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  • American Meteorological Society  (124)
  • Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.  (81)
  • 2020-2023  (205)
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  • 1
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-05-04
    Description: Climate change can make extreme drought and flood events more frequent, while damming large rivers can alter the hydrological regime by making droughts more prolonged and floods less intense. Together, both factors can affect aquatic communities. Here, the variation of Chironomidae community attributes between extreme floods and droughts in a neotropical floodplain river was investigated. The hypothesis that the abundance, richness, diversity and variability attributes of the Chironomidae community are reduced after extreme events was tested. Sampling took place quarterly from 2000 to 2012, although only a few years were selected to investigate our predictions. Twelve sampling periods were selected, which were divided into years in which, El Niño (extreme flood) and La Niña (extreme drought) phenomena occurred. In the Paraná River, three points were determined for the collection of benthic material, in transect: right bank, center and left bank of the river. We recorded 75 morphospecies of Chironomidae. The most common taxa in periods of extreme flooding were Djalmabatista sp 2, Lopescladius sp 1 and Tanytarsus type E. For periods of extreme drought, the most common taxa were Polypedilum (Tripodura) sp 4, Polypedilum sp 3 and Lopescladius sp 1. A composition and attributes of the Chironomidae community in the Paraná River varied between before and after extreme flood and drought events. Attributes such as Shannon-Wiener abundance, richness and diversity were reduced after extreme floods and, in contrast, tended to increase after extreme drought events (except Shannon diversity). Thus, it can be stated that the evaluated flood and drought events, despite being extreme, have different consequences in the Chironomidae community of the Paraná River. Given the environmental and global conditions we experience today, including climate change and dams, extreme events could be even more frequent in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it is essential to understand the consequences of extreme flood and drought events on ecosystems with high biodiversity and that provide relevant ecosystem services such as floodplain rivers.
    Description: As mudanças climáticas podem tornar eventos de secas e cheias extremas mais frequentes, enquanto barramentos de grandes rios podem alterar o regime hidrológico por tornar as secas mais prolongadas e as cheias menos intensas. Em conjunto, ambos fatores podem afetar as comunidades aquáticas. Aqui, a variação dos atributos da comunidade de Chironomidae entre as cheias e secas extremas em um rio de planície de inundação neotropical. Testou-se a hipótese de que os atributos abundância, riqueza, diversidade e variabilidade da comunidade de Chironomidae são reduzidos após eventos extremos. As amostragens ocorreram trimestralmente 2000 a 2012, embora apenas alguns anos foram selecionados para investigar nossas predições. Selecionou-se 12 períodos de amostragem, que foram divididos em anos que ocorreram fenômenos de El Niño (cheia extrema) e La Niña (seca extrema). No rio Paraná foram determinados três pontos para coleta do material bentônico, em transecto: margem direita, centro e margem esquerda do rio. Registrou-se 75 morfoespécies de Chironomidae. Os táxos mais comuns nos períodos de cheia extrema foram Djalmabatista sp 2, Lopescladius sp 1 e Tanytarsus tipo E. Para os períodos de seca extrema, os táxons mais comuns foram Polypedilum (Tripodura) sp 4, Polypedilum sp 3 e Lopescladius sp 1. A composição e os atributos da comunidade de Chironomidae no rio Paraná variaram entre antes e depois de eventos de cheia e seca extremas. Os atributos, como abundância, riqueza e diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, foram reduzidos após cheias extremas e em contrapartida, tenderam a aumentar após eventos de seca extrema (exceto diversidade de Shannon). Pode-se afirmar que os eventos de cheias e secas avaliados, apesar de extremos, acarretam em diferentes consequências na comunidade de Chironomidae do rio Paraná. Considerando que as condições ambientais e globais que vivenciamos hoje, incluindo mudanças climáticas e barragens, os eventos extremos poderão ser ainda mais frequentes nos ecossistemas aquáticos. Portanto, é fundamental compreendermos as consequências dos eventos de cheia e seca extremas em ecossistemas com elevada biodiversidade e que fornecem relevantes serviços ecossistêmicos como rios de planícies de inundação.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Chironomidae (Diptera: Insecta) ; Zoobentos de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Pulso de inundação ; Mudanças climáticas ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zoobenthos ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 26pp.
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  • 2
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-05-04
    Description: Decomposition is a process of great importance to the ecosystem. Macroinvertebrates together with fungi and bacteria play a very important role in the cycling of organic matter. Through decomposition, nutrients that make up the organisms can be reused and macroinvertebrates act by fractionating the organic matter in this process. The exotic species Hydrilla verticillata (L.f) Royle usually causes problems in various regions of the globe such as economic damage in hydroelectric plants. This exotic species competes with native species and can facilitates new invasions. The objective of the present work is to evaluate how the colonization of macroinvertebrates occurs during the decomposition of H. verticillata and E. najas macrophytes, as well as other community attributes during the process such as density, richness, Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness. The experiment was carried out in Garças Lake and the macrophytes were collected in Paraná River. Macrophytes were dried at room temperature and 5 g of each species were added in two types of litterbags, one thin mesh (0.5 mm) and another with thick mesh (4 mm), totalling 100 litterbags. The litterbags were fixed at 5 points in the lake and removed each 4 days. In the laboratory the litterbags were washed with a 0.2 μm mesh sieve, the decomposing material was sorted and the remainder was oven dried for further decay calculation. There was no significant difference in community attributes, except when time was applied assigned to analysis. The decomposition was similar in both species because both had similar characteristics, including phylogenetic proximity. The most observed taxon during the process was Chironomidae. Thus, it is worth noting that more studies are needed to elucidate questions related to the colonization process and quantify the degradation of organic matter of exotic and native species in the Upper Paraná River floodplain.
    Description: A decomposição é um processo de grande importâcia para os ecossistemas, e os macroivertebrados juntamente com fungos e bactérias possuem um importante papel na ciclagem da matéria orgânica. Pela decomposição, os nutrientes que compõem os organismos podem ser novamente reutilizados, e os macroinvertebrados atuam fracionando essa matéria orgânica. A espécie exótica Hydrilla verticillata (L.f) Royle é uma espécie de macrófita submersas que atualmente tem causado problemas em diversas regiões do globo. Além de causar prejuízos econômicos em usinas hidroelétricas H. verticillata causa prejuízos para as espécies nativas devido a competição por recursos, o que pode facilitar novas invasões. Avaliou-se como ocorre a colonização de macroinvertebrados durante a decomposição das macrófitas H. verticillata e E. najas, além de avaliar outros atributos de comunidade durante o processo como, por exemplo, densidade, riqueza, diversidade de Shannon e equitabilidade de Pielou. O experimento foi realizado na Lagoa das Garças e as macrófitas foram coletadas no Rio Paraná. Após a coleta, as plantas foram secas em temperatura ambiente. Foram acondicionadas 5 g de material seco de cada espécie em dois tipos de litterbag, um com malha fina (0,5mm) e outro com malha grossa (4 mm), totalizando 100 litterbags. Os litterbags foram fixados em 5 pontos na lagoa e retirados em um intervalo de 4 em 4 dias. Em laboratório, os litterbags foram lavados com auxílio de peneira de malha de 0,2 μm. O material em decomposição foi triado e o restante foi seco em estufa para posterior cálculo de decaimento. Não houve diferença significativa nos atributos de comunidade, exceto quando o tempo foi aplicado como uma variável à análise. A decomposição foi similar nas duas espécies devido a ambas possuírem características semelhantes. Talvez, a proximidade filogenética entre as macrófitas possa ter gerado a similaridade dos resultados obtidos durante o experimento. O táxon mais observado durante o processo foi de Chironomidae e o processo de colonização ocorreu de forma muito semelhante para ambos os tratamentos. Os tipos de malhas mostraram resultados parecidos, pois podem não ter influenciado a colonização e a entrada dos macroinvertebrados durante o processo de decomposição. Desse modo, a colonização dos invertebrados não dependeu das espécies de macrófita e/ou tipo de malha. Por isso ressalta-se a importância de novos estudos para melhor direcionar questões voltadas para a colonização e quantificar a degradação da matéria orgânica relativa a espécies exóticas e nativas na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Macroinvertebrados de água doce ; Colonização ; Lagos rasos ; Indicadores biológicos ; Macrófitas aquáticas submersas ; Decomposição ; Ecologia de lagos rasos ; Processos ecossistêmicos ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::D::Decomposition ; ASFA_2015::C::Colonization ; ASFA_2015::L::Lakes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 25pp.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-03-01
    Description: To examine the atmospheric responses to Arctic sea ice variability in the Northern Hemisphere cold season (from October to the following March), this study uses a coordinated set of large-ensemble experiments of nine atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced with observed daily varying sea ice, sea surface temperature, and radiative forcings prescribed during the 1979–2014 period, together with a parallel set of experiments where Arctic sea ice is substituted by its climatology. The simulations of the former set reproduce the near-surface temperature trends in reanalysis data, with similar amplitude, and their multimodel ensemble mean (MMEM) shows decreasing sea level pressure over much of the polar cap and Eurasia in boreal autumn. The MMEM difference between the two experiments allows isolating the effects of Arctic sea ice loss, which explain a large portion of the Arctic warming trends in the lower troposphere and drive a small but statistically significant weakening of the wintertime Arctic Oscillation. The observed interannual covariability between sea ice extent in the Barents–Kara Seas and lagged atmospheric circulation is distinguished from the effects of confounding factors based on multiple regression, and quantitatively compared to the covariability in MMEMs. The interannual sea ice decline followed by a negative North Atlantic Oscillation–like anomaly found in observations is also seen in the MMEM differences, with consistent spatial structure but much smaller amplitude. This result suggests that the sea ice impacts on trends and interannual atmospheric variability simulated by AGCMs could be underestimated, but caution is needed because internal atmospheric variability may have affected the observed relationship.
    Description: Published
    Description: 8419–8443
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Arctic ; Sea ice ; Atmospheric circulation ; Climate models ; 01.01. Atmosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: The influence of the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) on the North Atlantic storm track and eddy-driven jet in the winter season is assessed via a coordinated analysis of idealized simulations with state-of-the-art coupled models. Data used are obtained from a multimodel ensemble of AMV± experiments conducted in the framework of the Decadal Climate Prediction Project component C. These experiments are performed by nudging the surface of the Atlantic Ocean to states defined by the superimposition of observed AMV± anomalies onto the model climatology. A robust extratropical response is found in the form of a wave train extending from the Pacific to the Nordic seas. In the warm phase of the AMV compared to the cold phase, the Atlantic storm track is typically contracted and less extended poleward and the low-level jet is shifted toward the equator in the eastern Atlantic. Despite some robust features, the picture of an uncertain and model-dependent response of the Atlantic jet emerges and we demonstrate a link between model bias and the character of the jet response.
    Description: Published
    Description: 347-360
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-12-01
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 103(6), (2022): E1502-E1521, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-21-0227.1.
    Description: Climate observations inform about the past and present state of the climate system. They underpin climate science, feed into policies for adaptation and mitigation, and increase awareness of the impacts of climate change. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), a body of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), assesses the maturity of the required observing system and gives guidance for its development. The Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) are central to GCOS, and the global community must monitor them with the highest standards in the form of Climate Data Records (CDR). Today, a single ECV—the sea ice ECV—encapsulates all aspects of the sea ice environment. In the early 1990s it was a single variable (sea ice concentration) but is today an umbrella for four variables (adding thickness, edge/extent, and drift). In this contribution, we argue that GCOS should from now on consider a set of seven ECVs (sea ice concentration, thickness, snow depth, surface temperature, surface albedo, age, and drift). These seven ECVs are critical and cost effective to monitor with existing satellite Earth observation capability. We advise against placing these new variables under the umbrella of the single sea ice ECV. To start a set of distinct ECVs is indeed critical to avoid adding to the suboptimal situation we experience today and to reconcile the sea ice variables with the practice in other ECV domains.
    Description: PH’s contribution was funded under the Australian Government’s Antarctic Science Collaboration Initiative program, and contributes to Project 6 of the Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (ASCI000002). PH acknowledges support through the Australian Antarctic Science Projects 4496 and 4506, and the International Space Science Institute (Bern, Switzerland) project #405.
    Description: 2022-12-01
    Keywords: Sea ice ; Climate change ; Climatology ; Climate records
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: Aquatic environments have been anthropically influenced over the years, mainly with the construction of dams and hydroelectric plants. However, few studies evaluate how the parasitic fauna can be influenced in the long term by these environmental changes. Possible changes in the composition of endoparasites of the invasive fish Trachelyopterus galeatus in the upper Paraná River floodplain were investigated over a 27-year study period. 79 fish were analyzed in period 1 (1993) and 31 in period 2 (2019/2020). In the first period, the fish showed higher values in the variables weight (g) and standard length (cm), when compared to period 2. A total of five species of endoparasites were found, three per period. Although the richness was the same, the composition of endoparasites differed between the periods, as only one species of digenetic (Microrchis oligovitellum) parasitized the host in both periods of study. It was found that both the development of the fish and its endoparasites were affected over time. It is noteworthy that the beginning of operation of the Porto Primavera dam, located upstream of the plain, occurred between the two sampling periods (1999), and caused several environmental changes, possibly being the main responsible for these changes in the parasitofauna. Most endoparasites require intermediate hosts to complete their life cycles. Therefore, a modified environment may lose diversity and ecological interactions, as it affects the populations they use during the transmission process between hosts. This may explain the difference found in the infracommunities of T. galeatus parasites, emphasizing, through the results obtained, the importance of including these organisms in studies that evaluate environmental impacts caused by anthropic actions
    Description: Ambientes aquáticos têm sido influenciado antropicamente ao longo dos anos, principalmente com a construção de barragens e usinas hidrelétricas. Contudo, poucos estudos avaliam como a fauna parasitária pode ser influenciada a longo prazo por essas mudanças ambientais. Investigou-se possíveis alterações na composição de endoparasitas do peixe invasor Trachelyopterus galeatus na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, em um intervalo de 27 anos de estudo. Foram analisados 79 peixes no período 1 (1993) e 31 no período 2 (2019/2020). No primeiro período, os peixes apresentaram maiores valores nas variáveis peso (g) e comprimento padrão (cm), quando comparados com o período 2. Encontrou-se um total de cinco espécies de endoparasitas, sendo três por período. Apesar da riqueza ter sido igual, a composição de endoparasitas diferiu entre os períodos, pois apenas uma espécie de digenético (Microrchis oligovitellum) parasitou o hospedeiro nos dois períodos de estudo. Constatou-se que tanto o desenvolvimento do peixe quanto seus endoparasitas foram afetados ao longo do tempo. Destaca-se que o início do funcionamento da barragem de Porto Primavera, localizada à montante da planície, ocorreu entre os dois períodos de amostragem (1999), e provocou diversas alterações ambientais, sendo, possivelmente, a principal responsável por essas mudanças da parasitofauna. A maioria dos endoparasitas requer hospedeiros intermediários para completar seus ciclos de vida. Portanto, um ambiente modificado, pode perder diversidade e interações ecológicas, visto que afeta as populações que eles utilizam durante o processo de transmissão entre hospedeiros. Isso pode explicar a diferença encontrada nas infracomunidades de parasitas de T. galeatus, enfatizando, por meio dos resultados obtidos, a importância de incluir esses organismos nos estudos que avaliam impactos ambientais causados por ações antrópicas.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Fauna endoparasitária (Platyhelminthes). ; Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766) “cangati”. ; Peixes siluriformes. ; Parasitismo. ; Ecologia. ; Parasitismo em peixes de água doce. ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasitism ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasites
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 25pp.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-11-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(6), (2022): 1233-1244, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0223.1.
    Description: The Sverdrup relation is the backbone of wind-driven circulation theory; it is a simple relation between the meridional transport of the wind-driven circulation in the upper ocean and the wind stress curl. However, the relation is valid for steady circulation only. In this study, a time-dependent Sverdrup relation is postulated, in which the meridional transport in a time-dependent circulation is the sum of the local wind stress curl term and a time-delayed term representing the effect of the eastern boundary condition. As an example, this time-dependent Sverdrup relation is evaluated through its application to the equatorial circulation in the Indian Ocean, using reanalysis data and a reduced gravity model. Close examination reveals that the southward Somali Current occurring during boreal winter is due to the combination of the local wind stress curl in the Arabian Sea and delayed signals representing the time change of layer thickness at the eastern boundary.
    Description: This work is supported by NSFC (41822602, 41976016, 42005035, 42076021), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42000000, XDA 20060502), Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0306), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021A1515011534), Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS, ISEE2021ZD01, and LTOZZ2002. The numerical simulation is supported by the High-Performance Computing Division in the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology.
    Description: 2022-11-27
    Keywords: Ocean circulation ; Ocean dynamics ; Rossby waves ; Wind stress curl
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-12-09
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(7), (2022): 1333-1350, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0298.1.
    Description: Idealized numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the influence of channel curvature on estuarine stratification and mixing. Stratification is decreased and tidal energy dissipation is increased in sinuous estuaries compared to straight channel estuaries. We applied a vertical salinity variance budget to quantify the influence of straining and mixing on stratification. Secondary circulation due to the channel curvature is found to affect stratification in sinuous channels through both lateral straining and enhanced vertical mixing. Alternating negative and positive lateral straining occur in meanders upstream and downstream of the bend apex, respectively, corresponding to the normal and reversed secondary circulation with curvature. The vertical mixing is locally enhanced in curved channels with the maximum mixing located upstream of the bend apex. Bend-scale bottom salinity fronts are generated near the inner bank upstream of the bend apex as a result of interaction between the secondary flow and stratification. Shear mixing at bottom fronts, instead of overturning mixing by the secondary circulation, provides the dominant mechanism for destruction of stratification. Channel curvature can also lead to increased drag, and using a Simpson number with this increased drag coefficient can relate the decrease in stratification with curvature to the broader estuarine parameter space.
    Description: The research leading to these results was funded by NSF Awards OCE-1634481 and OCE-2123002.
    Description: 2022-12-09
    Keywords: Estuaries ; Mixing ; Secondary circulation ; Fronts ; Tides ; Numerical analysis/modeling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-12-16
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(7), (2022): 1415–1430. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0147.1.
    Description: Strong subinertial variability near a seamount at the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea was revealed by mooring observations from January 2017 to January 2018. The intraseasonal deep flows presented two significant frequency bands, with periods of 9–20 and 30–120 days, corresponding to topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) and deep eddies, respectively. The TRW and deep eddy signals explained approximately 60% of the kinetic energy of the deep subinertial currents. The TRWs at the Ma, Mb, and Mc moorings had 297, 262, and 274 m vertical trapping lengths, and ∼43, 38, and 55 km wavelengths, respectively. Deep eddies were independent from the upper layer, with the largest temperature anomaly being 〉0.4°C. The generation of the TRWs was induced by mesoscale perturbations in the upper layer. The interaction between the cyclonic–anticyclonic eddy pair and the seamount topography contributed to the generation of deep eddies. Owing to the potential vorticity conservation, the westward-propagating tilted interface across the eddy pair squeezed the deep-water column, thereby giving rise to negative vorticity west of the seamount. The strong front between the eddy pair induced a northward deep flow, thereby generating a strong horizontal velocity shear because of lateral friction and enhanced negative vorticity. Approximately 4 years of observations further confirmed the high occurrence of TRWs and deep eddies. TRWs and deep eddies might be crucial for deep mixing near rough topographies by transferring mesoscale energy to small scales.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92158204, 91958202, 42076019, 41776036, 91858203), the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (project LTOZZ2001), and Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0304).
    Description: 2022-12-16
    Keywords: Abyssal circulation ; Ocean circulation ; Ocean dynamics ; Intraseasonal variability
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-12-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(12), (2022): 2923–2933, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-22-0064.1.
    Description: The characteristics and dynamics of depth-average along-shelf currents at monthly and longer time scales are examined using 17 years of observations from the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory on the southern New England inner shelf. Monthly averages of the depth-averaged along-shelf current are almost always westward, with the largest interannual variability in winter. There is a consistent annual cycle with westward currents of 5 cm s−1 in summer decreasing to 1–2 cm s−1 in winter. Both the annual cycle and interannual variability in the depth-average along-shelf current are predominantly driven by the along-shelf wind stress. In the absence of wind forcing, there is a westward flow of ∼5 cm s−1 throughout the year. At monthly time scales, the depth-average along-shelf momentum balance is primarily between the wind stress, surface gravity wave–enhanced bottom stress, and an opposing pressure gradient that sets up along the southern New England shelf in response to the wind. Surface gravity wave enhancement of bottom stress is substantial over the inner shelf and is essential to accurately estimating the bottom stress variation across the inner shelf.
    Description: The National Science Foundation, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, and the Office of Naval Research have supported the construction and maintenance of MVCO. The analysis presented here was partially funded by the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 1558874 and OCE 1655686.
    Keywords: Continental shelf/slope ; Coastal flows ; Momentum ; Ocean dynamics ; Wind stress
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2022-12-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(12), (2022): 2909-2921, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-22-0063.1.
    Description: A remarkably consistent Lagrangian upwelling circulation at monthly and longer time scales is observed in a 17-yr time series of current profiles in 12 m of water on the southern New England inner shelf. The upwelling circulation is strongest in summer, with a current magnitude of ∼1 cm s−1, which flushes the inner shelf in ∼2.5 days. The average winter upwelling circulation is about one-half of the average summer upwelling circulation, but with larger month-to-month variations driven, in part, by cross-shelf wind stresses. The persistent upwelling circulation is not wind-driven; it is driven by a cross-shelf buoyancy force associated with less-dense water near the coast. The cross-shelf density gradient is primarily due to temperature in summer, when strong surface heating warms shallower nearshore water more than deeper offshore water, and to salinity in winter, caused by fresher water near the coast. In the absence of turbulent stresses, the cross-shelf density gradient would be in a geostrophic, thermal-wind balance with the vertical shear in the along-shelf current. However, turbulent stresses over the inner shelf attributable to strong tidal currents and wind stress cause a partial breakdown of the thermal-wind balance that releases the buoyancy force, which drives the observed upwelling circulation. The presence of a cross-shelf density gradient has a profound impact on exchange across this inner shelf. Many inner shelves are characterized by turbulent stresses and cross-shelf density gradients with lighter water near the coast, suggesting turbulent thermal-wind-driven coastal upwelling may be a broadly important cross-shelf exchange mechanism.
    Description: The National Science Foundation, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, and the Office of Naval Research have supported the construction and maintenance of MVCO. The analysis presented here was partially funded by the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 1558874 and OCE 1655686.
    Keywords: Buoyancy ; Coastal flows ; Currents ; Dynamics ; Lagrangian circulation/transport ; Upwelling/downwelling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: The success of biological invasions depends on overcoming environmental filters. After the filters are transposed and subsequently established, invasive species can reach high densities and cause impacts, such as loss of biodiversity and damage to the functioning of ecosystems. The golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) is an invasive bivalve in South America and presents high densities in invaded environments. It has a planktonic larval stage, divided into five stages, and an encrusting adult. The larval stage is considered the main propagule of the species. It is known that abiotic factors act differently on larval stages, as these present morphological and physiological differences. Some works shown the ability of L. fortunei to select groups and functional traits of phytoplankton species, but these studies are experimental and with adult representatives. Considering that larvae are the main propagule of the species, therefore, abiotic filters act primarily on them, we sought to (i) evaluate the population structure of L. fortunei larvae and its relationship with environmental factors in lotic environments in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River. In addition, considering that larvae can reach high density values, we also sought to (ii) identify the potential impacts of high larval densities on the taxonomic and functional diversity of phytoplankton, and their effects on ecosystem functioning. The results showed differences in the age pyramid between the evaluated environments, and found that most environmental filters act on the early larval stages. Among these filters, turbidity stands out. We also identified a negative effect of L. fortunei larval density on the functional and taxonomic diversity of the phytoplankton community. The effects of larval density on these facets of phytoplankton diversity resulted in indirect negative effects on the biomass stock of the community of these producers. It's expected that knowledge about the filters that control larval densities of L. fortunei can contribute to the control and management of the species, in order to avoid major impacts on the phytoplankton, and consequently, on the environment.
    Description: O sucesso das invasões biológicas depende da superação filtros ambientais. Após a transposição dos filtros e consequente estabelecimento, as espécies invasoras podem atingir altas densidades e ocasionar impactos, como perda de biodiversidade e prejuízos ao funcionamento dos ecossistemas. O mexilhão-dourado (Limnoperna fortunei) é um bivalve invasor na América do Sul e apresenta elevadas densidades nos ambientes invadidos. Apresenta fase larval planctônica, dividida em cinco estágios, e adulta incrustante. A fase larval é considerada o principal propágulo da espécie. É sabido que os fatores abióticos atuam diferentemente sobre os estágios larvais, dado que estes apresentam diferenças morfológicas e fisiológicas. Alguns trabalhos evidenciaram a capacidade de L. fortunei em selecionar grupos e traços funcionais das espécies de fitoplâncton, porém esses estudos são experimentais e com representantes adultos. Considerando que as larvas são o principal propágulo da espécie, logo, os filtros abióticos agem primariamente sobre elas e buscou-se (i) avaliar a estruturação populacional das larvas de L. fortunei e sua relação com os fatores ambientais em ambientes lóticos da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Ainda, considerando que as larvas podem atingir elevados valores de densidade também buscou-se (ii) identificar os potenciais impactos das altas densidades larvais sobre a diversidade taxonômica e funcional de fitoplâncton, e seus reflexos sobre o funcionamento ecossitêmico. Os resultados evidenciaram diferenças na pirâmide etária entre os ambientes avaliados, e constatou-se que a maioria dos filtros ambientais age sobre os estágios larvais iniciais. Dentre esses filtros, destaca-se a turbidez. Também identificou-se o efeito negativo da densidade larval de L. fortunei sobre a diversidade funcional e taxonômica da comunidade de fitoplâncton. Os efeitos da densidade larval sobre essas facetas da diversidade do fitoplâncton resultaram em efeitos negativos indiretos sobre o estoque de biomassa da comunidade desses produtores. Espera-se que o conhecimento sobre os filtros que controlam as densidades larvais de L. fortunei possa contribuir para o controle e manejo da espécie, a fim de evitar maiores impactos sobre o fitoplancton, e consequentemente, sobre o ambiente.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Bivalve) "mexilhão-dourado" ; Moluscos límnicos invasores ; Bivalves límnicos invasores ; Larvas ; Invasores biológicos ; Diversidade taxonômica e funcional ; Filtros ambientais ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::M::Molluskan larvae ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 75pp.
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  • 13
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: It is expected that the longitudinal limnological gradients described for reservoirs have great implications for the composition and yield of multispecific fisheries practiced in this type of environment, directly and indirectly affecting the operational strategies for the collection of the species. Recognition of patterns of spatial and temporal variation of stocks and their form of exploitation is fundamental to the rationalization of fishery management. It is, however, a complex task given the large number of variables and the physical, biological and socioeconomic interactions involved. Daily landing data from 12 fisheries along the Itaipu reservoir over a period of 11 years are analyzed in this study. Uni and multivariate analysis techniques are used to identify (i) spatial-temporal patterns in the composition of the fish and in the yield of the fishery and (ii) longitudinal gradients in the operational strategies used in fishing. The results are discussed in light of longitudinal and temporal limnological gradients, species life strategies and competitive uses of the basin upstream. Significant correlation was verified between sedimentation rates, considered a synthesis variable of the limnological conditions, and yield of the 10 main species (90% of the total catch). Of these species, eight showed significant longitudinal gradients in abundance. Three of them concentrated in the fluvial zone, one in the lacustrine, three in the fluvial-transitional and one in the lacustrine-transitional. Diet requirements (autochthonous and allochthonous resources) and migratory behavior were considered the most adequate terms to explain these patterns. The marked decline in the fishery yield was attributed to the fall in the CPUEs of the two most caught species, that were, perna-de-moça Hypophthalmus oremaculatus in the lacustrine zone (trophic state reduction in the reservoir, recruitment overfishing) and armado Pterodoras granulosus in the fluvial zone (regulation of the floods on the floodplain upstream from the operation of new reservoirs, growth overfishing). Three fishery strategies were observed: (I) cascudo-preto Rhinelepis aspera fisheries in the fluvial zone using casting nets and wooden boats propelled by a stationary (center) motor (10 to 12 HP), (II) Hypophthalmus oremaculatus fisheries in the transition and lacustrine zones with gillnets, wooden boats driven by oars or a rabeta motor (3.5 to 4 HP) and (III) Pterodoras granulosus and jaú Zungaro jahu fisheries in the fluvial zone carried out with fish-hooks, wooden boats and a stationary (center) motor (10 to 12 HP). It was verifield the importance of the fisheries in sustaining families marginalized from other sectors of the economy and their regulation and rationalization in the operation of the reservoirs upstream to insure the occurrence of floods on the floodplain upstream.
    Description: É esperado que os gradientes limnológicos longitudinais descritos para reservatórios, tenham grandes implicações sobre a composição e o rendimento de pescarias multiespecíficas, exercidas neste tipo de ambiente, afetando direta e indiretamente as estratégias operacionais para a captura das espécies. O reconhecimento dos padrões de variação espaciais e temporais dos estoques e de sua forma de exploração é fundamental para a racionalização do manejo da pesca, sendo, entretanto, uma tarefa complexa, dado o grande número de variáveis e interações físicas, biológicas e socioeconômicas envolvidas. Neste estudo, são analisados os dados diários de acompanhamento de desembarque em 12 áreas de pesca ao longo do reservatório de Itaipu, tomados durante 11 anos. Técnicas de análise uni e multivariadas são utilizadas para identificar (i) os padrões espaço-temporais na composição do pescado e no rendimento da pesca, (ii) os gradientes longitudinais nas estratégias operacionais empregadas na atividade pesqueira. Os resultados são discutidos à luz dos gradientes limnológicos longitudinais e temporais, as estratégias de vida das espécies e os usos concorrentes da bacia a montante. Correlações significativas foram constatadas entre as taxas de sedimentação, considerada variável síntese das condições limnológicas, e o rendimento das 10 principais espécies (90% das capturas totais). Destas espécies, oito mostraram gradientes longitudinais significativos na abundância, sendo três delas concentradas na zona fluvial, uma na lacustre, três na fluvial-transição, e uma na lacustre-transição. Requerimentos na dieta (recursos autóctones e alóctones) e o comportamento migratório foram considerados como a explicação mais adequada a estes padrões. O acentuado declínio no rendimento da pesca foi atribuído à queda nas CPUEs das duas espécies mais capturadas, ou seja, perna-de-moça Hypophthalmus oremaculatus, na zona lacustre (redução no estado trófico do reservatório, sobrepesca de recrutamento) e armado Pterodoras granulosus, na fluvial (regulação das cheias na planície a montante pela construção de novos reservatórios, e sobrepesca de crescimento). Três estratégias de pesca foram observadas: (I) pescaria de cascudo-preto Rhinelepis aspera na zona fluvial com uso de tarrafas, embarcações de madeira, com propulsão por motor de estacionário (centro), potência de 10 a 12,5 HP; (II) pescaria de Hypophthalmus oremaculatus nas zonas de transição e lacustre, com redes de espera, embarcações de madeira impulsionada por remo ou motor rabeta, com potência de 3,5 a 4 HP; (III) pescaria de Pterodoras granulosus e jaú Zungaro jahu, na zona fluvial realizada com anzóis, barcos de madeira e motor estacionário (centro), de 10 a 12,5 HP. Verifica-se a importância da pesca para o sustento de famílias marginalizadas de outros setores da economia e propõem-se ações de controle da atividade e a racionalização na operação dos reservatórios, a montante, visando assegurar a ocorrência de cheias na planície alagável a montante.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Pesca artesanal de água doce ; Gradientes horizontais ; Manejo ; Peixes de água doce ; Estratégias de pesca ; Reservatório de Itaipu ; Zonação ; Itaipu Binacional ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Fisheries management ; ASFA_2015::G::Gradients ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoir fisheries ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish stocks
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 64pp.
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  • 14
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: Neotropical aquatic environments are highly heterogeneous and present a broad light spectral variation. Photic conditions can be closely related to aquatic vertebrates’ visual system evolution, which can interfere with ecological factors, such as feeding. Therefore, due to the species’ biodiversity and ecological adaptations observed in continental aquatic environments, Neotropical cichlids represent an important model for evolutionary studies. Cichlinae shows several adaptations regarding their life cycle and may present and accumulate mutations resulting in specific amino acid changes of visual proteins. These proteins are encoded by visual opsins genes, which allow some “measurement” of natural selection on the protein using molecular tools. Thus, it is possible to verify whether the diet constitutes an important factor in the diversification of the gene responsible for the scotopic vision of these vertebrates. In this study, 40 species of Neotropical cichlids were categorized according to their diet and, using different codon selection analyses, different protein sites positively selected were observed in specialist and generalist species. The lineages of predatory fish showed evidence of a stronger evolution of the RH1 gene when compared to other groups, indicating the influence of the diet on this group's visual evolution.
    Description: Ambientes aquáticos neotropicais possuem grande heterogeneidade de habitats, apresentando diferenças na intensidade luminosa na coluna d’água. A luminosidade está diretamente relacionada com o sistema visual dos vertebrados aquáticos, o que pode interferir em fatores ecológicos, como a alimentação. Em consideração à biodiversidade de espécies e diversas adaptações ecológicas observadas em ambientes aquáticos continentais, os ciclídeos neotropicais representam um bom modelo para estudos evolutivos. Este grupo possui diversas adaptações ao seu modo de vida e pode apresentar e acumular mutações em sítios específicos das proteínas visuais que podem ser relacionadas com tais adaptações. As proteínas visuais são codificadas por genes opsins, o que permite o estudo da intensidade de atuação da seleção natural sobre a proteína utilizando ferramentas moleculares. Com o objetivo de verificar se a dieta constitui um importante fator na diversificação do gene responsável pela visão escotópica destes vertebrados, foram utilizadas 40 espécies de ciclídeos neotropicais categorizadas de acordo com sua dieta e, por meio de diferentes análises de seleção de códons, foram observados diferentes sítios da proteína positivamente selecionados em espécies especialistas e generalistas. As linhagens de peixes predadores apresentaram evidências de uma rápida seleção do gene RH1 quando comparadas a outros grupos, indicando a influência da dieta na evolução visual deste grupo.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Peixes ciclídeos (Cichlidae) ; Peixes de água doce ; Sistema visual ; Evolução molecular ; Proteínas ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::M::Molecular biology ; ASFA_2015::P::Proteins ; ASFA_2015::V::Vision ; ASFA_2015::R::Rhodopsin ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic environment ; ASFA_2015::P::Physiology (fish)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 44pp.
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  • 15
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: We describe seven new species of Physocypria sensu latu from three of the main Brazilian floodplains: Gen. 1 spec. A gen. et spec. nov. and Gen. 1 spec. B gen. et spec. nov. from the Upper Paraná River floodplain and the South Matogrossense Pantanal, Gen. 2 spec. C gen. et spec. nov., Gen. 1 spec. D gen. et spec. nov. and Gen. 2 spec. E gen. et spec. nov. from the South Matogrossense Pantanal only and Gen. 1 spec. F gen. et spec. nov. and Gen. 1 spec. G gen. et spec. nov. only from the Amazon River floodplain. All new species here described were found in sexual populations. Generally, the new species have a short and suboval carapace, with the left valve overlapping the right valve on all sides, except for the dorsal side in some species. The morphology of hemipenis and prehensile palps, together with the shape of the valves, were most important to distinguish the species. However, several other morphological characters from limb chaetotaxy are discussed, e.g., the absence in all new species of the short accompanying seta of the five natatory setae on antenna; the presence in all new species of a long seta next to the two a-seta on the first thoracopod and the presence/absence or length of specific setae on second and third thoracopod. We discuss the taxonomic position of the seven new species by evaluating the validity of extant genera, especially of Keysercypria Karanovic, 2011, and foreshadow that our seven new species represent two new genera of Cyclocypridinae.
