David Drygalski’s Ice Tongue Inferred from Geodetic GNSS Observations and SAR Offset Tracking Analysis (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: David Glacier and Drygalski Ice Tongue are massive glaciers in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The ice from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained through the former, and then discharged into the western Ross Sea through the latter. David Drygalski is the largest outlet glacier in Northern Victoria Land, floating kilometers out to sea. The floating and grounded part of the David Glacier are the main focus of this article. During the XXI Italian Antarctic Expedition (2005–2006), within the framework of the National Antarctic Research Programme (PNRA), two GNSS stations were installed at different points: the first close to the grounding line of David Glacier, and the second approximately 40 km downstream of the first one. Simultaneous data logging was performed by both GNSS stations for 24 days. In the latest data processing, the kinematic PPP technique was adopted to evaluate the dominant diurnal components and the very small semi-diurnal variations in ice motion induced by the ocean tide and the mean ice flow rates of both GNSS stations. Comparison of the GNSS time series with predicted ocean tide calculated from harmonic coefficients of the nearest tide gauge stations, installed at Cape Roberts and Mario Zucchelli Station, highlight different local response of the glacier to ocean tide, with a minor amplitude of vertical motion at a point partially anchored at the bedrock close to the grounding line. During low tide, the velocity of the ice flow reaches its daily maximum, in accordance with the direction of seawater outflow from the fjord into the ocean, while the greatest daily tidal excursion generates an increase in the horizontal ice flow velocity. With the aim to extend the analysis in spatial terms, five COSMO-SkyMED Stripmap scenes were processed. The comparison of the co-registered offset tracking rates, obtained from SAR images, with the GNSS estimation shows good agreement.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2037
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Antarctic glaciology; kinematic precise point positioning; GNSS time series; ice dynamics; synthetic aperture radar; COSMO-SkyMed
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    The Status of Space Weather Infrastructure and Research in Africa (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Space weather science has been a growing field in Africa since 2007. This growth in infrastructure and human capital development has been accompanied by the deployment of ground-based observing infrastructure, most of which was donated by foreign institutions or installed and operated by foreign establishments. However, some of this equipment is no longer operational due to several factors, which are examined in this paper. It was observed that there are considerable gaps in ground-based space-weather-observing infrastructure in many African countries, a situation that hampers the data acquisition necessary for space weather research, hence limiting possible development of space weather products and services that could help address socio-economic challenges. This paper presents the current status of space weather science in Africa from the point of view of some key leaders in this field, focusing on infrastructure, situation, human capital development, and the research landscape.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1791
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; Space Weather ; Infrastructure ; 01.02. Ionosphere ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
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    Airspace Contamination by Volcanic Ash from Sequences of Etna Paroxysms: Coupling the WRF-Chem Dispersion Model with Near-Source L-Band Radar Observations (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Volcanic emissions (ash, gas, aerosols) dispersed in the atmosphere during explosive eruptions generate hazards affecting aviation, human health, air quality, and the environment. We document for the first time the contamination of airspace by very fine volcanic ash due to sequences of transient ash plumes from Mount Etna. The atmospheric dispersal of sub-10 m (PM10) ash is modelled using the WRF-Chem model, coupled online with meteorology and aerosols and offline with mass eruption rates (MERs) derived from near-vent Doppler radar measurements and inferred plume altitudes. We analyze two sequences of paroxysms with widely varied volcanological conditions and contrasted meteorological synoptic patterns in October–December 2013 and on 3–5 December 2015. We analyze the PM10 ash dispersal simulation maps in terms of time-averaged columnar ash density, concentration at specified flight levels averaged over the entire sequence interval, and daily average concentration during selected paroxysm days at these flight levels. The very fine ash from such eruption sequences is shown to easily contaminate the airspace around the volcano within a radius of about 1000 km in a matter of a few days. Synoptic patterns with relatively weak tropospheric currents lead to the accumulation of PM10 ash at a regional scale all around Etna. In this context, closely interspersed paroxysms tend to accumulate very fine ash more diffusively at a lower troposphere and in stretched ash clouds higher up in the troposphere. Low-pressure, high-winds weather systems tend to stretch ash clouds into ~100 km wide clouds, forming large-scale vortices 800–1600 km in diameter. Daily average PM10 ash concentrations commonly exceed the aviation hazard threshold, up to 1000 km downwind from the volcano and up to the upper troposphere for intense paroxysms. Vertical distributions show ash cloud thicknesses in the range 0.7–3 km, and PM10 sometimes stagnates at ground level, which represent a potential health hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3760
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: WRF-Chem model ; Mount Etna; ; VOLDORAD-2B Doppler radar ; volcanic ash cloud; ; aviation hazards
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    Obsidian Artifacts from Multiple Sources and Subsources at Valdesi in Western Sicily (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Forty-two obsidian artifacts excavated at the site of Valdesi in western Sicily were analyzed to determine their geological sources and to reconstruct trade patterns. Non-destructive analysis was performed using a portable, non-destructive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, with the calibrated element’s composition values compared directly with a dataset of geological samples from the Mediterranean and European sources that were analyzed with the same instrument. The results, based on straightforward X-Y graphs using the trace elements Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb, showed the presence of obsidian from two subsources on Lipari (Gabellotto Gorge, Canneto Dentro), two on Pantelleria (Balata dei Turchi, Lago di Venere), and one on Sardinia. The majority coming from Lipari coincided with the location of Valdesi, and nearly 20% came from Pantelleria, both consistent with the overall distribution patterns for Sicily, while the one from Sardinia is a unique discovery. These results are discussed in terms of the time period and context for Valdesi, as well as the open-water and land-based routes that must have been taken.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1093
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: obsidian trade; ; pXRF; ; Sicily ; prehistory ; trace elements
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    Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy (CLEM): A Multifaceted Tool for the Study of Geological Specimens (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is an advanced imaging approach that faces critical challenges in the analysis of both materials and biological specimens. CLEM integrates the strengths of both light and electron microscopy, in a hardware and software correlative environment, to produce a composite image that combines the high resolution of the electron microscope with the large field of view of the light microscope. It enables a more comprehensive understanding of a sample’s microstructure, texture, morphology, and elemental distribution, thereby facilitating the interpretation of its properties and characteristics. CLEM has diverse applications in the geoscience field, including mineralogy, petrography, and geochemistry. Despite its many advantages, CLEM has some limitations that need to be considered. One of its major limitations is the complexity of the imaging process. CLEM requires specialized equipment and expertise, and it can be challenging to obtain high-quality images that are suitable for analysis. In this study, we present a CLEM workflow based on an innovative sample holder design specially dedicated to the examination of thin sections and three-dimensional samples, with a particular emphasis on geosciences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 74-85
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: correlative microscopy ; scanning electron microscopy ; light microscopy ; geosciences
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    Performance Comparison of CFD Microbenchmarks on Diverse HPC Architectures (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: OpenFOAM is a CFD software widely used in both industry and academia. The exaFOAM project aims at enhancing the HPC scalability of OpenFOAM, while identifying its current bottlenecks and proposing ways to overcome them. For the assessment of the software components and the code profiling during the code development, lightweight but significant benchmarks should be used. The answer was to develop microbenchmarks, with a small memory footprint and short runtime. The name microbenchmark does not mean that they have been prepared to be the smallest possible test cases, as they have been developed to fit in a compute node, which usually has dozens of compute cores. The microbenchmarks cover a broad band of applications: incompressible and compressible flow, combustion, viscoelastic flow and adjoint optimization. All benchmarks are part of the OpenFOAM HPC Technical Committee repository and are fully accessible. The performance using HPC systems with Intel and AMD processors (x86_64 architecture) and Arm processors (aarch64 architecture) have been benchmarked. For the workloads in this study, the mean performance with the AMD CPU is 62% higher than with Arm and 42% higher than with Intel. The AMD processor seems particularly suited resulting in an overall shorter time-to-solution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Bottled Mineral Waters as Unconventional Sampling in Hydro-Geological Research (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Bottled mineral waters originate from groundwater aquifers, their chemical composition being initially determined by geochemical water-rock interaction processes. The waters used for bottling originate from different parts of the hydrological cycle and have a unique hydro-geochemical fingerprint. As water moves through the water cycle, the isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecule may change. Determining 18O and 2H can help to characterize the source of bottled water and the natural conditions of the parent water body, of the recharge area, and the influence of various processes during infiltration and water flow within the water body. Usually, the chemical composition is reported on the label of bottled waters, while stable isotopes data are often unreported and are sometimes available from scientific publications. Bottled waters from selected sites of Europe where chemical and stable isotopic composition were available have been considered and accompanying data reinterpreted. The available data have been reinterpreted by obtaining results comparable, within limitations, to traditional sampling and analytical procedures, demonstrating the usefulness of the adopted methodology in emergency cases. Therefore, the utilization of isotopic values of bottled waters should be limited to the observation of general trends in isotopic composition of feeding waters, while more local studies are advised for a better understanding of the hydrogeological circuits.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3466
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: bottled waters ; environmental isotopes ; Europe
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    Coastal Groundwater Bodies Modelling Using Geophysical Surveys: The Reconstruction of the Geometry of Alluvial Plains in the North-Eastern Sicily (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The integration of various geophysical methodologies is considered a fundamental tool for accurately reconstructing the extent and shape of a groundwater body and for estimating the physical parameters that characterize it. This is often essential for the management of water resources in areas affected by geological and environmental hazards. This work aims to reconstruct the pattern and extent of two groundwater bodies, located in the coastal sectors of the North-Eastern Sicily, through the integrated analysis and interpretation of several geoelectrical, seismic and geological data. These are the Sant’Agata-Capo D’Orlando (SCGWB) and the Barcelona-Milazzo (BMGWB) Groundwater Bodies, located at the two ends of the northern sector of the Peloritani geological complex. These two studied coastal plains represent densely populated and industrialized areas, in which the quantity and quality of the groundwater bodies are under constant threat. At first, the resistivity models of the two groundwater bodies were realized through the inversion of a dataset of Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES), constrained by stratigraphic well logs data and other geophysical data. The 3D resistivity models obtained by spatially interpolating 1D inverse VES models have allowed for an initial recognition of the distribution of groundwater, as well as a rough geological framework of the subsoil. Subsequently, these models were implemented by integrating results from active and passive seismic data to determine the seismic P and S wave velocities of the main lithotypes. Simultaneous acquisition and interpretation of seismic and electrical tomographies along identical profiles allowed to determine the specific values of seismic velocity, electrical resistivity and chargeability of the alluvial sediments, and to use these values to constrain the HVSR inversion. All this allowed us to recognize the areal extension and thickness of the various lithotypes in the two investigated areas and, finally, to define the depth and the morphology of the base of the groundwater bodies and the thickness of the filling deposits.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1048
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Vertical Electrical Soundings ; active and passive seismics ; well log ; groundwater body ; coastal alluvial plain ; 3D resistivity model
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    An Integrated Geophysical and Unmanned Aerial Systems Surveys for Multi-Sensory, Multi-Scale and Multi-Resolution Cave Detection: The Gravaglione Site (Canale di Pirro Polje, Apulia) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Gravaglione represents one of the main swallow holes of the Canale di Pirro, low Murge, Apulia region, Italy. Here, after an intense rainstorm, a huge volume of rainwater accumulates at the surface. The drainage dynamics suggest that the Gravaglione could be part of a large, and potentially unknown, karst system. To verify this hypothesis and to acquire useful information on the possible karst environment features, an integrated aerial and geophysical multiscale and multimethod approach was applied. In particular, aerial photogrammetry, ground penetrating radar measurements and electrical resistivity tomography surveys were hence conducted and integrated to potentially detect the caves, define the subsurface volume possibly affected by karst systems and to verify the existence of links between the surficial morphology and the subsoil structure. The results provided interesting insights regarding the presence of a complex karst system extending up to 200 m b.g.l. and with a marked 3D nature. Overall, the Gravaglione case study demonstrates the geophysical approach validity and poses the basis for the development of an expeditive and low-cost high-resolution strategy for detecting and characterizing karst caves.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3820
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: karst environment ; cave detection ; ground penetrating radar ; electrical resistivity tomography ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
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    Sentinel-1 Interferometry and UAV Aerial Survey for Mapping Coseismic Ruptures: Mts. Sibillini vs. Mt. Etna Volcano (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The survey and structural analysis of surface coseismic ruptures are essential tools for characterizing seismogenic structures. In this work, a procedure to survey coseismic ruptures using satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data, directing the survey using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), is proposed together with a field validation of the results. The Sentinel-1 A/B Interferometric Wide (IW) Swath TOPSAR mode offers the possibility of acquiring images with a short revisit time. This huge amount of open data is extremely useful for geohazards monitoring, such as for earthquakes. Interferograms show the deformation field associated with earthquakes. Phase discontinuities appearing on wrapped interferograms or loss-of-coherence areas could represent small ground displacements associated with the fault’s ruptures. Low-altitude flight platforms such as UAV permit the acquisition of high resolution images and generate 3D spatial geolocalized clouds of data with centimeter-level accuracy. The generated topography maps and orthomosaic images are the direct products of this technology, allowing the possibility of analyzing geological structures from many viewpoints. We present two case studies. The first one is relative to the 2016 central Italian earthquakes, astride which the InSAR outcomes highlighted quite accurately the field displacement of extensional faults in the Mt. Vettore–M. Bove area. Here, the geological effect of the earthquake is represented by more than 35 km of ground ruptures with a complex pattern composed by subparallel and overlapping synthetic and antithetic fault splays. The second case is relative to the Mt. Etna earthquake of 26 December 2018, following which several ground ruptures were detected. The analysis of the unwrapped phase and the application of edge detector filtering and other discontinuity enhancers allowed the identification of a complex pattern of ground ruptures. In the Pennisi and Fiandaca areas different generation of ruptures can be distinguished, while previously unknown ruptures pertaining to the Acireale and Ragalna faults can be identify and analyzed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2514
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: coseismic ruptures ; InSAR ; photogrammetry ; UAV
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    An Integrated Petrographic, Geomatic and Geophysical Approach for the Characterization of the Carbonate Rocks of the Calcari di Cagliari Formation (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: Abstract: Non-invasive techniques, such as close-range photogrammetry (CRP) and 3D ultrasonic tomography complemented with optical and scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry, were applied to characterize the carbonate rock samples of the Calcari di Cagliari formation. The integrated approach started with the computation of high-resolution 3D models of the carbonate samples using the CRP technique to produce 3D high-resolution models texturized both with natural colors and intensity. Starting from the 3D models from previous techniques, a 3D ultrasonic tomography on each rock sample was accurately planned and carried out in order to detect the elastic properties of such rocks and relate them to textural heterogeneity or internal defects. The results indicate that the relationship between longitudinal velocity and rock properties is complex even in the same carbonate formation. Understanding the relationship between the geomatic and geophysical responses in the investigated rock properties, such as textural characteristics and especially structure and geometry of pores, type of pores, tortuosity and cementing material, is important for many practical applications and especially in the diagnostic process of the conservation state of monumental structures. The integration of the above non-invasive techniques complemented by petrographical–petrophysical data proved to be a powerful method to associate each lithotype with a different susceptibility to degradation. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the proposed integrated use of complementary methodologies would guarantee the reproducibility of the measurements both at the laboratory and field scale for the monitoring in time of the rock condition while giving a useful contribution in making decisions on an appropriate remedial strategy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 501
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: carbonate rocks ; petrographic data ; photogrammetry ; ultrasonic tomography ; integrated interpretation ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
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    Seismic Exploration Methods for Structural Studies and for Active Fault Characterization: A Review (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: In this paper, seismic exploration methods are reviewed with a particular emphasis on the use of the reflection seismology to investigate the subsurface structures and characterize active faults. The paper provides a descriptive overview, intended for a non-specialist audience, of the methods and of their recent developments aimed at improving the resolution, accuracy, and computational efficiency of seismic imaging. Techniques such as seismic ray tomography, full-waveform inversion and pre-stack depth migration are briefly introduced, highlighting their potential applications in structural geology studies. The main seismic attributes that have become increasingly important in the interpretation of faults and fractures are also presented, along with some examples of application. Finally, some case studies of active fault characterization are discussed. From these examples, the crucial role played nowadays by the seismic exploration methods for structural studies and for active fault characterization is evident.