    Description: Sete novas espécies de Physocypria sensu latu foram descritas de três das principais planícies brasileiras: Gen. 1 spec. A gen. et spec. nov. e Gen. 1 spec. B gen. et spec. nov. da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e do Pantanal Sul Matogrossense, Gen. 2 spec. C gen. et spec. nov., Gen. 1 spec. D gen. et spec. nov. e Gen. 2 spec. E gen. et spec. nov. somente do Pantanal Sul Matogrossense e Gen. 1 spec. F gen. et spec. nov. e Gen. 1 spec. G gen. et spec. nov. somente da planície de inundação do rio Amazonas. Todas as novas espécies aqui descritas foram encontradas em populações sexuadas. Em geral, as novas espécies têm uma carapaça curta e suboval, com a valva esquerda sobrepondo a valva direita em todos os lados, com exceção do lado dorsal em algumas espécies. A morfologia do hemipênis e dos palpos preênseis, juntamente com a forma das valvas, foram as mais importantes para distinguir as espécies. A ausência em todas as novas espécies das cerdas curtas que acompanham as cinco cerdas natatórias nas antenas; a presença em todas as novas espécies de uma cerda longa ao lado das duas a-cerdas no primeiro toracópode e a presença/ausência ou comprimento de cerdas específicas no segundo e terceiro toracópodes são características presentes nos apêndices utilizadas para distinção dos novos gêneros e espécies. Discutiu-se a posição taxonômica das sete novas espécies avaliando a validade dos gêneros existentes, especialmente da Keysercypria Karanovic, 2011, e concluiu-se que nossas sete novas espécies representam dois novos gêneros de Cyclocypridinae.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Physocypria sensu latu (Crustacea, Ostracoda) ; Candonidae ; Microcrustáceos de água doce ; Taxonomia descritiva ; Morfologia descritiva ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater crustaceans ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::M::Morphology (animal) ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 115pp.
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  • 16
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: Biological invasions have been occurring at a faster pace as a result of anthropic actions. At the same time, climate change can increase invasion rates, and also favor invading organisms. One of the predictions for climate change is the increase in periods of drought, in some regions of the planet. In this way, environments that suffer from these disorders become more susceptible to invasion by aquatic plants, especially those that are adapted to different types of habitats. Within this context, the objectives were: (i) to determine the response of a native species (Hymenachne pernambucensis) and another invasive species (Urochloa arrecta) to extreme drought, and (ii) to test whether the interspecific competition between them is affected by stress caused by drought. An in situ experiment was carried out, in which the biomass and the length of the species were different for different levels of drought, in which the invasive species was superior to the native species. However, the intensity of relative competition had only different aerial biomass between species, but in this case the invasive species showed a preference for growth in monoculture than in polyculture. It was concluded, then, that the invasive species U. arrecta has greater resilience to droughts than the native species H. pernambucensis. However, the native species showed greater competitive ability. These results may explain the high dominance of this invasive species in the invaded sites, due to its better resistance to disturbances. In the same way, it demonstrates that native species can reduce the invasion rates of this species, considering that it does not grow well in the presence of neighbors.
    Description: Invasões biológicas vêm ocorrendo em um ritmo mais acelerado como resultado de ações antrópicas. Simultaneamente, as mudanças climáticas podem potencializar as taxas de invasão, e ainda favorecer organismos invasores. Uma das previsões para as mudanças climáticas é o aumento dos períodos de seca, em algumas regiões do planeta. Desta forma, ambientes que sofrem esses distúrbios se tornam mais suscetíveis à invasão por plantas aquáticas, em especial por aquelas que estão adaptadas a diversos tipos de habitats. Dentro deste contexto, os objetivos foram de: (i) determinar a resposta de uma espécie nativa (Hymenachne pernambucensis) e outra invasora (Urochloa arrecta) a uma seca extrema, e (ii) testar se a competição interespecífica entre ambas é afetada pelo estresse provocado pela seca. Foi realizado um experimento in situ, no qual a biomassa e o comprimento das espécies foram diferentes para diferentes níveis de seca, em que a espécie invasora foi superior a espécie nativa. Porém, a intensidade de competição relativa teve apenas a biomassa aérea diferente entre as espécies, mas nesse caso a espécie invasora demonstrou preferência por crescimento em monocultura do que em policultura. Concluiu-se, então, que a espécie invasora U. arrecta apresenta maior resiliência a secas do que a espécie nativa H. pernambucensis. Porém, a espécie nativa demonstrou maior habilidade competitiva. Esses resultados podem explicar a alta dominância dessa espécie invasora nos locais invadidos, devido a esta resistir melhor aos distúrbios. De mesmo modo, demonstra que espécies nativas podem reduzir as taxas de invasão dessa espécie, tendo em vista que ela não cresce bem na presença de vizinhos.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Macrófitas aquáticas invasoras ; Espécies invasoras ; Resiliência ; Mudanças climáticas ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic plants ; ASFA_2015::C::Competition ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater plants ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::R::Resilience (ecosystem) ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 32pp.
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  • 17
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: Global climate change influences the precipitation patterns, which can have dramatic effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecology. In order to create mitigation strategies is required a deep understanding of the mechanisms and rates of climate change. Lakes and wetlands are sentinels of environmental changes because their sediments and water columns serve as sensitive records of the climate, hydrology, and anthropogenic (human-induced) processes. The Pantanal, located in the Upper Paraguay River, is considered the largest wetland on Earth, and it performs numerous ecosystem services, has an immense biodiversity and is fundamental to global biogeochemical cycles. The environmental changes that occurred on the western border of the Pantanal during the last 19 cal kyr BP were interpreted based on the paleolimnological analysis of sedimentary cores recovered in the Negra and Cáceres lakes. The cores, show variations in the abundance, diversity, and preservation of sponge spicules, phytoliths, and geochemistry of sediments over time. In the Late Pleistocene, the Lakes Negra and Cáceres were strongly influenced by the South American Monsoon System, with intense fluvial activity during a more humid climate. The accumulation of organic carbon in the Pantanal floodplain lakes varied throughout the Late Quaternary. In the Middle Holocene, however, there were drier periods when these lakes were disconnected from the Paraguay River. High levels of organic carbon have been recorded from ~ 7.3-6 cal kyr BP. The records of δ13Corg, δ15Norg and C/N revealed that the organic matter deposited during this phase in the Gaíva, Castelo, Cáceres, and Negra lakes are the source of aquatic macrophytes. It is suggested that the increase in carbon burial in these lakes occurred in a drier climate, in which there was a decrease in the pelagic area. However, the productive coastal areas remained flooded and without the influence of the flood pulses, which were colonized by extensive mats of aquatic macrophytes. The prolonged drier climate resulted in the desiccation and subaerially exposed lake floor, causing sedimentary gaps close to the transition to the Late Holocene. The data suggest that the lakes in the Pantanal floodplain respond in a complex and sometimes indirect way to global climate change. In this sense, the dynamics of the adjacent river system must be considered when interpreting paleohydrology and vegetation patterns. The results of this study allowed new interpretations about the hydroclimatic controls of the lacustrine carbon cycling in the Pantanal wetlands.
    Description: As mudanças climáticas globais resultam em alterações nos padrões de precipitação, que podem ter efeitos dramáticos na ecologia aquática e terrestre. Para criar estratégias de mitigação de impactos é necessário um profundo entendimento dos mecanismos e taxas das mudanças climáticas. Os lagos e as áreas úmidas são considerados sentinelas das mudanças ambientais, porque seus sedimentos e colunas de água servem como registros sensíveis dos processos climáticos, hidrológicos e antropogênicos (induzidos pelo homem) da região. O Pantanal, localizado no alto rio Paraguai, é considerada a maior área úmida do planeta e desempenha inúmeros serviços ecossistêmicos, abriga uma imensa biodiversidade e é fundamental para os ciclos biogeoquímicos globais. As mudanças ambientais ocorridas na borda oeste do Pantanal durante os últimos 19 k anos AP foram interpretadas com base na análise paleolimnológica de testemunhos sedimentares recuperados nas lagoas Negra e Cáceres. Os testemunhos mostram variações na abundância, diversidade e preservação de espículas de esponja, fitólitos e geoquímica dos sedimentos ao longo do tempo. No final do Pleistoceno, as lagoas Negra e Cáceres foram influenciadas fortemente pelo Sistema de Monção Sul-Americano, com atividade fluvial intensa durante um clima mais úmido que o atual. A acumulação de carbono orgânico nas lagoas da planície de inundação do Pantanal variou ao longo do Quaternário Tardio. No Holoceno Médio, entretanto, houve períodos mais secos que o atual, em que essas lagoas foram desconectadas do rio Paraguai. Altos teores de carbono orgânico foram registrados a partir de ~7,3-6 k anos AP. Os registros de δ13Corg, δ15Norg e C/N revelaram que a matéria orgânica depositada durante essa fase nas lagoas Gaíva, Castelo, Cáceres e Negra (direcionadas em um transecto Norte-Sul) tem como fonte as macrófitas aquáticas. Sugere-se que o aumento no enterro de carbono ocorreu em um clima mais seco, no qual houve a diminuição da área pelágica dessas lagoas. No entanto, as áreas litorâneas produtivas permaneceram alagadas e sem influência dos pulsos de inundação, as quais foram colonizadas por extensos bancos de macrófitas aquáticas. O clima mais seco prolongado resultou na dessecação e exposição do fundo de alguns dessas lagoas, ocasionando hiatos sedimentares próximo à transição para o Holoceno Tardio. Os dados sugerem que as lagoas da planície de inundação do Pantanal respondem de maneira complexa e, às vezes, indireta às mudanças climáticas. Nesse sentido, a dinâmica do sistema fluvial adjacente deve ser considerada na interpretação dos padrões de paleoidrologia e vegetação. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram novas interpretações sobre os controles hidroclimáticos da ciclagem de carbono lacustre nas zonas úmidas do Pantanal.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Paleoecologia ; Microfósseis de água doce ; Espículas de esponjas ; Microfósseis de plantas ; Fitólitos ; Geomorfologia fluvial ; Mudanças climáticas ; Lagoas ; Quaternário Tardio ; ASFA_2015::P::Palaeoecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Fossils ; ASFA_2015::S::Sponges ; ASFA_2015::O::Organic carbon ; ASFA_2015::W::Wetlands ; ASFA_2015::H::Holocene ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater lakes ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::G::Geomorphology ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::P::Plant fossils ; ASFA_2015::F::Fresh water ; ASFA_2015::R::Rivers
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 109pp.
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  • 18
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-30
    Description: Species are heterogeneously distributed and environmental changes, such as the construction of dams or extreme climate events, can modify the dynamics of aquatic organisms. Understanding the processes that drive diversity, across long time periods, can help in the establishment of increasingly accurate conservation measures. This thesis evaluated the patterns of β diversity and metacommunity structure at different spatial and temporal scales in three independent studies in the Upper Paraná river floodplain, Brazil. The first analyzed the seasonal variation of zooplankton β and Elements of Metacommunity Structure [EMS] of zooplankton, over four years (two years of prolonged drought and two years of extreme flooding), and on a smaller (sub-basins) and a larger scale (floodplain). Regardless of the hydrological period and spatial scale, zooplanktonic metacommunity structure remained practically constant throughout the four years, with the predominance of the Clementsian pattern. The predominance of the Clementsian pattern suggests that the associations of zooplankton species in the floodplain responded similarly to the environmental gradient and that the responses differed among species groups. In the second, the taxonomic (LCBD-t) and functional (LCBD-f) ecological uniqueness of zooplankton over 19 years was determined in lakes and lotic systems of two sub-basins (dammed and free-flowing), in addition to investigating which processes (temporal, environmental and biological) drive LCBD-t and LCBD-f. Regardless of the characteristics of each sub-basin, the highest LCBD-t and LCBD-f were related to lower species and trait richness, respectively. The temporal processes were the main drivers of the ecological uniqueness of zooplankton, and they were more important than the biological processes (phytoplankton biovolume and fish biomass, representing food resource and potential predation, respectively). Finally, it was tested whether, in a dammed sub-basin, a prolonged drought makes aquatic metacommunities (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish) more similar over time than a period that includes extreme flood events. Only zooplankton underwent homogenization during this period. The β diversity of phytoplankton and fish did not change between different hydrological periods, indicating that the dispersion type (passive or active) does not interfere with drought homogenization. The response between the biological groups was different, reinforcing that the groups are not surrogates of each other. The greater β diversity in the period with extreme floods shows, at least for zooplankton, the importance of the flood pulse, reducing the negative effects of prolonged drought in a dammed sub-basin. The results showed the predominance of a metacommunity pattern resulting from high turnover (Clementsian), indicating that conservation measures should include a greater number of sites, including those with less richness, as they may have a different composition (〉 LCBD). We also emphasize the importance of considering different scales, as each can provide unique insights. It is important that biodiversity studies consider β diversity to understand the mechanisms that drive the metacommunity in the face of environmental changes, especially over longer time scales.
    Description: As espécies estão distribuídas de forma heterogênea e alterações ambientais, como a construção de reservatórios ou eventos climáticos extremos, podem modificar a dinâmica dos organismos aquáticos. Entender os processos que impulsionam a diversidade, em longos períodos de tempo, pode auxiliar no estabelecimento de medidas de conservação cada vez mais precisas. Esta tese avaliou os padrões de diversidade β e estrutura de metacomunidade em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais em três estudos independentes na planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná, Brasil. No primeiro foi analisado a variação sazonal da diversidade β e Elementos da Estrutura da Metacomunidade [EMS] do zooplâncton, durante quatro anos (dois anos de seca prolongada e dois anos com inundação extrema), e em uma menor (sub-bacias) e maior escala (planície de inundação). Independente do período hidrológico e da escala, a estrutura da metacomunidade do zooplâncton se manteve praticamente constante ao longo dos quatro anos, com predomínio do padrão Clementsiano. A predominância desse padrão sugere que as associações de espécies responderam de forma semelhante ao gradiente ambiental e que as respostas diferiram entre os grupos de espécies. No segundo foi determinado a singularidade ecológica taxonômica (LCBD-t) e funcional (LCBD-f) do zooplâncton ao longo de 19 anos em lagos e sistemas lóticos de duas sub-bacias (represada e não represada), além de investigar quais processos (temporais, ambientais e biológicos) impulsionam a LCBD-t e LCBD-f. Independentemente das características de cada sub-bacia, os maiores LCBD-t e LCBD-f foram relacionados a menor riqueza de espécies e de traços, respectivamente. Os processos temporais foram os principais impulsionadores da singularidade ecológica do zooplâncton, sendo mais importante do que os processos biológicos (biovolume do fitoplâncton e biomassa dos peixes, representando recurso alimentar e potencial predador, respectivamente). Por último, foi testado se em uma sub-bacia represada, um período de seca prolongada torna as comunidades aquáticas (fitoplâncton, zooplâncton e peixes) mais semelhantes ao longo do tempo do que um período com inundações extremas. Apenas o zooplâncton sofreu homogeneização nesse período. A diversidade β do fitoplâncton e dos peixes não diferiu entre os períodos hidrológicos, indicando que o tipo de dispersão (passivo ou ativo) não interfere na homogeneização da seca. Como a resposta entre os grupos biológicos foi diferente, sugere-se que os grupos não são substitutos uns dos outros. A maior diversidade β no período com inundações extremas mostra, pelo menos para o zooplâncton, a importância do pulso de inundação, reduzindo os efeitos negativos da seca prolongada em uma sub-bacia represada. Os resultados mostraram a predominância de um padrão de metacomunidade resultante de alto turnover (Clementsiano), indicando que medidas de conservação devem incluir um maior número de locais, inclusive aqueles com menor riqueza, uma vez que podem ter composição distinta (〉 LCBD). Reforçamos também a importância de considerar diferentes escalas, uma vez que cada uma pode fornecer insights exclusivos. É importante que estudos de biodiversidade considerem a diversidade β para compreender os mecanismos que impulsionam as metacomunidade diante das alterações ambientais, especialmente em escalas temporais mais longas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Zooplâncton de água doce ; Ecossistemas aquáticos continentais ; Metacomunidades, Ecologia de ; Diversidade-beta ; Traços funcionais ; Escala espaço-temporal ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zooplankton ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecosystem diversity ; ASFA_2015::T::Temporal variations ; ASFA_2015::S::Spatial variations ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic environment ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 186pp.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(6),(2022): 1191-1204, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0242.1.
    Description: A simplified quasigeostrophic (QG) analytical model together with an idealized numerical model are used to study the effect of uneven ice–ocean stress on the temporal evolution of the geostrophic current under sea ice. The tendency of the geostrophic velocity in the QG model is given as a function of the lateral gradient of vertical velocity and is further related to the ice–ocean stress with consideration of a surface boundary layer. Combining the analytical and numerical solutions, we demonstrate that the uneven stress between the ice and an initially surface-intensified, laterally sheared geostrophic current can drive an overturning circulation to trigger the displacement of isopycnals and modify the vertical structure of the geostrophic velocity. When the near-surface isopycnals become tilted in the opposite direction to the deeper ones, a subsurface velocity core is generated (via geostrophic setup). This mechanism should help understand the formation of subsurface currents in the edge of Chukchi and Beaufort Seas seen in observations. Furthermore, our solutions reveal a reversed flow extending from the bottom to the middepth, suggesting that the ice-induced overturning circulation potentially influences the currents in the deep layers of the Arctic Ocean, such as the Atlantic Water boundary current.
    Description: This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2017YFA0604600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41676019), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant 2019B81214), the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant KYCX19_0384), and the National Science Foundation (MAS, Grants OPP-1822334, OCE-2122633).
    Keywords: Arctic ; Sea ice ; Channel flows ; Vertical motion ; Ekman pumping ; Idealized models ; Quasigeostrophic models
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 20
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: The patterns and processes that cause a system of regionalization of organisms on the planet are historical and ecological hypotheses that biogeography seeks to elucidate. The Neotropical region is home to one of the greatest richness of freshwater fish in the world that exhibit distinct biogeographic patterns based on ecology, systematics, and evolution. Through methodologies within the scope of historical and/or ecological biogeography, the aims of this study are to present new approaches and contributions to the knowledge of the geographic distribution of freshwater fish in this region, investigating the evolutionary biogeography of Cnesterodontini and Anablepidae, as well as the spatial patterns of ichthyofauna beta-diversity in the Ivaí river basin, Paraná State. The results highlighted well-defined scenarios of the hydrological barriers formation, mainly between coastal basins and drainages that flow into the La Plata River system in South America. These findings enabled congruent relationships of biogeographic areas within the proposals for evolutionary diversification to the Neotropical freshwater fishes. Furthermore, dispersal events caused by headwater captures and sea-level changes satisfactorily complemented the biogeographic patterns and area relationships evidenced for other Neotropical fish lineages, showing similar diversification patterns in the Central Brazil drainages and in the Atlantic coast drainages. The results also showed strong spatial segregation of the ichthyofauna throughout the Ivaí River basin (upper Paraná River system) with emphasis on the mutual influences of niche- and dispersal-based processes. These findings can support new theoretical and methodological references for the main mechanisms and patterns specific to the metacommunities of aquatic organisms. Applying the results herein obtained in historical and ecological consonance has great potential to aid an effective management for the conservation of freshwater fish diversity, whether considering lineages with species at high risk of extinction or even river basins of fundamental importance for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functionality in continental aquatic environments.
    Description: Os padrões e processos que ocasionam um sistema de regionalização dos organismos no planeta são hipóteses históricas e ecológicas que a biogeografia busca elucidar. A região Neotropical abriga uma das maiores riquezas de peixes de água doce do mundo, os quais exibem padrões biogeográficos distintos baseados na ecologia, sistemática e evolução. Por intermédio de metodologias dentro do escopo da biogeografia histórica e/ou ecológica, os objetivos deste estudo são apresentar novas abordagens e contribuições ao conhecimento da distribuição geográfica dos peixes de água doce nesta região ao investigar a biogeografia evolutiva de Cnesterodontini e Anablepidae, bem como os padrões espaciais da diversidade beta da ictiofauna na bacia do rio Ivaí, estado do Paraná. Os resultados destacaram cenários bem definidos da formação de barreiras hidrológicas, principalmente entre bacias hidrográficas costeiras e drenagens que fluem para o sistema do rio da Prata na América do Sul. Essas descobertas possibilitaram congruentes relacionamentos de áreas biogeográficas dentro das propostas de diversificação evolutiva à ictiofauna neotropical. Ainda, eventos de dispersão ocasionados por capturas de cabeceiras e mudanças no nível do mar complementaram satisfatoriamente os padrões biogeográficos e os relacionamentos de áreas evidenciados para outras linhagens de peixes neotropicais, apresentando padrões de diversificação semelhantes nas drenagens do Brasil Central e nas drenagens da costa atlântica. Os resultados também evidenciaram forte segregação espacial da ictiofauna ao longo da extensão da bacia do rio Ivaí (sistema do alto rio Paraná), com destaques às influências mútuas de processos baseados em nicho e dispersão. As novas descobertas podem subsidiar referenciais teóricos e metodológicos para os principais mecanismos e padrões específicos às metacomunidades de organismos aquáticos. A aplicação dos resultados aqui obtidos em consonância histórica e ecológica tem grande potencial ao auxílio de um manejo eficaz para a conservação da diversidade de peixes de água doce, seja considerando linhagens com espécies enquadradas em elevado risco de extinção, ou até mesmo bacias hidrográficas de fundamental importância para a manutenção da biodiversidade e funcionalidade ecossistêmica em ambientes aquáticos continentais.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Anablepidae (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes) "Onesided livebearer" ; Cnesterodontini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) ; Peixes de água doce de pequeno porte ; Biogeografia cladística e conservação ; Ictiofauna Neotropical ; Metacomunidades aquáticas ; Áreas prioritárias ; Padrões de diversidade beta ; Linhagem marinha ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::B::Biogeography ; ASFA_2015::C::Cladistics ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyofauna ; ASFA_2015::C::Conservation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 161pp.
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  • 21
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: The assessment of sustainable development in sub-watersheds plays a central role in rationalizing the decisions taken. A promising form of average indicators of this development is through indicators, and when many are used, they are usually aggregated into indices, which provide a simplified and multidimensional view of the system under analysis. Several sustainability indices for watersheds are proposed in the literature. However, incorporation of extraordinary indicators, that biodiversity, a gap is still a major upgrade. Therefore, the use of biodiversity indicators as representative of the environmental dimension constitutes an advance on the indices presented in the literature recently. The objective was to evaluate the sustainability gradient in the hydrographic basins of the Upper Paraná River, through an eco-environmental sustainability index of hydrographic sub-basins (ISE-sb) that incorporates protected ecological. For this purpose, the indicators selected based on the propositions of Agenda 2030 were identified in four dimensions of sustainability, economic, economic, environmental and thought through a process of sustainability: normal and social. Then, the importance of the indicators was considered, using the multi-criteria analysis based on the Hierarchical Process Analysis (HP) method. The ISE-sb was calculated by means of the weighted media between the sub-indices that represent as dimensions. Finally, we apply the Gi* statistic to identify hotspots and coldspots. The results show that among the dimensions of sustainability, the highest was the one that presented a positive amount of low values. The regions located in the eastern portion, or serra do mar, southern portion, and the Federal District formed sustainability hotspots, while the sub-basins located in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais formed the sustainability coldposts. A sustainable spatial planning of the hydrographic sub-basins is recommended, adopting cold areas as priorities for sustainability. It highlights the main methodological limitation, a potential reproducibility of the tool in other spaces.
    Description: A avaliação do desenvolvimento sustentável em sub-bacias hidrográficas tem um papel central na racionalização das tomadas de decisões. Uma forma promissora de medir esse desenvolvimento, é por meio de indicadores, e quando muitos indicadores são usados, eles são usualmente agregados em índices, que fornecem uma visão simplificadae multidimensional do sistema em análise. Diversos índices de sustentabilidade para bacias hidrográficas são propostos na literatura. Entretanto, a incorporação de indicadores ecológicos aquáticos, que agreguem aspectos da biodiversidade é, ainda, uma lacuna ainda a ser preenchida. Portanto, a utilização de indicadores de biodiversidade como representantes da dimensão ambiental, se constitui em um avanço aos índices recentemente apresentados na literatura. O objetivo ,foi avaliar o gradiente de sustentabilidade nas bacias hidrográficas do alto rio Paraná, por meio de um índice de sustentabilidade ecoambiental de sub-bacias (ISE-sb) que incorpora indicadores ecológicos aquáticos. Com esse propósito, os indicadores selecionados com base nas proposições da Agenda 2030, foram divididos em quatro dimensões de sustentabilidade: social, econômica, ecoambiental e ambiental negativo, e passaram por um processo de normalização e filtragem. Em seguida, foi ponderada a importância dos indicadores, utilizando-se da análise de multicritério baseada no método Análise de Processos Hierárquicos (AHP).O ISE-sb foi calculado por meio da média ponderada entre os subíndices que representam as dimensões. Por fim aplicamos a estatística espacial Gi* para identificar agrupamentos de hotspots e coldspots. Os resultados mostram que entre as dimensões da sustentabilidade, aquela que apresentou a maior quantidade de valores baixos, foia ambiental positiva. As regiões localizadas na porção leste, ou serra do mar, porção sul, e o Distrito Federal formaram hotspots de sustentabilidade, enquanto que as sub-bacias localizadas nos estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul e Minas Gerais formaram os coldposts de sustentabilidade. Recomenda-se um planejamento espacial sustentável das sub-bacias hidrográficas, adotando as áreas de coldspots como prioritárias para sustentabilidade. Evidencia a principal limitação metodológica, a potencial reprodutibilidade da ferramenta em outros espaços.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Bacias hidrográficas ; Ecologia ; Manejo ; Conservação e preservação ; Sustentabilidade ; Biomonitoramento ; Ictiofauna ; Monitoramento ; Indicadores ambientais ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Conservation ; ASFA_2015::M::Management ; ASFA_2015::S::Sustainability ; ASFA_2015::B::Bioindicators ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyofauna ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental monitoring ; ASFA_2015::R::River basins ; ASFA_2015::H::Hot spots
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 70pp.
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  • 22
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: Human activities have caused degradation of aquatic ecosystems and reduced biodiversity. The dams in particular directly impact the spatial and temporal variation of aquatic communities, and especially the phytoplankton community that responds quickly and efficiently to changes in the environment. The impact of a dam in an Amazon river (Jirau Hydroelectric Power Plant) on the spatial and temporal variation of the composition (beta diversity) of phytoplankton was investigated, from October 2009 to July 2017. The hypothesis was tested that the bus modifies beta diversity on a local and regional scale, and alters each location's contribution to beta diversity. The contribution of the sites to the beta diversity was evaluated as a function of the distance from the bus and the environmental heterogeneity. The phytoplankton composition was different between the phases before, fill and after the damming. Biotic homogenization was verified in the tributaries closest to the dam. The more distant sites presented greater contribution to diversity, but were associated with lower values of richness. The dam caused unidirectional changes, locally and regionally, that is, the community moved to a new state over time, and also caused biotic homogenization locally. The impact of the dam was observed only on the tributaries, indicating that run-of-river dams have a greater impact on the tributaries than on the main channel.
    Description: As atividades humanas têm causado degradação dos ecossistemas aquáticos e reduz a biodiversidade. Os barramentos em especial, impactam diretamente a variação espacial e temporal das comunidades aquáticas, e especialmente a comunidade fitoplanctônica que responde de forma rápida e eficiente às mudanças do ambiente. Investigou-se o impacto de um barramento em um rio amazônico (Usina Hidrelétrica de Jirau) sobre a variação espacial e temporal da composição (diversidade beta) do fitoplâncton, no período de outubro de 2009 a julho de 2017. Foi testado a hipótese de que o barramento modifica a diversidade beta em escala local e regional, e altera a contribuição de cada local à diversidade beta. Avaliou-se a contribuição dos locais para a diversidade beta em função da distância do barramento e da heterogeneidade ambiental. A composição fitoplanctônica foi diferente entre as fases antes, enchimento e após o barramento. Verificou-se homogeneização biótica nos tributários mais próximos a barragem. Os locais mais distantes apresentaram maior contribuição a diversidade, mas foram associados a menores valores de riqueza. O barramento causou mudanças unidirecionais, localmente e regionalmente, ou seja, a comunidade passou para um novo estado ao longo do tempo, e também causou homogeneização biótica localmente. Observou-se o impacto do barramento somente nos tributários, indicando que as barragens a fio de água têm maior impacto nos tributários do que no canal principal.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Fitoplâncton de água doce ; Barramento ; Impactos antrópicos ; Diversidade beta ; Homogeneização biótica ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::B::Biotic environment ; ASFA_2015::R::River basins ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 53pp.
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  • 23
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-10-06
    Description: Invasive species can have many negative impacts on the biodiversity, ecosystem services, human health and the economy, and therefore need to be managed. An amphibious weed of global importance, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and the macroecological patterns of its biological control were evaluated using one of its main specialist herbivores, Agasicles hygrophila. This was considered the first successful case of biological control of an aquatic plant, although it is not equally effective on a global scale. Due to their different environmental tolerances and the greater phenotypic plasticity of the plant, the distribution of both species do not always overlap in the globe, creating geographic variability in the efficiency of biocontrol. The first approach was to analyze the current global potential distribution of A. philoxeroides and A. hygrophila to seek the areas of overlaps and gaps between them. The overlapping areas would be the most relevant for using A. hygrophila as alligator weed biological control in the globe. However, in response of climate change, it seems that the alligator weed is worryingly spreading across the globe, which can worsen in future scenarios and alter its distribution in the next decades. The second approach evaluated the effects of climate change on the global distribution of A. philoxeroides and A. hygrophila. New distribution areas for both species in future global warming scenarios and new overlapping and non-overlapping areas across the globe were identified. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were applied in both chapters to predict the potential distribution of the two species in present and future scenarios considering different environmental predictors in each one. Currently, the southeast coast of the USA, southeast China and New South Wales, Australia are the most favorable areas in the world to apply alligator weed biocontrol, while the west coast and mid-latitudes in the east of the USA and the eastern Australia are not favorable. The results were corroborated by reports in the literature that demonstrated successful control in overlapping areas and failures in non-overlapping areas of the models’ distributions. However, while general geographic patterns will hold in future scenarios, it is predicted a major northward expansion of the alligator weed, but not of the insect, especially in the USA, Canada, Europe, China, South Korea and Japan, which will create a new zone of low or no control efficiency at higher latitudes. These macroecological patterns will help direct efforts to apply the biological control for the alligator weed not only today, but also in future climate change scenarios.
    Description: Espécies invasoras podem causar muitos impactos negativos na biodiversidade, nos serviços ecossistêmicos, na saúde humana e na economia e, portanto, precisam ser manejadas. Avaliou-se uma erva daninha anfíbia de importância global, Alternanthera philoxeroides, e nos padrões macroecológicos de seu controle biológico usando um de seus principais herbívoros especialistas, Agasicles hygrophila. Este foi considerado o primeiro caso bem sucedido de controle biológico de uma macrófita, embora não seja igualmente eficaz em escala global. Devido às suas diferentes tolerâncias ambientais e à maior plasticidade fenotípica da planta, a distribuição de ambas as espécies nem sempre se sobrepõe no globo, criando variabilidade geográfica na eficiência do biocontrole. O primeiro enfoque foi analisar a distribuição potencial global atual de A. philoxeroides e A. hygrophila para buscar as áreas de sobreposição e não sobreposição entre elas. As áreas sobrepostas seriam as mais relevantes para o uso de A. hygrophila como controle biológico da erva-de-jacaré no globo. Entretanto, em resposta às mudanças climáticas, a erva-de-jacaré está se expandindo de forma preocupante pelo globo, o que pode agravar em cenários futuros e alterar sua distribuição nas próximas décadas. O segundo enfoque avaliou-se os efeitos das mudanças climáticas na distribuição global de A. philoxeroides e A. hygrophila. Identificou-se as novas áreas de distribuição para ambas as espécies em cenários futuros de aquecimento global e as novas áreas sobrepostas e não sobrepostas em todo o globo. Modelos de Distribuição de Espécies (MDEs) foram aplicados em ambas as abordagens para predizer a distribuição potencial das duas espécies em cenários presentes e futuros considerando diferentes preditores ambientais em cada um. Atualmente, a costa sudeste dos EUA, sudeste da China e Sidnei, Austrália, são as áreas mais favoráveis no mundo para aplicar o biocontrole da erva-de-jacaré, enquanto a costa oeste e latitudes médias no leste dos EUA e no leste da Austrália não são favoráveis. Os resultados foram corroborados por relatos na literatura que demonstraram controle bem-sucedido em áreas sobrepostas e mal-sucedido em áreas não sobrepostas das distribuições dos modelos. Entretanto, embora os padrões geográficos gerais se mantenham em cenários futuros, é prevista uma grande expansão da erva-de-jacaré, mas não do inseto, para o norte, especialmente nos EUA, Canadá, Europa, China, Coreia do Sul e Japão, o que criará uma nova zona de baixa ou nenhuma eficiência de controle em latitudes mais altas. Esses padrões macroecológicos ajudarão a direcionar os esforços para aplicar o controle biológico da erva-de-jacaré não apenas atualmente, mas também em cenários futuros de mudanças climáticas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (Amaranthaceae) “erva-de-jacaré” ; Plantas aquáticas invasoras ; Macrófitas aquáticas de água doce ; Insetos especialistas ; Herbivoria ; Controle biológico ; Mudanças climáticas ; Macroecologia ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic plants ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic insects ; ASFA_2015::B::Biological control ; ASFA_2015::I::Insects (aquatic) ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::H::Herbivores
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 76pp.
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  • 24
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-10-11
    Description: The industrial advance of Europe between the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in major environmental impacts. Among these impacts, the deposition of acid compounds through acid rain stands out, and this phenomenon led to the acidification of water bodies. However, from the 1980s on, with the application of stricter environmental regulations, a gradual recovery of abiotic parameters began, including pH values, which began to return to less acidic ranges. Thus, we investigated the responses of the benthic community to the gradual recovery of abiotic variables after years of intense acidification, analyzing changes in community structure and, specifically, variations in beta diversity. The study was developed with data from streams in Wales, collected and provided by two research projects that monitor the region's water bodies. The streams were classified according to abiotic characteristics and the surrounding vegetation (Acid Forest, Acid Moorland and Circumneutral Moorland). In the first approach, the community of 69 streams was analyzed, testing whether (i) the composition of macroinvertebrate communities differed among the types of environments and years analyzed; and whether (ii) in early years beta diversity among streams was lower than in more recent years, as well as in streams of a more acidic category. Samples were collected in 1984, 1995, and 2012, with the earliest year under the greatest influence of acidification. A segregation in macroinvertebrate composition was observed between 1984 and the other years, and this difference in community composition between the years suggests that environmental recovery with rising pH values, allowed the entry and establishment of new macroinvertebrate species in the streams. The lowest beta diversity value was also observed in 1984, indicating biotic homogenization in this period and an increase in community dissimilarity over time. In the second approach, we investigated the hypothesis that a gradual increase in temporal beta diversity (TBI) values occurs over time. This was done by sampling eight streams in Wales over the period 1985 to 2018, and comparing beta diversity between the reference year 1985 with all other years. There was an increase in TBI values over the years for all environments, showing evidence of biological recovery concomitant with restoration of abiotic values. The results contributed to the understanding that the biotic community also responds to environmental recovery, and there are different ways to evaluate this process, such as beta diversity. The importance of long-term research is emphasized so that such changes can be monitored.
    Description: O avanço industrial da Europa entre os séculos XIX e XX resultou em grandes impactos ambientais. Dentre esses impactos, destaca-se a deposição de compostos ácidos através da chuva ácida, e tal fenômeno levou à acidificação de corpos d’água. Contudo, a partir da década de 1980, com a aplicação de normas ambientais mais rígidas, teve início uma recuperação gradual dos parâmetros abióticos, incluindo os valores de pH, que começaram a retornar para faixas menos ácidas. Investigou-se as respostas da comunidade bentônica diante da recuperação gradual das variáveis abióticas após anos de intensa acidificação, analisando mudanças na estrutura da comunidade e, especificamente, as variações da diversidade beta. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos com dados de riachos do País de Gales, coletados e cedidos por dois projetos de pesquisas galeses que monitoram os corpos aquáticos da região, sendo os riachos classificados de acordo com as características abióticas e da vegetação do entorno (Acid Forest, Acid Moorland e Circumneutral Moorland). Na primeira abordagem, analisou-se a comunidade de 69 riachos, testando se (i) a composição das comunidades difere entre os tipos de ambientes e anos analisados; e se (ii) nos anos iniciais a diversidade beta entre os riachos foi menor do que nos anos mais recentes, assim como nos riachos de uma categoria mais ácida. As amostras foram coletadas em 1984, 1995 e 2012, sendo o ano mais antigo sob maior influência da acidificação. Observou-se uma segregação na composição da biota entre 1984 e os demais anos, e essa diferença na composição da comunidade entre os anos sugere que a recuperação ambiental com ascensão nos valores de pH, permitiu a entrada e estabelecimento de novas espécies de macroinvertebrados nos riachos. O menor valor de diversidade beta também foi observado em 1984, indicando homogeneização biótica neste período e aumento da dissimilaridade das comunidades com o tempo. Na segunda abordagem, investigou-se a hipótese de que ocorre um aumento gradativo nos valores de diversidade beta temporal (TBI) ao longo do tempo. Para tanto, foram amostrados oito riachos no País de Gales no período entre 1985 e 2018, e comparado a diversidade beta dos riachos entre o ano referência 1985 com todos os demais anos. Houve um aumento dos valores de TBI ao longo dos anos para todos ambientes, mostrando indícios de recuperação biológica concomitante com o restabelecimento dos valores abióticos. Os resultados contribuíram para o entendimento de que a comunidade biótica também responde à recuperação ambiental. Sendo a diversidade beta uma das formas de se avaliar tal processo. E ressalta-se a importância de pesquisas de longa duração para que tais respostas bióticas possam ser monitoradas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Macroinvertebrados bentônicos de água doce ; Diversidade beta ; Recuperação ambiental ; Acidificação ambiental ; Chuva ácida ; Riachos ; Riachos acidificados ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrobenthos ; ASFA_2015::A::Acid rain ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::S::Streams ; ASFA_2015::A::Acidification ; ASFA_2015::S::Stream ecology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 55pp.
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  • 25
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-10-12
    Description: Macrophytes are widely recognized for increasing habitat complexity and driving a relevant role in structuring communities in aquatic ecosystems. We investigated how the density, coverage and diversity of macrophytes can influence multiple aspects of fish community, including functional alpha and beta diversity, foraging efficiency, trophic niche breadth and overlap, total abundance and biomass of fish, as well as of certain species and sizes of fish. We used 30 macrophyte stands sampled in the littoral zone of a tropical river, as well as a dataset of 88 shallow temperate lakes. In the latter case, two spatial scales were considered (lake and points within a lake), since there is usually a negative relationship between fish and macrophyte coverage, and this relationship may be more evident at the point scale, while the effect is attenuated at the lake scale. The results showed that macrophytes can select functional characteristics of fish communities and influence their alpha and beta functional diversity. The highest values of functional alpha diversity occurred in intermediate macrophyte density and high macrophyte diversity. The variation in macrophyte density was strongly responsible for variations in functional beta diversity. Fish showed general trophic responses to the variation in macrophyte attributes, but these responses also depended on fish feeding habits, with herbivores niche breadth responding in the opposite way to omnivores. The increase in macrophyte density led to an increase in fish consumption of higher plants and foraging efficiency, and reduced trophic niche breadth. Fish niche overlap was higher at intermediate levels of macrophyte density. Fish responses depended on fish species identity, lake productivity and water depth. The deeper and more eutrophic the lakes, the more fish tended to occupy macrophyte-covered points within a lake. The results emphasize how aquatic plants can affect the fish community by influencing swimming, food availability and interactions between species, and that the relationship between fish and macrophytes can vary according to the scale of the study and the fish characteristics. The application of the results obtained here has great potential to help in projects of management and conservation of biodiversity, and in the choice of the best configurations of macrophyte stands for the maintenance of ichthyofauna.
    Description: As macrófitas são amplamente reconhecidas por aumentarem a complexidade do habitat e exercerem papel relevante na estruturação das comunidades em ecossistemas aquáticos. Investigou-se como a densidade, cobertura e diversidade de macrófitas podem influenciar múltiplos aspectos da comunidade de peixes, incluindo diversidade alfa e beta funcional, eficiência de forrageamento, amplitude e sobreposição de nicho trófico, abundância e biomassa de total de peixes, bem como de determinadas espécies e tamanhos de peixes. Utilizou-se 30 bancos de macrófitas amostrados na zona litorânea de um rio tropical, bem como, um conjunto de dados de 88 lagos rasos temperados. Neste ultimo caso, foram consideradas duas escalas espaciais (lago e pontos dentro do lago), visto que geralmente há uma relação negativa entre peixes e a cobertura de macrófitas, e essa relação pode ser mais evidente na escala de ponto dentro do lago, enquanto o efeito é atenuado na escala de lago. Os resultados evidenciaram que as macrófitas podem selecionar características funcionais das comunidades de peixes e influenciar sua diversidade funcional alfa e beta. Os maiores valores de diversidade alfa funcional ocorreram em densidades intermediárias e elevada diversidade de macrófitas. A variação na densidade de macrófitas foi fortemente responsável pelas variações na diversidade beta funcional. Os peixes apresentaram respostas tróficas gerais à variação dos atributos das macrófitas, mas estas respostas também dependeram dos hábitos alimentares dos peixes, com a amplitude de nicho dos herbívoros respondendo de forma oposta à amplitude de onívoros. O aumento na densidade de macrófitas levou a um aumento no consumo de vegetais superiores pelos peixes e na eficiência de forrageamento, e reduziu a amplitude do nicho trófico. A sobreposição de nicho de peixes foi maior nos níveis intermediários de densidade de macrófitas. As respostas dos peixes dependeram da identidade da espécie de peixe, produtividade da lagoa e profundidade da água. Quanto mais profundos e eutróficos eram os lagos, mais os peixes tenderam a ocupar pontos cobertos por macrófitas dentro de um lago. Mediante os resultados, ressaltamos como as plantas aquáticas podem afetar a comunidade de peixes por influenciarem na natação, disponibilidade de alimento e interações entre as espécies, e que a relação entre peixe e macrófita pode variar de acordo com a escala do estudo e as características dos peixes considerados. A aplicação dos resultados aqui obtidos tem grande potencial de auxílio em projetos de manejo e conservação da biodiversidade, e na escolha das melhores configurações de bancos de macrófitas para a manutenção da ictiofauna.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Macrófitas aquáticas submersas ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Diversidade funcional e taxonômica ; Diversidade taxonômica ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::A::Assemblages ; ASFA_2015::T::Trophic levels ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecosystems
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 153pp.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-10-12
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(10), (2022): 2431-2444, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-22-0024.1.
    Description: A three-dimensional inertial model that conserves quasigeostrophic potential vorticity is proposed for wind-driven coastal upwelling along western boundaries. The dominant response to upwelling favorable winds is a surface-intensified baroclinic meridional boundary current with a subsurface countercurrent. The width of the current is not the baroclinic deformation radius but instead scales with the inertial boundary layer thickness while the depth scales as the ratio of the inertial boundary layer thickness to the baroclinic deformation radius. Thus, the boundary current scales depend on the stratification, wind stress, Coriolis parameter, and its meridional variation. In contrast to two-dimensional wind-driven coastal upwelling, the source waters that feed the Ekman upwelling are provided over the depth scale of this baroclinic current through a combination of onshore barotropic flow and from alongshore in the narrow boundary current. Topography forces an additional current whose characteristics depend on the topographic slope and width. For topography wider than the inertial boundary layer thickness the current is bottom intensified, while for narrow topography the current is wave-like in the vertical and trapped over the topography within the inertial boundary layer. An idealized primitive equation numerical model produces a similar baroclinic boundary current whose vertical length scale agrees with the theoretical scaling for both upwelling and downwelling favorable winds.
    Description: This research is supported in part by the China Scholarship Council (201906330102). H. G. is financially supported by the China Scholarship Council to study at WHOI for 2 years as a guest student. M.S. is supported by the National Science Foundation Grant OCE-1922538. Z. C. is supported by the ‘Taishan/Aoshan’ Talents program (2017ASTCPES05) the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (202072001).
    Description: 2023-03-30
    Keywords: Ekman pumping/transport ; Upwelling/downwelling ; Coastal flows
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2022-10-12
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(10), (2022): 2325–2341, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0015.1.
    Description: The ocean surface boundary layer is a gateway of energy transfer into the ocean. Wind-driven shear and meteorologically forced convection inject turbulent kinetic energy into the surface boundary layer, mixing the upper ocean and transforming its density structure. In the absence of direct observations or the capability to resolve subgrid-scale 3D turbulence in operational ocean models, the oceanography community relies on surface boundary layer similarity scalings (BLS) of shear and convective turbulence to represent this mixing. Despite their importance, near-surface mixing processes (and ubiquitous BLS representations of these processes) have been undersampled in high-energy forcing regimes such as the Southern Ocean. With the maturing of autonomous sampling platforms, there is now an opportunity to collect high-resolution spatial and temporal measurements in the full range of forcing conditions. Here, we characterize near-surface turbulence under strong wind forcing using the first long-duration glider microstructure survey of the Southern Ocean. We leverage these data to show that the measured turbulence is significantly higher than standard shear-convective BLS in the shallower parts of the surface boundary layer and lower than standard shear-convective BLS in the deeper parts of the surface boundary layer; the latter of which is not easily explained by present wave-effect literature. Consistent with the CBLAST (Coupled Boundary Layers and Air Sea Transfer) low winds experiment, this bias has the largest magnitude and spread in the shallowest 10% of the actively mixing layer under low-wind and breaking wave conditions, when relatively low levels of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in surface regime are easily biased by wave events.
    Description: This paper is VIMS Contribution 4103. Computational resources were provided by the VIMS Ocean-Atmosphere and Climate Change Research Fund. AUSSOM was supported by the OCE Division of the National Science Foundation (1558639).
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Wind shear ; Boundary layer ; Parameterization
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102(10), (2021): E1897–E1935, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0316.1.
    Description: Life on Earth vitally depends on the availability of water. Human pressure on freshwater resources is increasing, as is human exposure to weather-related extremes (droughts, storms, floods) caused by climate change. Understanding these changes is pivotal for developing mitigation and adaptation strategies. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) defines a suite of essential climate variables (ECVs), many related to the water cycle, required to systematically monitor Earth’s climate system. Since long-term observations of these ECVs are derived from different observation techniques, platforms, instruments, and retrieval algorithms, they often lack the accuracy, completeness, and resolution, to consistently characterize water cycle variability at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we review the capability of ground-based and remotely sensed observations of water cycle ECVs to consistently observe the hydrological cycle. We evaluate the relevant land, atmosphere, and ocean water storages and the fluxes between them, including anthropogenic water use. Particularly, we assess how well they close on multiple temporal and spatial scales. On this basis, we discuss gaps in observation systems and formulate guidelines for future water cycle observation strategies. We conclude that, while long-term water cycle monitoring has greatly advanced in the past, many observational gaps still need to be overcome to close the water budget and enable a comprehensive and consistent assessment across scales. Trends in water cycle components can only be observed with great uncertainty, mainly due to insufficient length and homogeneity. An advanced closure of the water cycle requires improved model–data synthesis capabilities, particularly at regional to local scales.
    Description: WD acknowledges ESA’s QA4EO (ISMN) and CCI Soil Moisture projects. WD, CRV, AG, and KL acknowledge the G3P project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement 870353. MIH and MS acknowledge ESA’s CCI Water Vapour project. MS and RH acknowledges the support by the EUMETSAT member states through CM SAF. DGM acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under Grant Agreement 715254 (DRY–2–DRY). Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004).
    Description: 2022-04-01
    Keywords: Hydrologic cycle ; Satellite observations ; Surface fluxes ; Surface observations ; Water masses/storage ; Water budget/balance
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102(10), (2021): E1936–E1951, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0113.1.
    Description: In the Bay of Bengal, the warm, dry boreal spring concludes with the onset of the summer monsoon and accompanying southwesterly winds, heavy rains, and variable air–sea fluxes. Here, we summarize the 2018 monsoon onset using observations collected through the multinational Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Bay of Bengal (MISO-BoB) program between the United States, India, and Sri Lanka. MISO-BoB aims to improve understanding of monsoon intraseasonal variability, and the 2018 field effort captured the coupled air–sea response during a transition from active-to-break conditions in the central BoB. The active phase of the ∼20-day research cruise was characterized by warm sea surface temperature (SST 〉 30°C), cold atmospheric outflows with intermittent heavy rainfall, and increasing winds (from 2 to 15 m s−1). Accumulated rainfall exceeded 200 mm with 90% of precipitation occurring during the first week. The following break period was both dry and clear, with persistent 10–12 m s−1 wind and evaporation of 0.2 mm h−1. The evolving environmental state included a deepening ocean mixed layer (from ∼20 to 50 m), cooling SST (by ∼1°C), and warming/drying of the lower to midtroposphere. Local atmospheric development was consistent with phasing of the large-scale intraseasonal oscillation. The upper ocean stores significant heat in the BoB, enough to maintain SST above 29°C despite cooling by surface fluxes and ocean mixing. Comparison with reanalysis indicates biases in air–sea fluxes, which may be related to overly cool prescribed SST. Resolution of such biases offers a path toward improved forecasting of transition periods in the monsoon.
    Description: This work was supported through the U.S. Office of Naval Research’s Departmental Research Initiative: Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ministry of Earth Science’s Ocean Mixing and Monsoons Program, and the Sri Lankan National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency. We thank the Captain and crew of the R/V Thompson for their help in data collection. Surface atmospheric fields included fluxes were quality controlled and processed by the Boundary Layer Observations and Processes Team within the NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory. Forecast analysis was completed by India Meteorological Department. Drone image was taken by Shreyas Kamat with annotations by Gualtiero Spiro Jaeger. We also recognize the numerous researchers who supported cruise- and land-based measurements. This work represents Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory contribution number 8503, and PMEL contribution number 5193.
    Description: 2022-04-01
    Keywords: Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Monsoons ; In situ atmospheric observations ; In situ oceanic observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-09-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(4), (2022): 597–616, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0121.1.
    Description: We provide a first-principles analysis of the energy fluxes in the oceanic internal wave field. The resulting formula is remarkably similar to the renowned phenomenological formula for the turbulent dissipation rate in the ocean, which is known as the finescale parameterization. The prediction is based on the wave turbulence theory of internal gravity waves and on a new methodology devised for the computation of the associated energy fluxes. In the standard spectral representation of the wave energy density, in the two-dimensional vertical wavenumber–frequency (m–ω) domain, the energy fluxes associated with the steady state are found to be directed downscale in both coordinates, closely matching the finescale parameterization formula in functional form and in magnitude. These energy transfers are composed of a “local” and a “scale-separated” contributions; while the former is quantified numerically, the latter is dominated by the induced diffusion process and is amenable to analytical treatment. Contrary to previous results indicating an inverse energy cascade from high frequency to low, at odds with observations, our analysis of all nonzero coefficients of the diffusion tensor predicts a direct energy cascade. Moreover, by the same analysis fundamental spectra that had been deemed “no-flux” solutions are reinstated to the status of “constant-downscale-flux” solutions. This is consequential for an understanding of energy fluxes, sources, and sinks that fits in the observational paradigm of the finescale parameterization, solving at once two long-standing paradoxes that had earned the name of “oceanic ultraviolet catastrophe.”
    Description: The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the ONR Grant N00014-17-1-2852. YL gratefully acknowledges support from NSF DMS Award 2009418.
    Description: 2022-09-25
    Keywords: Ocean ; Gravity waves ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Ocean dynamics ; Mixing ; Fluxes ; Isopycnal coordinates ; Nonlinear models
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 31
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: Invaded communities were evaluated under two contexts: 1) how native communities respond to massive introduction events and 2) how invaded communities change through time. A common topic was defined to represent the modifications in communities after invasion, the co-occurrence between species. The objective of this thesis was to answer three questions: 1) whether the impact caused by non-native species is determined by the level of similarity between native and non-native species; 2) whether the impact would have the same pattern through time; and 3) whether there is any attribute of the non-native species population that determines the level of the impact. The data set from the project Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração (PELD) performed at the Upper Paraná River floodplain (Sítio PELD/PIAP) was used to answer these questions.First, it was evaluated the non-native species effects on the co-occurrence between species after the invasion of more than 30 non-native fish species at once. It was tested if the functional dissimilarity between native and non-native species drives the co-occurrence patterns between them. After, it was estimated the co-occurrence in a time series of 30 years. The non-native species evaluated were introduced by several introduction vectors. It was tested if the non-native species abundance and time since introduction drive the co-occurrence between native and non-native species. The abundance was used as the attribute of non-native species population to test if the effect of abundance is mediated by the phylogenetic distance between species. The results found showed that the co-occurrence between native and non-native species is affected by functional and phylogenetic distance. Therefore, integrating functional and phylogenetic diversity to assess the spatial distribution of organisms has potential to improve the understanding of co-occurrence patterns between native and non-native species. The results also showed that co-occurrence patterns may be more sensitive to the temporal variability in non-native population attributes (i.e. abundance) than time since introduction. It was showed that evaluating patterns of several non-native species may provide a broader understating of the entire community after invasions.
    Description: Avaliou-se comunidades invadidas sob dois contextos: 1) como comunidades nativas respondem a eventos de introdução em massa e 2) como comunidades invadidas mudam no tempo. Definiu-se um tema comum para representar as modificações nas comunidades após a invasão, a coocorrência entre espécies. O objetivo desta tese foi responder três questões: 1) se o impacto causado pela espécie não nativa é determinado pelo nível de similaridade entre espécies nativas e não nativas; 2) se o impactoteria o mesmo padrão no tempo; e 3) se existe algum atributo da população de espécies não nativas que determina o nível do impacto. Utilizou-se o conjunto de dados do projeto Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração (PELD) realizado na planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná (Sítio PELD/PIAP) para responder essas questões. Primeiro, avaliou-se os efeitos de espécies não nativas na coocorrência entre espécies após a invasão de mais de 30 espécies de peixes não nativos de uma só vez. Testou-se se a dissimilaridade funcional entre espécies nativas e não nativas impulsiona os padrões de coocorrência entre elas. Após, estimou-se a coocorrência em uma série temporal de 30 anos. As espécies não nativas avaliadas são originárias de diversos vetores de introdução. Testou-se se a abundância de espécies não nativas e o tempo desde a introdução impulsionam a coocorrência entre espécies nativas e não nativas. A abundância foi utilizada como atributo da população das espécies não nativas para testar se o efeito da abundância é mediado pela distância filogenética entre as espécies. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que a coocorrência entre as espécies nativas e não nativas é afetada pela distância funcional e filogenética. Portanto, integrar diversidade funcional e filogenética para entender a distribuição espacial dos organismos tem potencial para melhorar a compreensão de padrões de coocorrência entre espécies nativas e não nativas. Os resultados também mostraram que os padrões de coocorrência podem ser mais sensíveis à variabilidade temporal nos atributos da população não nativa (i.e., abundância) do que o tempo desde a introdução. Mostrou-se que a avaliação de padrões de várias espécies não nativas fornece uma compreensão mais ampla de toda a comunidade após invasões.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Invasões biológicas ; Diversidade funcional e taxonômica ; Espécies nativas e não nativas ; Coocorrência ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::S::Species diversity ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 76pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: Thiarids are pantropical gastropods endemic to South America and are found in lentic and lotic freshwater environments. These gastropods act as intermediate hosts for several species of digeneans. However, it is important to consider that there are difficulties for a correct identification of these digeneans in certain stages of the life cycle since the larvae have a reduced size and few morphological characteristics for diagnosis. In this way, techniques based on molecular markers become an extremely important tool, combining the use of ribosomal and mitochondrial regions. Considering that there are no records in the literature of studies involving parasites and gastropods as intermediate hosts in the Ivaí River, this study is the first regarding these relationships. Seventy-six specimens of gastropods were collected. Of these, 21 were parasitized. As for the parasites, 16 different morphotypes were found. The gastropod DNA was amplified using the COI marker. The gastropods showed genetic similarity with Aylacostoma chloroticum with different percentages of identity. As for the parasites, COI and 28S markers were used for DNA amplification. Four different taxa were characterized with both markers. With the mitochondrial marker it was possible to confirm only one genus among the digeneans found. However, the 28S ribosomal marker proved to be more effective for the identification of Ivaí River parasites, showing higher similarity values in relation to sequences available in the databases and lower values of genetic distance. In this way, it was possible to confirm the classification of the morphotypes into two distinct genera.
    Description: Os tiarídeos são gastrópodes pantropicais endêmicos da América do Sul e são encontrados em ambientes de água doce lênticos e lóticos. Esses gastrópodes atuam como hospedeiros intermediários de várias espécies de digenéticos. No entanto, é importante considerar que existem dificuldades para uma identificação correta desses digenéticos em determinadas fases do ciclo de vida, visto que as larvas possuem um tamanho reduzido e poucas características morfológicas para diagnóstico. Dessa maneira, técnicas baseadas em marcadores moleculares tornam-se uma ferramenta de extrema importância, combinando a utilização de regiões ribossômicas e mitocondriais. Considerando que não há registros na literatura de estudos envolvendo parasitas e gastrópodes como hospedeiros intermediários no rio Ivaí, este estudo é o primeiro a respeito dessas relações. Foram coletados 76 espécimes de gastrópodes. Desses, 21 encontravam-se parasitados. Quanto aos parasitas, foram encontrados 16 morfotipos distintos. O DNA dos gastrópodes foi amplificado utilizando o marcador COI. Os gastrópodes apresentaram similaridade genética com Aylacostoma chloroticum com diferentes percentuais de identidade. Quanto aos parasitas, para amplificação do DNA foram utilizados os marcadores COI e 28S. Quatro taxa diferentes foram caracterizados com ambos os marcadores. Com o marcador mitocondrial foi possível confirmar apenas um gênero dentre os digenéticos encontrados. Todavia, o marcador ribossômico 28S se mostrou mais eficaz para a identificação dos parasitas do rio Ivaí, apresentando maiores valores de similaridade em relação a sequências disponíveis nos bancos de dados e menores valores de distância genética. Dessa maneira, foi possível confirmar a classificação dos morfotipos em dois gêneros distintos.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Digenea (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes) “digenéticos” ; Gastrópodes (Mollusca) ; Genética molecular ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Mollusks (freshwater) ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasites ; ASFA_2015::M::Molluscs (freshwater) ; ASFA_2015::M::Molecular biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 51pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: Ludwigia has some invasive macrophyte species that have not yet been explored under the scope of phylogeography, a promising area to understand the ecology of invasions using barcode molecular markers sensitive to intraspecific variations. Thus, it was theorized that barcode markers used in invasive species of Ludwigia occurring in non-native regions would be phylogeographically informative. Sequences of the molecular markers trnH-psbA, rbcL, matK and phyC from invasive populations of L. peploides and L. grandiflora were used as they are the only ones available in Genbank. A gene tree was generated by the Neighborn-Joining method and a haplotypic network by the Median-Joining method for each species. The trnH-psbA marker was the only phylogeographically informative marker for detecting intraspecific variations in the analyzed taxa. Three haplotypes were detected for L. grandiflora and two haplotypes for L. peploides. Three geographically distinct founder populations of L. grandiflora were introduced in Europe, with Hg1 shared with the US population, while L. peploides has a founder population in Europe and another in the US. The long history of the introduction of these species in Europe and the limited geographic scope of molecular sampling demonstrate that these data are underestimated. A search in the Web of Science database exposed a paucity of molecular data for invasive species of Ludwigia, highlighting the contribution of the results to the information on these haplotypic relationships in the context of invasive biology. Therefore, the detection of haplotypic diversity of invasive species of Ludwigia proved to be promising when investigated by the phylogeographic scope, supporting a better understanding of the management and ecology of these haplotypes in non-native areas.
    Description: Ludwigia possui algumas espécies de macrófitas invasoras que ainda não foram exploradas sob o escopo da filogeografia, uma promissora área para compreender a ecologia das invasões utilizando marcadores moleculares barcode sensíveis a variações intraespecíficas. Assim, testou-se quais marcadores barcode utilizados em espécies invasoras de Ludwigia ocorrentes em regiões não nativas seriam filogeograficamente informativos. Utilizou-se sequências dos marcadores moleculares trnH-psbA, rbcL, matKe phyC de populações invasoras de L. peploides e L. grandiflora por serem as únicas disponíveis no Genbank. Gerou-se uma árvore gênica pelo método Neighborn-Joining e uma rede haplotípica pelo método Median-Joining para cada espécie. O marcador trnH-psbA foi o único informativo filogeograficamente por detectar variações intraespecíficas nos táxons analisados. Detectou-se três haplótipos para L. grandiflorae dois haplótipos para L. peploides. Três populações fundadoras geograficamente distintas de L. grandiflora foram introduzidas na Europa, sendo Hg1 compartilhado com a população estadunidense, enquanto L. peploidespossui uma população fundadora na Europa e outra nos EUA. O antigo histórico de introdução dessas espécies na Europa e a abrangência geográfica limitada da amostragem molecular demonstram que esses dados estão subestimados. Uma pesquisa feita na base de dados Web of Science expôs uma escassez de dados moleculares para espécies invasoras de Ludwigia, ressaltando a contribuição dos resultados quanto as informações sobre essas relações haplotípica no contexto da biologia das invasões. Portanto, a detecção da diversidade haplotípica de espécies invasoras de Ludwigia mostrou-se promissora quando investigada pelo escopo filogeográfico, subsidiando o melhor entendimento sobre o manejo e a ecologia desses haplótipos em áreas não nativas.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Ludwigia (Onagraceae) “cruz-de-malta” ; Macrófitas aquáticas invasoras ; Filogeografia ; Biogeografia ; Marcadores moleculares ; Manejo ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::B::Biogeography ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::M::Molecular biology ; ASFA_2015::M::Molecular structure
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 29pp.
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  • 34
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: South America has fish endemic to continental fresh waters, but derived from clades predominantly and ancestrally distributed in marine environments, such as Platanichthys platana. This species is considered the smallest sardine of the Clupeidae with its type locality in the La Plata river. In 2007, there were the first records of P. platana in the upper Paraná river basin and in 2012 in the upper Paraná river floodplain. The variation in the length of specimens from this basin generated curiosity about their identity and origin of introduction. Sequences from the COI region of the specimens were used for genetic distance calculations, construction of gene trees and haplotype networks. The results obtained indicate that all analyzed specimens belong to P. platana. Eight haplotypes were found, some exclusive to the coastal basins of Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and Negro river basin. The basins of the La Plata river, the Lago and the upper Paraná river floodplain shared different haplotypes. The phylogeographic pattern presented in this study can be justified by the presence of populations of P. platana in the same paleoarea, before the geological process that configured the current architectures of the observed basins, by vicariance. During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic several vicarious events occurred between the coastal watersheds of Brazil that can be attributed to marine regressions and transgressions by continental lands. It is also assumed that specimens from the upper Paraná river floodplain were introduced to the region from Argentine regions.
    Description: A América do Sul apresenta peixes endêmicos de águas doces continentais, mas derivados de clados predominantemente e ancestralmente distribuídos em ambientes marinhos, como Platanichthys platana. Essa espécie é considerada a sardinha de menor tamanho de Clupeidae com sua localidade-tipo no rio de La Plata. Em 2007, houve os primeiros registros de P. platana na bacia do alto rio Paraná e em 2012 na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. A variação do comprimento dos espécimes dessa bacia gerou curiosidade sobre sua identidade e origem de introdução. Sequências da região COI dos espécimes foram e utilizadas para cálculos de distância genética, construção de árvores gênicas e rede de haplótipos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que todos os exemplares analisados pertencem a P. platana. Oito haplótipos foram encontrados, alguns exclusivos dos exemplares das bacias litorâneas de Santa Catarina, do Rio Grande do Sul e bacia do rio Negro. As bacias do rio de La Plata, do Lago e da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná compartilharam diferentes haplótipos. O padrão filogeográfico apresentado nesse estudo pode ser justificado pela presença de populações de P. platana em uma mesma paleoarea, antes do processo geológico que configurou as atuais arquiteturas das bacias observadas, pela vicariância. Durante o Mesozóico e Cenozóico vários eventos vicariantes ocorreram entre as bacias hidrográficas costeiras do Brasil que podem ser atribuídos às regressões e transgressões marinhas por terras continentais. Pressupõe-se também que os espécimes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná tenham sido introduzidos na região a partir de regiões argentinas.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Platanichthys platana (Regan, 1917) (Clupeiformes, Clupeidae) “sardinha” ; Biogeografia ; Genética molecular ; Diversidade genética ; Bacias hidrográficas ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::B::Biogeography ; ASFA_2015::G::Genetic diversity ; ASFA_2015::R::River basins ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 36pp.
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  • 35
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: Non native species can negatively affect the invaded environment. Often, these species have biological characteristics that benefit other non natives and facilitate their invasion, so knowing the facilitation mechanisms between invaders are useful to mitigate their damage to the ecosystem. Thus, in this study we tested the hypothesis that Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii, a non native catfish, has habits that can alter nutrient concentrations (phosphorus and nitrogen) in the water column, and positively affect the growth of an invasive macrophyte species in detriment of a native one, characterizing ecological facilitation among invasive species. Therefore, an experiment was conducted with six treatments and four replicas, using the invasive macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata and the native Egeria najas, in the presence and absence of P. ambrosettii, all with occurrence recorded in the upper Paraná River floodplain. The results showed that the treatments with P. ambrosettii had a lower amount of dissolved oxygen, higher electrical conductivity, higher concentration of chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus (TP) and inorganic nitrogen (NI). Macrophyte biomass was significantly higher in monoculture treatments with fish, with this effect being more intense for H. verticillata. When in the same treatment, in the absence of P. ambrosettii, H. verticillata showed greater biomass than E. najas, but with the fish presence, the macrophyte species did not differ in their biomass, indicating that the high concentration of nutrients makes the coexistence of these macrophytes possible. The results found will be useful for future actions to manage invasive species, especially in habitats where they co-occur.
    Description: Espécies invasoras podem impactar negativamente o ambiente invadido. Frequentemente, estas espécies possuem características biológicas que beneficiam outras não nativas e facilitam sua invasão, portanto conhecer os mecanismos de facilitação entre invasoras é essencial para mitigar os danos ao ecossistema. Desta forma, neste estudo testamos a hipótese de que Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii, um cascudo invasor, com hábitos que podem alterar as concentrações de nutrientes (fósforo e nitrogênio) na coluna d'água, afeta positivamente o crescimento de uma espécie de macrófita invasora em detrimento de uma nativa, caracterizando a facilitação ecológica entre espécies invasoras. Para isso um experimento foi conduzido, utilizando a macrófita invasora Hydrilla verticillata e a nativa Egeria najas, na presença e ausência de P. ambrosettii (bem como ambas coocorrendo na presença e ausência do peixe), todos com ocorrência registrada na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Os tratamentos com P. ambrosettii apresentaram menor quantidade de oxigênio dissolvido, maiores valores para a condutividade elétrica, clorofila-a, fósforo total (TP) e nitrogênio inorgânico (NI). A biomassa das macrófitas foi significativamente maior nos tratamentos de monocultura com peixe, sendo este efeito mais intenso para H. verticillata. Quando juntas na ausência de P ambrosettii, H. verticillata apresentou maior biomassa que E. najas, mas com a presença do peixe, as espécies não diferiram em sua biomassa, sugerindo que a alta concentração de nutrientes torna possível a coexistência das macrófitas. Os resultados encontrados se mostram úteis para o conhecimento da biologia destas espécies invasoras, assim como para futuras ações de manejo em pequenos habitats onde estas coocorrem.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg, 1893) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) "cascudo blindado" ; Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, 1839 (Hydrocharitaceae) "hydrilla" ; Egeria najas Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) "lodinho branco" ; Macrófitas aquáticas invasoras ; Facilitação, Mecanismos de ; Nutrientes ; Concentração ; Interação ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::N::Nutrition ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 35pp.
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  • 36
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Aquatic environments are known to present a spatio-temporal difference in nutrient concentration. Furthermore, other processes also interfere in the dynamics of aquatic macrophyte communities, such as interspecific competition. The performance of two species of emerging macrophytes, Polygonum ferrugineum and Polygonum acuminatum, was analyzed under the influence of the presence of competitor and nutrient variation. An experiment was carried out in which stem fragments of each species were planted in monoculture and mixed culture and submitted to two nutrient treatments: low and high. The experiment lasted 60 days. The measured parameters as well as the relative competition index (RCI) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA by permutation with two fixed factors (nutrient and species). The height and biomass parameters (aerial, root and total) were different among the species. In the biomass parameters there was a difference between the nutrients. The relative growth rate indicated a difference between the nutrient concentrations. Interaction between the factors was observed for height and root:shoot ratio. For the RCI, no significant difference was observed for any parameter. The development of individuals was not affected by the presence of a competitor. P. ferrugineum developed a greater amount of biomass than P. acuminatum. However, the growth rates between the species did not differ, indicating that there is no competitive advantage of the first species over the second species. Regarding nutrients, under conditions of high amount of nutrients, the parameters measured showed higher values, but the difference was not exacerbated. Under low nutrient conditions, the species P. ferruginum developed higher values, indicating phenotypic plasticity in the adjustment of the root portion, in order to find and absorb more nutrients. However, there is no competitive advantage, since the RCI does not express it. Therefore, the presence of competitors, the variation of nutrients and the interaction of these two factors do not explain the distribution of species in aquatic environments nor the dominance of P. ferrugineum over P. acuminatum in the distribution.