    Description: Published
    Description: 9473
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismic exploration methods; seismic ray tomography; full-waveform inversion; pre-stack depth migration; seismic anisotropy; seismic attributes
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    Geophysical Constraints to Reconstructing the Geometry of a Shallow Groundwater Body in Caronia (Sicily) (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: The characterization of a groundwater body involves the construction of a conceptual model that constitutes the base knowledge for monitoring programs, hydrogeological risk assessment, and correct management of water resources. In particular, a detailed geological and geophysical approach was applied to define the alluvial Caronia Groundwater Body (CGWB) and to reconstruct a hydrogeological flow model. The analysis of the CGWB, located in north-eastern Sicily, was initially approached through a reanalysis of previous stratigraphic (boreholes) and geophysical (vertical electrical soundings and seismic refraction profiles) data, subsequently integrated by new seismic acquisitions, such as Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and horizontalto- vertical seismic ratio (HVSR). The analysis and reinterpretation of geoelectrical data allowed the construction of a preliminary 3D resistivity model. This initial modeling was subsequently integrated by a geophysical data campaign in order to define the depth of the bottom of the shallow CGWB and the thickness of alluvial deposits. Finally, a preliminary mathematical model flow was generated in order to reconstruct the dynamics of underground water. The results show that integration of multidisciplinary data represent an indispensable tool for the characterization of complex physical systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3206
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: groundwater body ; VES ; HVSR ; MASW ; 3D model ; hydrogeological flow model
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  • 69
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    Reappraisal and Analysis of Macroseismic Data for Seismotectonic Purposes: The Strong Earthquakes of Southern Calabria, Italy (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: In tectonically active areas, such as the Italian peninsula, studying the faults responsible for strong earthquakes is often challenging, especially when the earthquakes occurred in historical times. In such cases, geoscientists need to integrate all the available information from historical reports, surface geology, and geophysics to constrain the faults responsible for the earthquakes from a seismotectonic point of view. In this paper, we update and review, according to the EMS-98 scale, the macroseismic fields of the five main events of the 1783 Calabria sequence (5, 6, and 7 February, 1 and 28 March, Mw 5.9 to 7.1), two other destructive events within the same epicentral area of the 1783 sequence (1791, Mw 6.1 and 1894, Mw 6.1), plus the Messina Strait 1908 earthquake (Mw 7.1). For the 1783 seismic sequence, we also elaborate an updated and new catalog of coseismic effects. The new macroseismic fields were analyzed using a series of MATLAB algorithms to identify (1) the unitarity of the field or its partitioning in sub-sources and (2) the field and sub-fields’ main elongation. A collection of earthquake scale laws from literature was used to compute the average source parameters (length, width, and area) with their range of variability, and an elliptical map-view representation of the source geometry was calculated and made available. The analyses of such data allow us to speculate on the earthquakes/faults association, as well as propose new interpretations and reconstruct the space–time evolution of the significant southern Calabria seismic sequences in the last five centuries.
    Description: This research was funded by PRIN 2017 (2017KT2MKE) funds from the Italian Ministry of University and Research awarded to Giusy Lavecchia for the project “Overtime tectonic, dynamic and rheologic control on destructive multiple seismic events—Special Italian Faults and Earthquakes: from real 4D cases to models”.
    Description: Published
    Description: 212
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: macroseismic data; coseismic effects; historical destructive earthquakes; 1783–1908 earthquakes; scale-laws; seismotectonics; Calabria; Sicily; Italy
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  • 70
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    Engineering Geological and Geophysical Studies Supporting Finite Element Analysis of Historical Buildings after Dynamic Identification (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: Resonance frequencies of a masonry bell tower were estimated by means of ambient noise measurements and compared with those computed by using fixed base, Winkler, and FE numerical, including subsoil. Given the geological complexity that characterizes the subsurface of the analyzed area, despite the presence of massive volcanic outcrops near the bell tower, we carried out a geophysical characterization of the subsoil by using active and passive seismic surveys. These surveys have identified a soft substrate underneath the construction; for this reason, the dynamic identification of the tower was performed, including the interaction with the soil. The resonance frequencies of the masonry bell tower computed by the models are very similar to those obtained using ambient noise. Results suggest that building resonance frequencies, estimated by ambient noise surveys, can be used because of their reliability especially when quick analyses are required at historical buildings located in seismically active areas needing plan actions to reduce their vulnerability. Moreover, such analyses, being performed on samplings acquired within the structure, allow for estimating its dynamic response, taking into account the effect of subsurface characteristics as well.
    Description: This work was funded by the project “CH2V—Cultural Heritage Hazard and Vulnerability” (University of Catania, Linea 2-PIACERI, funds granted to Giovanna Pappalardo).
    Description: Published
    Description: 84
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: bell tower; earthquake; applied geophysics; geomechanical parameters; dynamic response
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  • 71
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    Brain–Computer-Interface-Based Smart-Home Interface by Leveraging Motor Imagery Signals (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: In this work, we propose a brain–computer-interface (BCI)-based smart-home interface which leverages motor imagery (MI) signals to operate home devices in real-time. The idea behind MI-BCI is that different types of MI activities will activate various brain regions. Therefore, after recording the user’s electroencephalogram (EEG) data, two approaches, i.e., Regularized Common Spatial Pattern (RCSP) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), analyze these data to classify users’ imagined tasks. In such a way, the user can perform the intended action. In the proposed framework, EEG signals were recorded by using the EMOTIV helmet and OpenVibe, a free and open-source platform that has been utilized for EEG signal feature extraction and classification. After being classified, such signals are then converted into control commands, and the open communication protocol for building automation KNX (“Konnex”) is proposed for the tasks’ execution, i.e., the regulation of two switching devices. The experimental results from the training and testing stages provide evidence of the effectiveness of the users’ intentions classification, which has subsequently been used to operate the proposed home automation system, allowing users to operate two light bulbs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 91
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 72
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    Vulnerability Assessment of Art Collections: The National Archaeological Museum “Gaio Cilnio Mecenate” in Arezzo (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: Artworks play a fundamental role in the cultural and economic assets of communities, enhancing their identity and helping with social integration. Despite their importance, they are not always adequately protected against degradation, which can be induced by aging, atmospheric and human-induced occurrences, and catastrophic events. Earthquakes certainly represent one of the main risks for art objects; however, traffic, construction works, and shipment can also represent a threat to art goods. Therefore, the assessment of the vulnerability of art collections to dynamic excitations plays a crucial role in their conservation, and it has been collecting increasing attention from researchers, academics, and museum managers. This work focuses on the vulnerability of the art collections exhibited at the “Gaio Cilnio Mecenate” museum in Arezzo. Namely, it aims to assess the effective dynamic loading experienced by the artworks, which is a function of the dynamic propagation played by the foundation soil, the building, and the displayers used for the exhibition. In this study, the dynamic properties of some of the displayers used for exhibiting the art collections are investigated by performing an experimental survey. The analysis of the experimental data led to the assessment of the proper frequencies of the displayers, which were compared to those of the building and the foundation soil of the museum.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2701
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: art collections ; seismic vulnerability ; seismic safety assessment ; experimental dynamic monitoring ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 73
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    Marine Geohazards of the Bay of Naples (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): A Review Integrating Morpho-Bathymetric and Seismo-Stratigraphic Analysis (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: Marine geohazards in the Bay of Naples, an eruptive region during the late Quaternary, have been assessed based on both morpho-bathymetric and seismic data. Previously identified areas of high marine hazard with slide potential (northern Ischia slope, Naples canyons, and Sorrento Peninsula–Capri slope) have been confirmed and integrated through the seismo-stratigraphic analysis of selected seismic sections. We evaluated the occurrence of important fossil submarine landslides in the stratigraphic record. Several kinds of submarine landslides have been individuated through morpho-bathymetric and seismic interpretation, including creeping, debris avalanches, and debris flows, among others, often controlled by volcanic eruptions. Submarine landslides of Naples Bay are primary geohazards in the marine and coastal areas, which has been ascertained with significant volcanic and tsunami hazards involving the gulf. Despite previous studies on these topics, much work is still needed to compile a systematic database of the submarine landslides of the Bay of Naples, representing a future step of this research.
    Description: Published
    Description: 393–414
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 74
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    MultiGAS Detection from Airborne Platforms on Italian Volcanic and Geothermal Areas (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: The measurement of volcanic gases, such as CO2 and SO2, emitted from summit craters and fumaroles is crucial to monitor volcanic activity, providing estimations of gases fluxes, and geochemical information that helps to assess the status and the risk level of an active volcano. During high degassing events, the measurement of volcanic emissions is a dangerous task that cannot be performed using hand portable or backpack carried gas analysis systems. Measurements of gases plumes could be safety achieved by using instruments mounted on UAS (Unmanned Aerial System). In this work, we present the measurements of CO2, SO2, and H2S gases collected with a miniaturized MultiGAS instrument during 2021 and 2022 field campaigns. They took place at several thermally active areas in Italy: Pisciarelli (Naples, Italy), Stromboli volcano (Messina, Italy), and Parco Naturalistico delle Biancane (Grosseto, Italy).
    Description: Published
    Description: 2390
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A Hidden Eruption: The 21 May 2023 Paroxysm of the Etna Volcano (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: On 21 May 2023, a hidden eruption occurred at the Southeast Crater (SEC) of Etna (Italy); indeed, bad weather prevented its direct and remote observation. Tephra fell toward the southwest, and two lava flows propagated along the SEC’s southern and eastern flanks. The monitoring system of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia testified to its occurrence. We analyzed the seismic and infrasound signals to constrain the temporal evolution of the fountain, which lasted about 5 h. We finally reached Etna’s summit two weeks later and found an unexpected pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposit covering the southern lava flow at its middle portion. We performed unoccupied aerial system and field surveys to reconstruct in 3D the SEC, lava flows, and PDC deposits and to collect some samples. The data allowed for detailed mapping, quantification, and characterization of the products. The resulting lava flows and PDC deposit volumes were (1.54 ± 0.47) × 106 m3 and (1.30 ± 0.26) × 105 m3, respectively. We also analyzed ground-radar and satellite data to evaluate that the plume height ranges between 10 and 15 km. This work is a comprehensive analysis of the fieldwork, UAS, volcanic tremor, infrasound, radar, and satellite data. Our results increase awareness of the volcanic activity and potential dangers for visitors to Etna’s summit area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1555
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: remote sensing monitoring system ; Etna paroxysm ; pyroclastic density current ; UAS survey ; fieldwork ; volcanic tremor ; infrasound ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 76
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    Lava Flow Hazard and Its Implication in Geopark Development for the Active Harrat Khaybar Intracontinental Monogenetic Volcanic Field, Saudi Arabia (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: Harrat Khaybar is an active monogenetic volcanic field in western Saudi Arabia that hosts spectacular monogenetic volcanoes and a Holocene volcanic cone with extensive lava fields. The volcanic region is a subject of intensive land use development, especially along tourism ventures, where the volcanic features are the key elements to utilize for increasing visitation rates to the region. The youngest eruption is suspected to be Holocene and occurred fewer than 5000 years ago based on the cross-cutting relationship between the youngest lava flows and archaeological sites. Lava flows are typical, from p¯ahoehoe to ‘a‘¯a types with great diversity of transitional textural forms. Here, we recorded typical transitional lava flow surface textures from the youngest flows identified by digital-elevation-model-based terrain analysis, satellite imagery, and direct field observations. We performed lava flow simulations using the Q-LavHA plug-in within the QGIS environment. Lava flow simulations yielded satisfactory results if we applied eruptions along fissures, long simulation distances, and ~5 m lava flow thickness. In these simulations, the upper flow regimes were reconstructed well, but long individual lava flows were not possible to simulate, suggesting that morphological steps likely promoted lava ponding, inflation, and sudden deflation by releasing melts further along shallow syneruptive valley networks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 705
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 77
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    Archaeometric Characterisation and Assessment of Conservation State of Coins: The Case-Study of a Selection of Antoniniani from the Hoard of Cumae (Campania Region, Southern Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: The paper presents the first archaeometric results on a selection of ancient Roman coins (antoniniani) from a treasure found in the Roman necropolis area of ancient Cumae (Southern Italy) during archaeological campaigns by the Centre Jean Bérard. A multi-analytical approach consisting of non-destructive techniques (stereomicroscopy, FESEM-EDS, pXRF, Raman, μ-CT) was implemented on the better-preserved coins of the treasure in order to investigate the chemical composition of the alloy. Chemical analysis showed that the Roman mint prepared the metal with an argentiferous lead–bronze alloy. A group of coins presents a low content of the precious metal, which is in agreement with the financial crisis of the Roman Empire of the third century. Another group of two coins shows a higher silver content, which is in agreement with their issue or with the Mediolanum mint standards. In addition, the external layers of corroded coins were analysed to explore the state of conservation of the patina and to identify the corrosion products. Some typical corrosion patinas due to post-depositional conditions were identified. The mineralogical characterisation of the corrosion products enables us to implement adequate conservation strategies, and the presence of more aggressive patinas suggests immediate interventions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2038–2055
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 78
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    Reappraisal of Data of Hydrological Changes Associated with Some Strong Historical Italian Earthquakes (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Historical seismology retrieves information about the effects of earthquakes that occurred in the past, mostly regarding the damage, but also on environmental effects. In this paper, we describe the methodology of our research on earthquake-induced hydrological effects, which have been long observed and documented, and are among the most outstanding coseismic phenomena. The method of research follows two distinct paths, depending on whether the investigated event occurred before or after the end of the 18th Century. For the most ancient events, we present examples of historical accounts, local reports, private letters, and diaries, in which the information of interest is often hidden within broader descriptions and mentioned as a minor curiosity. On the contrary, for more recent earthquakes, the research benefits from the growing interest in naturalistic observations that marked the onset of the 19th Century, and is achieved through detailed descriptions, journals, seismic postcards, and through the first systematic collections of instrumental data. Finally, we describe a possible method of classification of the hydrological data and show an analysis of the potential applications and outcomes of this type of research.
    Description: Published
    Description: 55
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Formal Matters on the Topic of Risk Mitigation: A Mathematical Perspective (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: How (in)formal should the classic expression describing risk as the product of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability be considered? What would be the most complete way to describe the process of risk mitigation? These are the questions we try to answer here, using a formal, mathematically sound yet abstract description of hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and risk. We highlight the elements that can be affected for the purpose of mitigation and show how this can improve the quantitative assessment of the procedural aspects of risk mitigation, both long- and short-term, down to the timescale of emergency response.