    Description: Os ambientes aquáticos são conhecidos por apresentarem diferença espaço-temporal na concentração de nutrientes. Ademais, outros processos também interferem na dinâmica das comunidades de macrófitas aquáticas, como a competição interespecífica. Analizou-se o desempenho de duas espécies de macrófitas emergentes, sendo Polygonum ferrugineum e Polygonum acuminatum, sob influência da presença de competidor e da variação de nutriente. Realizou-se um experimento no qual fragmentos caulinares de cada espécie foram plantados em monocultura e cultura mista e submetidos a dois tratamentos de nutriente: baixo e alto. O experimento durou 60 dias. Os parâmetros mensurados bem como o índice de competição relativa (RCI) foram analisados por meio da ANOVA bifatorial por permutação com dois fatores fixos (nutriente e espécie). Os parâmetros altura e biomassa (aérea, radicular e total) diferenciaram-se entre as espécies. Nos parâmetros de biomassa houve diferença entre os nutrientes. A taxa de crescimento relativo indicou diferença entre as concentrações de nutrientes. Interação entre os fatores foi observada para altura e proporção raíz:parte aérea. Para o RCI não foi observado diferença significativa para nenhum parâmetro. O desenvolvimento dos indivíduos não foi afetado pela presença de competidor. P. ferrugineum desenvolveu maior quantidade de biomassa que P. acuminatum. Entretanto, as taxas de crescimento entre as espécies não diferiram, indicando não haver vantagem competitiva da primeira sobre a segunda espécie. Em relação aos nutrientes, em condições de alta quantidade de nutrientes, os parâmetros mensurados apresentaram valores maiores, mas a diferença não foi exacerbada. Em condições de baixo nutriente, a espécie P. ferruginum desenvolveu valores maiores, indicando plasticidade fenotípica no ajuste da porção radicular, afim de encontrar e absorver mais nutrientes. Contudo, não se configura vantagem competitiva, uma vez que o RCI não a expressa. Logo, a presença de competidor, a variação de nutrientes e a interação desses dois fatores não explicam a distribuição das espécies nos ambientes aquáticos e nem a dominância de P. ferrugineum sob P. acuminatum na distribuição.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Macrófitas emergentes congêneres (Polygonum) ; Ecologia ; Competição ; Nutrientes ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Competition ; ASFA_2015::N::Nutrient cycles
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 25pp.
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  • 37
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: The hydrological regime is the main driver of ecosystems, as it has strong control over environmental and biological variables. The types of lake systems comprise different, including those sporadically isolated and isolated individuals (LP) to isolated individuals. It is expected that variations in the hydrological level exert different types of habitats on these two types of communities, directly influencing the structure of the communities of these vertebrae, as well as the benthic macroinvertebrates. Evidence of biodiversity from macroinvertebrate communities and LPs to hydrological variations still in LE is scarce and comes from small in spatial and temporal scales. Invest as a richness, density and beta diversity of macroinvertebrates of the community at different hydrological periods (lower, intermediate and high-level periods in LE and LP. A time series of 1 of the hydrological level and biological samples from six lakes were used (LE and 3 LP) from 3 biological years of the upper Paraná River flooding. Richness was obtained in periods of major and minor oscillations and high density in periods of hydrological oscillations. These curvilinear relationships are both LE and for LP, the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates between periods of low oscillations differed, high beta only in LE. The low regional level periods more for water level beta diversity) the low water level periods BD, the LP higher. According to Redundancy Analysis (RDA), both in LE and macroinvertebrate diversity was mainly structured by environmental factors (ie, oxygen, consonance, turbidity, fish density and macrophyte richness) during periods of low water level. On the other hand, during periods of high hydrological level, the hydrological level was a single structuring forcing of macroinvertebrate diversity. Based on the results obtained, the responses of the macroinvertebrate community to hydrological oscillations tend to be different in LE and LP. Specifically, these are the most pronounced responses in LE, where local environmental factors play a stronger structuring role. The greatest contribution that LE and LP occur to macroinvertebrate diversity in different hydrological periods. Therefore, this evidence that preserves the wide variety of LE and LP in the floodplain is critical to maintaining local and regional biotic communities.
    Description: O regime hidrológico é o principal direcionador dos ecossistemas de planície de inundação, pois apresenta forte controle sobre variáveis ambientais e biológicas. Os sistemas de planície são compostos por diferentes tipos de lagos, incluindo aqueles esporadicamente (LE) conectados e aqueles permanentemente (LP) conectados aos rios. É esperado que as variações no nível hidrológico exerçam pressões distintas sobre esses dois tipos de lagos, influenciando diretamente a estrutura das comunidades desses habitats, assim como os macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Evidências de como a biodiversidade das comunidades de macroinvertebrados respondem a variações hidrológicas em LE e LP ainda são escassas e oriundas de estudos em pequenas escalas espaciais e temporais. Investigou-se como a riqueza, densidade e diversidade beta da comunidade de macroinvertebrados respondem a diferentes períodos hidrológicos (períodos de nível baixo, intermediário e alto) em LE e LP. Utilizou-se uma série temporal de 14 anos do nível hidrológico e amostragens biológicas de seis lagos rasos (3 LE e 3 LP) da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Obteve-se maior riqueza e densidade em períodos de oscilações intermediárias e menor em períodos de baixa e alta oscilações hidrológicas. Essas relações curvilíneas ocorreram tanto LE quanto para LP. Contudo, a diversidade beta de macroinvertebrados bentônicos diferiu entre períodos de oscilações baixa, intermediária e alta apenas em LE. Os LE contribuíram mais para a diversidade beta regional (nível de planície) durante períodos de baixo nível de água (LCBD maior), os LP contribuíram mais durante períodos de nível alto de água. De acordo com a Análise de Redundância (RDA), tanto em LE quanto em LP a diversidade dos macroinvertebrados foi fortemente estruturada por fatores ambientais (i.e., oxigênio, condutividade, turbidez, densidade de peixes e riqueza de macrófitas) durante períodos de baixo nível de água. Durante períodos de nível hidrológico alto, o nível hidrológico foi a única força estruturante da diversidade dos macroinvertebrados. Mediante os resultados obtidos, as respostas da comunidade de macroinvertebrados para as oscilações hidrológicas tendem a ser diferentes em LE e LP. Especificamente, essas respostas são mais pronunciadas em LE, onde os fatores ambientais locais exercem um papel estruturante mais forte. A maior contribuição que LE e LP tem para diversidade de macroinvertebrados ocorre em períodos hidrológicos distintos. Portanto, isso evidencia que preservar a grande variedade de LE e LP em planície de inundação é fundamental para manter a biodiversidade local e regional de comunidades bióticas.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Macroinvertebrados bentônicos de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Estrutura ; Lagos temporários e permanentes ; Conexão ; Regime hidrológico ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrobenthos ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::L::Lakes ; ASFA_2015::H::Hydrologic cycle ; ASFA_2015::F::Floods ; ASFA_2015::D::Droughts ; ASFA_2015::B::Benthic communities ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 34pp.
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  • 38
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Changes in water level influence the establishment and ecological interactions developed between aquatic macrophytes.With the aim of investigate how changes in water level, the density of the invasive macrophyte Urochloa arrecta and the species richness influence the establishment of Paspalum repens, we set up two experiments in a greenhouse with three water levels (high, medium and static) and two levels of density and species richness. At the end of the experiments, we measured the following response variables: leaf area surface, shoot biomass, root biomass, total biomass, shoot length, and root length of P. repens. Using the total biomass, we calculated the relative interaction index (RII) to verify the type of ecological interaction developed between P. repens and its neighbors species. Each response variable was analyzed with a two-way ANOVA. Among the results obtained, we highlight: i) the predominantly negative values of the RII, indicating competition between P. repens and its neighbors in all the conditions tested in this work and ii) positive values of leaf area surface and shoot biomass at water levels high, especially in the experiment that analyzed the effect of the density of U. arrecta on P. repens, which highlights the strategies adopted by this species to establish itself in environments with high densities of the invasive species in scenarios of water level changes. Finally, these results indicate the effects of changes in water level, density of U. arrecta and species richness on P. repens, contributing to the understanding of the dynamics of macrophyte communities in freshwater ecosystems.
    Description: Mudanças do nível d’água influenciam o estabelecimento e as interações ecológicas desenvolvidas entre macrófitas aquáticas. Com o objetivo de investigar como mudanças no nível d’água, a densidade da macrófita invasora Urochloa arrecta e a riqueza de espécies influenciam no estabelecimento da macrófita nativa Paspalum repens, foram montados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação com três níveis d’água (alto, médio e estático) e dois níveis de densidade e riqueza de espécies. Ao final do experimento foram mensuradas as seguintes variáveis resposta: superfície da área foliar, biomassa aérea, biomassa da raiz, biomassa total, comprimento aéreo e comprimento da raiz de Paspalum repens. Utilizando a biomassa total, foi calculado o índice de interação relativa (RII) para verificar o tipo de interação ecológica desenvolvida entre P. repens e suas espécies vizinhas. Cada variável resposta foi analisada com uma Anova bifatorial. Dentre os resultados obtidos, destacamos: i) os valores preponderantemente negativos do RII, indicando competição de P. repens com suas vizinhas em todas as condições testadas neste trabalho e ii) valores positivos da superfície da área foliar e biomassa aérea em níveis d’água alto, especialmente no experimento que foi analisado o efeito da densidade de U. arrecta sobre P. repens, o que evidencia as estratégias adotadas por esta espécie para se estabelecer em ambientes com altas densidades da espécie invasora em cenários de mudanças do nível d’água. Esses resultados indicam, por fim, os efeitos da mudança do nível da água, da densidade de U. arrecta e da riqueza de espécies sobre P. repens, contribuindo para o entendimento da dinâmica das comunidades de macrófitas em ambientes aquáticos continentais.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Paspalum repens P. J. Bergius (Poaceae) ; Poaceae (Gramineae) “brachiaria” ; Macrófitas aquáticas invasoras emergentes ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Competição ; Espécies invasoras ; Estufas ; Experimentos ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::D::Dams ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water) ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::C::Competition ; ASFA_2015::W::Water reservoirs ; ASFA_2015::E::Experimental research
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 49pp.
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  • 39
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Dams and predicted future extreme weather events can affect the structure of aquatic communities, both at a local and regional scale. They can influence, for example, the importance of sites and species for regional diversity as they promote local processes of extinction and colonization, as well as processes of biotic homogenization on a regional scale. It was investigated how damming and prolonged flood and drought periods influenced the local contribution to beta diversity (LCBD) based on phytoplankton functional groups (GFR), as well as the contribution of each GFR to beta diversity (SCBD). The relationship between the number of GFR (Functional richness - RF) on the LCBD was also evaluated. For this, it was analyzed data collected in years with extreme drought (2000-2001) and flood (2010-2011) from three sub-basins of the upper Paraná River floodplain were used, which have different damming effects (presence, indirect influence, and absence). Nutrient concentrations and pH influenced the beta diversity in the three sub-basins in the two periods. Extreme drought periods and the presence of a dam were related to higher values of LCBD and RF. High LCBD values were related to low RF values. Environments with the absence and indirect influence of the dam had higher RF values in the flood and higher LCBD values in the drought. GFR H1 (N-fixing cyanobacteria), Lo (large mucilaginous cyanobacteria), and P (filamentous diatoms) presented the greatest contribution to beta diversity. The damming region was related to filamentous cyanobacteria in the drought. The results showed that both damming and climatic periods influenced the contribution of sites to regional diversity. However, they also suggested that the greatest biotic uniqueness observed in the damming region and in the dry period was related to organisms that can affect water diversity and quality, such as cyanobacteria. It appears that these environments have unique environmental and biotic conditions that require greater attention in terms of monitoring to prevent the proliferation of organisms with toxigenic potential. The construction of dams in search of energy security, associated with the predicted scenario of an increase in extreme events, favors biotic uniqueness. Understanding how communities respond to these changes is crucial for the ecology of aquatic environments.
    Description: Os barramentos e os eventos hidrológicos extremos atuais e os preditos para o futuro podem afetar a estrutura das comunidades aquáticas, tanto em escala local quanto regional. Estes eventos podem influenciar a importância de locais e espécies para a diversidade regional pois promovem processos locais de extinção e colonização, assim como processos de homogeneização biótica em escala regional. Foi investigado como o efeito de barramento e períodos de cheia e seca prolongados influenciam a contribuição local para a diversidade beta (LCBD) fitoplanctônica, baseada em grupos funcionais de Reynolds (GFR), e a contribuição de cada grupo funcional para a diversidade beta (SCBD). a relação entre o número de GFR (Riqueza Funcional – RF) sobre o LCBD. Para isso, utilizados dados de três sub-bacias da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, que possuem diferentes efeitos de barramento (presença, influência indireta e ausência), nos anos de seca (2000-2001) e cheia (2010-2011) extremas. As concentrações de nutrientes e o pH estiveram relacionadas com os padrões da diversidade beta nas três sub-bacias e nos dois períodos. Períodos de seca extrema e ambientes com presença de barramento apresentaram maiores valores de LCBD e RF. Altos valores de LCBD estiveram relacionados a baixos valores de RF. Ambientes com ausência e influência indireta de barramento apresentaram maiores valores de RF na cheia e maiores valores de LCBD na seca. Os GFR H1 (cianobactérias N-fixadoras), Lo (grandes cianobactérias mucilaginosas) e P (diatomáceas filamentosas) apresentaram maior contribuição à diversidade beta. A região com barramento esteve relacionada com cianobactérias filamentosas na seca. Os resultados mostraram que tanto barramento quanto períodos hidrológicos influenciaram a contribuição dos locais à diversidade regional. Porém, a maior singularidade biótica observada na região com barramento e no período seco esteve relacionada com organismos que podem afetar à diversidade e qualidade de água, como as cianobactérias. Esses ambientes aparentam possuir condições ambientais e bióticas exclusivas que requerem maior atenção em relação a monitoramento para evitar a proliferação de organismos com potencial toxigênico. A construção de barramentos em busca da segurança energética, associada ao cenário predito de aumento de eventos extremos, favorece a singularidade biótica. Entender como as comunidades respondem a essas alterações é crucial para ecologia de ambientes aquáticos.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Fitoplâncton de água doce ; Ecologia ; Barramento ; Diversidade beta ; Eventos hidrológicos extremos ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::D::Dams ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic communities ; ASFA_2015::W::Weather conditions
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 41pp.
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(7), (2022): 1053–1083, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0167.1.
    Description: The Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn) on the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite will revolutionize satellite altimetry by measuring sea surface height (SSH) with unprecedented accuracy and resolution across two 50-km swaths separated by a 20-km gap. The original plan to provide an SSH product with a footprint diameter of 1 km has changed to providing two SSH data products with footprint diameters of 0.5 and 2 km. The swath-averaged standard deviations and wavenumber spectra of the uncorrelated measurement errors for these footprints are derived from the SWOT science requirements that are expressed in terms of the wavenumber spectrum of SSH after smoothing with a filter cutoff wavelength of 15 km. The availability of two-dimensional fields of SSH within the measurement swaths will provide the first spaceborne estimates of instantaneous surface velocity and vorticity through the geostrophic equations. The swath-averaged standard deviations of the noise in estimates of velocity and vorticity derived by propagation of the uncorrelated SSH measurement noise through the finite difference approximations of the derivatives are shown to be too large for the SWOT data products to be used directly in most applications, even for the coarsest footprint diameter of 2 km. It is shown from wavenumber spectra and maps constructed from simulated SWOT data that additional smoothing will be required for most applications of SWOT estimates of velocity and vorticity. Equations are presented for the swath-averaged standard deviations and wavenumber spectra of residual noise in SSH and geostrophically computed velocity and vorticity after isotropic two-dimensional smoothing for any user-defined smoother and filter cutoff wavelength of the smoothing.
    Description: This research was supported by NASA Grant NNX16AH76G.
    Keywords: Sea level ; Altimetry ; Remote sensing ; Satellite observations ; Error analysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2022-08-29
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(8), (2022): 1593-1611, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0180.1.
    Description: This study presents novel observational estimates of turbulent dissipation and mixing in a standing meander between the Southeast Indian Ridge and the Macquarie Ridge in the Southern Ocean. By applying a finescale parameterization on the temperature, salinity, and velocity profiles collected from Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorer (EM-APEX) floats in the upper 1600 m, we estimated the intensity and spatial distribution of dissipation rate and diapycnal mixing along the float tracks and investigated the sources. The indirect estimates indicate strong spatial and temporal variability of turbulent mixing varying from O(10−6) to O(10−3) m2 s−1 in the upper 1600 m. Elevated turbulent mixing is mostly associated with the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and mesoscale eddies. In the upper 500 m, enhanced mixing is associated with downward-propagating wind-generated near-inertial waves as well as the interaction between cyclonic eddies and upward-propagating internal waves. In the study region, the local topography does not play a role in turbulent mixing in the upper part of the water column, which has similar values in profiles over rough and smooth topography. However, both remotely generated internal tides and lee waves could contribute to the upward-propagating energy. Our results point strongly to the generation of turbulent mixing through the interaction of internal waves and the intense mesoscale eddy field.
    Description: The observations were funded through grants from the Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP170102162) and Australia’s Marine National Facility. Surface drifters were provided by Dr. Shaun Dolk of the Global Drifter Program. AC was supported by an Australian Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship. AC, HEP, and NLB acknowledge support from the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy National Environmental Science Program and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Climate Extremes. KP acknowledges the support from the National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Diapycnal mixing ; Eddies ; Fronts ; Inertia-gravity waves ; Ocean dynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 42
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-08-30
    Description: Despite growing interest in the effects of non-native invasive species in changing alternative trophic states in shallow lakes, little is known when it comes to tropical regions. We carried out a systematic review to identify which terms, species, definitions and objectives were most addressed in these studies, as well as to identify possible global patterns and trends regarding the growth of these research over the years and the hot spots of publications. Our results showed that although there was a non-linear growth in the number of studies published in the last three decades regarding state shifts in freshwater environments, only a small number of them addresses the influence that non-native invasive species have in triggering trophic states changes in aquatic environments and even less in shallow lakes. In our discussion, we explore the possible reasons and consequences that these patterns bring to this area of ecology, as well as expand the results and make the work available so that it can be used as recomendation for future projects related to the topic.
    Description: Lagos rasos são os ecossistemas de água doce mais abundantes do planeta, suportam elevada diversidade de espécies e proveem diversos serviços ecossistêmicos, porém, a dinâmica natural desses ecossistemas está ameaçada devido ao estabelecimento de espécies invasoras não nativas. Apesar do crescente interesse acerca dos impactos que espécies invasoras não nativas causam nos ecossistemas invadidos, pouco ainda se sabe sobre a influência delas para a estabilidade e mudança de estado trófico em lagos rasos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistematizada da literatura para identificar quais termos, espécies, definições e objetivos foram mais abordados nesses estudos, assim como identificar possíveis padrões e tendências globais quanto à distribuição das pesquisas ao longo dos anos e seu local de origem. Embora tenha havido um crescimento na quantidade de estudos publicados nas últimas três décadas sobre estados tróficos em ambientes aquáticos, apenas uma pequena quantidade deles aborda a influência das espécies invasoras nãonativas na mudança de estado trófico nestes ecossistemas. Foram exploradas as possíveis razões e as consequências que esses padrões e métodos trazem para essa área da ecologia, de forma que a discussão aqui feita sugere diversas recomendações para futuros trabalhos e pesquisadores considerarem.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Ecossistemas aquáticos ; Lagos rasos ; Invasões biológicas ; Eutrofização ; Revisão sistemática ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::L::Lakes ; ASFA_2015::E::Eutrophication ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::R::Reviews (literature)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 36pp.
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  • 43
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-08-30
    Description: Global climate change has as its main result an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme events, such as longer periods of drought, and more hot days throughout the year, which makes drought events even more severe. Certain plant species have a high invasive potential, which is due to their tolerance to adverse conditions and the recovery of their individuals after some disturbance, which increases the possibility of colonization and establishment in new environments, interfering with native communities. The effect of interspecific competition between the invasive plant Urochloa mutica and the native species Panicum dichotomiflorum was experimentally analyzed on its establishment, resistance and resilience, simulating conditions of extreme water events and the distribution of Panicum dichotomiflorum and Urochloa mutica, particularly in protected areas environmental. The results obtained showed that the native species grew less with the water changes, mainly due to the lack of water, and the invasive species did not show strong growth alterations with the disturbances used. Furthermore, the species were shown to alter the growth variables in competition, impacting the native species more. On the other hand, the species in terms of temporal stability did not change growth and both may have advantages in impacted environments. Regarding the distribution of species, the results showed that the dispersion of the invasive exotic plant will be greater in areas that already have its presence, and also that this species may invade new places, such as Germany and Austria. In a future scenario of global climate change in 2070, this invasive species could occur in protected areas. Regarding the national territory, U. mutica will lose part of its distribution in Brazil, mainly in the north and northeast regions, including areas of protection and conservation. For P. dichotomiflorum, it is possible that it will lose a large part of its natural habitat in the two future scenarios, but it will increase its occurrence in other places, being able to become a potential invasive. Therefore, the results achieved indicate that both species have important characteristics in coping with climate change and show that the native species has an invasive behavior, with information of enormous value to environmental managers, especially in the management work of the two species of Poaceae, which have invasive potential for preserved areas, and in research that evidence areas susceptible to invasion.
    Description: As mudanças climáticas globais tem como principal resultado o aumento na frequência e na severidade de eventos extremos, tais como períodos mais prolongados de seca, e mais dias quentes ao longo do ano, o que torna os eventos de seca ainda mais severos. Certas espécies vegetais possuem alto potencial invasor, que se deve à sua tolerância a condições adversas e à recuperação de seus indivíduos após algum distúrbio, o que aumenta a possibilidade de colonização e estabelecimento em novos ambientes, interferindo em comunidades nativas. Analisou-se experimentalmente o efeito da competição interespecífica da planta invasora Urochloa mutica com a espécie nativa Panicum dichotomiflorum, em seu estabelecimento, resistência e resiliência, simulando condições de eventos hídricos extremos e a distribuição de Panicum dichotomiflorum e Urochloa mutica, particularmente em áreas de proteção ambiental. Os resultados alcançados mostraram que a espécie nativa, cresceu menos com as mudanças hídricas, principalmente pela falta de água e a espécie invasora mostrou não sofrer fortes alterações de crescimento com os distúrbios empregados. As espécies mostraram alterar as variáveis de crescimento em competição, impactando de maior maneira a espécie nativa. Por outro lado, as espécies em termos de estabilidade temporal não alteraram o crescimento e ambas podem apresentar vantagens em ambientes impactados. Em relação à distribuição das espécies, os resultados mostraram que a dispersão da planta exótica invasora será maior em áreas que possuem sua presença, e também que essa espécie poderá invadir novos lugares, como Alemanha e Áustria. Em cenário futuro de mudança climática global em 2070, essa espécie invasora pode ocorrer em áreas protegidas. Com relação ao território nacional, U. mutica perderá parte da sua distribuição no Brasil, principalmente na região norte e nordeste, incluindo áreas de proteção e conservação. Para P. dichotomiflorum, é possível que perdera grande parte de seu habitat natural nos dois cenários futuros, mas aumentará sua ocorrência em outros lugares, podendo se tornar uma invasora em potencial. Portanto, os resultados alcançados indicam que ambas as espécies possuem características importantes no enfrentamento às mudanças climáticas e evidenciam que a espécie nativa apresenta comportamento invasor, com informações de enorme valia para gestores ambientais, especialmente nos trabalhos de manejo das duas espécies de Poaceae, que têm potencial invasor para áreas preservadas, e em pesquisas que evidenciem áreas suscetíveis a invasões.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Urochloa mutica (Poaceae : Monocotiledônea) ; Panicum dichotomiflorum (Poaceae : Monocotiledônea) ; Macrófitas aquáticas ; Espécies invasoras e nativas ; Espécies invasoras ; Espécies nativas ; Competição ; Mudanças climáticas ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::C::Competition ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 67pp.
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2022-08-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society , 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Han, L., Seim, H., Bane, J., Todd, R. E., & Muglia, M. A shelf water cascading event near Cape Hatteras. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 51(6), (2021): 2021–2033, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0156.1.
    Description: Carbon-rich Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) and South Atlantic Bight (SAB) shelf waters typically converge on the continental shelf near Cape Hatteras. Both are often exported to the adjacent open ocean in this region. During a survey of the region in mid-January 2018, there was no sign of shelf water export at the surface. Instead, a subsurface layer of shelf water with high chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen was observed at the edge of the Gulf Stream east of Cape Hatteras. Strong cooling over the MAB and SAB shelves in early January led to shelf waters being denser than offshore surface waters. Driven by the density gradient, the denser shelf waters cascaded beneath the Gulf Stream and were subsequently entrained into the Gulf Stream, as they were advected northeastward. Underwater glider observations 80 km downstream of the export location captured 0.44 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of shelf waters transported along the edge of the Gulf Stream in January 2018. In total, as much as 7 × 106 kg of carbon was exported from the continental shelf to a greater depth in the open ocean during this 5-day-long cascading event. Earlier observations of near-bottom temperature and salinity at a depth of 230 m captured several multiday episodes of shelf water at a location that was otherwise dominated by Gulf Stream water, indicating that the January 2018 cascading event was not unique. Cascading is an important, yet little-studied pathway of carbon export and sequestration at Cape Hatteras.
    Description: This research was funded by the National Science Foundation (Grants OCE-1558920 to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and OCE-1558521 to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) as part of PEACH. We acknowledge and thank Sara Haines for the processing and QC of the mooring data, and we thank the PEACH group for helpful discussions and for their support. Additional thanks are given to the crew of R/V Armstrong (AR-26).
    Keywords: Continental shelf/slope ; Fronts ; In situ oceanic observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 45
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: Human activities cause drastic changes in the functioning of ecosystems, such as the reduction of biodiversity. Phytoplankton are among the first to respond to these changes. Eutrophication can cause cyanobacterial blooms and select species with different functional traits, according to hydrodynamic conditions (e.g. water residence time - TR) and luminous availability. The effects of the Human Influence Index (IIH) and RT on the magnitude of the relationship between environment (phosphorus, nitrogen and turbidity) and biovolume of the functional morphological groups (GFBMs) of cyanobacteria III, VII and VIII. Phytoplankton from Brazilian lakes, reservoirs and rivers were sampled at different periods of the hydrological cycle (N = 3203). The biovolume of GFBMs was affected positively by phosphorus and negatively by nitrogen and turbidity. IIH and TR showed negative effects on the biovolume-environment relationship. The meta-regressions showed different relationships between biovolume and nitrogen for groups III, VII and VIII, as well as negative relationships in temporal data, which indicates that hydrological events had an effect on them. The results indicated that local variables, such as hydrodynamic conditions, can affect the strength of the relationships between biovolume, nitrogen and phosphorus, which causes a negative effect on GFBMs.
    Description: Atividades antrópicas causam mudanças drásticas no funcionamento dos ecossistemas, como a redução da biodiversidade. Os fitoplanctontes são um dos primeiros a responder a essas mudanças. A eutrofização pode causar florações de cianobactérias e selecionar espécies com distintos traços funcionais, de acordo com as condições hidrodinâmicas (e. g. tempo de residência da água - TR) e disponibilidade luminosa. Avaliou-se por meio de metanálises, os efeitos do Índice de Influência Humana (IIH) e do TR sobre a magnitude da relação entre ambiente (fósforo, nitrogênio e turbidez) e biovolume dos grupos morfológicos funcionais (GFBMs) de cianobactérias III, VII e VIII. Amostrou-se o fitoplâncton de lagos, reservatórios e rios brasileiros, em distintos períodos do ciclo hidrológico (N= 3203). O biovolume dos GFBMs foi afetado positivamente pelo fósforo e negativamente pelo nitrogênio e turbidez. O IIH e TR apresentaram efeitos negativos sobre a relação biovolume-ambiente. As metaregressões evidenciaram distintas relações entre biovolume e nitrogênio para os grupos III, VII e VIII, assim como relações negativas em dados temporais, o que indica que eventos hidrológicos teve efeito sobre elas. Os resultados indicaram que variáveis locais, como as condições hidrodinâmicas, podem afetar a força das relações entre biovolume, nitrogênio e fósforo, o que ocasiona efeito negativo sobre os GFBMs.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Cianobactérias planctônicas ; Ecologia ; Abordagem funcional ; Variabilidade espaço-temporal ; Impactos antrópicos ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Functional morphology ; ASFA_2015::T::Temporal variations ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::P::Planktonic algae ; ASFA_2015::P::Plankton blooms
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 49pp.
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  • 46
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: The invasion success of non-native species depends on several factors, and native populations and biotic characteristics of non-native environments can offer resistance to non-native species development. Reservoirs can facilitate submerged macrophyte invasion once it modifies the environment and provides favorable abiotic conditions to macrophyte establishment and development. However, previous colonization of native species can resist the development of invasive ones through priority effects. In this investigation we used large data-set (1120 samplings during 4 years) obtained in the Itaipu Reservoir (Brazil/Paraguay) to assess the relationship between the abundance of the native submerged macrophyte Egeria najas and of the invasive Hydrilla verticillata and the water level, littoral slope and Secchi disk depth. We also investigated how the concomitant and previous abundance of both macrophytes correlates. A spatial-temporal modeling was applied using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations method, which controls the effect of spatial-temporal autocorrelation. Our results indicate an important role of water transparency, littoral slope and water level oscillations (in terms of amplitude and increased hydrometric level), in a short period of time (30 days) for the temporal dynamics of the abundance of both species. However, alterations of the hydrometric levels and of the littoral slope affected H. verticillata to a greater extent than E. najas. In addition, the abundance of each species was related with its own abundance in previous samplings, highlighting the importance of vegetative propagule pressure and resistance structures for population recovery. The magnitude of the interaction between both species in concomitant occurrence in the same site was abundance dependent.
    Description: O sucesso da invasão de espécies não nativas depende de vários fatores. Populações nativas e características bióticas de ambientes não nativos podem oferecer resistência ao desenvolvimento de espécies não nativas. Porém, a colonização prévia de espécies nativas pode impor resistência ao desenvolvimento de espécies invasoras por meio de efeitos de prioridade. Nesta investigação utilizou-se um grande conjunto de dados (1120 amostragens durante 4 anos) obtidos Reservatórios podem facilitar a invasão de macrófitas submersas, uma vez que modificam o ambiente e fornecem condições abióticas favoráveis para o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento de macrófitas no reservatório de Itaipu (Brasil/Paraguai) para avaliar a relação entre a abundância da macrófita submersa nativa Egeria najas e da invasora Hydrilla verticillata e o nível da água, declividade litorânea e profundidade do disco de Secchi. Também se investigou, como a abundância concomitante e prévia de ambas as macrófitas se correlaciona. Uma modelagem espaço-temporal foi aplicada usando o método de Aproximações Aninhadas Integradas de Laplace, que controla o efeito da autocorrelação espaço-temporal. Os resultados indicam um importante papel da transparência da água, declividade litorânea e oscilações do nível da água (em termos de amplitude e aumento do nível hidrométrico), em um curto período de tempo (30 dias) para a dinâmica temporal da abundância das duas espécies. Contudo, as alterações dos níveis hidrométricos e do declive litorâneo afetaram mais H. verticillata em comparação a E. najas. Ademais, a abundância de cada espécie foi relacionada com a sua própria abundância em amostragens anteriores, evidenciando a importância da pressão do propágulo vegetativo e das estruturas de resistência para a recuperação populacional. A magnitude da interação entre as duas espécies ao ocorrerem concomitantemente no mesmo ponto foi dependente da abundância.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Ecologia de reservatórios ; Macrófitas aquáticas submersas nativas e invasoras ; Abundância ; Preditores abióticos e bióticos ; Nível da água ; Abundância prévia ; Efeitos de prioridade ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::W::Water levels ; ASFA_2015::A::Abundance ; ASFA_2015::T::Temporal variations ; ASFA_2015::P::Prediction ; ASFA_2015::A::Abiotic factors ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 36pp.
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  • 47
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: Freshwater ecosystems such as the Upper Paraná River floodplain are constantly subjected to environmental changes caused by natural disturbances, but mainly by anthropogenic impacts (such as dams), which have drastically affected the biodiversity of these aquatic systems. One way to assess the rates of environmental change in systems such as plains is through biomonitoring studies on large temporal scales, with diatoms being excellent bioindicators in determining environmental changes in different aquatic ecosystems. Based on this, the temporal pattern of the periphytic diatom community of a lake in the upper Paraná River floodplain was investigated in order to seek patterns that reflect the environmental changes in this plain, covering studies with different approaches, such as ecology, taxonomic and of environmental education. As a result of these different studies, it is noteworthy that the association of the taxonomic and functional approach in the components of beta diversity was extremely important for the interpretation of variation in the composition of diatom species in a long time series, especially when considering the importance of the contribution beta diversity site - LCBD. It was also sought to highlight the use of diatoms as indicators in determining hydrological changes, reinforcing the need for continuous monitoring of the region, in order to follow the direction of ecological changes, both hydrological and climatic in this plain. The importance of taxonomic studies in the plain was also highlighted in this thesis, in order to better understand the local biodiversity of diatoms, since new species such as Staurosirella paranaensis are being registered. Finally, this thesis includes a proposal for educational games on microalgae and their ecological importance in the environmental indication of aquatic bodies, to emphasize the relevance of environmental education in the research, teaching and extension process.
    Description: Ecossistemas de água doce como a planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná estão constantemente submetidos a mudanças ambientais causadas por distúrbios naturais, mas principalmente por impactos antrópicos (como barramentos), que tem afetado drasticamente a biodiversidade desses sistemas aquáticos. Uma forma de avaliar as taxas de alterações ambientais em sistemas como as planícies, é por meio dos estudos de biomonitoramento em grandes escalas temporais, sendo as diatomáceas excelentes bioindicadoras na determinação de mudanças ambientais nos diversos ecossistemas aquáticos. Com base nisso, foi investigado o padrão temporal da comunidade de diatomáceas perifíticas de um lago da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, a fim de buscar padrões que refletem as alterações ambientais desta planície, abrangendo estudos com diferentes abordagens, como ecologia, taxonômica e de educação ambiental. Como resultado destes diferentes estudos, ressalta-se que a associação da abordagem taxonômica e funcional nos componentes da diversidade beta foi de extrema importância para a interpretação de variação da composição de espécies de diatomáceas em uma longa série temporal, principalmente quando consideramos a importância da contribuição local da diversidade beta - LCBD. Também se buscou evidenciar o uso das diatomáceas como indicadores na determinação das alterações hidrológicas, reforçando a necessidade de um monitoramento contínuo da região, no intuito de acompanhar a direção das mudanças ecológicas, tanto hidrológicas quanto climáticas desta planície. A importância dos estudos taxonômicos na planície, também foi destaque nesta tese, a fim de conhecer melhor a biodiversidade local de diatomáceas, uma vez que novas espécies estão sendo registradas, como a Staurosirella paranaensis. Por fim, esta tese engloba uma proposta de jogos didáticos sobre microalgas e a importância ecológica delas na indicação ambiental de corpos aquáticos, no intuito de ressaltar a relevância da educação ambiental no processo de pesquisa, ensino e extensão.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Algas perifíticas ; Diatomáceas ; Microalgas perífiticas de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Bioindicadores ; Mudanças climáticas ; Taxonomia ; Jogos didáticos ; ASFA_2015::A::Algae ; ASFA_2015::D::Diatoms ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::B::Bioindicators ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental monitoring ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 140pp.
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  • 48
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: The degree at which populations are correlated in space is called spatial synchrony and can be affected by interspecific interactions, dispersion, and large-scale environmental factors, i. e. Moran effect. The study of this phenomenon can help understanding the temporal stability of communities and the underlying mechanisms. The influence of damming in a river from the Amazon basin (Santo Antônio do Jari HPP) on the synchrony of the environment and the phytoplankton community was evaluated, both for the total density and for different Reynolds functional groups. Was investigated whether the effects would be similar for the main channel (Jari River), tributaries, and for the total area (Jari + tributaries). The mean synchrony values and the confidence intervals of each abiotic variable, functional group, and the total density were estimated for the total area, Jari River and tributaries. Matrix-based multiple regression were also performed to identify the most important drivers of synchrony of the phytoplankton. Changes in the synchrony patterns were verified after the damming. The temporal dynamics of environmental variables, total density and of some functional groups was more synchronous when considering only the Jari River, than the total area or only tributaries. Environmental synchrony and environmental distance were the main mechanisms behind synchrony for some functional groups.