    Description: Published
    Description: 265
    Description: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: risk ; vulnerability ; exposure ; hazard ; mitigation ; 05.08. Risk
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  • 80
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    Historical Data for Natural Hazard Risk Mitigation and Land Use Planning (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: This paper demonstrates how historical research is a valuable tool for identifying past geological, geomorphological and climatic hazards and therefore critical for mitigating and reducing future risk. The authors describe the potential of a scientific field that straddles that of the geologist, geographer, historian and archivist. Historical records include a range of materials and sources of information, which can be very diverse; from written documents to cartographies, and from drawings to marble tombstones. They are all useful and convey important data, on the date of the event, the size of the phenomena, sometimes on ground effects, damage or magnitude. The authors discuss how to conduct historical research by providing a list of locations and how important historical documents can be found. Works that mention geological phenomena are listed, starting with the first occasional descriptions by individuals in letters, up to very specific publications in individual fields of interest. With this introduction, the editors of the Special Issue wish to draw attention to the importance of historical documentation, which is too often ignored or considered of low priority by the scientific community, but can contain key information on events, their impacts and social and cultural adaptations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1777
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geological and geo-hydrological processes ; historical research; old documents ; land-use planning ; natursal hazard ; risk mitigation ; Europe
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    Remotely Sensed Data, Morpho-Metric Analysis, and Integrated Method Approach for Flood Risk Assessment: Case Study of Wadi Al-Arish Landscape, Sinai, Egypt (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Evaluating and predicting the occurrence and spatial remarks of climate and rainfall-related destructive hazards is a big challenge. Periodically, Sinai Peninsula is suffering from natural risks that enthuse researchers to provide the area more attention and scientific investigation. Extracted information from the morpho-metric indices aids in understanding the flood potentiality over various sizes of drainage catchments. In this work, the morpho-metric analysis has been used in order to model the relative signals of flood vulnerability of 16 catchments in northern Sinai. The geospatial technique has been applied to process the digital elevation models (DEMs) in order to produce different analysis maps. Basic geometries, in addition to several morpho-metric indices, were extracted and analyzed by investigating the digital elevation models. Three different effective methods were applied separately to build up three models of flood susceptibility behaviors. Finally, two flood susceptibility signals were defined: the integration method and accurate pixel level conditions models. The integrated method analysis indicates that the western half of the study landscape, including catchments (12, 13, and 14), presents high levels of flood susceptibility in addition to catchment 9 in the eastern half, whereas the other catchments were found to provide moderate levels. The integrated flood susceptibility final map overlaid one of the most effective topographic indices (topographic position index, TPI). The integrated results aided in understanding the link of the general catchments morphometry to the in situ topography for mapping the different flood susceptibility locations over the entire study landscape. Therefore, this can be used for investigating the surface-specific reduction strategy against the impacts of flood hazards in the proposed landscape.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1797
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 82
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    Historical Memory as an Effective and Useful Tool for Proper Land Use Planning: Lessons Learnt from Some Italian Cases (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Many Italian cities and towns have been affected by geological or geohydrological processes. However, due to the loss of historical memory, lessons of the past have been ignored; new urbanized areas have expanded into the same zones where damage and casualties occurred in the past. Despite current practices, researchers are showing how historical data can be among the most valid tools for identifying the most affected and hazardous areas. When the completeness and quality of historical sources are sufficiently high, we can make useful statistical inferences regarding the spatiotemporal variations of natural processes. This information is of great importance for land use planning, as it makes us able to rely not only on the current state of the investigated areas but also on their dynamic evolutionary framework over time. In this article, we present a chronological review of past Italian works describing the occurrence of natural extreme events making use of historical data. Then, we present some Italian case studies in which the awareness of hazards gained by paying attention to past information would have ensured better management of the risk for the benefit of public safety. Finally, the authors stress the need to safeguard, manage, and enhance the large collection of historical data that constitutes Italy’s heritage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1751
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geological and geohydrological processes ; historical research; old documents ; cultural heritage ; land use planning ; urbanization ; hazard and risk mitigation
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  • 83
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    The Impact of the Culture Regime on the Metabolome and Anti-Phytopathogenic Activity of Marine Fungal Co-Cultures (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Co-cultivation, coupled with the OSMAC approach, is considered an efficient method for expanding microbial chemical diversity through the activation of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). As part of our project aiming to discover new fungal metabolites for crop protection, we previously reported five polyketides, the macrolides dendrodolides E (1) and N (2), the azaphilones spiciferinone (3) and 8α-hydroxy-spiciferinone (4), and the bis-naphtho-γ-pyrone cephalochromin (5) from the solid Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) co-culture of two marine sediment-derived fungi, Plenodomus influorescens and Pyrenochaeta nobilis. However, some of the purified metabolites could not be tested due to their minute quantities. Here we cultivated these fungi (both axenic and co-cultures) in liquid regime using three different media, Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB), and Czapek-Dox Broth (CDB), with or without shaking. The aim was to determine the most ideal co-cultivation conditions to enhance the titers of the previously isolated compounds and to produce extracts with stronger anti-phytopathogenic activity as a basis for future upscaled fermentation. Comparative metabolomics by UPLC-MS/MS-based molecular networking and manual dereplication was employed for chemical profiling and compound annotations. Liquid co-cultivation in PDB under shaking led to the strongest activity against the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans. Except for compound 1, all target compounds were detected in the co-culture in PDB. Compounds 2 and 5 were produced in lower titers, whereas the azaphilones (3 and 4) were overexpressed in PDB compared to PDA. Notably, liquid PDB co-cultures contained meroterpenoids and depside clusters that were absent in the solid PDA co-cultures. This study demonstrates the importance of culture regime in BGC regulation and chemical diversity of fungal strains in co-culture studies.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 84
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    Boreal (Eemian) Transgression in the Northeastern White Sea Region: Multiproxy Evidence from Bychye-2 Section (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Reconstructing interglacial marine environments helps us understand the climate change mechanisms of the past. To contribute to this body of knowledge, we studied a high-resolution 455 cm-thick sediment sequence of the Boreal (Eemian) marine beds directly overlying Moscovian (Saalian) moraine in the Bychye-2 section on the Pyoza River. We analyzed lithological and microfossil (foraminifers, ostracods, pollen, aquatic palynomorphs) variations at the studied site. Stratigraphical zonation is based on the local and well-established regional pollen zones, correlated with the western European pollen zones. The studied marine beds accumulated from the end of the Moscovian glacial (〉131 ka) until ca. 119.5 ka. We distinguished three successive phases: a seasonally sea-ice-covered, relatively deep, freshened basin in the initial rapid flooding stage (〉131–130.5 ka); a deep basin in the maximum flooding phase with less extensive sea ice cover (130.5–130.25 ka); and a shallow basin with reduced sea ice cover (130.25–119.5 ka). According to a pollen zone comparison with other sites, the regional glacioisostatic rebound started ca. 130 ka. The diverse warm-water assemblages of benthic foraminifers and ostracods containing typical Baltic Sea species occurred during the regression, mainly 128–124 ka, thus giving evidence for a relatively long-lasting connection between the White and Baltic Seas.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Screening Disinfection Byproducts in Arid-Coastal Wastewater: A Workflow Using GC×GC-TOFMS, Passive Sampling, and NMF Deconvolution Algorithm (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Disinfection during tertiary municipal wastewater treatment is a necessary step to control the spread of pathogens; unfortunately, it also gives rise to numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs), only a few of which are regulated because of the analytical challenges associated with the vast number of potential DBPs. This study utilized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) passive samplers, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) spectral deconvolution for suspect screening of DBPs in treated wastewater. PDMS samplers were deployed upstream and downstream of the chlorination unit in a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Abu Dhabi, and their extracts were analyzed using GC×GC-TOFMS. A workflow incorporating a multi-tiered, eight-filter screening process was developed, which successfully enabled the reliable isolation of 22 candidate DBPs from thousands of peaks. The NMF spectral deconvolution improved the match factor score of unknown mass spectra to the reference mass spectra available in the NIST library by 17% and facilitated the identification of seven additional DBPs. The close match of the first-dimension retention index data and the GC×GC elution patterns of DBPs, both predicted using the Abraham solvation model, with their respective experimental counterparts—with the measured data available in the NIST WebBook and the GC×GC elution patterns being those observed for the candidate peaks—significantly enhanced the accuracy of peak assignment. Isotopic pattern analysis revealed a close correspondence for 11 DBPs with clearly visible isotopologues in reference spectra, thereby further strengthening the confidence in the peak assignment of these DBPs. Brominated analogues were prevalent among the detected DBPs, possibly due to seawater intrusion. The fate, behavior, persistence, and toxicity of tentatively identified DBPs were assessed using EPI Suite™ and the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. This revealed their significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, including developmental, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects in certain DBPs. Some DBPs also showed activity in various CompTox bioassays, implicating them in adverse molecular pathways. Additionally, 11 DBPs demonstrated high environmental persistence and resistance to biodegradation. This combined approach offers a powerful tool for future research and environmental monitoring, enabling accurate identification and assessment of DBPs and their potential risks.
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  • 86
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    Tracing the Origin and Magmatic Evolution of the Rejuvenated Volcanism in Santa Clara Island, Juan Fernández Ridge, SE Pacific (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: Oceanic intraplate volcanoes sometimes experience late-stage eruptive activity known as rejuvenated volcanism, and contrasting interpretations for its petrogenesis depend on the compositional characteristics. In the Juan Fernández Ridge (JFR), a volcanic chain approximately 800 km in length emplaced on the Nazca Plate, some subaerial occurrences of rejuvenated volcanism have been recognized on the Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara Islands, both part of the same deeply eroded shield volcano complex. This study aims to understand the origin and magmatic evolution of rejuvenated volcanism on Santa Clara Island, emplaced after ~2.15 Ma of quiescence above the shield sequence, mainly via the analysis of unpublished geochemical and isotopic data. Field reconnaissance identified two nearly coeval rejuvenated sequences on Santa Clara Island: Bahía W (BW) and Morro Spartan (MS), both formed by basanitic and picro-basaltic lava flows with brecciated levels and local intercalations of sedimentary and pyroclastic deposits. In comparison to the chemical signature of the preceding shield-building stage (comprised mainly of basalts and picrites), the two rejuvenated sequences exhibit a notable enrichment in incompatible elements, but the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes are very similar to the FOZO mantle endmember, with an apparent additional contribution of HIMU and EM1 components. The geochemistry of lavas revealed the involvement of various processes, including contamination by ultramafic xenoliths, high-pressure fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene, and potential partial assimilation of oceanic lithospheric components. While the oceanic lithosphere has been considered as a potential source, the isotopic data from Santa Clara lies outside of the mixing curve between depleted mantle (DM, here represented by the North Chile Rise and the East Pacific Rise) and the previous shield stage, suggesting that a lithospheric mantle is not the primary source for the rejuvenated stage volcanism. Therefore, we favor an origin of the rejuvenated volcanism from the mantle plume forming the JFR, supported by similarities in isotopic signatures with the shield stage and high values of 208Pb/204Pb (only comparable to San Félix—San Ambrosio in the vicinity of JFR), implying the presence of a regional source with radiogenic 208Pb/204Pb isotope ratios. In addition, isotopic variations are subparallel to the mixing line between HIMU and EM1 components, whose participation in different proportions might explain the observed trends. In conclusion, we propose that the source of the rejuvenated volcanism on Santa Clara Island is a heterogeneous mantle plume, the same one that fed the shield stage. The rejuvenated volcanism is derived from a secondary melting zone away from the main axis of the plume.
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  • 87
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    The Impact of Climate Change on Vulnerable Populations (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-22
    Description: Climate change and urban development threaten health, undermine coping and deepen existing social and environmental inequities. A changing global environment requires transformative social responses: new partnerships, deep engagement with local communities, and innovations to strengthen individual and collective assets. The chapters of this proposed edited volume will be contributed mainly by established and emerging scholars from individuals, representing social work, sociology, development studies, law, government, social anthropology, urbanism, The chapters of this proposed edited volume will be contributed mainly by established and emerging scholars from individuals representing social work, sociology, development studies, public policy, and other social sciences This book is to be used for academics, policy makers, social work students, lecturers and other stakeholders to promote advocacy for vulnerable client groups affected by Climate Change. It gives some measure of hope and make the invisible visible to change.
    Keywords: Social Science ; Sociology ; Social Science ; Urban ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSG Urban communities
    Language: English
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  • 88
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    Propagation of Perturbations in the Lower and Upper Atmosphere over the Central Mediterranean, Driven by the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Explosion (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-10
    Description: The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano (Pacific Ocean) generated a cataclysmic explosion on 15 January 2022, triggering several atmospheric disturbances at a global scale, as a huge increase in the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere, and a pressure wave travelling in the troposphere. We collected and analysed data over the Mediterranean to study these disturbances, and in particular, (i) data from the barometric and infrasonic stations installed on Italian active volcanoes by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) for investigating the tropospheric pressure waves; (ii) barometric data from the INGV-TROPOMAG and SIAS (Sicilian Agro-meteorological Information System) networks, for investigating the interaction between the orography and pressure waves; (iii) ionograms from the Advanced Ionospheric Sounder-INGV ionosonde at Gibilmanna (Sicily, Italy); (iv) data from the RING (Rete Italiana Integrata GNSS) network, to retrieve the ionospheric TEC; (v) soil CO2 flux data from the INGV surveillance network of Vulcano Island. The analysis of the ground-level barometric data highlights that pressure waves were reflected and diffracted by the topographic surface, creating a complex space–time dynamic of the atmospheric disturbances travelling over Sicily, driven by the interference among the different wavefronts. The ionograms show that a medium-scale travelling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID), with a horizontal wavelength of about 220 km and a period of about 35 min, propagated through the ionospheric plasma in the correspondence of the first barometric variations. Moreover, comparing detrended TEC and barometric data, we further confirmed the presence of the aforementioned MSTID together with its close relation to the tropospheric disturbance.