    Description: O grau de correlação de populações no espaço é denominado sincronia espacial e pode ser afetado por interações interespecíficas, dispersão e fatores ambientais de ampla escala, (i. e., efeito Moran). O estudo deste fenômeno pode colaborar na compreensão da estabilidade temporal das comunidades e a descobrir quais os mecanismos associados ao processo. Avaliou-se a influência de um barramento em um rio da bacia Amazônica (UHE Santo Antônio do Jari) sobre a sincronia espacial ambiental e do fitoplâncton do rio Jari e tributários. Mensurou-se a sincronia (total, média e intervalo de confiança) para cada variável abiótica, para a densidade de toda a comunidade e para cada grupo funcional de Reynolds, considerando a área total (11 locais - rio Jari + tributários), apenas rio Jari (cinco locais) e apenas tributários (seis locais), utilizando uma série temporal de oito anos. Regressões matriciais múltiplas foram utilizadas para identificar os fatores determinantes da sincronia do fitoplâncton. Verificou-se mudanças nos padrões de sincronia após o barramento. A dinâmica temporal das variáveis ambientais, da densidade de toda a comunidade e de alguns grupos funcionais apresentou-se mais sincrônica quando considerado somente o rio Jari, do que toda a área ou somente os tributários. Em geral, a distância ambiental mostrou-se o preditor mais importante para explicar a sincronia espacial do que a distância geográfica.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Fitoplâncton de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Abordagem funcional ; Impacto ambiental ; Sincronia espacial ; Barramento ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::M::Monitoring ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 42pp.
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  • 49
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: The survival and growth of fish larvae during ontogeny are related to the ability to obtain adequate food, providing subsidies for individuals reach the adult age. The foraging capacity, availability and abundance of prey and morphological development, especially swimming performance and visual acuity are important factors in reproductive success. In this study, the aspects related to feeding during the ontogeny of fish larvae from a floodplain system were analyzed, evaluating the coexistence capacity and the predator-prey interaction. Specifically, the objectives were (1) to analyze the inter and intraspecific variations in the diet of three invasive fish species (Auchenipterus osteomystax, Plagioscion squamosissimus and Hypophthalmus oremaculatus) during their initial ontogeny and the relationship with coexistence; and (2) to apply a new approach in trophic ecology studies during ontogeny, evaluating the interaction and organization of the predator-prey network, using A. osteomystax as model. The larvae of invasive fish species had different diets inter and intraspecifically, low diet overlap and high niche breadth primarily for P. squamosissimus. The coexistence of larvae of these species is probably possible due to low competition, differentiation of trophic guilds, resource partitioning and trophic plasticity. Regarding the predator-prey network, A. osteomystax showed a nested structure, low connectivity and a pattern of segregation in resource consumption. The larvae fed exclusively on aquatic insects, impacting the robustness of the network when the most frequent prey in the diet is removed, here represented by Diptera and Chironomidae pupa. Furthermore, the correlation between metric variables and morphological networks showed that the species is of more general position as the network develops, increasing its capacity predation. Both studies demonstrated the importance of knowing the species-habitat interaction and the processes that govern prey capture, avoiding inter and intraspecific competition through resource partitioning and behavioral and foraging changes during ontogeny.
    Description: A sobrevivência e o crescimento das larvas de peixes durante a ontogenia estão relacionados com a capacidade de se obter alimento adequado, o qual fornece subsídios para que os indivíduos alcancem a vida adulta. A capacidade de forrageamento, a disponibilidade e abundância de presas e o desenvolvimento morfológico, principalmente da capacidade natatória e acuidade visual são fatores preponderantes no sucesso reprodutivo. Analisou-se, os aspectos relacionados à alimentação durante a ontogenia das larvas de peixes de um sistema de planície de inundação, avaliando a capacidade de coexistência e a interação predador-presa. Especificamente os objetivos foram (1) analisar as variações inter e intraespecíficas da dieta de três espécies de peixes invasoras (Auchenipterus osteomystax, Plagioscion squamosissimus e Hypophthalmus oremaculatus) durante a sua ontogenia inicial e a relação com a coexistência; (2) aplicar uma nova abordagem em estudos de ecologia trófica durante a ontogenia, avaliando a interação e organização da rede predador-presa, usando como modelo A. osteomystax. As larvas apresentaram dietas distintas tanto inter, quanto intraespecificamente, baixa sobreposição alimentar a alta amplitude de nicho principalmente para P. squamosissimus. A coexistência das larvas destas espécies é possível provavelmente devido à baixa competição, diferenciação de guildas tróficas, particionamento de recursos e plasticidade trófica. Em relação à rede predador-presa, A. osteomystax apresentou estrutura aninhada, baixa conectância e um padrão de segregação no consumo de recursos. As larvas desta espécie alimentaram-se exclusivamente de insetos aquáticos, com impacto na robustez da rede quando ocorre a remoção de presas mais frequentes na dieta, aqui representada por pupa de Diptera e Chironomidae. A correlação entre variáveis morfológicas e as métricas de redes mostrou que a espécie assume uma posição mais generalista na rede conforme ocorre seu desenvolvimento, aumentando sua capacidade de predação. Ambos os estudos demonstraram a importância de se conhecer a interação espécie-habitat e os processos que regem a captura de presas, evitando a competição inter e intraespecífica através do particionamento de recursos e mudanças comportamentais e de forrageamento durante a ontogenia.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Ictioplâncton de água doce ; Larvas ; Ecologia ; Alimentação ; Relação presa-predador ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyoplankton ; ASFA_2015::L::Larvae ; ASFA_2015::P::Predators ; ASFA_2015::P::Prey ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::T::Trophic relationships ; ASFA_2015::F::Food chains
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 66pp.
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  • 50
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Dividing communities into common and rare species, we can understand the processes that structure and determine the distribution of species. Based on this principle, the effect of spatial, environmental and temporal processes on the composition and abundance of common and rare species from different taxonomic groups (phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish) was evaluated in this work. It was also simulated, as the stability of ecosystem functions, considered as the number of phytoplankton functional groups (GFRs), will be affected by the extinction of common and rare species of phytoplankton. To this end, a long series of data (17 years old), obtained in the floodplain of the upper Paraná River, was analyzed. We sought to answer whether sets of common and rare species are most affected by spatial and / or niche processes and whether they are concordant between taxonomic groups and between common and rare species and also if they are dependent on the criterion used to define rarity. The results obtained indicated that the relative contribution of each process varies according to the taxonomic group, but does not vary according to the criterion to define rarity. Both spatial and environmental factors were important for communities, but environmental ones prevailed, especially for common species. It was also examined how the extinction of species (common and rare) affects the stability of ecosystem functions (number of GFRs). The simulated species loss scenarios showed that the phytoplankton functional richness is more affected by the loss of common species than by rare species, both in the high and low water periods. It has also been shown that unconnected lentic environments have a greater contribution from common species, being more affected by the loss of these species.
    Description: Ao dividir as comunidades em espécies comuns e raras, podemos compreender os processos que estruturam e que determinam a distribuição das espécies. Partindo deste principio, neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito de processos espaciais, ambientais e temporais na composição e abundância de espécies comuns e raras de diferentes grupos taxonômicos (fitoplâncton, zooplâncton e peixes). Simulou-se também, como a estabilidade de funções ecossistêmicas, considerada como o número de grupos funcionais fitoplanctônicos (GFRs), será afetada pela extinção de espécies comuns e raras de fitoplâncton. Para tanto, analisou-se uma longa série de dados (17 anos), obtidos na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Buscou-se responder se conjuntos de espécies comuns e raras são mais afetados por processos espaciais e/ou de nicho e se estes são concordantes entre grupos taxonômicos e entre espécies comuns e raras e também se são dependentes do critério utilizado para definir a raridade. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a contribuição relativa de cada processo varia de acordo com o grupo taxonômico, mas não varia conforme o critério para definir raridade. Ambos os fatores espaciais e ambientais foram importantes para as comunidades, mas os ambientais prevaleceram, principalmente para as espécies comuns. Examinou-se também como a extinção de espécies (comuns e raras), afeta a estabilidade de funções ecossistêmicas (número de GFRs). Os cenários de perda de espécies simulados mostraram que a riqueza funcional do fitoplâncton é mais afetada pela perda de espécies comuns do que pelas espécies raras, tanto no período de águas altas, quanto de águas baixas. Demonstrou-se também que ambientes lênticos não conectados apresentam maior contribuição de espécies comuns, sendo mais afetados pela perda dessas espécies.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Fitoplâncton ; Zooplâncton de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Espécies aquáticas comuns e raras ; Diversidade funcional ; Ecologia funcional ; Escala espaço-temporal ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zooplankton ; ASFA_2015::S::Species rarity ; ASFA_2015::S::Species diversity ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::C::Common names
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 86pp.
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  • 51
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Cymotroids belong to the order Isopoda and are ectoparasites of fishes. Among the parasitism strategies of cymotroids, it stands out the strategy of penetrating, burrowing and lodging in the abdominal cavity of the hosts. Due to this complex parasitism strategy, they are considered to be highly host-specific parasites. Therefore, we investigated the effects of parasitism of the burrowing cimothyoid Artystone sp. on the loricarids Hisonotus chromodontus and Curculionichthys luteofrenatus in the Selma stream, a tributary of the Teles Pires River - MT. The hypothesis under study is that parasitism causes negative effects on feeding, reproduction and length-weight relationship of the hosts. The presence of alternative hosts was also investigated. The parasitic interaction of Artystone sp. with C. luteofrenatus and H. chromodontus was monitored for one year with standardized monthly collections. We conclude that the burrowing cymotoid Artystone sp. has a high affinity for the hosts C. luteofrenatus and H. chromodontus due to their life history characteristics as a primary cause and then their abundance in the studied environment, and other hosts were not recorded. Parasitic castration caused by Artystone sp. occurred in C. luteofrenatus and H. chromodontus hosts and there was a higher prevalence of infestation in female hosts. The weight-length relationship was lower in parasitized H. chromodontus hosts, indicating a negative effect on somatic increment, even though all hosts had fully replete stomachs and gastrointetinal tracts. The highest standard length values for both species were observed in parasitized and castrated hosts, and this added to the number of hosts with undifferentiated sex, and immature males and females suggests that the parasitic interaction of Artystone sp. with C. luteofrenatus and H. chromodontus starts with very young individuals.
    Description: Os cimotóides pertencem a ordem Isopoda e são ectoparasitas de peixes. Dentre as estratégias de parasitismo dos cimotóides, se destaca a estratégia de penetrar, escavar e se alojar na cavidade abdominal dos hospedeiros. E devido a essa estratégia tão complexa de parasitismo são considerados parasitas de alta especificadade para hospedeiros. Por isso investigou-se os efeitos do parasitismo do cimotóide escavador Artystone sp. nos loricarídeos Hisonotus chromodontus e Curculionichthys luteofrenatus no ribeirão Selma, afluente do rio Teles Pires - MT. A hipótese em estudo é de que o parasitismo provoca efeitos negativos na alimentação, reprodução e relação peso-comprimento dos hospedeiros. Foi investigada também a presença de hospedeiros alternativos. A interação parasitária de Artystone sp. com C. luteofrenatus e H. chromodontus foi monitorada durante um ano com coletas mensais padronizadas. Concluímos que o cimotóide escavador Artystone sp. tem grande afinidade pelos hospedeiros C. luteofrenatus e H. chromodontus devido as suas características de história de vida como causa primária e depois a sua abundância no ambiente estudado, e outros hospedeiros não foram registrados. Ocorre castração parasitária provocada por Artystone sp. nos hospedeiros C. luteofrenatus e H. chromodontus e houve uma maior prevalência de infestação nos hospedeiros fêmeas. A relação peso-comprimento foi menor nos hospedeiros H. chromodontus parasitados, indicando um efeito negativo no incremento somático, ainda que todos os hospedeiros estivessem com estômago e trato gastrointetinal totalmente repleto de alimento. Os maiores valores de comprimento padrão para as duas espécies foram observados em hospedeiros parasitados e castrados, e isso somado ao número de hospedeiros com sexo indiferenciado, e machos e fêmeas imaturos sugere que a interação parasitária de Artystone sp.com C. luteofrenatus e H. chromodontus começa com os indivíduos bem jovens.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Cimotóides escavadores (Peracarida, Isopoda, Cymothoidae) ; Loricarídeos (Loricariidae, Siluriformes) "cascudo" ; Ectoparasitas de peixes de água doce ; Crustáceos parasitas de peixes de água doce ; Peixes de água doce ; Parasitismo ; Ectoparasitismo ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::C::Crustaceans (freshwater) ; ASFA_2015::E::Ectoparasitism ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasitism ; ASFA_2015::E::Ectoparasites
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 34pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Biological invasions are considered a very important topic of study, as they are considered one of the main causes of extinction and threats to local biodiversity. With regard to invasive aquatic plants in Brazil, representatives of Urochloa (Poaceae), coming from Africa have been highlighted in relation to their potential for invasiveness in Brazilian territory. However, the correct identification of the species included in this genus is doubtful, due to its morphological similarity with other species, which can influence the control measures. Thus, the objective was to carry out a molecular characterization and evaluate the genetic variability of the invasive exotic Poaceae Urochloa arrecta in five different Brazilian regions, especially those occurring in the upper Paraná River floodplain using the ITS nuclear marker and the chloroplast marker trnL-trnF. The sequences obtained were compared with those available from GenBank (NCBI). The results showed a low genetic variation for the sampled populations. Five and seven distinct haplotypes were identified for ITS and trnL-trnF, respectively. The data obtained may be useful for understanding the group's invasion mechanisms in the region.
    Description: As invasões biológicas são consideradas um tópico muito importante de estu
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Urochloa arrecta (Poaceae : Monocotiledonea) “capim-braquiária” ; Macrófitas aquáticas invasoras ; Diversidade genética ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::G::Genetic diversity ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 35pp.
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  • 53
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Evaluating patterns and predictors of species distribution is important, because anthropogenic actions have been threatening global biodiversity. Hence, researchers have used measures of beta-diversity, defined as the variation in species composition amongst sites of a given area. Several measures of beta-diversity have been created, because using this approach makes it simple to elaborate and test ecological hypotheses, considering species distribution. Here, it was aimed to contribute to the knowledge about drivers and patterns of distribution amongst aquatic communities in Neotropical riverine floodplains. For this, this thesis was fractionated into two approaches, in which was used two different methods to measure beta-diversity. In the first approach, it was assessed the environmental and spatial factors affecting the beta-diversity facets (species-, traits- and phylogeny-based), and their components (Beta-total, replacement and richness difference), of ostracod communities associated with macrophytes, in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Furthermore, it was compared these factors amongst the different life forms: emergent, rooted floating, rooted submerged, free submerged and free floating. In the second approach, it was used the local contribution to beta-diversity approach (LCBD) to evaluate the drivers and patterns of ecological uniqueness of the sites, in terms of species composition, in four floodplain systems, Amazon, Araguaia, Pantanal and Paraná. It was gathered data on community composition for eight aquatic biological groups: phytoplankton, ciliates, testate amoebae, rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, ostracods and fish. In general, environmental filtering was more important in explaining distribution patterns of communities, and the species sorting mechanism might be responsible for them, within and amongst the floodplains. In the first approach, different environmental and spatial factors influenced each of the beta-diversity facets of ostracod communities (species-, traits- and phylogeny-based). The factors affecting ostracod beta-diversity were different amongst the macrophyte life forms, evidencing the importance of considering them in ecological surveys of associated communities. In the second approach, the Amazon and Paraná floodplains had higher uniqueness in terms of species composition, showing the importance of conservation actions in these ecosystems. Furthermore, the drivers (e.g. environmental variables) and patterns of LCBD were different amongst the different biological groups, evidencing the need to include a variety of taxa. It was considered that the results of this thesis, based on beta-diversity analyses, contributed to a better understanding of drivers and patterns of distribution amongst communities in Neotropical floodplains. This is because researchers can use them as a reference in conservation and restoration plans for these systems and to prevent the destruction of areas with high conservation value, for example, by the construction of dams and reservoirs.
    Description: Avaliar os padrões e preditores da distribuição de espécies é importante, visto que as ações antrópicas têm ameaçado a biodiversidade global. Para isso, pesquisadores têm usado medidas de diversidade-beta, definida como a variação na composição de espécies entre os locais de uma determinada área. Várias medidas de diversidade-beta têm sido produzidas, visto que através desta abordagem tem sido simples elaborar e testar hipóteses ecológicas, considerando a distribuição de espécies. O objetivo desta tese foi contribuir para o conhecimento de padrões e preditores da distribuição de comunidades aquáticas de planícies de inundação Neotropicais. Assim, foi fracionada em duas abordagens, onde foram utilizados dois métodos diferentes de medida de diversidade-beta. Na primeira abordagem, foi avaliado os fatores ambientais e espaciais que afetam as facetas da diversidade-beta (baseado nas espécies, traços e filogenia) e seus componentes (beta-total, replacement e richness difference), das comunidades de ostrácodes associados a diferentes formas de vida de macrófitas aquáticas, na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Esses fatores foram comparados entre as diferentes formas de vida: emergentes, submersas e flutuantes enraizadas e submersas e flutuantes livres. Na segunda abordagem, foi utilizada a análise da contribuição local para a diversidade-beta (LCBD) para avaliar os preditores e padrões da singularidade dos locais, considerando a composição de espécies, em quatro planícies de inundação, Amazonas, Araguaia, Pantanal e Paraná. Para isso, foram analisados oito grupos biológicos aquáticos: fitoplâncton, ciliados, amebas testáceas, rotíferos, cladóceros, copépodes, ostrácodes e peixes. Em geral, os filtros ambientais foram mais importantes para explicar os padrões de distribuição das comunidades, e o mecanismo species sorting pode ser responsável por tais padrões, dentro e entre as planícies de inundação. Na primeira abordagem, diferentes fatores ambientais e espaciais influenciaram cada uma das facetas da diversidade-beta de ostrácodes (baseadas nas espécies, traços e filogenia). Ademais, os fatores que afetaram a diversidade-beta de ostrácodes foram diferentes entre as formas de vida das macrófitas aquáticas, evidenciando a necessidade de considerá-las em estudos ecológicos considerando as comunidades associadas. Na segunda abordagem, as planícies de inundação do Amazonas e Paraná foram as mais singulares em termos de composição de espécies, que avaliam a importância da preservação destes ecossistemas. Os padrões e preditores (variáveis ambientais) da LCBD foram diferentes entre os grupos biológicos, confirmando a importância de incluir diferentes taxa. Os resultados desta tese, baseados em análises de diversidade-beta, contribuíram para um melhor entendimento sobre os padrões e preditores da distribuição de comunidades aquáticas de planícies de inundação Neotropicais. Dessa forma, eles podem ser usados por pesquisadores como referência para planos de restauração e conservação destes ecossistemas, assim como evitar que áreas de grande valor de conservação sejam impactadas, por exemplo, pela construção de reservatórios e hidroelétricas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Organismos aquáticos de água doce ; Fauna aquática de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Diversidade-beta ; Estrutura ; Padrões e preditores ; Fatores espaciais e ambientais ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic communities ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental factors ; ASFA_2015::P::Phylogeny ; ASFA_2015::C::Conservation ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic organisms ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::B::Biodiversity
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 110pp.
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  • 54
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Aquatic ecosystems are especially vulnerable to species invasion due to their extent, diversity of habitats, and inherent dynamics. Invasive aquatic macrophytes are of great concern because of their great influence on aquatic ecosystems. In this thesis, we sought to contribute to the field of biological invasions of aquatic macrophytes at regional and global levels using knowledge pertinent to monitoring and preventing the introduction of species. Given that, one of the most concerning invasive species in the world, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, was evaluated in different types of environments in a subtropical floodplain. The relationship of occurrences of this species with its main abiotic predictors was investigated, as well as its relationship with the native (equivalent) species Egeria najas Planch. right after its detection and 10 years later. This work contributed with insights regarding the biotic interactions of invaders and natives as well as changes in environmental predictors that highlight anthropogenic impacts that deserve attention. A second work was carried out to leverage knowledge about invasive aquatic macrophytes at a global level. A compilation of data from several available sources was carried regarding the most common pathways of introduction of aquatic macrophytes to identify the regions of origin and destination of these species and their respective functional groups. Such information is crucial for the determination of public policies and management strategies to avoid the introduction of unwanted species. In summary, this thesis helps the characterization of aquatic macrophyte invasions aiming at their prevention.
    Description: Os ecossistemas aquáticos são especialmente vulneráveis à invasão de espécies devido a sua grande extensão, diversidade de habitat e a dinâmica inerente destes habitat. Macrófitas aquáticas invasoras geram muita preocupação devido à sua grande influência nos ecossistemas aquáticos. Buscou-se contribuir para o campo das invasões biológicas de macrófitas aquáticas em nível regional e global com conhecimentos pertinentes ao monitoramento e prevenção de espécies introduzidas. Na primeira abordagem avaliou-se a invasão de uma das espécies de macrófitas invasoras mais preocupantes do mundo, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, em diferentes tipos de ambientes de uma planície subtropical. Investigou-se a relação das ocorrências desta espécie com seus principais preditores abióticos, bem como sua relação com a espécie nativa (morfologicamente semelhante) Egeria najas Planch. nos primeiros anos de sua introdução e 10 anos depois. Tal trabalho destacou as interações bióticas entre a espécie invasora e a nativa bem como mudanças nos preditores ambientais que sugerem impactos antrópicos merecedores de atenção. Uma segunda abordagem foi realizada com o intuito de alavancar o conhecimento sobre macrófitas aquáticas invasoras em um nível global. Foi realizada uma compilação de dados acerca das vias e caminhos de introdução das macrófitas aquáticas a fim de identificar as regiões de origem e destino destas espécies e de seus respectivos grupos funcionais. Tais informações são cruciais para a determinação de políticas públicas e estratégias de manejo para evitar a introdução de espécies indesejadas. Em suma, os resultados das duas abordagens dão suporte a caracterização das invasões de macrófitas aquáticas visando sua prevenção.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Macrófitas aquáticas ; Espécies invasoras ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Diversidade de espécies ; Impacto ambiental ; Monitoramento e prevenção ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::S::Species diversity ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental monitoring ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic environment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 152pp.
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  • 55
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: The introduction of species is considered a problem for aquatic ecosystems on a global scale. Once established, non-native species can affect resident species through numerous interactions and modify the community structure of the local community. Traditionally, taxonomic diversity is used to understand the interactions between native and non-native species, but functional diversity provides more adequate tools to detect changes in communities. The objective of this study was to identify the impacts resulting from the coexistence of native and non-native fish species from the upper Paraná River floodplain, after more than thirty years of invasion (in a discontinuous time series from 1986 to 2018). The first approach dealt with the assessment of the functional diversity patterns of native and non-native species over time and in environments with varying degrees of regulation by dams, as well as the identification of the functional characteristics that most favor these groups of species. The second approach, assessed the variations imposed by non-native fish species on their native congenerics through abundance, distribution and nutritional condition, over time. The evaluation of the functional diversity of native and non-native fish species over time and in habitats with different degrees of environmental change has allowed us to infer potential impacts of non-native species on native species through changes in functional diversity patterns, such as such as richness, divergence and functional redundancy. Furthermore, it was observed that the distribution of the functional characteristics of native and non-native fish species in the lowlands has changed over time. The analysis of the coexistence of native and non-native phylogenetically related species allowed to identify that some species such as Ageneiosus militaris, Serrasalmus maculatus, Schizodon altoparanae and Schizodon nasutus, are gradually being replaced by congeneric non-native species. Given that all species play determined roles in their habitats, the exclusion of any of the native species can have negative consequences on ecosystem goods and services.
    Description: A introdução de espécies é considerada um problema para os ecossistemas aquáticos em escala global. Uma vez estabelecidas, as espécies não nativas podem afetar as espécies residentes através de inúmeras interações e modificar a estrutura da comunidade da comunidade local. Tradicionalmente a diversidade taxonômica é usada para entender as interações entre espécies nativas e não nativas, porém a diversidade funcional proporciona ferramentas mais adequadas para detectar mudanças nas comunidades. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar os impactos decorrentes da coexistência de espécies de peixes nativos e não nativos da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, após mais de trinta anos de invasão (numa serie temporal interrompida de 1986 a 2018). Na primeira abordagem, tratou-se da avaliação dos padrões de diversidade funcional das espécies nativas e não nativas ao longo do tempo e em ambientes com diversos graus de regulação por represamentos, assim como da identificação das características funcionais que mais favorecem esses grupos de espécies. Na segunda abordagem, avaliou-se as variações impostas pelas espécies de peixes não nativas sobre suas congenéricas nativas através da abundância, distribuição e condição nutricional, ao longo do tempo. A avaliação da diversidade funcional de espécies de peixes nativos e não nativos ao longo do tempo e em habitats com diferentes graus de alteração ambiental permitiu-nos inferir potenciais impactos de espécies não nativas sobre as nativas a traves de alterações nos padrões de diversidade funcional, tais como riqueza, divergência e redundância funcional. Ainda, foi observado que a distribuição das características funcionais das espécies de peixes nativas e não nativas da planície teve mudanças ao longo tempo. A análise da coexistência de espécies nativas e não nativas filogeneticamente relacionadas permitiu identificar que algumas espécies como Ageneiosus militaris, Serrasalmus maculatus, Schizodon altoparanae e Schizodon nasutus, estão sendo gradualmente substituídas pelas espécies não nativas congenéricas. Dado que todas as espécies desempenham funções determinadas em seus habitats, a exclusão de qualquer uma das espécies nativas pode ter consequências negativas nos bens e serviços ecossistêmicos.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Diversidade funcional ; Espécies nativas e não nativas ; Invasões biológicas ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::S::Species diversity ; ASFA_2015::B::Biodiversity ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::C::Competition ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 127pp.
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  • 56
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Biological communities derive not from a random distribution of organisms but are the result of many processes that include abiotic factors, biotic interactions, and dispersion. The impact of human activities has affected the structure and functioning of ecological communities at an accelerated pace. The phytoplankton community represents a major primary producer of aquatic environments, therefore factors that interfere with its structure and dynamics can also impact other trophic levels in the ecosystem. In this perspective, functional redundancy was the central theme of the first paper, whose aim was to investigate the response of redundancy in phytoplankton communities to environmental factors, when measured for functional groups and functional traits. For this, six years of data collected quarterly (2008 to 2013) from two temperate and three subtropical lakes were used. Traits and groups were efficient to measure this attribute, however, the traits were more efficient when the structuring process of the communities was the environmental filtering. The functional traits most effectively explain the relationship between redundancy and environment. In the second paper, the influence of hydrodynamics, landscape and resources on the structure of the phytoplankton community during a floodplain lake restoration process was evaluated. As expected, factors related to hydrodynamics and resources (light and nutrients) were determinants for biovolume and density. The relative importance of landscape to community attributes increased over time of restoration. Cyanobacteria were dominant at the beginning of the restoration process, followed by phytoflagellates and diatoms. Aiming to disseminate science, the third article presents basic concepts of phytoplankton ecology and the main results related to the themes of the two scientific papers. In summary, the functional approach in phytoplankton ecology stands out as an important tool for the development of community ecology and for restoration and management of aquatic ecosystems projects.
    Description: Comunidades biológicas não são combinações aleatórias de espécies e sim o resultado de diversos processos que incluem fatores abióticos, interações bióticas e dispersão. As ações antrópicas têm afetado a estrutura e funcionamento das comunidades ecológicas em ritmo acelerado. A comunidade fitoplanctônica representa o principal produtor primário dos ambientes aquáticos, portanto fatores que interferem na sua estrutura e dinâmica, também podem causar impactos nos demais níveis tróficos do ecossistema. Nessa perspectiva, a redundância funcional foi tema central da primeira abordagem, cujo objetivo foi investigar a resposta da redundância de comunidades fitoplanctônicas, diante de fatores ambientais, quando medida para grupos e traços funcionais. Para isso utilizou-se seis anos de dados coletados trimestralmente (2008 a 2013) referentes a dois lagos temperados e três subtropicais. Traços e grupos foram eficientes para medir esse atributo, entretanto os traços foram mais eficientes quando o processo estruturador das comunidades foi a filtragem ambiental. Os traços funcionais do fitoplâncton explicaram de maneira mais eficaz a relação entre redundância e ambiente. Na segunda abordagem, avaliou-se a influência da hidrodinâmica, paisagem e recursos sob a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica durante um processo de restauração de um lago de planície de inundação. Como esperado, os fatores relacionados a hidrodinâmica e aos recursos (luz e nutrientes) foram determinantes para o biovolume e densidade. A importância relativa da paisagem para os atributos da comunidade aumentou ao longo do tempo de restauração. Cianobactérias foram dominantes no início da restauração, seguidas de fitoflagelados e diatomáceas. Com o objetivo de divulgar a ciência, a terceira abordagem apresenta conceitos básicos do fitoplâncton e agrupa os principais resultados referentes a redundância funcional e restauração lacustre. Enfatiza-se o uso de traços e grupos funcionais do fitoplâncton como uma importante ferramenta para o desenvolvimento da ecologia de comunidades e para projetos de restauração e manejo dos ecossistemas aquáticos.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Fitoplâncton de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Redundância funcional ; Restauração lacustre ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecosystems ; ASFA_2015::L::Lakes ; ASFA_2015::A::Algae
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 94pp.
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  • 57
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Predicting the area of species distribution on a regional or global scale is one of the elementary objectives in Macroecology. Ecological niche modeling is a potentially important tool for understanding species distribution patterns based on niche theory as a conceptual basis. Based on the occurrences of species and environmental conditions (bioclimatic data), ecological niche models (ENMs) are correlative models that employ different statistical and mathematical methods seeking to predict potential areas of native and exotic species. Since zooplanktonic organisms can respond quickly to small environmental changes, this study aimed to predict, through ecological niche modeling, the potential distribution of native and exotic zooplanktonic species in the current scenario and on the effects of climate change on this thesis was structured in three independent studies. The first chapter aimed to identify potential or environmentally appropriate areas for the occurrence of Kellicottia bostoniensis in native and non-native regions, using bioclimatic models. In the second chapter, we sought to predict the impacts of climate change on the invasive potential of Daphnia lumholtzi, identifying the susceptibility of hydrographic basins to receive the species, considering the effects of climate and reservoirs as potential agents of invasion. Finally, the third chapter aimed to investigate whether there will be changes in alpha diversity (species richness) in the face of future periods of climate change (2050 and 2080) and to identify the main regions of climate refuge for the occurrence of copepod species. Despite the uncertainties embedded in the species distribution models, the results found in this study can be essential in anticipating the responses of native or exotic species, in the face of the impacts of climate change and, in this sense, serve as subsidies for decision-making bodies that value the conservation of biodiversity, maintenance of ecosystem processes and services.
    Description: Prever a área de distribuição das espécies em escala regional ou global é um dos propósitos elementares em Macroecologia. A modelagem de nicho ecológico é uma ferramenta potencialmente importante para o entendimento dos padrões de distribuição das espécies que tem como base conceitual a Teoria de nicho. Baseado nas ocorrências das espécies e condições ambientais (dados bioclimáticos) os modelos de nicho ecológico (ENMs) são correlativos e empregam diferentes métodos estatísticos e matemáticos buscando predizer as áreas potenciais de espécies nativas e exóticas. Visto que os organismos zooplanctônicos podem responder rapidamente a pequenas alterações ambientais esse estudo verificou, por meio de modelos de nicho ecológico, a distribuição potencial de espécies nativas e exóticas zooplanctônicas perante ao cenário atual e sobre os efeitos das mudanças. Inicialmente fooram identificadas as áreas potenciais ou ambientalmente apropriadas para a ocorrência de Kellicottia bostoniensis nas regiões nativas e não nativas, através de modelos bioclimáticos. Em seguida foram realizadas predições considerando os impactos das mudanças climáticas sobre o potencial invasor de Daphnia lumholtzi, identificando a susceptibilidade das bacias hidrográficas em receber a espécie, considerando os efeitos do clima e dos reservatórios como agentes potencializadores de invasão. Por fim, foi investigado se haverá mudanças na diversidade alfa (riqueza de espécies) frente aos períodos futuros de mudanças climáticas (2050 e 2080) e identificar as principais regiões de refúgio do clima para ocorrência das espécies de copépodes. Apesar das incertezas embutidas nos modelos de distribuição de espécies, os resultados encontrados poderão ser essenciais na antecipação das respostas das espécies nativas ou exóticas, frente aos impactos das mudanças climáticas e servir como subsídios para órgãos tomadores de decisão que prezam pela conservação da biodiversidade, manutenção dos processos e serviços ecossistêmicos.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Zooplâncton de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Nicho ecológico ; Modelos ; Distribuição de espécies ; Mudanças climáticas ; Macroecologia ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zooplankton ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::N::Niches ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecological niches ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::S::Species
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 115pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: A major challenge for conservation biology is to explain why some species are more likely to be endangered than others. Functional diversity is one of the most effective theoretical tools to explain the functioning of ecosystems, that is, whether species will adapt to changes or not, and may indicate traits that are more prone to extinction. Given the Brazilian biodiversity, the ecosystem services provided by it and the impacts it may suffer, there is an urgent need for a discussion on the methods and sources of information used for this assessment. Therefore, this thesis is divided into three studies. In the first study, a literature review was carried out on the different methodologies used for the classification of “rare species”, a very controversial and little studied topic. In the second study, the taxonomic indeterminacy of fish studies in the Neotropical region between 1991 and 2018 was investigated, relating the indeterminacy by year, basin and families. In this context, in the last study, precisely with the need to investigate the metacommunities of tropical systems, patterns of functional rarity in fish assemblages in a section of the Upper Rio Tocantins, Amazon Basin and the Upper Paraná River Floodplain were analyzed. last book excerpt of dams of this water system. Thus, this study will contribute to the understanding of the different patterns at the community level.
    Description: Um grande desafio para a biologia da conservação é explicar por que algumas espécies são mais propensas a ser ameaçada de extinção do que outros. A diversidade funcional é uma das ferramentas teóricas mais efetivas para explicar o funcionamento dos ecossistemas, ou seja, se as espécies se adaptarão as mudanças ou não, podendo indicar os traços mais propensos à extinção. Face a biodiversidade brasileira, os serviços ecossistêmicos prestados por ela e os impactos que pode sofrer, urge uma discussão sobre os métodos e fontes de informação utilizados para essa avaliação. Por isto, esta tese é dividida em três estudos. No primeiro estudo foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as diferentes metodologias utilizadas para a classificação de “espécies raras”, um tema muito controverso e pouco estudado. No segundo estudo foi investigada a indeterminância taxonômica de estudos de peixes na região Neotropical entre o ano de 1991 a 2018, relacionando a indeterminância por ano, bacia e famílias. Neste contexto, no último estudo, justamente com a necessidade de investigar as metacomunidades dos sistemas tropicais, foram analisados os padrões de raridade funcional nas assembleias de peixes em uma seção do Alto Rio Tocantins, Bacia Amazônia e da Planície de Inundação do Alto rio Paraná, último trecho livro de barragens deste sistema hídrico. Assim, esse estudo contribuirá para a compreensão dos diversos padrões em nível de comunidade.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Espécies raras ; Diversidade e conservação ; Biologia da conservação ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::C::Conservation ; ASFA_2015::S::Species rarity ; ASFA_2015::B::Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 88pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: The aquatic communities in phytotelmata are structured by several environmental factors, and they act in the trophic and non-trophic interactions of these environments. Phytotelmata are micro-ecosystems of fresh water, rich in species and are considered an excellent study model. Here, we use plants from the family Bromeliaceae of the species Quesnelia arvensis, to investigate the relationships between biotic and abiotic variables and their effects on interactions in phytotelmata. Our hypothesis was that habitat size and canopy cover gradients would determine the abundance of microbiota communities and their interactions. We carried out samples on bromeliads located in the state park of the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso - SP, Brazil, in different canopy cover gradients, in addition we selected plants of different sizes, to investigate the effects of habitat size. To check the interactions between the variables and score the interactions (positive and negative) we use the lasso graphical method, which exemplifies these interactions through a network graph. Also, we performed a simple regression analysis in to determine the correlations between biotic and abiotic variables. Our results indicate that the canopy cover and the size of the habitat (water volume) were the most important variables in interactions in phytothelmata. The canopy cover presented the greatest amount of negative connections, mainly with the levels of ammonia, Culicidae larvae and algae in general, with the exception of phyto-flagellates. In contrast, habitat size showed strong positive connections with rotifers and copepods and did not show any negative connection with other variables. Finally, our results demonstrate that among the set of factors analyzed, canopy cover and habitat size were in fact the most representative, as expected.
    Description: As comunidades aquáticas em fitotelmatas são estruturadas por vários fatores ambientais que atuam nas interações tróficas e não tróficas desses ambientes. Fitotelmatas são microecossistemas de água doce, ricos em biodiversidade e são considerados um excelente modelo de estudo. Foram utilizadas plantas da família Bromeliaceae da espécie Quesnelia arvensis, com o objetivo de investigar as relações entre as variáveis bióticas e abióticas e seus efeitos sobre as interações da microbiota desses ambientes. A hipótese testada foi de que o tamanho do habitat e os gradientes de cobertura de dossel determinariam a abundância das comunidades da microbiota e suas interações. Foram realizadas coletas em bromélias localizadas no Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso – SP, Brasil, em diferentes gradientes de cobertura de dossel e tamanhos, a fim de investigar os efeitos do tamanho do habitat. Para verificar as interações entre as variáveis e pontuar as interações (positivas e negativas) foi utilizado o método graphical lasso, que exemplifica essas interações através de um gráfico de rede. Também, foi realizada uma análise de regressão simples a fim de determinar as correlações entre as variáveis bióticas e abióticas. Os resultados encontrados apontam que a cobertura de dossel e o tamanho do habitat foram as variáveis mais importantes nas interações em fitotelmatas. A cobertura de dossel apresentou a maior quantidade de conexões negativas, principalmente com os níveis de amônia, larvas de Culicídeos e algas em geral, com exceção dos fitoflagelados. Em contrapartida, o tamanho do habitat apresentou fortes conexões positivas com os rotíferos e os copépodes e não apresentou nenhuma conexão negativa com outras variáveis. Por fim, corroborando nossa hipótese, os resultados desse estudo demonstram que, dentre o conjunto de fatores analisados, a cobertura de dossel e o tamanho do habitat foram os mais representativos para a estruturação trófica das comunidades da microbiota assim como esperado.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Fitotelmatas ; Microssistemas de água doce ; Microbiotas aquáticas de água doce ; Interações tróficas ; Variáveis bióticas e abióticas ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Bromeliaceae ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecosystems ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic ecology ; ASFA_2015::T::Temperature ; ASFA_2015::T::Trophic relationships ; ASFA_2015::P::Predators ; ASFA_2015::P::Plants
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 32pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: In the era of the Anthropocene, the effects of climate change on the freshwater ecosystems are clearly complex, since warming and different temperature related drivers influence interacting physical, biogeochemical and biological processes. Climate change is predicted to have huge impacts on the Earth’s ecosystems through temperature increase, changed patterns of precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events, and combinations of these thus, climate change may become one of the major drivers affecting the diversity, composition, structure, and functioning of ecological communities over the next several decades. In this thesis, composed of two papers, we evaluate the effects of multiple factors related to climate change on the natural phytoplankton community. In the first one, we conducted an indoor experiment to test how increasing temperatures influence natural phytoplankton diversity and CO2 emissions in eutrophic ecosystems. Our results experimentally show that, under future scenarios of climate warming, the phytoplankton community composition can respond strongly, affecting ecosystem functions such as biomass production, resource use efficiency, carbon flux balance. Warming clearly aggravated the negative effects of eutrophication through the enhancement of cyanobacteria, all other factors being equal. Since the suggestion that eutrophication may promote climate change by increasing the release of greenhouse gases from fresh waters, it has been found that eutrophication may interact with warming via a positive feedback to atmospheric CH4 emissions. Here, we also found experimental evidence of a positive feedback between the major eutrophication symptom (cyanobacterial blooms) and warming, via higher CO2 emission rates in cyanobacteria dominated warmer systems, besides other changes in key ecosystem functions. In the second paper, we conducted an indoor short-term experiment to test how the natural phytoplankton community subjected to different temperatures reacted to the stressors of climate change (warming, eutrophication, extremes rainfall events) can affect the ecosystem stability. We find that the phytoplankton communities responds differently to disturbances. The environments with cyanobacterial blooms have benefited and proved to be resilient to the extremes rainfall events. In contrast, environments less stressed by warming have a slower response to the event of extreme rainfall, and that they often do not recover their biomass before the extreme rainfall event. Thus, given the multiple effects of climate change, the most stressed environments have greater ecosystem stability (resilience, resistance, and recovery) when compared to the least stressed. In summary, the findings of this thesis, we have experimental evidence with phytoplankton community, that climate change will profoundly affect ecosystem functions (e.g., biomass production, energy transfer, and carbon cycle). In this sense, we hope to contribute with policies to prevent or mitigate the ecological impacts of climate change.
    Description: Na era do Antropoceno, os efeitos das mudanças climáticas nos ecossistemas aquáticos continentais apresentam múltiplos fatores, uma vez que o aquecimento e os diferentes fatores relacionados às mudanças climáticas influenciam os processos físicos, biogeoquímicos e biológicos. As mudanças climáticas causam impactos relevantes nos ecossistemas da Terra por meio do aumento da temperatura, mudanças nos padrões de precipitação, eventos climáticos extremos mais frequentes, mudanças nas concentrações de CO2, entre outros. Os efeitos das mudanças climáticas somam-se aos efeitos contínuos de outros fatores globais e locais que afetam a diversidade, composição, estrutura e funcionamento das comunidades ecológicas, como eutrofização, fragmentação do habitat, mudanças no uso da terra e mudanças nos ciclos biogeoquímicos. Assim, esta tese é composta por dois segmentos. Para o primeiro segmento, desenvolveu-se um experimento para testar como o aumento das temperaturas influencia a diversidade fitoplanctônica e as emissões de CO2 em ambientes eutróficos. Os resultados mostraram que, em cenários futuros de aquecimento, a composição da comunidade fitoplanctônica é alterada, afetando funções do ecossistema, como produção de biomassa, eficiência no uso de recursos e balanço de fluxo de carbono. O aquecimento agravou os efeitos negativos da eutrofização através do aumento das cianobactérias. Encontrou-se que a eutrofização pode promover mudanças climáticas, aumentando a liberação de gases de efeito estufa com evidências experimentais de um feedback positivo entre o principal sintoma de eutrofização (florações de cianobactérias) e o aquecimento, por meio de taxas de emissão de CO2 mais altas em sistemas mais quentes dominados por cianobactérias, além de outras mudanças nas principais funções do ecossistema. No segundo segmento, conduziu-se um experimento de curto prazo para testar como diferentes comunidades fitoplanctônicas naturais, promovidas por diferentes regimes de temperatura, reagiram a um evento de chuva extrema simulada e, assim, analisar a estabilidade e resiliência do ecossistema. Constatou-se que as comunidades fitoplanctônicas submetidas a diferentes temperaturas responderam de forma diferente aos distúrbios. As comunidades dominadas por florações de cianobactérias se beneficiaram e mostraram-se resilientes ao evento de chuvas extremas. Em contraste, as comunidades supostamente menos estressadas pelo aquecimento tiveram uma resposta mais lenta ao evento de chuvas extremas e não recuperaram a biomassa antes do evento de chuvas extremas. Descobriu-se que as comunidades aparentemente mais estressadas (ou seja, sob a temperatura mais alta) têm maior estabilidade do ecossistema (resiliência, resistência e recuperação) quando comparadas às comunidades menos estressadas. Em suma, a evidência experimental indica que as mudanças climáticas afetarão profundamente a estrutura da comunidade e algumas funções do ecossistema (por exemplo, produção de biomassa, transferência de energia e ciclo do carbono). Destaca-se a necessidade de fortalecer as políticas e medidas locais para prevenir ou mitigar os impactos ecológicos das mudanças climáticas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Fitoplâncton de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Mudanças climáticas ; Eutrofização ; Período Antropoceno ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::E::Eutrophication ; ASFA_2015::R::Rainfall ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater environment ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecosystems ; ASFA_2015::Q::Quaternary period
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 96pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Freshwater environments are the most vulnerable to climate change, and projected increases in temperature over the coming decades bring an unfavorable scenario for aquatic organisms. Warming, when combined with nutrient availability, can trigger even more complex interactions in the functioning of microbial food webs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of warming and resource availability from detritus on the community structure of freshwater aquatic microbiota (richness, density and beta diversity) using natural microcosms (tank bromeliads) as a model system. Warming was simulated with temperature increase projections for the next decades following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The dry mass (g) of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) from each bromeliad was used as a measure for resource availability (detritus biomass). Detritus biomass caused a negative effect on algal and microfauna density, and for total algal richness. Detritus biomass explained the variation for almost all components of microfauna beta diversity, except for the replacement component (βrepl), where warming was responsible for this variation. For algae the interaction between warming and detritus biomass was most important in explaining the variation in total beta and βrepl, while for the richness difference component (βrich) this variation was explained only by detritus biomass. In summary, the results obtained suggest that warming and increased detritus biomass acted strongly on the structuring of the communities, reducing the density and richness of the aquatic microbiota. Furthermore, the results provide evidence that temperature can increase the dissimilarity of communities of groups of organisms in the heterotrophic plot (microfauna), mainly by species substitution.
    Description: Os ambientes de água doce são os mais vulneráveis às alterações climáticas e, as projeções de aumento da temperatura para as próximas décadas, trazem um cenário desfavorável para organismos aquáticos. O aquecimento, quando combinado com disponibilidade de nutrientes, pode desencadear interações ainda mais complexas no funcionamento das teias alimentares microbianas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do aquecimento e da disponibilidade de recursos proveniente de detritos na estrutura das comunidades da microbiota aquática de água doce (riqueza, densidade e diversidade beta), usando microcosmos naturais (bromélias-tanque) como sistema modelo. O aquecimento foi simulado com as projeções de aumento da temperatura para as próximas décadas seguindo o Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas. A massa seca (g) de matéria orgânica particulada grosseira (CPOM) de cada bromélia foi usada como medida para a disponibilidade de recurso (biomassa de detritos). A biomassa de detritos causou efeito negativo sobre a densidade de algas e da microfauna, e para a riqueza total de algas. A biomassa de detritos explicou a variação para quase todos os componentes da diversidade beta da microfauna, exceto para o componente replacement (βrepl), em que o aquecimento foi responsável por essa variação. Para as algas a interação entre aquecimento e biomassa de detritos foi o mais importante para explicar a variação da beta total e βrepl, enquanto que para o componente de diferença de riqueza (βrich) essa variação foi explicada apenas pela biomassa de detritos. Em síntese, os resultados obtidos indicam que o aquecimento e o aumento da biomassa de detritos atuaram fortemente na estruturação das comunidades, reduzindo a densidade e a riqueza da microbiota aquática. Outrossim, os resultados trazem evidências de que a temperatura pode aumentar a dissimilaridade das comunidades de grupos de organismos da parcela heterotrófica (microfauna), principalmente por substituição de espécies.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Microbiota aquática de água doce ; Microfauna aquática de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Perda de espécies ; Mudanças climáticas ; Temperatura e nutrientes ; ASFA_2015::F::Fresh water ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic communities ; ASFA_2015::M::Microfauna ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic fauna ; ASFA_2015::M::Microcosms ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::B::Biodiversity
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 37pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Species are becoming extinct at extremely high rates. Among the various stressors, we can highlight the destruction of habitats, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation of species, pollution and global climate change. Because of these various stressors, freshwater ecosystems are considered the most threatened in the world, studies that guide or support decision-making are essential to mitigate anthropogenic actions. In order to find patterns at the watershed level, this study sought to predict the effects of different anthropogenic impacts on the distribution of threatened species of freshwater fish. The first study assessed the vulnerability of endangered fish species to climate change. The second studyvdefined priority areas for the conservation of endangered fish species and the third chapter sought to identify the main anthropogenic impacts on endangered fish species in Brazil. Thus, identifying the main anthropogenic impacts at the river basin level is the first for conservation strategies to be adopted.
    Description: Espécies vêm sendo extintas a taxas extremamente elevadas. Dentre os diversos estressores, pode-se destacar a destruição de habitats, introdução de espécies exóticas, sobreexploração de espécies, poluição e mudanças climáticas globais. Por conta desses diveros estressores, os ecossistemas de água doce são considerados os mais ameaçados do mundo, estudos que guiem ou subsidiem a tomada de decisão são essenciais para mitigar as ações antrópicas. Com o objetivo de encontrar padrões à nível de bacias hidrográficas, esse estudo buscou predizer os efeitos dos diversos impactos antrópicos sobre a distribuição de espécies ameaçadas de peixes de água doce. Avaliou-se a vulnerabilidade das espécies de peixes de extinção frente às mudanças climáticas. Definiu-se também áreas prioridades para conservação das espécies de peixes ameaçadas de extinção e o terceiro estudo buscou identificar os principais impactos antrópicos sobre espécies de peixes ameaçadas de extinção no Brasil. Assim, identificar os principais impactos antrópicos a nível de bacia hidrográfica é o primeiro para que estratégias de conservação sejam adotadas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Espécies ameaçadas de extinção ; Impactos ambientais ; Mudanças climáticas ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact ; ASFA_2015::S::Species extinction ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 148pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Since the classic Forbes publication “The Lake as a Microcosm” in 1887, scientific research on freshwater ecosystems has been boosted due to the formulation of the first limnological concepts. For a long period, scientific research aimed at the spatial distribution of communities was focused on large water bodies, leaving aside studies in small freshwater environments, such as bromeliad phytotelmata. The first work of this thesis carried out a scientometric analysis in virtual databases on bromeliad phytotelmata, and 140 publications were found. South America was the region with the highest number of articles published. Most articles presented predictive designs, focusing on community ecology. Insecta was the most recorded group of organisms. In the second article, it was investigated how the microcrustacean community (composition, abundance and richness) is associated with the phytotelmata of Nidularium innocentii Lem. was influenced by the limnological variables present along the altitudinal gradient. The study was carried out in Serra da Prata, in the state of Paraná. The results did not show a distribution pattern in species richness along the altitudinal gradient, refuting the central domain effect hypothesis among others. However, there were dissimilarities in the composition of microcrustacean species in relation to altitudes. The different climatic types and vegetation types directly influenced the environmental variables in the phytotelmata microcosms, leading to similarities in species composition between altimetric elevations located in the same climatic region and dissimilarities between different climates.
    Description: Desde a clássica publicação de Forbes “The Lake as a Microcosmo”, em 1887, pesquisas científicas em ecossistemas dulcícolas foram impulsionadas devido à formulação dos primeiros conceitos limnológicos. Durante um longo período, pesquisas científicas direcionadas à distribuição espacial de comunidades foram voltadas aos grandes corpos hídricos, deixando de lado estudos em pequenos ambientes de água doce, como fitotelmata de bromeliáceas. Realizou-se uma análise cienciométrica em bases de dados virtuais sobre fitotelmata de bromeliáceas, sendo encontradas 140 publicações. A América do Sul foi a região com maior número de artigos publicados. A maioria dos artigos apresentou delineamentos preditivos, com enfoque sobre ecologia de comunidades. Insecta foi o grupo de organismos mais registrado. Investigou-se como a comunidade de microcrustáceos (composição, abundância e riqueza), associada à fitotelmata de Nidularium innocentii Lem. foi influenciada pelas variáveis limnológicas presentes ao longo do gradiente altitudinal. O estudo foi realizado na Serra da Prata, no estado do Paraná. Os resultados não apresentaram um padrão de distribuição na riqueza de espécies ao longo do gradiente altitudinal, refutando a hipótese do efeito do domínio central dentre outras. Contudo, ocorreram dissimilaridades na composição de espécies de microcrustáceos em relação às altitudes. Os diferentes tipos climáticos e de vegetações influenciaram diretamente as variáveis ambientais nos microcosmos de fitotelmata, levando à similaridades na composição de espécies entre cotas altimétricas localizadas na mesma região climática e dissimilaridades entre climas distintos.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Copépodes de fitotelmatas (Crustacea, Copepoda) ; Ostracoda de fitotelmatas (Crustacea, Ostracoda) ; Microcrustáceos de fitotelmatas ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Influências climáticas ; Bromeliaceae ; ASFA_2015::C::Crustaceans (freshwater) ; ASFA_2015::C::Climate ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 61pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Ecological studies in all environments of the world the effects of non-native species in various parts of the world are discussed. Regarding the invasion of these environments, we highlight the Phylum Sanitary, especially the ecological Mollusa, for presenting numerous gastronomic classes, with many species with potential, which can lead to as many sanitary, as well as sanitary and graves, in places of invasion. Know the invasive species that are reported in their scientific distribution, in this case introduction and the main ones are reported, is of fundamental importance. Knowing the risk of introducing an invasive species, and its impacts on the invaded places, it is necessary to find ways of prevention. A precious tool of meaning is an invasion of the invasive potential of one, thus generating a risk that indicates the suitability of the habitat or probability of occurrence based on the environmental conditions of the native area and the area in which the species may become invasive. . In this way, the adequacy of the invasive Melanoides tuberculata against a native species by Biomphalaria glabra, which is also a species with potential to cause toilets, is of fundamental importance, to predict possible invasion sites, and if the species are competing for the same ecological niches. Thus, the present work is subdivided into two works that address issues such as: a systematic of scientific articles about invasive freshwater gastropods. The second work will address the modeling of the current and future potential distribution of two problematic gastropod species in South America.
    Description: Estudos ecológicos em ambientes aquáticos continentais têm discutido com amplitude o efeito das espécies não nativas em várias partes do mundo. Em relação à invasão destes ambientes, destacamos o Filo Mollusca, principalmente a classe Gastropoda, por apresentar inúmeras espécies, sendo muitas destas espécies com potencial invasor, que podem levar a prejuízos tanto ecológicos, quanto econômicos e sanitários graves, em locais de invasão. Neste caso, conhecer as principais espécies invasoras que são reportadas em artigos científicos, entender sua distribuição global, seus meios de introdução e os principais danos causados, é de fundamental importância. Sabendo do risco de introdução de uma espécie invasora, e seus impactos nos locais invadidos, faz-se necessário estudos de formas de prevenção. Uma ferramenta valiosa nesse sentido é a inferência do potencial invasor de uma espécie, gerando assim um mapa de risco que indique a adequabilidade do habitat ou probabilidade de ocorrência com base nas condições ambientais da área nativa e da área em que a espécie pode vir a se tornar invasora. Deste modo, verificar adequabilidade da espécie invasora Melanoides tuberculata frente a uma espécie nativa Biomphalaria glabrata, que também é uma espécie com potencial causador de prejuízos sanitários, é de fundamental importância, para prevermos os possíveis locais de invasão, e se as espécies estão competindo pelos mesmos nichos ecológicos. Deste modo, foi efetuado uma revisão sistemática de artigos científicos a respeito de gastrópodes invasores de água doce. Em um segundo momento foi efetuado uma modelagem da distribuição potencial atual e futura de duas espécies de gastrópodes problemáticas na América do Sul.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Melanoides tuberculata Müller, 1774 (Gastropoda, Thiaridae) ; Gastrópodes não nativos de água doce ; Nichos ecológicos ; Invasões biológicas ; Mudanças climáticas ; Impactos ambientais ; Comunidades, Dinâmica de ; Ecologia ; Vetores de introdução ; Biomphalaria glabrata ; Efeito sanitário ; ASFA_2015::M::Molluscs (freshwater) ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecological niches ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact ; ASFA_2015::H::Health ; ASFA_2015::M::Mollusks (freshwater)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 72pp.
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  • 65
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Spatial heterogeneity results in dissimilarity in the composition of fish species with different life histories by influencing the availability and distribution of refuge, food and habitat for breeding. Understanding how this composition is organized along an environmental gradient is of paramount importance in order to protect the spawning sites and preserve the conditions favorable for the dispersion and growth of the larvae after the reproductive process. Thus, it was possible to verify the possible differences in the density of larvae and in the structure of the ichthyoplankton community between biotopes of a fluvial system, specifically intends to (i) answer whether the structure and attributes of the ichthyoplankton community, as well as that of parental reproductive guilds, differ between biotopes with different current speeds; (ii) to identify possible ontogenic variations in the occupation of different biotopes and (iii) to relate environmental factors to the occurrence and abundance of larvae among the biotopes. For this purpose, ichthyoplankton collections were performed in the lower region of the Ivinheima River, a floodplain of the upper Paraná River, during two reproductive periods (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) of the fish. In the river biotope, nine of the 19 long-distance migratory species recorded in the region were found in their early stages of development. Among these, Brycon orbignyanus, categorized as "endangered" and the species Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Piaractus mesopotamicus as "almost threatened", emphasize the importance of maintaining busbar-free lotus environments for the reproductive success of reophilic species, as well as for migratory species of short distances, which also contributed to greater diversity in this biotope. Larvae in early development stages were recorded in the river, which indicates that the species use this biotope as a migratory route and also as a spawning area. Subsequent to spawning, through the current flow, the larvae develop and hatch, while they drift to places with low current speed to develop the larvae. In these places, here characterized as a transition area and pond, non-migratory species with external fertilization were the most abundant. Finally, the environmental factors had no detectable effects on the community structure, however it was observed that the larvae density showed a pattern of distribution among certain thresholds of the environmental variables. It is concluded that the hydrodynamic conditions of the river, especially the direction and speed of the water, influence the distribution patterns of the fish community with different reproductive strategies.
    Description: A heterogeneidade espacial resulta em dissimilaridade na composição de espécies de peixes com diferentes histórias de vida ao influenciar a disponibilidade e distribuição de refúgio, alimento e habitat para a reprodução. Entender como essa composição está organizada ao longo de um gradiente ambiental é de suma importância para proteger os locais de desova e preservar as condições propícias para a dispersão e crescimento das larvas após o processo reprodutivo. Desse modo, verificou-se as possíveis diferenças na densidade de larvas e na estrutura da comunidade ictioplanctônica entre biótopos de um sistema fluvial, especificamente pretende (i) responder se a estrutura e atributos da comunidade ictioplanctônica, bem como das guildas reprodutivas parentais difere entre os biótopos com diferentes velocidades de corrente; (ii) identificar possíveis variações ontogênicas na ocupação dos diferentes biótopos e (iii) relacionar os fatores ambientais com a ocorrência e a abundância das larvas entre os biótopos. Para tanto foram realizadas coletas de ictioplâncton na região inferior do rio Ivinheima, planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, durante dois períodos reprodutivos (2010/2011 e 2011/2012) dos peixes. No biótopo rio, nove das 19 espécies migradoras de longa distância registradas na região foram encontradas em suas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento. Dentre essas, Brycon orbignyanus, categorizada “em perigo” e as espécies Pseudoplatystoma corruscans e Piaractus mesopotamicus em “quase ameaçada”, enfatizam a importância da manutenção de ambientes lóticos livre de barramentos para o sucesso reprodutivo de espécies reofílicas, bem como para espécies migradoras de curta distância, que também contribuíram para maior diversidade nesse biótopo. Larvas em estágios de desenvolvimento inicial foram registradas no rio, o que indica que as espécies utilizam esse biótopo como rota migratória e também como área de desova. Subsequente à desova, através do fluxo de corrente, as larvas desenvolvem-se e eclodem, enquanto derivam para locais com baixa velocidade de corrente para desenvolvimento das larvas. Nesses locais, aqui caracterizados como área de transição e lagoa, espécies não migradoras com fecundação externa, foram as mais abundantes. Por fim, os fatores ambientais não tiveram efeitos detectáveis na estrutura da comunidade, no entanto foi observado que a densidade das larvas apresentou um padrão de distribuição entre determinados limiares das variáveis ambientais. Conclui-se que as condições hidrodinâmicas do rio, especialmente a direção e a velocidade da água influenciam os padrões de distribuição da comunidade de peixes com diferentes estratégias reprodutivas.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Ictioplâncton ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Ovos e larvas ; Estratégias reprodutivas ; Heterogeneidade espacial ; Biologia reprodutiva ; Desenvolvimento inicial ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyoplankton ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::E::Eggs ; ASFA_2015::L::Larvae ; ASFA_2015::R::Reproduction ; ASFA_2015::R::Reproduction (biology) ; ASFA_2015::D::Development (biological) ; ASFA_2015::L::Larval stages
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 34pp.
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  • 66
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Global warming can affect thedistribution and development of organisms indirectly through changes in climate patterns and thus, in the habitat of species and, directly through the influence of high temperatures on the physiological and morphological development of organisms. These changes in thepatterns of species density, feeding and reproduction driven by warming and environmental changes also induce changes in the ecological relationships in which these organisms are involved. Thus, we investigated how these two effects of global warming, affect the performance, distribution and ecological relationships of zooplankton species, using functional responses of the organisms, such as biomass production and functional traits, in order to link these changes in zooplankton with ecosystem services. This studyis divided into three approaches, microcosm experiments controlling three temperatures, predation and competition and, a spatial and temporal approach in the upper Paraná River floodplain. In our experiments, we observed that temperature increases indeed lead to more complex relationships inside food webs, with possible negative consequences for aquatic ecosystems. However, the temperature was not the predominant factor in determining the performance of subtropical and temperate cladoceran species, as predation was the mainly structuring factor, changing the performance and competition among species. The study with the spatial and temporal approach showed that extreme climate events modify the limnological heterogeneity of shallow lakes, consequentlyaltering zooplankton species and functional traits, especially by species and traits substitution among environments (beta replacement). Factors related to predation, food availability, limnological variables and, temporal variations influenced differently the zooplankton functional beta diversity depending on the climatic event and the type of lake (connected or isolated), but limnological variables are in fact the most important factor in structuring the zooplankton distribution. Both warming and changes in climate patterns (especially intense dry seasons) negatively affected zooplankton organisms, reducing biomass production, secondary production and, the richness of functional traits among environments. The reduction of these zooplankton functional variables has negative consequences for energy stocks and, the flow of matter inside aquatic food webs, changing the ecosystem services.
    Description: O aquecimento global pode afetar a distribuição e o desenvolvimento dos organismos indiretamente através das mudanças nos padrões climáticos e, assim, no habitat das espécies, e diretamente através da influência das altas temperaturas sobre o desenvolvimento fisiológico e morfológico dos organismos. Essas mudanças nos padrões de densidade, alimentação e reprodução das espécies conduzidas pelo aquecimento e mudanças ambientais induzem também alterações nas relações ecológicas em que esses organismos estão envolvidos. Desta maneira, tivemos como objetivo investigar como esses dois efeitos do aquecimento global, afetam a performance, a distribuição e as relações ecológicas das espécies zooplanctônicas, utilizando respostas funcionais dos organismos, como a produção de biomassa e traços funcionais, com o intuito de conectar essas alterações no zooplâncton com os serviços ecossistêmicos. Para responder a este objetivo, foram realizados experimentos em microcosmos controlando três temperaturas, predação e competição; e trabalho de campo com uma abordagem espacial e temporal na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Nos experimentos observou-se que o aumento de temperatura de fato leva a relações mais complexas dentro das cadeias alimentares com possíveis consequências negativas para os ecossistemas aquáticos. Porém, a temperatura não foi o fator predominante em determinar a performance das espécies de cladóceros de climas temperado e subtropical, sendo que a predação foi o fator estruturante, alterando a performance e as relações de competição entre as espécies. Por meio da abordagem espacial e temporal, observou-se que os eventos climáticos extremos alteram a heterogeneidade limnológica dos lagos rasos com consequente alteração das espécies e dos traços funcionais do zooplâncton, especialmente por meio da substituição de espécies e traços entre os ambientes (beta replacement). Os fatores relacionados a predação, disponibilidade de alimento, variáveis limnológicas e as variações temporais influenciaram diferentemente a diversidade beta funcional do zooplâncton dependendo do evento climático e do tipo de lagoa (conectada ou isolada), mas,de fato as variáveis limnológicas foram o fator mais importante em estruturar a distribuição do zooplâncton. Tanto o aquecimento quanto as mudanças nos padrões climáticos (especialmente períodos de secas intensas) afetaram negativamente os organismos zooplanctônicos, com redução na produção de biomassa, na produção secundária, e na riqueza de traços funcionais entre os ambientes. A redução dessas variáveis funcionais do zooplâncton tem consequências negativas para os estoques de energia e para o fluxo de matéria dentro das cadeias alimentares aquáticas, com alterações nos serviços ecossistêmicos.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Zooplâncton de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Competição ; Diversidade funcional ; Mudanças climáticas ; La Niña e El Niño ; Predação ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zooplankton ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::P::Predation ; ASFA_2015::C::Competition
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 122pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Reservoirs shores are usually colonized by submerged macrophytes, which have a high influence over the functional diversity of fish assemblages. However, there are also intense anthropogenic activities in these habitats, which may affect the functional structure of fish communities as well. Thus, aiming to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic activities and habitat complexity, provided by submerged macrophytes, on the functional diversity of the ichthyofauna of reservoirs, sampling was carried out in three sites in the marginal areas of the Itaipu reservoir, in places near and apart artificial beaches, with and without submerged macrophytes. Functional traits used were morphometric measurements taken from the sampled individuals (intraspecific traits), which were used to calculate three functional diversity indexes: functional richness, evenness and divergence. In general, we found no patterns in functional diversity indexes regarding the distance from artificial beaches (among sampling stations). In contrast, habitat complexity influenced the functional diversity of fish assemblages, which presented different results depending on macrophytes density. While functional richness increased in higher complexities, the opposite occurred considering functional evenness. Additionally, functional divergence was higher in regions without macrophytes. In conclusion, this study improves the knowledge on the importance of different habitats in the maintenance of the functional diversity of fishes in habitats of reservoirs shores, supporting the implementation of management and conservation strategies in these environments.
    Description: Regiões litorâneas de reservatórios são normalmente colonizadas por bancos de macrófitas submersas, que possuem elevada influência sobre a diversidade funcional das assembleias aquáticas, inclusive peixes. Apesar disso, esses habitats apresentam alta influência antropogênica, o que também pode afetar a estruturação funcional de comunidades aquáticas. Portanto, para avaliar a influência das atividades antropogênicas e da complexidade de habitat, proporcionada pelas macrófitas, sobre a diversidade funcional da ictiofauna, foram amostrados três braços do reservatório de Itaipu, em regiões de praias artificiais e em locais afastados destas áreas (não praia), considerando a presença e ausência de macrófitas submersas. Traços funcionais derivados de variáveis morfométricas foram usados para o cálculo dos índices de riqueza, equitabilidade e divergência funcional, que incorporaram a variação intraespecífica das assembleias amostradas. Em geral, não houveram diferenças nos índices de diversidade funcional em função da proximidade de praias artificiais. Em contraste, a complexidade de habitat influenciou a diversidade funcional da ictiofauna e as respostas dos índices dependeram da densidade de macrófitas. Enquanto a riqueza funcional aumentou em maiores complexidades, foi observado o inverso em relação a equitabilidade funcional. Por fim, a divergência funcional foi maior em regiões de margem, sem macrófitas submersas. Por meio dos padrões identificados, esse trabalho contribui com o conhecimento sobre a importância dos diferentes habitats para a diversificação funcional das espécies de peixes em regiões litorâneas nos braços de reservatórios, com estrutura decorrente de macrófitas submersas, servindo como base para implementação de estratégias de manejo e conservação nestes ambientes.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce, Assembléia de ; Ecologia de reservatórios ; Diversidade funcional ; Habitat ; Complexidade estrutural ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::A::Assemblages ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water) ; ASFA_2015::H::Habitat ; ASFA_2015::B::Biodiversity ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 42pp.
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  • 68
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: In the study it was verified if the habitat complexity, assessed through macrophyte biomass, can mediate the interaction between fish and invertebrates, and help to explain the coexistence of congeneric species. Fish and invertebrates were sampled in ten macrophytes stand with different biomasses in upper Paraná River floodplain. The abundance and richness of invertebrates, the diet and the niche breadth of Moenkhausia bonita and Moenkhausia forestii were evaluated, as well as the overlap of the diet between the congeneric species. With the increase in macrophyte biomass, there was an increase in the abundance of invertebrates, however, the richness did not show a significant influence from the biomass. The diet of both species differed between macrophytes stands with different biomasses, the main difference being the decrease in invertebrate consumption, mainly aquatic, and the increase in consumption of plants. In addition, the consumption of the items proved to be dependent on their profitability and accessibility in the environment. The niche breadth of both species increased with the increase in macrophyte biomass, but there was no overlap of the niche between them. The results showed that although there was an increase in the invertebrate abundance, there was a decrease in the consumption of this resource, indicating that more complex stands can be more effective refuges for aquatic invertebrates. These results reveal the role of habitat complexity in mediating the interaction between fish and invertebrates, promoting coexistence between them, which helps to explain also the coexistence of ecologically similar fish species.
    Description: Neste estudo verificou-se se a complexidade do habitat, avaliada por meio da biomassa de macrófitas, pode mediar a interação entre peixes e invertebrados, e ajudar a explicar a coexistência de espécies congêneres. Peixes e invertebrados foram amostrados em dez bancos de macrófitas com diferentes biomassas na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Foram avaliadas a abundância e a riqueza de invertebrados, a dieta e a amplitude do nicho de Moenkhausia bonita e de Moenkhausia forestii, assim como a sobreposição da dieta entre as espécies. Com o incremento da biomassa de macrófitas houve uma ampliação na abundância de invertebrados, porém a riqueza não mostrou uma relação significativa com a biomassa. A dieta de ambas as espécies diferiu entre os bancos, tendo um decréscimo no consumo de invertebrados, principalmente aquáticos, e incremento no consumo de vegetal com o aumento da biomassa. Ademais, o consumo dos itens mostrou-se dependente da rentabilidade e acessibilidade deles no ambiente. A amplitude do nicho de ambas as espécies aumentou conforme houve um incremento na biomassa de macrófitas, porém não houve sobreposição do nicho entre elas. Os resultados mostraram que embora tenha ocorrido aumento na abundância de invertebrados, houve um decréscimo no consumo deste recurso, indicando que bancos com maior complexidade podem ser refúgios mais efetivos para os invertebrados aquáticos. Estes resultados indicaram o papel da complexidade do habitat em mediar a interação entre peixes e invertebrados, promovendo a coexistência entre eles, assim como a coexistência das espécies de peixes ecologicamente similares.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Ecologia trófica ; Ecologia de rio ; Forrageamento ótimo, Teoria do ; Relação peixe-macrófita ; Habitat ; Complexidade estrutural ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::B::Biomass ; ASFA_2015::P::Predators ; ASFA_2015::P::Prey ; ASFA_2015::T::Trophic relationships ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::A::Associations (ecological)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 37pp.