    Description: Published
    Description: 65
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 89
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    New Seismoacoustic Data on Shallow Gas in Holocene Marine Shelf Sediments, Offshore from the Cilento Promontory (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: High-resolution seismoacoustic data represent a useful tool for the investigations of gascharged sediments occurring beneath the seabed through the identification of the diagnostic intrasedimentary features associated with them. Acoustic blanking revealed shallow gas pockets in the seismostratigraphic units of the inner shelf off the Northern Cilento promontory. Six main seismostratigraphic units were recognized based on the geological interpretation of the seismic profiles. Large shallow gas pockets, reaching a lateral extension of 1 km, are concentrated at the depocenter of Late Pleistocene–Holocene marine sediments that are limited northwards by the Solofrone River mouth and southwards by the Licosa Cape promontory. A morphobathymetric interpretation, reported in a GIS environment, was constructed in order to show the main morphological lineaments and to link them with the acoustic anomalies interpreted through the Sub-bottom chirp profiles. A newly constructed workflow was assessed to perform data elaboration with Seismic Unix software by comparing and improving the seismic data of the previously processed profiles that used Seisprho software. The identification of these anomalies and the corresponding units from the offshore Cilento promontory represent a useful basis for an assessment of marine geohazards and could help to plan for the mitigation of geohazards in the Cilento region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1992
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: high-resolution seismic profiles ; shallow gas ; Southern Tyrrhenian Sea ; seismic processing ; acoustic anomalies ; Cilento promontory
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 90
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    Observing Meteorological Tides: Fifteen Years of Statistics in the Port of La Spezia (Italy) (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: Sea level changes in coastal areas significantly influence port activities (e.g., the safety of navigation). Along Italian coastlines, sea level variations are mainly due to astronomical tides (well known, due to gravitational attraction between Earth, Moon and Sun); however, during the last fifteen years, a high number of “anomalous” tides has been observed: the study of the phenomenon has allowed to attribute its cause to variations in atmospheric pressure (the so-called meteorological tides: sea level drops when atmospheric pressure increases and vice versa); the statistical analysis of acquired data made it possible to evaluate the hydrobarometric transfer factor (a local parameter which represents the correlation between atmospheric pressure changes and consequent sea level variations): it was found that it is usually much larger within gulfs or port basins than offshore areas, where a pressure change of 1 hPa results in a sea level variation of about 1 cm; the statistical analysis described in the following, and aimed at correctly estimating the hydrobarometric transfer factor in harbors, can play a fundamental role in optimizing the management of port waters: its results allow to forecast meteorological tides and therefore future sea level (and depth) variations in a given port basin. The results of the study conducted in the port of La Spezia (North Western Italy) are presented here, together with possible applications on port activities and harbor water management.
    Description: Published
    Description: 12202
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 91
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    Gaming and Resilience: Teaching by Playing Together—Online Educational Competition at School during the Pandemic (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: Educational and training initiatives for natural hazard reduction, climate change, and environmental sustainability are increasingly common. We describe educational games in which the protagonist, a fictional character girl, saves herself and others from natural disasters. This girl faces risk situations, from earthquake to flood to environmental challenges, and for each of these she is the protagonist of educational quizzes and of an escape room. These games were designed and played online during the COVID-19 pandemic, to introduce an engaging activity, reducing the difficulties of both students and teachers in distance learning. Simultaneous challenges between several classes were played during special scientific events, with a total of more than 8000 students flanked by about 500 teachers, always with very positive feedback. We pooled our knowledge to embrace innovation in gamification at school. Our games aim at increasing the response capacity of future more resilient citizens to protect themselves and others, adapting to natural risks, and to spread good practices in support of the civil protection. Each online race between classes from primary and middle school (ISCDE 2) is based on cooperative learning and followed by an important debriefing moment of reflective learning, guided by researchers to deeply analyze scientific topics.
    Description: Published
    Description: 11931
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 92
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    Ruins and Remains as a Background: Natural Catastrophes, Abandonment of Medieval Villages, and the Perspective of Civilization during the 20th Century in the Central Apennines (Abruzzi Region, Central Italy) (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: The resettlement of villages strongly damaged by catastrophes during the 20th century played a key role in the modification of the Apennine landscape in Italy. Following their abandonment, the remains of the medieval settlements progressively deteriorated in their ruined condition, becoming ghost villages often made of sparse portions of buildings, traces of outer walls, and isolated vestiges of ancient monuments colonized by vegetation. Five cases of central Apennine abandoned villages in the Abruzzi region (Frattura, Sperone, Albe, Salle, and Gessopalena) were investigated, combining information on the local adverse geological conditions with the historical reconstruction of their abandonment and resettlement, based on archive documents from the 19th and 20th centuries. The history of these localities was conditioned by two strong earthquakes that struck the Abruzzi region in 1915 (magnitude 7.1) and 1933 (magnitude 5.9), and by slope instability. In all cases, abandonment and resettlement produced new villages against the background of ancient ruins and remains. In conclusion, the paper discusses the potential use of the material traces of local histories with educational aims. Geological evidence of natural hazards, remains of the abandoned settlements and resettled villages could be arranged in museums aimed at increasing the awareness of natural hazards and risks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 9517
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: natural hazards; earthquake; abandoned village; resettlement; ecomuseum; outdoor education; outdoor learning
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  • 93
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    An Updating of the IONORT Tool to Perform a High-Frequency Ionospheric Ray Tracing (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-27
    Description: This paper describes the main updates characterizing the new version of IONORT (IONOsperic Ray Tracing), a software tool developed at Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia to determine both the path of a high frequency (HF) radio wave propagating in the ionospheric medium, and the group time delay of the wave itself along the path. One of the main changes concerns the replacement of a regional three-dimensional electron density matrix, which was previously taken as input to represent the ionosphere, with a global one. Therefore, it is now possible to carry out different ray tracings from whatever point of the Earth’s surface, simply by selecting suitable loop cycles thanks to the new ray tracing graphical user interface (GUI). At the same time, thanks to a homing GUI, it is also possible to generate synthetic oblique ionograms for whatever radio link chosen by the user. Both ray tracing and homing GUIs will be described in detail providing at the same time some practical examples of their use for different regions. IONORT software finds practical application in the planning of HF radio links, exploiting the sky wave, through an accurate and thorough knowledge of the ionospheric medium. HF radio waves users, including broadcasting and civil aviation, would benefit from the use of the IONORT software (version 2023.10).
    Description: Published
    Description: 5111
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: ionospheric HF ray tracing ; homing ; three-dimensional electron density ; iRI model ; oblique sounding ; space weather ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 94
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    A Multi-Sensor Satellite Approach to Characterize the Volcanic Deposits Emitted during Etna’s Lava Fountaining: The 2020–2022 Study Case (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-22
    Description: Between December 2020 and February 2022, the South East Crater of Etna has been the source of numerous eruptions, mostly characterized by the emission of lava fountains, pyroclastic material and short-lasting lava flows. Here we estimate the volume and distribution of the lava deposits by elaborating multi-source satellite imagery. SEVIRI data have been elaborated using CL-HOTSAT to estimate the lava volume emitted during each event and calculate the cumulative volume; Pléiades and WorldView-1 data have been used to derive Digital Surface Models, whose differences provide thickness distributions and hence volumes of the volcanic deposits. We find a good agreement, with the total average lava volume obtained by SEVIRI reaching 73.2 × 106 m3 and the one from optical data amounting to 67.7 × 106 m3. This proves the robustness of both techniques and the accuracy of the volume estimates, which provide important information on the lava flooding history and evolution of the volcano.
    Description: This work was supported by the INGV project Pianeta Dinamico (CUP D53J19000170001) funded by MIUR (“Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese,” legge 145/2018), Tema 8—PANACEA, Scientific Responsibility: A.C.). The research was also funded by “TUNE—Effusion rate estimates at Etna and Stromboli: constraints imposed by a variety of satellite remote sensing data” (Bando di Ricerca Libera 2019 of INGV; Scientific Responsibility: G.G.). This research was also supported by the Project FIRST—ForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano: timing, eruptive style, size, intensity, and duration, INGV-Progetto Strategico Dipartimento Vulcani 2019 (Delibera n. 144/2020; Scientific Responsibility: S.C.).