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  • 69
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Habitat complexity is one of the main factors determining biological diversity and its assessment is a challenge that involves several variables. Submerged macrophytes are responsible for changes in habitat complexity and may enhance habitat conditions for different species. These plants usually colonize natural and artificial lentic environments, such as reservoirs, which have abiotic characteristics favorable to their establishment. The construction of the Itaipu Dam and the filling of the reservoir favored the establishment of macrophytes due to changes in flow dynamics. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate whether habitat complexity, provided by macrophytes, is associated with changes in fish assemblage attributes (abundance, richness, and evenness) and composition. Linear regression models were applied to test the relationship between abundance, richness, and evenness with habitat complexity (expressed as macrophyte density - g/m²). In addition, Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and Spearman correlations were used to assess changes in the composition of fish assemblages according to macrophytes density. The results indicate a direct relationship between habitat complexity and fish assemblage attributes as well as associations between macrophyte density and fish assemblage composition, improving the knowledge about species preference for different levels of complexity. Thus, it is important to consider the behavior of species known to cause economic and ecological issues for future management and conservation efforts.
    Description: A complexidade de habitat é um dos fatores determinantes para a manutenção da diversidade biológica e, avaliar sua influência, é um desafio que envolve muitas variáveis. As macrófitas submersas são responsáveis por alterar a complexidade dos habitats, podendo promover melhores condições de habitat para um maior número de espécies. Essas plantas geralmente colonizam ambientes lênticos naturais e, também, artificiais, como reservatórios, que possuem características abióticas favoráveis ao seu crescimento. A construção do reservatório de Itaipu favoreceu a proliferação de macrófitas devido às alterações na dinâmica da água. Avaliou-se a complexidade de habitat, proporcionada pelas macrófitas, está associada com mudanças nos atributos (abundância, riqueza e equitabilidade) e na composição da assembleia de peixes do reservatório de Itaipu. Foram utilizadas regressões lineares para verificar a relação entre a abundância, riqueza e equitabilidade com a complexidade de habitat (representada pela densidade de macrófitas - g/m²). Na sequência uma Análise de Coordenadas Principais (PCoA) e correlações de Spearman foram utilizadas para avaliaras alterações na composição das assembleias de acordo com a densidade de macrófitas. Houve relação direta entre a complexidade de habitat e os atributos das assembleias. Também foi possível identificar relações entre a densidade de macrófitas com a composição das assembleias, contribuindo com conhecimento relacionado à preferência de espécies por ambientes com determinados níveis de complexidade. Dessa forma, é importante considerar o comportamento de algumas dessas espécies, conhecidas por causarem prejuízos econômicos e ecológicos aos locais, para as ações de manejo e conservação futuras.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Macrófitas aquáticas submersas ; Assembleia ; Interação peixe-planta ; Complexidade estrutural ; Reservatórios ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::A::Assemblages ; ASFA_2015::I::Interactions ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 39pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: The objective was to redescribe Cambeva stawiarski, using internal morphological data, external morphology, morphometry and meristic data, through the revision of the type-material and material deposited in fish collections. In this process, we have also added comments on the possible Cambeva stawiarski type-locality and described a new species of Cambeva, endemic to the Rio Iguaçu basin, Brazil. Cambeva stawiarski and the new species are diagnosed by the number of procurrent caudal-fin rays dorsally and ventrally; number of vertebrae; number of pectoral-fin rays; number of branchiostegal rays; small notch on the distal margin of the caudal-fin; head length; caudal peduncle depth; and the colouration pattern of the body. In addition, the species are compared with other possibly related species and the synapomorphic characters of these groups of species are discussed. With confirmation of the endemism of Cambeva stawiaski and the description of a new species of Cambeva for the Rio Iguaçu basin, we confirm important biogeographic patterns on the endemism of this hydrographic basin and in the use of osteological data in the description of Cambeva species
    Description: O objetivo foi redescrever Cambeva stawiarski, com base em dados morfológicos internos, morfologia externa, morfometria e dados merísticos, por meio da revisão do material tipo e de material depositado em coleções ictiológicas. Neste processo, fora acrescentado comentários sobre a possível localidade-tipo de Cambeva stawiarski e descreveu-se uma nova espécie de Cambeva, endêmica da bacia do rio Iguaçu, Brasil. Cambeva stawiarski e a nova espécie são diagnosticadas pela combinação de caracteres como número de raios procurrentes caudais dorsais e ventrais; número de vértebras; número de raios na nadadeira peitoral; número de raios branquiostegais; nadadeira caudal com pequeno entalhe na margem distal; comprimento da cabeça; altura do pedúnculo caudal; e padrão de colorido do corpo. As espécies também são comparadas com outras espécies possivelmente relacionadas e os caracteres sinapomórficos desses grupos de espécies são discutidos. Com a confirmação do endemismo de Cambeva stawiarski e a descrição de uma nova espécie de Cambeva para a bacia do rio Iguaçu, confirmamos importantes padrões biogeográficos sobre o endemismo da bacia hidrográfica e sobre a utilização de dados osteológicos na descrição de espécies de Cambeva.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Cambeva stawiarski (Miranda Ribeiro, 1968) (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) “candiru” ; Taxonomia ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Morphology (animal)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 59pp.
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  • 71
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Knowledge of the controlling mechanisms of the invasion process is a current challenge in ecology. This knowledge becomes extremely important since the introduction of alien species has become widespread and has important implications for the wildlife conservation. Currently, studies have shown that alien species can cause several environmental impacts, such as biotic homogenization and destabilization of the native community, being considered one of the main threats to biodiversity and loss of ecosystem services. To investigate the process of fish invasion in reservoirs in the neotropical region, 29 reservoirs that have different environmental and biological invasion scenarios were used. In the first approach, we evaluated the importance of three hypotheses’ concept clusters of biological invasions in the studied reservoirs. Among all the hypotheses tested for biological invasion, the results corroborated the increased resource availability and biotic acceptance hypothesis. In the second approach, we assess whether the functional indices that represent niche overlap/complementarity between native species are predictors of the dominance of alien species in the environment. The results indicate that the dominance of alien species is greater when the uniformity of available resources is greater and the probability of competition between native species is less. It was also possible to observe that the smaller the niche complementarity of the more abundant native species, the lower the dominance of alien species. The results generated by the two approaches provide important information about the mechanisms that lead to the increase of alien species in the studied reservoirs. This information is extremely important for programs for the management of invasive species.
    Description: O conhecimento dos mecanismos controladores do processo de invasao e um desafio atual na ecologia. Esse conhecimento torna-se de extrema importancia, uma vez que a introducao de especies exoticas tem se tornado muito difundida em todo o mundo e possui importantes implicacoes para a conservacao da vida selvagem. Atualmente, estudos tem mostrado que especies exoticas podem causar diversos impactos ambientais como homogeneizacao biotica e desestabilizacao da comunidade nativa, sendo considerada uma das principais ameacas a biodiversidade e perda de servicos ecossistemicos. A fim de investigar o processo de invasao de peixes em reservatorios da regiao neotropical, foram avaliados 29 reservatorios que possuem diferentes cenarios ambientais e de invasao biologica. Na primeira abordagem, avaliou-se a importancia de tres agrupamentos conceituais de hipoteses de invasao biologica nos reservatórios estudados. Dentre as hipoteses testadas para invasao biologica, os resultados corroboraram a de aumento da disponibilidade de recurso e aceitacao biotica. Na segunda abordagem, avaliou-se os indices funcionais que representam sobreposicao/complementaridade de nicho entre as espécies nativas sao preditores da dominancia de especies exoticas no ambiente. Os resultados indicaram que a dominancia de especies exoticas e maior quando a uniformidade dos recursos disponiveis e maior e a probabilidade de competicao entre as especies nativas e menor. Tambem foi possível observar que quanto menor a complementaridade de nicho das especies nativas mais abundantes, menor e a dominancia das especies exoticas. Os resultados gerados pelas duas abordagens fornecem importantes informacoes sobre os mecanismos que levam ao aumento de espécies exoticas nos reservatorios estudados. Essas informacoes sao de extrema importância para programas de gestão de especies invasoras.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Espécies não nativas ; Invasões biológicas ; Diversidade funcional ; Impactos ambientais ; Reservatórios neotropicais ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::S::Species ; ASFA_2015::B::Biotic environment ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water) ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 100pp.
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  • 72
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Partitioning patterns of dissimilarity (beta diversity) into contributions of single sites or individual species is a modern approach to understanding what the main factors affect and cause variation in biodiversity. In this context, estimating the contributions of single sites to overall beta diversity (LCBD) or into contributions of individual species to overall beta diversity (SCBD) has proven to be a good approach to improve the knowledge of drivers of beta diversity. We explored the contributions of each site and species to the overall algae and cyanobacteria beta diversity of 77 natural freshwater micro-ecosystems (i.e., tank bromeliads) of a neotropical ecosystem. We found that LCBD was negatively affected by Shannon's diversity, turbidity, and luminosity (% canopy cover). Cyanobacteria and green algae were the groups that most contributed SCBD values. The negative relationship between LCBD and the Shannon index indicates that micro-ecosystems with less diversity reflect unique characteristics, and LCBD values can easily predict these environments. LCBD values can indicate these environments as priorities for management and conservation.
    Description: Particionar padrões de dissimilaridade (diversidade beta) em contribuições dos locais ou de espécies é uma abordagem moderna para compreender quais os principais fatores afetam e provocam variação na biodiversidade. Neste contexto, estimar a contribuição local para o pool regional de espécies (LCBD) e a contribuição de cada espécies para a diversidade beta (SCBD) tem se mostrado uma eficiente abordagem para inferir sobre mecanismos condutores da diversidade beta. Nesse estudo foram exploradas as contribuições de cada local e espécies para a diversidade beta total de algas e cianobactérias de 77 microecossistemas naturais de água doce (i.e., bromélias-tanque) de um ecossistema neotropical. A LCBD foi afetada negativamente pela diversidade de Shannon, turbidez e luminosidade (% cobertura de dossel) A relação negativa do LCBD com o índice de Shannon indica que locais menos diversos podem refletir em ambientes com características específicas. Cianobactérias e fitoflagelados apresentaram maior contribuição para os valores de SCBD. A compreensão da influência do LCBD e SCBD na distribuição dos padrões da diversidade beta podem facilmente prever esses ambientes com características singulares, fazendo dos mesmos prioritários para práticas de manejo e conservação.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Fitoplâncton de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Determinantes ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::A::Algae ; ASFA_2015::B::Biodiversity ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::I::Islands
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 50pp.
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  • 73
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Given the great diversity of Neotropical fish species, as well as the importance of such organisms as a link within aquatic food chains, it is essential to assess different processes that drive the spatial organization of their communities. It is known that the structure of fish assemblages varies markedly in relation to space, depending on abiotic factors, biotic interactions, and dispersion processes. However, these determining factors in the structuring of fish communities vary indiscriminately in dammed aquatic bodies. The course of large rivers has been altered due to the construction of reservoirs and the number of projects under construction or inventoried has been increasing significantly in recent decades. Therefore, evaluating how the spatial organization of fish assemblages occurs in environments (i.e., dammed), as well as unraveling the predictors associated with this organization is of extremely important for conservation purposes and the implementation of management measures. To investigate such aspects in dammed environments, in the first study three cascades of reservoirs belonging to different hydrographic basins were studied, in which the effects of these reservoirs arranged in series on the patterns of diversity, distribution and richness of the assemblages were evaluated. In the second study, 29 reservoirs located in the state of Parana were evaluated in order to identify relationships between the organization of fish trophic guilds and environmental, spatial and morphological predictors. The results found suggest that, in most of the studied environments, the environmental changes caused by the construction of dams, as well as their morphological characteristics and modes of operation have negative effects on the diversity, distribution and abundance of fish species and exert an influence on the different fish trophic guilds.
    Description: Dada a grande diversidade de espécies de peixes contidas na região Neotropical, bem como a importância desses organismos como elo nas cadeias tróficas aquáticas, se faz necessário conhecer os distintos processos que governam a organização espacial de suas comunidades. Sabe-se que a estrutura das assembleias de peixes varia acentuadamente em relação ao espaço a depender de fatores abióticos, interações bióticas e processos de dispersão. Entretanto, esses fatores determinantes na estruturação das comunidades de peixes variam indiscriminadamente em corpos aquáticos barrados. O curso de grandes rios tem sido alterado devido a construção de reservatórios e o numero de empreendimentos em construção ou inventariados vem aumentando significativamente nas ultimas décadas. Portanto, avaliar como ocorre a organização espacial das assembleias de peixes nesses ambientes (i.e., barrados), bem como desvendar os preditores associados a essa organização e de extrema importância para fins conservacionistas e implementações de medidas de manejo. Para investigar tais aspectos, na primeira abordagem foram estudadas três cascatas de reservatórios pertencentes a diferentes bacias hidrográficas, para avaliar os efeitos da disposição em serie dos reservatórios nos padrões de diversidade, distribuição e riqueza das assembleias de peixes. Na segunda abordagem, foram avaliados 29 reservatórios situados no estado do Paraná com o objetivo de identificar relações entre a organização das guildas tróficas de peixes com preditores ambientais, espaciais e morfológicos. Os resultados encontrados pelas duas abordagens sugerem que, na maioria dos reservatórios estudados, as alterações ambientais provocadas devido a construção de barragens, bem como suas características morfológicas e modos de operação tem efeitos negativos sobre a diversidade, distribuição e abundancia das espécies de peixes e exercem influencia sobre as diferentes guildas tróficas de peixes.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Assembleia ; Guildas tróficas ; Cascata de reservatórios ; Padrões de distribuição ; Cascata de reservatórios Neotropicais ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::A::Assemblages ; ASFA_2015::T::Trophic levels ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water) ; ASFA_2015::F::Food chains ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::S::Spatial distribution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 153pp.
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  • 74
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-29
    Description: Biological invasion processes are complex phenomena and comprise one of the greatest challenges for the conservation of biodiversity in continental aquatic environments. The pressure of propagules, i.e., the number of non-native individuals released and the number of release events, is among the different mechanisms involved in these decisive processes for the successful establishment of non-native species. In this scenario, aquaculture is an important source of propagules of species with high invasive potential, such as Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as accidental escapes and intentional releases from production ponds are recurrent. Nine small streams, tributaries of the Piquiri River (Paraná, Brazil), were sampled to evaluate the effect of aquaculture on fish assemblages in neotropical streams. The watersheds of these streams differ in percentage of aquaculture occupation, and this difference was used as a proxy for propagule pressure of O. niloticus in natural environments. Therefore, the present research aimed to evaluate the effects of different intensities of aquaculture production of tilapia on the richness patterns, composition and structure of the ichthyofauna, testing the hypothesis that the increase in propagule pressure of this species alters the patterns of occurrence and abundance of assemblages, as well as discuss the effects of this species on the functional structure of ichthyofauna, observing the effect of aquaculture occupation on responses of functional diversity indexes and on dissimilarity patterns among the different streams. The results indicated that streams with no aquaculture occupation and with no presence of O. Niloticus had more similar compositions and differed in patterns of occurrence and distribution of ichthyofauna from streams under aquaculture activity. In addition, the presence of tilapia altered the functional diversity indexes in the streams, as the species presented more extreme traits that allow it to increase the functional space of receptor environments and promote greater niche differentiation. The results reinforce the potential of aquaculture as an important source of propagules of non-native species for natural environments and raise attention to the structuring power of tilapia on the taxonomic and functional composition of native ichthyofauna.
    Description: Os processos de invasão biológica são fenômenos complexos e compreendem um dos maiores desafios para a conservação da biodiversidade em ambientes aquáticoscontinentais. Dentre os diferentes mecanismos envolvidos nesses processos, a pressão de propágulos, isto é, o número de indivíduos não nativos liberados e o número de eventos de liberação são determinantes no sucesso de estabelecimento de espécies não nativas. Neste cenário, a aquicultura se insere como uma importante fonte de propágulos de espécies com alto potencial invasor, a exemplo da Tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, uma vez que os escapes acidentais e as solturas intencionais dos tanques de produção são recorrentes. A fim de avaliar a influênciada aquiculturasobre as assembleias de peixes em riachos Neotropicais, nove riachos de pequena ordem,afluentes do rio Piquiriforam amostrados. Estes riachosdiferem quanto a porcentagem de ocupação aquícola emsuas microbacias, sendo essa diferença utilizada como um proxyda pressão de propágulos de O. niloticuspara ambientes naturais. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivosavaliar os efeitos de diferentes intensidades deprodução aquícolada tilápiasobre os padrões de riqueza,composição eestrutura da ictiofauna, testando-se a hipótese de que o aumento da pressão de propágulos dessa espécie alteraos padrões deocorrência e deabundância das assembleias, bem comodiscutir os efeitosdessa mesma espécie sobre a estrutura funcional da ictiofauna, observando-se a influência da ocupação aquícola nas respostas dos índices de diversidade funcional e nos padrões de dissimilaridade entre os diferentes riachos. Os resultados indicaramqueriachos sem ocupação aquícola e sem a presença deO. niloticusforammais similares em suas composiçõese diferiramnospadrões de ocorrência e distribuição da ictiofauna dos riachos com atividade aquícola. Observou-se também a presença da espécie alterou os índices de diversidade funcional entre os riachos, por apresentar traços mais extremos que lhe permitem aumentar o espaço funcional dos ambientes receptores e promover maior diferenciação de nicho. Os resultados reforçam o potencial da aquicultura como uma fonte importante de propágulos de espécies não nativas para ambientes naturais e atentam para o poder estruturador da tilápia sobre a composição taxonômica e funcional da ictiofauna nativa.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de riachos, Assembleia de ; Peixes de água doce ; Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) ; Bioinvasões ; Invasões biológicas ; Potencial invasor ; Composição taxonômica e funcional ; Ecologia ; Impactos ; Produção aquícola ; Pressão de Propágulos ; Piscicultura ; Tanques escavados ; Escapes e solturas ; Ocupação aquícola ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquaculture ; ASFA_2015::A::Assemblages ; ASFA_2015::S::Streams ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyofauna ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish ponds ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact ; ASFA_2015::R::Release mechanisms ; ASFA_2015::P::Pisciculture ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 79pp.
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  • 75
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-12
    Description: Our knowledge on temporal and fine- and broad-scale patterns of biodiversity, as a basis for biogeographical models and conservation planning, have been few explored to two fundamental components of beta diversity: replacement and richness difference. Whether variability in these components of beta diversity is congruent in space and time for disparate biological groups, which show wide variation in functional traits (e.g., dispersal mode), is, hitherto, unknown. Moreover, one of the main standing paradigms is to understand whether the empirical biogeographic patterns of macro-organisms also apply to micro-organisms. This thesis consists of three papers. The first one aimed to determine whether the cross-taxon congruence of taxonomic and functional beta diversity and its components varies across space, and time. Our results showed how detailed hierarchical analyses can reveal hidden patterns of cross-taxon congruence. We partly supported the hypothesis that the strength of cross-taxon congruence generally decreases with the increase of functional distances between pairs of biological groups. In the second paper, we contrasted longitudinal patterns in the total beta diversity and its components in the last non-dammed stretch of the Paraná River for actively (fish) and passively (phytoplankton) dispersing biological groups. The results ratify that biodiversity patterns exhibited by single biological groups do not necessarily match those of other groups that show wide variation in biological features. Our findings have improved understanding of tributary-induced heterogeneity and highlight the importance of dam-free stretches of rivers for preserving its integrity. In the third paper, we used morphological data from live organisms and molecular data to verify which approach better explain the role of environmental and spatial predictors on the ciliates structuration, as well as clarify their biogeography. We found that environmental filters had a greater influence on the morphological than on the molecular site-by-site dissimilarities. Meanwhile, biogeographic factors and the distance among sites limit the distribution of molecular-based composition, resulting in significantly different species compositions in each of the floodplain-associated lakes analyzed. In summary, the findings of this thesis suggest that conservation biology and environmental assessment need to monitor different biological groups, as well as take into account for the choice of taxonomic resolution, as each group and approach provides unique insights.
    Description: O conhecimento sobre padrões temporais e espaciais locais e regionais da biodiversidade, como base para modelos biogeográficos e planejamento de conservação, foi pouco explorado para dois componentes fundamentais da diversidade beta: substituição e diferença de riqueza. Avaliar até que ponto a variabilidade nesses componentes da diversidade beta é congruente no espaço e no tempo para grupos biológicos distintos, que possuem ampla variação em suas características funcionais (por exemplo, modo de dispersão) é, até agora, desconhecido. Ademais, um dos principais paradigmas da ecologia é entender se os padrões biogeográficos empíricos dos macrorganismos também se aplicam aos microrganismos. Assim, esta tese é composta por três segmentos. O primeiro teve como objetivo determinar se a congruência entre táxons da diversidade beta taxonômica e funcional e seus componentes variam ao longo do espaço e do tempo. Os resultados mostraram como análises hierárquicas detalhadas podem revelar padrões ocultos de congruência entre táxons. Foi apoiada parcialmente a hipótese de que a força da congruência entre táxons geralmente diminui com o aumento das distâncias funcionais entre pares de grupos biológicos. No segundo segmento, foram contrastados padrões longitudinais na diversidade beta total e seus componentes no último trecho não represado do rio Paraná para grupos biológicos de dispersão ativa (peixe) e passiva (fitoplâncton). Os resultados ratificam que os padrões de biodiversidade exibidos por grupos biológicos únicos não coincidem necessariamente com os de outros grupos que mostram grande variação nas características biológicas. Estas descobertas melhoram a compreensão da heterogeneidade induzida por tributários e destacam a importância dos trechos de rios livre de barramentos para preservar sua integridade. No terceiro segmento, foram utilizados dados morfológicos de organismos vivos e dados moleculares para verificar qual abordagem explica melhor o papel dos preditores ambientais e espaciais na estruturação de protistas ciliados, bem como tentar esclarecer sua biogeografia. Foi demonstrado que os filtros ambientais tiveram uma maior influência na dissimilaridade par a par baseada em dados morfológicos do que nas baseadas em dados moleculares. Entretanto, fatores biogeográficos, impostos pela distância entre os locais, limitam a distribuição da composição baseada em dados moleculares, resultando em composições de espécies significativamente distintas em cada um dos lagos associados às planícies de inundação analisadas. Em resumo, os resultados desta tese demonstram que a biologia da conservação e a avaliação ambiental precisam monitorar diferentes grupos biológicos, bem como levar em consideração a escolha da resolução taxonômica, pois cada grupo e abordagem fornecem insights exclusivos.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Ecologia de água doce ; Biodiversidade ; Dispersão ; Biologia da conservação ; Padrões biogeográficos ; Sistema rio-planície de inundação ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::B::Biodiversity ; ASFA_2015::C::Conservation ; ASFA_2015::D::Dispersion ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::R::Rivers ; ASFA_2015::B::Biogeography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 159pp.
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2022-07-13
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(2), (2022): 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0069.1.
    Description: The inception of a moored buoy network in the northern Indian Ocean in 1997 paved the way for systematic collection of long-term time series observations of meteorological and oceanographic parameters. This buoy network was revamped in 2011 with Ocean Moored buoy Network for north Indian Ocean (OMNI) buoys fitted with additional sensors to better quantify the air–sea fluxes. An intercomparison of OMNI buoy measurements with the nearby Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) mooring during the year 2015 revealed an overestimation of downwelling longwave radiation (LWR↓). Analysis of the OMNI and WHOI radiation sensors at a test station at National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) during 2019 revealed that the accurate and stable amplification of the thermopile voltage records along with the customized datalogger in the WHOI system results in better estimations of LWR↓. The offset in NIOT measured LWR↓ is estimated first by segregating the LWR↓ during clear-sky conditions identified using the downwelling shortwave radiation measurements from the same test station, and second, finding the offset by taking the difference with expected theoretical clear-sky LWR↓. The corrected LWR↓ exhibited good agreement with that of collocated WHOI measurements, with a correlation of 0.93. This method is applied to the OMNI field measurements and again compared with the nearby WHOI mooring measurements, exhibiting a better correlation of 0.95. This work has led to the revamping of radiation measurements in OMNI buoys and provides a reliable method to correct past measurements and improve estimation of air–sea fluxes in the Indian Ocean.
    Description: KJJ and RV thank Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, Secretary, MoES, and Director, NIOT, for the support and encouragement in carrying out the work under the National Monsoon Mission, Ocean Mixing and Monsoon (OMM) program. AT, JTF, and RAW thank Office of Naval Research Grants N00014-19-12410 and N00014-17-12880, United States, for funding and support. The OOS team at NIOT is acknowledged for their efforts in maintaining the OMNI buoy network in North Indian Ocean. We acknowledge Dr. B.W. Blomquist, University of Colorado, for his support in computing clear-sky radiation and Iury T. Simoes-Sousa, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, for the graphics. NCMRWF, MoES, Government of India, is acknowledged for NGFS reanalysis dataset, which is produced under the collaboration between NCMRWF, IITM, and IMD.
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Buoy observations ; In situ oceanic observations ; Instrumentation/sensors ; Quality assurance/control
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2022-09-14
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 35(2), (2022): 851–875, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0603.1.
    Description: The Earth system is accumulating energy due to human-induced activities. More than 90% of this energy has been stored in the ocean as heat since 1970, with ∼60% of that in the upper 700 m. Differences in upper-ocean heat content anomaly (OHCA) estimates, however, exist. Here, we use a dataset protocol for 1970–2008—with six instrumental bias adjustments applied to expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data, and mapped by six research groups—to evaluate the spatiotemporal spread in upper OHCA estimates arising from two choices: 1) those arising from instrumental bias adjustments and 2) those arising from mathematical (i.e., mapping) techniques to interpolate and extrapolate data in space and time. We also examined the effect of a common ocean mask, which reveals that exclusion of shallow seas can reduce global OHCA estimates up to 13%. Spread due to mapping method is largest in the Indian Ocean and in the eddy-rich and frontal regions of all basins. Spread due to XBT bias adjustment is largest in the Pacific Ocean within 30°N–30°S. In both mapping and XBT cases, spread is higher for 1990–2004. Statistically different trends among mapping methods are found not only in the poorly observed Southern Ocean but also in the well-observed northwest Atlantic. Our results cannot determine the best mapping or bias adjustment schemes, but they identify where important sensitivities exist, and thus where further understanding will help to refine OHCA estimates. These results highlight the need for further coordinated OHCA studies to evaluate the performance of existing mapping methods along with comprehensive assessment of uncertainty estimates.
    Description: AS is supported by a Tasmanian Graduate Research Scholarship, a CSIRO-UTAS Quantitative Marine Science top-up, and by the Australian Research Council (ARC) (CE170100023; DP160103130). CMD was partially supported by ARC (FT130101532) and the Natural Environmental Research Council (NE/P019293/1). RC was supported through funding from the Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub of the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program. TB is supported by the Climate Observation and Monitoring Program, National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration, U.S. Department of commerce. GCJ and JML are supported by NOAA Research and the NOAA Ocean Climate Observation Program. This is PMEL contribution number 5065. JAC is supported by the Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research (CSHOR), jointly funded by the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (QNLM, China) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO, Australia) and Australian Research Council’s Discovery Project funding scheme (project DP190101173). The research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). Data used in this study are available on request.
    Keywords: Bias ; Interpolation schemes ; In situ oceanic observations ; Uncertainty ; Oceanic variability ; Trends
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2022-09-15
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(2), (2022): 223–235, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0110.1.
    Description: Previous work with simulations of oceanographic high-frequency (HF) radars has identified possible improvements when using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) for direction of arrival; however, methods for determining the number of emitters (here defined as spatially distinct patches of the ocean surface) have not realized these improvements. Here we describe and evaluate the use of the likelihood ratio (LR) for emitter detection, demonstrating its application to oceanographic HF radar data. The combined detection–estimation methods MLE-LR are compared with multiple signal classification method (MUSIC) and MUSIC parameters for SeaSonde HF radars, along with a method developed for 8-channel systems known as MUSIC-Highest. Results show that the use of MLE-LR produces similar accuracy, in terms of the RMS difference and correlation coefficients squared, as previous methods. We demonstrate that improved accuracy can be obtained for both methods, at the cost of fewer velocity observations and decreased spatial coverage. For SeaSondes, accuracy improvements are obtained with less commonly used parameter sets. The MLE-LR is shown to be able to resolve simultaneous closely spaced emitters, which has the potential to improve observations obtained by HF radars operating in complex current environments.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant OCE-1658475. Computing resources were provided by the UCSB Center for Scientific Computing through an NSF MRSEC (DMR-1720256) and NSF CNS-1725797.
    Keywords: Ocean ; Algorithms ; Data quality control ; Radars/radar observations ; Remote sensing ; Surface observations ; Quality assurance/control
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2022-09-15
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(1),(2022): 75–97, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0099.1.
    Description: Mesoscale eddies contain the bulk of the ocean’s kinetic energy (KE), but fundamental questions remain on the cross-scale KE transfers linking eddy generation and dissipation. The role of submesoscale flows represents the key point of discussion, with contrasting views of submesoscales as either a source or a sink of mesoscale KE. Here, the first observational assessment of the annual cycle of the KE transfer between mesoscale and submesoscale motions is performed in the upper layers of a typical open-ocean region. Although these diagnostics have marginal statistical significance and should be regarded cautiously, they are physically plausible and can provide a valuable benchmark for model evaluation. The cross-scale KE transfer exhibits two distinct stages, whereby submesoscales energize mesoscales in winter and drain mesoscales in spring. Despite this seasonal reversal, an inverse KE cascade operates throughout the year across much of the mesoscale range. Our results are not incompatible with recent modeling investigations that place the headwaters of the inverse KE cascade at the submesoscale, and that rationalize the seasonality of mesoscale KE as an inverse cascade-mediated response to the generation of submesoscales in winter. However, our findings may challenge those investigations by suggesting that, in spring, a downscale KE transfer could dampen the inverse KE cascade. An exploratory appraisal of the dynamics governing mesoscale–submesoscale KE exchanges suggests that the upscale KE transfer in winter is underpinned by mixed layer baroclinic instabilities, and that the downscale KE transfer in spring is associated with frontogenesis. Current submesoscale-permitting ocean models may substantially understate this downscale KE transfer, due to the models’ muted representation of frontogenesis.
    Description: The OSMOSIS experiment was funded by the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) through Grants NE/1019999/1 and NE/101993X/1. ACNG acknowledges the support of the Royal Society and the Wolfson Foundation, and XY that of a China Scholarship Council PhD studentship.
    Keywords: Ageostrophic circulations ; Dynamics ; Eddies ; Energy transport ; Frontogenesis/frontolysis ; Instability ; Mesoscale processes ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Ocean circulation ; Ocean dynamics ; Small scale processes ; Turbulence
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(8), (2022): 1677-1691, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0269.1.
    Description: Oceanic mesoscale motions including eddies, meanders, fronts, and filaments comprise a dominant fraction of oceanic kinetic energy and contribute to the redistribution of tracers in the ocean such as heat, salt, and nutrients. This reservoir of mesoscale energy is regulated by the conversion of potential energy and transfers of kinetic energy across spatial scales. Whether and under what circumstances mesoscale turbulence precipitates forward or inverse cascades, and the rates of these cascades, remain difficult to directly observe and quantify despite their impacts on physical and biological processes. Here we use global observations to investigate the seasonality of surface kinetic energy and upper-ocean potential energy. We apply spatial filters to along-track satellite measurements of sea surface height to diagnose surface eddy kinetic energy across 60–300-km scales. A geographic and scale-dependent seasonal cycle appears throughout much of the midlatitudes, with eddy kinetic energy at scales less than 60 km peaking 1–4 months before that at 60–300-km scales. Spatial patterns in this lag align with geographic regions where an Argo-derived estimate of the conversion of potential to kinetic energy is seasonally varying. In midlatitudes, the conversion rate peaks 0–2 months prior to kinetic energy at scales less than 60 km. The consistent geographic patterns between the seasonality of potential energy conversion and kinetic energy across spatial scale provide observational evidence for the inverse cascade and demonstrate that some component of it is seasonally modulated. Implications for mesoscale parameterizations and numerical modeling are discussed.
    Description: This work was generously funded by NSF Grants OCE-1912302, OCE-1912125 (Drushka), and OCE-1912325 (Abernathey) as part of the Ocean Energy and Eddy Transport Climate Process Team.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Energy transport ; Mesoscale processes ; Turbulence ; Oceanic mixed layer ; Altimetry ; Seasonal cycle
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2022-09-23
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(1), (2022): 31–35, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0075.1.
    Description: Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) do not provide reliable water velocity measurements near the sea surface or bottom because acoustic sidelobe reflections from the boundary contaminate the Doppler velocity measurements. The apparent depth of the center of the sidelobe reflection is zsl = ha[1 − cos(θ)], where ha is the distance from the ADCP acoustic head to the sea surface and θ is the ADCP beam angle. However, sidelobe contamination extends one and a half ADCP bins below zsl as the range gating of the acoustic return causes overlap between adjacent ADCP bins. Consequently, the contaminated region z 〈 zsl + 3Δz/2 is deeper than traditionally suggested, with a dependence on bin size Δz. Direct observations confirming both the center depth of the sidelobe reflection and the depth of contamination are presented for six bottom-mounted, upward-looking ADCPs. The sidelobe reflection is isolated by considering periods of weak wind stresses when the sea surface is smooth and there is nearly perfect reflection of the main beams away from the ADCP and hence little acoustic return from the main beams to the ADCP.
    Description: This analysis was supported by NSF OCE 1558874 for Kirincich and Lentz. Plueddemann was supported by the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPO Fund Reference Number 100007298), through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR) under Cooperative Agreement NA14OAR4320158.
    Keywords: Acoustic measurements/effects ; Data processing/distribution ; Profilers ; oceanic
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2022-06-06
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 51(10), (2021): 3235–3252, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0288.1.
    Description: Recent mooring measurements from the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program have revealed abundant cyclonic eddies at both sides of Cape Farewell, the southern tip of Greenland. In this study, we present further observational evidence, from both Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives, of deep cyclonic eddies with intense rotation (ζ/f 〉 1) around southern Greenland and into the Labrador Sea. Most of the observed cyclones exhibit strongest rotation below the surface at 700–1000 dbar, where maximum azimuthal velocities are ~30 cm s−1 at radii of ~10 km, with rotational periods of 2–3 days. The cyclonic rotation can extend to the deep overflow water layer (below 1800 dbar), albeit with weaker azimuthal velocities (~10 cm s−1) and longer rotational periods of about one week. Within the middepth rotation cores, the cyclones are in near solid-body rotation and have the potential to trap and transport water. The first high-resolution hydrographic transect across such a cyclone indicates that it is characterized by a local (both vertically and horizontally) potential vorticity maximum in its middepth core and cold, fresh anomalies in the deep overflow water layer, suggesting its source as the Denmark Strait outflow. Additionally, the propagation and evolution of the cyclonic eddies are illustrated with deep Lagrangian floats, including their detachments from the boundary currents to the basin interior. Taken together, the combined Eulerian and Lagrangian observations have provided new insights on the boundary current variability and boundary–interior exchange over a geographically large scale near southern Greenland, calling for further investigations on the (sub)mesoscale dynamics in the region.
    Description: OOI mooring data are based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement 1743430. S. Zou, A. Bower, and H. Furey gratefully acknowledge the support from the Physical Oceanography Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation Grant OCE-1756361. R.S. Pickart acknowledges support from National Science Foundation Grants OCE-1259618 and OCE-1756361. N. P. Holliday and L. Houpert were supported by NERC programs U.K. OSNAP (NE/K010875) and U.K. OSNAP-Decade (NE/T00858X/1).