    Description: Published
    Description: 916
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: thermal infrared satellite imagery ; photogrammetry ; effusion rate curves ; volcanic hazards ; Etna volcano ; Lava Fountaining ; Remote sensing ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 95
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    Seismo-Stratigraphic Model for the Urban Area of Milan (Italy) by Ambient-Vibration Monitoring and Implications for Seismic Site Effects Assessment (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-22
    Description: In this paper, we present the work carried out to characterize the spatial variability of seismic site response related to local soil conditions in the city of Milan and its surroundings, an area with ~3 million inhabitants and a high density of industrial facilities. The area is located at the northwestern end of the Po Plain, a large and deep sedimentary basin in northern Italy. An urban-scale seismo-stratigraphic model is developed based on new passive and active seismic data, supported by the available geological data and stratigraphic information from shallow and deep vertical wells. In particular, 33 single-station and 4 ambient-vibration array measurements are acquired, together with 4 active multichannel analyses of surface waves (MAWS). To estimate the resonant frequencies of the sediments, the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio technique (HVSR) is applied to the ambient-vibration recordings, whereas to determine the Rayleighwave dispersion curves from the passive array, the data are analysed using the conventional frequency-wavenumber, the modified spatial autocorrelation and the extended spatial autocorrelation (ESAC) techniques. The array data are used to determine the local shear wave velocity profiles, VS, via joint inversion of the Rayleighwave dispersion and ellipticity curves deduced from the HVSR. The results from HVSR show three main bands of amplified frequencies, the first in the range 0.17–0.23 Hz, the second from 0.45 to 0.65 Hz and the third from 3 to 8 Hz. A decreasing trend of the main peaks is observed from the northern to the southern part of the city, allowing us to hypothesize a progressive deepening of the relative regional chrono-stratigraphic unconformities. The passive ambient noise array and MASW highlight the dispersion of the fundamental mode of the Rayleigh-wave in the range 0.4–30 Hz, enabling to obtain detailed Vs. profiles with depth down to about 1.8 km. The seismo-stratigraphic model is used as input for 1D numerical modelling assuming linear soil conditions. The theoretical 1D transfer functions are compared to the HVSR curves evaluated from both ambient noise signals and earthquake waveforms recorded by the IV. MILN station in the last 10 years.
    Description: Published
    Description: 915083
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: milan (Italy), seismic site characterisation, seismostratigrahic model, vs. velocity profile, seismic array, MASW, HVSR (horizontal to vertical spectral ratio), 1D numerical modeling ; Solid Earth
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  • 96
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    Towards a National-Scale Dataset of Geotechnical and Hydrological Soil Parameters for Shallow Landslide Modeling (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: One of the main constraints in assessing shallow landslide hazards through physically based models is the need to characterize the geotechnical parameters of the involved materials. Indeed, the quantity and quality of input data are closely related to the reliability of the results of every model used, therefore data acquisition is a critical and time-consuming step in every research activity. In this perspective, we reviewed all official certificates of tests performed through 30 years at the Geotechnics Laboratory of the Earth Science Department (University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy), compiling a dataset in which 380 points are accurately geolocated and provide information about one or more geotechnical parameters used in slope stability modeling. All tests performed in the past (in the framework of previous research programs, agreements of cooperation, or to support didactic activities) were gathered, homogenized, digitalized, and geotagged. The dataset is based on both on-site tests and laboratory tests, it accounts for 40 attributes, among which 13 are descriptive (e.g., lithology or location) and 27 may be of direct interest in slope stability modeling as input parameters. The dataset is made openly available and can be useful for scientists or practitioners committed to landslide modeling.
    Description: Published
    Description: 37
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geotechnics ; Hydrology ; Slope stability ; Landslide ; Modeling ; Geotechnical database ; Input data ; Cohesion ; Internal friction angle ; Permeability ; 04.04. Geology ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 05.02. Data dissemination
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 97
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    One-Year Seismic Survey of the Tectonic CO2-Rich Site of Mefite d'Ansanto (Southern Italy): Preliminary Insights in the Seismic Noise Wavefield (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: A passive seismic experiment is carried out at the non-volcanic highly degassing site of Mefite d'Ansanto located at the northern tip of the Irpinia region (southern Italy), where the 1980 MS 6.9 destructive earthquake occurred. Between 2020 and 2021, background seismic noise was recorded by deploying a broadband seismic station and a seismic array composed of seven 1 Hz three-component sensors. Using two different array configurations, we were allowed to explore in detail the 1-20 Hz frequency band of the seismic noise wavefield as well as Rayleigh wave phase velocities in the 400-800 m/s range. Spectral analyses and array techniques were applied to one year of data showing that the frequency content of the signal is very stable in time. High frequency peaks are likely linked to the emission source, whereas at low frequencies seismic noise is clearly correlated to meteorological parameters. The results of this study show that small aperture seismic arrays probe the subsurface of tectonic CO2-rich emission areas and contribute to the understanding of the link between fluid circulation and seismogenesis in seismically active regions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1630
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mefite d’Ansanto; array analysis; seismic survey; spectral analysis; tectonic CO2-rich site
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  • 98
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    Characterization of a virally encoded flavodoxin that can drive bacterial cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lamb, D. C., Goldstone, J. V., Zhao, B., Lei, L., Mullins, J. G. L., Allen, M. J., Kelly, S. L., & Stegeman, J. J. Characterization of a virally encoded flavodoxin that can drive bacterial cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity. Biomolecules, 12(8), (2022): 1107, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081107.
    Description: Flavodoxins are small electron transport proteins that are involved in a myriad of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic metabolic pathways in Bacteria (including cyanobacteria), Archaea and some algae. The sequenced genome of 0305φ8-36, a large bacteriophage that infects the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, was predicted to encode a putative flavodoxin redox protein. Here we confirm that 0305φ8-36 phage encodes a FMN-containing flavodoxin polypeptide and we report the expression, purification and enzymatic characterization of the recombinant protein. Purified 0305φ8-36 flavodoxin has near-identical spectral properties to control, purified Escherichia coli flavodoxin. Using in vitro assays we show that 0305φ8-36 flavodoxin can be reconstituted with E. coli flavodoxin reductase and support regio- and stereospecific cytochrome P450 CYP170A1 allyl-oxidation of epi-isozizaene to the sesquiterpene antibiotic product albaflavenone, found in the soil bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. In vivo, 0305φ8-36 flavodoxin is predicted to mediate the 2-electron reduction of the β subunit of phage-encoded ribonucleotide reductase to catalyse the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides during viral replication. Our results demonstrate that this phage flavodoxin has the potential to manipulate and drive bacterial P450 cellular metabolism, which may affect both the host biological fitness and the communal microbiome. Such a scenario may also be applicable in other viral-host symbiotic/parasitic relationships.
    Description: The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant 5U41HG003345 (J.V.G.), by the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, NIH P01 ES021923 and NSF OCE-1314642 (J.J.S.), and by a Fulbright Scholarship (to D.C.L.). Funding at Swansea University supported by the European Regional Development Fund/Welsh European Funding Office via the BEACON project (S.L.K).
    Keywords: Flavodoxin ; Virus/phage ; Cytochrome P450 ; Evolution ; Bacteria
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 99
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    Ionospheric Monitoring and Modelling for Space Weather: An Introduction to the Special Issue (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-24
    Description: Ionospheric Monitoring and Modelling for Space Weather: An Introduction to the Special Issue
    Description: Published
    Description: 477
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 100
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    Active Monitoring of Residential Radon in Rome: A Pilot Study (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We present an overview of the potential of active monitoring techniques to investigate the many factors affecting the concentration of radon in houses. We conducted two experiments measuring radon concentration in 25 apartments in Rome and suburban areas for two weeks and in three apartments in the historic center for several months. The reference levels of 300 and 100 Bq/m3 are overcome in 17% and 60% of the cases, respectively, and these percentages rise to 20% and 76% for average overnight radon (more relevant for residents' exposure). Active detectors allowed us to identify seasonal radon fluctuations, dependent on indoor-to-outdoor temperature, and how radon travels from the ground to upper floors. High levels of radon are not limited to the lowest floors when the use of heating and ventilation produces massive convection of air. Lifestyle habits also reflect in the different values of gas concentration measured on different floors of the same building or in distinct rooms of the same apartment, which cannot be ascribed to the characteristics of the premises. However, the finding that high residential radon levels tend to concentrate in the historic center proves the influence of factors such as building age, construction materials, and geogenic radon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 13917
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: active radon monitor ; indoor radon concentration ; residential radon ; risk assessment
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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