    Keywords: North Atlantic Ocean ; Cyclogenesis/cyclolysis ; Lagrangian circulation/transport ; Mesoscale processes ; Ocean circulation
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2022-06-06
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 60(9), (2021): 1361–1370, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0254.1.
    Description: We analyze how winter thaw events (TE; T 〉 0°C) are changing on the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, using three metrics: the number of TE, number of thaw hours, and number of thaw degree-hours for temperature and dewpoint for winters from 1935/36 to 2019/20. The impact of temperature-only TE and dewpoint TE on snow depth are compared to quantify the different impacts of sensible-only heating and sensible-and-latent heating, respectively. Results reveal that temperature and dewpoint TE for all metrics increased at a statistically significant rate (p 〈 0.05) over the full time periods studied for temperature (1935/36–2019/20) and dewpoint (1939/40–2019/20). Notably, around 2000/01, the positive trends increased for most variables, including dewpoint-thaw degree-hours that increased by 82.11 degree-hours decade−1 during 2000–20, which is approximately 5 times as faster as the 1939–2020 rate of 17.70 degree-hours decade−1. Furthermore, a clear upward shift occurred around 1990 in the lowest winter values of thaw hours and thaw degree-hours—winters now have a higher baseline amount of thaw than before 1990. Snow-depth loss during dewpoint TE (0.36 cm h−1) occurred more than 2 times as fast as temperature-only TE (0.14 cm h−1). With winters projected to warm throughout the twenty-first century in the northeastern United States, it is expected that the trends in winter thaw events, and the sensible and latent energy that they bring, will continue to rise and lead to more frequent winter flooding, fewer days of good quality snow for winter recreation, and changes in ecosystem function.
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Snowmelt/icemelt ; Snowpack ; Winter/cool season ; Climate change ; Humidity ; Latent heating/cooling ; Snow cover ; Temperature
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  • 84
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    American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022-06-06
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 51(12),(2021): 3651–3662, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0076.1.
    Description: Ocean striations are composed of alternating quasi-zonal band-like flows; this kind of organized structure of currents can be found in all the world’s oceans and seas. Previous studies have mainly been focused on the mechanisms of their generation and propagation. This study uses the spatial high-pass filtering to obtain the three-dimensional structure of ocean striations in the North Pacific in both the z coordinate and σ coordinate based on 10-yr averaged Simple Ocean Data Assimilation version 3 (SODA3) data. First, we identify an ideal-fluid potential density domain where the striations are undisturbed by the surface forcing and boundary effects. Second, using the isopycnal layer analysis, we show that on isopycnal surfaces the orientations of striations nearly follow the potential vorticity (PV) contours, while in the meridional–vertical plane the central positions of striations are generally aligned with the latitude of zero gradient of the relative PV. Our analysis provides a simple dynamical interpretation and better understanding for the role of ocean striations.
    Description: This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42076025, 41676021), the Key Special Project for introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0306), the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (2013CB956201). The numerical simulation is supported by the High Performance Computing Division in the South China Sea Institute of Oceanography. The authors thank Tingjin Guan for the help in enhancing drawing quality.
    Keywords: Currents ; Jets ; Mesoscale processes ; Potential vorticity ; Isopycnal coordinates
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2022-06-06
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Liang, Y.-C., Frankignoul, C., Kwon, Y.-O., Gastineau, G., Manzini, E., Danabasoglu, G., Suo, L., Yeager, S., Gao, Y., Attema, J. J., Cherchi, A., Ghosh, R., Matei, D., Mecking, J., Tian, T., & Zhang, Y. Impacts of Arctic sea ice on cold season atmospheric variability and trends estimated from observations and a multimodel large ensemble. Journal of Climate, 34(20), (2021): 8419–8443, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0578.s1.
    Description: To examine the atmospheric responses to Arctic sea ice variability in the Northern Hemisphere cold season (from October to the following March), this study uses a coordinated set of large-ensemble experiments of nine atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced with observed daily varying sea ice, sea surface temperature, and radiative forcings prescribed during the 1979–2014 period, together with a parallel set of experiments where Arctic sea ice is substituted by its climatology. The simulations of the former set reproduce the near-surface temperature trends in reanalysis data, with similar amplitude, and their multimodel ensemble mean (MMEM) shows decreasing sea level pressure over much of the polar cap and Eurasia in boreal autumn. The MMEM difference between the two experiments allows isolating the effects of Arctic sea ice loss, which explain a large portion of the Arctic warming trends in the lower troposphere and drive a small but statistically significant weakening of the wintertime Arctic Oscillation. The observed interannual covariability between sea ice extent in the Barents–Kara Seas and lagged atmospheric circulation is distinguished from the effects of confounding factors based on multiple regression, and quantitatively compared to the covariability in MMEMs. The interannual sea ice decline followed by a negative North Atlantic Oscillation–like anomaly found in observations is also seen in the MMEM differences, with consistent spatial structure but much smaller amplitude. This result suggests that the sea ice impacts on trends and interannual atmospheric variability simulated by AGCMs could be underestimated, but caution is needed because internal atmospheric variability may have affected the observed relationship.
    Description: We acknowledge support by the Blue-Action Project (the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, #727852, http://www.blue-action.eu/index.php?id=3498). The WHOI–NCAR group was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs Grants 1736738 and 1737377. Their computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (doi:10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory at NCAR. NCAR is a major facility sponsored by the U.S. NSF under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. Guillaume Gastineau was granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocations A5-017403 and A7-017403 made by GENCI. The SST and SIC data were downloaded from the U.K. Met Office Hadley Centre Observations Datasets (http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst). The work by NLeSC was carried out on the Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative. The simulations of IAP AGCM were supported by the National Key R&D Program of China 2017YFE0111800. The NorESM2-CAM6 simulations were performed on resources provided by UNINETT Sigma2–the National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing and Data Storage in Norway (nn2343k, NS9015K).
    Keywords: Arctic ; Sea ice ; Atmospheric circulation ; Climate models
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society , 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Zambon, J. B., He, R., Warner, J. C., & Hegermiller, C. A. Impact of SST and surface waves on Hurricane Florence (2018): a coupled modeling investigation. Weather and Forecasting, 36(5), (2021): 1713–1734, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-20-0171.1.
    Description: Hurricane Florence (2018) devastated the coastal communities of the Carolinas through heavy rainfall that resulted in massive flooding. Florence was characterized by an abrupt reduction in intensity (Saffir–Simpson category 4 to category 1) just prior to landfall and synoptic-scale interactions that stalled the storm over the Carolinas for several days. We conducted a series of numerical modeling experiments in coupled and uncoupled configurations to examine the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean waves on storm characteristics. In addition to experiments using a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–wave model, we introduced the capability of the atmospheric model to modulate wind stress and surface fluxes by ocean waves through data from an uncoupled wave model. We examined these experiments by comparing track, intensity, strength, SST, storm structure, wave height, surface roughness, heat fluxes, and precipitation in order to determine the impacts of resolving ocean conditions with varying degrees of coupling. We found differences in the storm’s intensity and strength, with the best correlation coefficient of intensity (r = 0.89) and strength (r = 0.95) coming from the fully coupled simulations. Further analysis into surface roughness parameterizations added to the atmospheric model revealed differences in the spatial distribution and magnitude of the largest roughness lengths. Adding ocean and wave features to the model further modified the fluxes due to more realistic cooling beneath the storm, which in turn modified the precipitation field. Our experiments highlight significant differences in how air–sea processes impact hurricane modeling. The storm characteristics of track, intensity, strength, and precipitation at landfall are crucial to predictability and forecasting of future landfalling hurricanes.
    Description: This work has been supported by the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal/Marine Hazards and Resources Program, and by Congressional appropriations through the Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act of 2019 (H.R. 2157). The authors also wish to acknowledge research support through NSF Grant OCE-1559178 and NOAA Grant NA16NOS0120028. We also wish to thank Chris Sherwood from the U.S. Geological Survey for his help in deriving wave length from WAVEWATCH III data.
    Keywords: Hurricanes/typhoons ; Hindcasts ; Numerical weather prediction/forecasting ; Coupled models ; Ocean models
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 38(9), (2021): 1535–1550, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0176.s1.
    Description: Monitoring the heat content variability of glacial fjords is crucial to understanding the effects of oceanic forcing on marine-terminating glaciers. A pressure-sensor-equipped inverted echo sounder (PIES) was deployed midfjord in Sermilik Fjord in southeast Greenland from August 2011 to September 2012 alongside a moored array of instruments recording temperature, conductivity, and velocity. Historical hydrography is used to quantify the relationship between acoustic travel time and the vertically averaged heat content, and a new method is developed for filtering acoustic return echoes in an ice-influenced environment. We show that PIES measurements, combined with a knowledge of the fjord’s two-layer density structure, can be used to reconstruct the thickness and temperature of the inflowing water. Additionally, we find that fjord–shelf exchange events are identifiable in the travel time record implying the PIES can be used to monitor fjord circulation. Finally, we show that PIES data can be combined with moored temperature records to derive the heat content of the upper layer of the fjord where moored instruments are at great risk of being damaged by transiting icebergs.
    Description: FS and MA acknowledge funding from the Kerr Family Foundation and the Grossman Family Foundation through the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. MA is supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs (1332911). FS and RS acknowledge support from NSF OCE-1657601 and from the Heising-Simons Foundation.
    Keywords: Glaciers ; Ice sheets ; Acoustic measurements/effects ; In situ oceanic observations
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society , 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Zippel, S. F., Farrar, J. T., Zappa, C. J., Miller, U., St Laurent, L., Ijichi, T., Weller, R. A., McRaven, L., Nylund, S., & Le Bel, D. Moored turbulence measurements using pulse-coherent doppler sonar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 38(9), (2021): 1621–1639, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0005.1.
    Description: Upper-ocean turbulence is central to the exchanges of heat, momentum, and gases across the air–sea interface and therefore plays a large role in weather and climate. Current understanding of upper-ocean mixing is lacking, often leading models to misrepresent mixed layer depths and sea surface temperature. In part, progress has been limited by the difficulty of measuring turbulence from fixed moorings that can simultaneously measure surface fluxes and upper-ocean stratification over long time periods. Here we introduce a direct wavenumber method for measuring turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates ϵ from long-enduring moorings using pulse-coherent ADCPs. We discuss optimal programming of the ADCPs, a robust mechanical design for use on a mooring to maximize data return, and data processing techniques including phase-ambiguity unwrapping, spectral analysis, and a correction for instrument response. The method was used in the Salinity Processes Upper-Ocean Regional Study (SPURS) to collect two year-long datasets. We find that the mooring-derived TKE dissipation rates compare favorably to estimates made nearby from a microstructure shear probe mounted to a glider during its two separate 2-week missions for O(10−8) ≤ ϵ ≤ O(10−5) m2 s−3. Periods of disagreement between turbulence estimates from the two platforms coincide with differences in vertical temperature profiles, which may indicate that barrier layers can substantially modulate upper-ocean turbulence over horizontal scales of 1–10 km. We also find that dissipation estimates from two different moorings at 12.5 and at 7 m are in agreement with the surface buoyancy flux during periods of strong nighttime convection, consistent with classic boundary layer theory.
    Description: This work was funded by NASA as part of the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS), supporting field work for SPURS-1 (NASA Grant NNX11AE84G), for SPURS-2 (NASA Grant NNX15AG20G), and for analysis (NASA Grant 80NSSC18K1494). Funding for early iterations of this project associated with the VOCALS project and Stratus 9 mooring was provided by NSF (Awards 0745508 and 0745442). Additional funding was provided by ONR Grant N000141812431 and NSF Award 1756839. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station is funded by the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPO FundRef Number 100007298), through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR) under Cooperative Agreement NA14OAR4320158. Microstructure measurements made from the glider were supported by NSF (Award 1129646).
    Keywords: Ocean ; Turbulence ; Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Boundary layer ; Oceanic mixed layer ; In situ oceanic observations
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2022-06-17
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 34(22), (2021): 9093–9113, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0142.1.
    Description: This study examines the role of the relative wind (RW) effect (wind relative to ocean current) in the regional ocean circulation and extratropical storm track in the south Indian Ocean. Comparison of two high-resolution regional coupled model simulations with and without the RW effect reveals that the most conspicuous ocean circulation response is the significant weakening of the overly energetic anticyclonic standing eddy off Port Elizabeth, South Africa, a biased feature ascribed to upstream retroflection of the Agulhas Current (AC). This opens a pathway through which the AC transports the warm and salty water mass from the subtropics, yielding marked increases in sea surface temperature (SST), upward turbulent heat flux (THF), and meridional SST gradient in the Agulhas retroflection region. These thermodynamic and dynamic changes are accompanied by the robust strengthening of the local low-tropospheric baroclinicity and the baroclinic wave activity in the atmosphere. Examination of the composite life cycle of synoptic-scale storms subjected to the high-THF events indicates a robust strengthening of the extratropical storms far downstream. Energetics calculations for the atmosphere suggest that the baroclinic energy conversion from the basic flow is the chief source of increased eddy available potential energy, which is subsequently converted to eddy kinetic energy, providing for the growth of transient baroclinic waves. Overall, the results suggest that the mechanical and thermal air–sea interactions are inherently and inextricably linked together to substantially influence the extratropical storm tracks in the south Indian Ocean.
    Description: Seo acknowledges the support from the NSF (OCE-2022846), NOAA (NA19OAR4310376), ONR (N00014-17-12398), and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). Song is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2019R1C1C1003663). O’Neill was supported by the NASA Grants 80NSSC19K1117 and 80NSSC19K1011.
    Keywords: Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Extratropical cyclones ; Wind stress ; Boundary currents ; Storm tracks
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2022-06-17
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(3), (2022): 363–382, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0084.1.
    Description: Meltwater from Greenland is an important freshwater source for the North Atlantic Ocean, released into the ocean at the head of fjords in the form of runoff, submarine melt, and icebergs. The meltwater release gives rise to complex in-fjord transformations that result in its dilution through mixing with other water masses. The transformed waters, which contain the meltwater, are exported from the fjords as a new water mass Glacially Modified Water (GMW). Here we use summer hydrographic data collected from 2013 to 2019 in Upernavik, a major glacial fjord in northwest Greenland, to describe the water masses that flow into the fjord from the shelf and the exported GMWs. Using an optimum multi-parameter technique across multiple years we then show that GMW is composed of 57.8% ± 8.1% Atlantic Water (AW), 41.0% ± 8.3% Polar Water (PW), 1.0% ± 0.1% subglacial discharge, and 0.2% ± 0.2% submarine meltwater. We show that the GMW fractional composition cannot be described by buoyant plume theory alone since it includes lateral mixing within the upper layers of the fjord not accounted for by buoyant plume dynamics. Consistent with its composition, we find that changes in GMW properties reflect changes in the AW and PW source waters. Using the obtained dilution ratios, this study suggests that the exchange across the fjord mouth during summer is on the order of 50 mSv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) (compared to a freshwater input of 0.5 mSv). This study provides a first-order parameterization for the exchange at the mouth of glacial fjords for large-scale ocean models.
    Description: This work was partially supported by the Centre for Climate Dynamics (SKD) at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. The authors thank NASA and the OMG consortium for making observational data freely available, and acknowledge M. Morlighem for good support in the early stages of this project. MM and LHS and would also like to thank Ø. Paasche, the ACER project, and the U.S. Norway Fulbright Foundation for the Norwegian Arctic Chair Grant 2019–20 that made the visit to Scripps Institution of Oceanography possible. FS acknowledges support from the DOE Office of Science Grant DE-SC0020073, Heising-Simons Foundation and from NSF and OCE-1756272. DAS acknowledges support from U.K. NERC Grants NE/P011365/1, NE/T011920/1, and NERC Independent Research Fellowship NE/T011920/1. MW was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, administered by the Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. CSA would like to acknowledge Geocenter Denmark for support to the project “Upernavik Glacier.”
    Keywords: Ocean ; Arctic ; Atlantic Ocean ; Glaciers ; Ice sheets ; Buoyancy ; Entrainment ; In situ oceanic observations ; Annual variations
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  • 91
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-18
    Description: Ecosystems respond to the direct, indirect and synergistic effects of global changes caused by human activity. The understanding of the impacts of these changes and especially of the interaction between the impacts is still limited, especially for aquatic environments, because the interaction between them is rarely considered in environmental studies and assessments. We conducted a systematic literature review on the combination of the factors (i) increase of CO2, (ii) eutrophication and (iii) non-native species to verify how these factors have been considered in the context of climate change in freshwater ecosystems studies. Through the Web of Science database, we searched for articles published in English, up to 2020. Following the PRISMA protocol, 62 articles were analyzed. Only 8% of them addressed the combination of the three factors, among them, eutrophication was the most evaluated global change. Still, the studies do not seem to be looking for answers in a broad way and covering several ecological aspects, since they are concentrated in specific regions such as the Netherlands and United States (44%). Studies most focus on one type of environment, the lentic; use organisms from the base of the food-web; apply the experimental approach; evaluate one organizational level (community) and one response variable (biomass). We identified that the effect of the combination of factors is rarely classified with the terms synergistic and antagonist, even when the authors find these patterns. Our main findings reveal that little attention has been given to the combination of factors in freshwater ecosystems. We also find that when interactions are considered, non-native species tend to be favored and algal blooms intensified (74%). Considering that one of the major challenges is to understand how the interaction between global change factors will affect ecosystems, the combinations of factors still need to be prioritized in studies of aquatic ecosystems.
    Description: Os ecossistemas respondem aos efeitos diretos, indiretos e sinérgicos das mudanças globais causadas pela atividade humana. A compreensão sobre os impactos dessas mudanças e principalmente da interação entres os impactos ainda é limitada, especialmente para os ambientes aquáticos, pois raramente a interação entre eles é considerada nos estudos e avaliações ambientais. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura para verificar como a combinação dos fatores: (i) aumento da concentração de CO2, (ii) eutrofização, e (iii) espécies não nativas, está sendo abordada no contexto de mudanças globais em ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. Por meio da plataforma Web of Science, procurou-se por artigos publicados em inglês, até 2020. Seguindo o protocolo PRISMA, 62 artigos foram analisados. Apenas 8% dos estudos abordaram a combinação dos três fatores, dentre eles, a eutrofização foi o fator de mudança global mais avaliado. Ainda, os estudos não parecem estar buscando respostas de forma ampla e abrangendo diversos aspectos ecológicos, visto que, se concentram em regiões específicas, na Holanda e nos Estados Unidos (44%), focam em ambientes lênticos; utilizam majoritariamente organismos da base da cadeia trófica; são em sua maioria experimentais; e avaliam um nível organizacional (comunidade) e uma variável resposta (biomassa). Raramente o efeito da combinação dos fatores é classificado com os termos sinérgico e antagônico, mesmo quando os autores encontram esses padrões. Como resultados principais evidenciou-se que pouca atenção tem sido dada à combinação dos fatores nos ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. Os estudos analisados mostraram que quando consideradas as interações, espécies não nativas tendem a ser favorecidas e florações algais intensificadas (74%). Considerando que um dos maiores desafios atuais é compreender como a interação entre fatores de mudanças globais afetará os ecossistemas, a combinação de fatores ainda precisa ser priorizada nos estudos dos ecossistemas aquáticos.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Ecossistemas de água doce ; Ambientes aquáticos continentais ; Mudanças globais ; Múltiplos fatores ; Efeitos da ação do homem ; Impactos ambientais sinérgicos ; Revisão de literatura ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecosystems ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::E::Eutrophication ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::L::Literature reviews
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 42pp.
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  • 92
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    Unknown
    American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 51(9), (2021): 2721–2733, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0298.1.
    Description: A linear numerical model of an island or a tall seamount is used to explore superinertial leaky resonances forced by ambient vertically and horizontally uniform current fluctuations. The model assumes a circularly symmetric topography (including a shallow reef) and allows realistic stratification and bottom friction. As long as there is substantial stratification, a number of leaky resonances are found, and when the island’s flanks are narrow relative to the internal Rossby radius, some of the near-resonant modes resemble leaky internal Kelvin waves. Other “resonances” resemble higher radial mode long gravity waves as explored by Chambers. The near-resonances amplify the cross-reef velocities that help fuel biological activity. Results for cases with the central island replaced by a lagoon do not differ greatly from the island case which has land at the center. As an aside, insight is provided on the question of offshore boundary conditions for superinertial nearly trapped waves along a straight coast.
    Keywords: Baroclinic flows ; Internal waves ; Kelvin waves
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 34(22), (2021): 8971–8987, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0610.1.
    Description: The impact of increasing Greenland freshwater discharge on the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) remains unknown as there are uncertainties associated with the time scales of the Greenland freshwater anomaly (GFWA) in the SPNA. Results from numerical simulations tracking GFWA and an analytical approach are employed to estimate the response time, suggesting that a decadal time scale (13 years) is required for the SPNA to adjust for increasing GFWA. Analytical solutions obtained for a long-lasting increase of freshwater discharge show a non-steady-state response of the SPNA with increasing content of the GFWA. In contrast, solutions for a short-lived pulse of freshwater demonstrate different responses of the SPNA with a rapid increase of freshwater in the domain followed by an exponential decay after the pulse has passed. The derived theoretical relation between time scales shows that residence time scales are time dependent for a non-steady-state case and asymptote the response time scale with time. The residence time of the GFWA deduced from Lagrangian experiments is close to and smaller than the response time, in agreement with the theory. The Lagrangian analysis shows dependence of the residence time on the entrance route of the GFWA and on the depth. The fraction of the GFWA exported through Davis Strait has limited impact on the interior basins, whereas the fraction entering the SPNA from the southwest Greenland shelf spreads into the interior regions. In both cases, the residence time of the GFWA increases with depth demonstrating long persistence of the freshwater anomaly in the subsurface layers.
    Description: D. S. Dukhovskoy and E. P. Chassignet were funded by the DOE (Award DE-SC0014378) and HYCOM NOPP (Award N00014-19-1-2674). The HYCOM-CICE simulations were supported by a grant of computer time from the DoD High-Performance Computing Modernization Program at NRL SSC. G. Platov was funded by the RSF N19-17-00154. P. G. Myers was funded by an NSERC Discovery Grant (Grant RGPIN 04357). A. Proshutinsky was funded by FAMOS project (NSF Grant NSF 14-584).
    Keywords: North Atlantic Ocean ; Lagrangian circulation/transport ; Ocean circulation ; Differential equations ; Ocean models
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 51(12),(2021): 3663–3678, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0058.1.
    Description: The wind-driven exchange through complex ridges and islands between marginal seas and the open ocean is studied using both numerical and analytical models. The models are forced by a steady, spatially uniform northward wind stress intended to represent the large-scale, low-frequency wind patterns typical of the seasonal monsoons in the western Pacific Ocean. There is an eastward surface Ekman transport out of the marginal sea and westward geostrophic inflows into the marginal sea. The interaction between the Ekman transport and an island chain produces strong baroclinic flows along the island boundaries with a vertical depth that scales with the ratio of the inertial boundary layer thickness to the baroclinic deformation radius. The throughflows in the gaps are characterized by maximum transport in the center gap and decreasing transports toward the southern and northern tips of the island chain. An extended island rule theory demonstrates that throughflows are determined by the collective balance between viscosity on the meridional boundaries and the eastern side boundary of the islands. The outflowing transport is balanced primarily by a shallow current that enters the marginal sea along its equatorward boundary. The islands can block some direct exchange and result in a wind-driven overturning cell within the marginal sea, but this is compensated for by eastward zonal jets around the southern and northern tips of the island chain. Topography in the form of a deep slope, a ridge, or shallow shelves around the islands alters the current pathways but ultimately is unable to limit the total wind-driven exchange between the marginal sea and the open ocean.
    Description: This research is supported in part by the China Scholarship Council (201906330102). H. G. is financially supported by the China Scholarship Council to study at WHOI for 2 years as a guest student. M. A. S. is supported by the National Science Foundation Grant OCE-1922538.
    Keywords: Ekman pumping/transport ; Ocean circulation ; Topographic effects
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2022-06-16
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 35(11), (2022): 3445-3457, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0656.1.
    Description: Unlike greenhouse gases (GHGs), anthropogenic aerosol (AA) concentrations have increased and then decreased over the past century or so, with the timing of the peak concentration varying in different regions. To date, it has been challenging to separate the climate impact of AAs from that due to GHGs and background internal variability. We use a pattern recognition method, taking advantage of spatiotemporal covariance information, to isolate the forced patterns for the surface ocean and associated atmospheric variables from the all-but-one forcing Community Earth System Model ensembles. We find that the aerosol-forced responses are dominated by two leading modes, with one associated with the historical increase and future decrease of global mean aerosol concentrations (dominated by the Northern Hemisphere sources) and the other due to the transition of the primary sources of AA from the west to the east and also from Northern Hemisphere extratropical regions to tropical regions. In particular, the aerosol transition effect, to some extent compensating the global mean effect, exhibits a zonal asymmetry in the surface temperature and salinity responses. We also show that this transition effect dominates the total AA effect during recent decades, e.g., 1967–2007.
    Description: All three authors are supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE-2048336). The Community Earth System Model project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (https://www.cesm.ucar.edu/projects/community-projects/LENS/data-sets.html and https://www.cesm.ucar.edu/working_groups/CVC/simulations/cesm1-single_forcing_le.html).
    Keywords: Aerosol radiative effect ; Climate Change ; Climate variability ; Sea surface temperature ; Salinity
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102(8), (2021): S143–S198, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1.
    Description: This chapter details 2020 global patterns in select observed oceanic physical, chemical, and biological variables relative to long-term climatologies, their differences between 2020 and 2019, and puts 2020 observations in the context of the historical record. In this overview we address a few of the highlights, first in haiku, then paragraph form: La Niña arrives, shifts winds, rain, heat, salt, carbon: Pacific—beyond. Global ocean conditions in 2020 reflected a transition from an El Niño in 2018–19 to a La Niña in late 2020. Pacific trade winds strengthened in 2020 relative to 2019, driving anomalously westward Pacific equatorial surface currents. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs), upper ocean heat content, and sea surface height all fell in the eastern tropical Pacific and rose in the western tropical Pacific. Efflux of carbon dioxide from ocean to atmosphere was larger than average across much of the equatorial Pacific, and both chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton carbon concentrations were elevated across the tropical Pacific. Less rain fell and more water evaporated in the western equatorial Pacific, consonant with increased sea surface salinity (SSS) there. SSS may also have increased as a result of anomalously westward surface currents advecting salty water from the east. El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions have global ramifications that reverberate throughout the report.
    Description: Argo data used in the chapter were collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it. (https://argo.ucsd.edu, https://www.ocean-ops. org). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System. Many authors of the chapter are supported by NOAA Research, the NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, or the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program. • L. Cheng is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (42076202) and Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42040402. • R. E. Killick is supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. PMEL contribution numbers 5214, 5215, 5216, 5217, and 5247.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Book chapter
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Fine, E., MacKinnon, J., Alford, M., Middleton, L., Taylor, J., Mickett, J., Cole, S., Couto, N., Boyer, A., & Peacock, T. Double diffusion, shear instabilities, and heat impacts of a pacific summer water intrusion in the Beaufort Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 52(2), (2022): 189–203, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0074.1.
    Description: Pacific Summer Water eddies and intrusions transport heat and salt from boundary regions into the western Arctic basin. Here we examine concurrent effects of lateral stirring and vertical mixing using microstructure data collected within a Pacific Summer Water intrusion with a length scale of ∼20 km. This intrusion was characterized by complex thermohaline structure in which warm Pacific Summer Water interleaved in alternating layers of O(1) m thickness with cooler water, due to lateral stirring and intrusive processes. Along interfaces between warm/salty and cold/freshwater masses, the density ratio was favorable to double-diffusive processes. The rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (ε) was elevated along the interleaving surfaces, with values up to 3 × 10−8 W kg−1 compared to background ε of less than 10−9 W kg−1. Based on the distribution of ε as a function of density ratio Rρ, we conclude that double-diffusive convection is largely responsible for the elevated ε observed over the survey. The lateral processes that created the layered thermohaline structure resulted in vertical thermohaline gradients susceptible to double-diffusive convection, resulting in upward vertical heat fluxes. Bulk vertical heat fluxes above the intrusion are estimated in the range of 0.2–1 W m−2, with the localized flux above the uppermost warm layer elevated to 2–10 W m−2. Lateral fluxes are much larger, estimated between 1000 and 5000 W m−2, and set an overall decay rate for the intrusion of 1–5 years.
    Description: This work was supported by ONR Grant N00014-16-1-2378 and NSF Grants PLR 14-56705 and PLR-1303791, NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Grant DGE-1650112, as well as by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding provided by the Weston Howland Jr. Postdoctoral Scholarship.
    Keywords: Arctic ; Diapycnal mixing ; Diffusion ; Fluxes ; Instability ; Mixing ; Turbulence
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  • 98
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    Unknown
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-04
    Description: Species are exposed to natural climate change throughout their evolutionary history. However, anomalous global warming and resulting variations in rainfall patterns affect survival, alter the distribution of organisms and the network of species interactions. The aim of this thesis was to find larger-scale (basin and biome level) patterns for the possible effects of climate change on the distribution of South American freshwater ostracods through ensemble analysis of several species-distribution modelling algorithms. Here, climate change was based on two assumptions of increasing carbon emissions, the moderate-optimistic (RCP 4.5) and pessimistic (RCP 8.5) scenarios of four climate models (AOGCMs), from 2050 and 2080. In the first approach, projections of changes in ostracod species richness and composition were presented, and conservation status of 61 species from 13 river basins in the Southern Cone. In the second approach, the geographical pattern of a symbiotic interspecific interaction of commensalism type was evaluated through the climatic suitability of Elpidium (Ostracoda) and tank bromeliads of the Atlantic Forest, and the availability of habitat for Elpidium (presence of tank bromeliads) in the future. For both approaches, climate change directly influenced the decrease in future distribution areas of ostracods. The results of the first approach showed a decrease in ostracod richness in the Southern Cone basins of South America, and different species compositions in 2050 and 2080, in both the moderate-optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. The decrease in the ranges of ostracods will change the conservation status of several species to “potentially threatened”. Elpidium ranges will be more limited in the future, and there will be less habitat availability, i.e. fewer tank bromeliad species for interaction. In general, precipitation and temperature regimes are synchronized with phenological life-history events of the species, which determine the direction of dispersal to the environmental set of optimal survival conditions in the future. Our results contribute to the inclusion of ostracods (and other invertebrates) in conservation plans for their habitats on larger geographical scales.
    Description: Espécies estão expostas às mudanças climáticas naturais ao longo de sua história evolutiva, entretanto o aquecimento global anômalo e as variações resultantes nos padrões pluviométricos afetam a sobrevivência, alteram a distribuição dos organismos e a rede de interações das espécies. O objetivo desta tese foi encontrar padrões em maior escala (nível de bacia e bioma) dos possíveis efeitos da mudança climática sobre a distribuição de ostrácodes de água doce da América do Sul, através de análise conjunta de diversos algoritmos de modelagem de distribuição de espécies. A mudança climática foi baseada em duas hipóteses de aumento das emissões de carbono, os cenários moderado-otimista (RCP 4.5) e pessimista (RCP 8.5) de quatro modelos climáticos (AOGCMs) de 2050 e 2080. Na primeira abordagem foram apresentadas projeções de mudanças na riqueza e composição de espécies de ostrácodes e status de conservação de 61 espécies de treze bacias hidrográficas no Cone Sul. Na segunda abordagem foi avaliado o padrão geográfico de uma interação interespecífica simbiótica do tipo comensalismo através da adequabilidade climática de Elpidium (Ostracoda) e bromélias tanque da Mata Atlântica, além da disponibilidade de habitat para o Elpidium (presença de bromélias tanque) no futuro. Para ambas as abordagens, a mudança climática influenciou diretamente a diminuição das áreas de distribuição dos ostrácodes no futuro. Os resultados da primeira abordagem mostraram uma diminuição da riqueza de ostrácodes nas bacias do Cone Sul da América do Sul, e diferentes composições de espécies em 2050 e 2080, em ambos os cenários moderado-otimista e pessimista. A diminuição nas áreas de distribuição de ostrácodes alterará o status de conservação de diversas espécies para potencialmente ameaçadas. As áreas de ocorrência de Elpidium serão mais limitadas em tempos futuros e haverá menor disponibilidade de habitat, ou seja, menos espécies de bromélias tanque para interação. Em geral, os regimes de precipitação e temperatura são sincronizados com eventos fenológicos de história de vida das espécies, os quais determinam a direção da dispersão para o conjunto ambiental das condições ideais de sobrevivência no futuro. Os resultados contribuem como subsídio para incluir ostrácodes (e outros invertebrados) em planos de conservação de seus habitats em escalas geográficas mais amplas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Ostracoda (Crustacea) ; Microcrustáceos de água doce ; Invertebrados aquáticos ; Macroecologia ; Mudanças climáticas ; Bacias hidrográficas ; Mudanças climáticas globais ; Nicho ecológico ; Variação temporal ; Aquecimento global ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Crustaceans (freshwater) ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecological niches ; ASFA_2015::R::River basins ; ASFA_2015::G::Global warming ; ASFA_2015::C::Conservation ; ASFA_2015::T::Temporal variations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 124pp.
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: Crotalus durissus complex is formed by 11 subspecies, which six occurs in Brazil. The original description of C. durissus was made by Linnaeus in 1758 and since then, there has been much disagreement regarding the taxonomic classification and geographical distribution of this species. The absence of the holotype, lost since 1828, the chaotic taxonomic history, and the morphological overlap impede a comprehensive taxonomic review for a long time. Here, we analyze the morphology of rattlesnakes, considering patterns and variations of spots, coloration, scales counting, morphometric measurements and analysis of hemipenis. We focus on Brazilian populations, considering the biomes Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, ecotone areas, and other ecoregions of South, Central and North America. Through original descriptions, current literature, and analyzes of specimens listed in zoological collections, we verify the distribution of populations, testing sexual dimorphism and possible patterns and variations within and between subspecies. The subspecies were morphologically grouped by NMDS in two large groups, south of the Amazon River group, formed by C. d. durissus, C. d. ruruima and Crotalus vegrandis, and the north group, by C. d. cascavella, C. d. collilineatus, C. d. marajoensis and C. d. terrificus. Considering the neotype from Suriname, defined in 2005 by Savage et al., the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the morphological analyzes with statistical support, we elevated and redescribed the following species Crotalus durissus, Crotalus terrificus, Crotalus cascavella, Crotalus collilineatus, Crotalus marajoensis and Crotalus ruruima. The main diagnostic characteristics include extension of the paravertebral stripes, presence or absence of a white arc in the supraocular scale, spots in the anterior region of the head, count of dorsal scales and quantity and distribution of hemipenial spines. An identification key is provided. We found that C. durissus, C. marajoensis and C. ruruima have more restricted distributions and smaller sample sizes.
    Description: O complexo Crotalus durissus é formado por 11 subespécies, sendo que seis destas ocorrem no Brasil. A descrição original de C. durissus foi feita por Linnaeus em 1758 e desde então, houve muita divergência a respeito da classificação taxonômica e distribuição geográfica dessa espécie. A ausência do holótipo, perdido desde 1828, o conturbado histórico taxonômico, e a grande sobreposição morfológica dificultou por muito tempo uma revisão abrangente. Aqui, analisamos a morfologia de cascavéis, considerando padrões e variações de manchas, coloração, contagem de escamas, medidas morfométricas e análise dos hemipênis. Focamos em populações do Brasil, considerando os biomas Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica, áreas de ecótono, e outras ecorregiões da América do Sul, América Central e América do Norte. Através das descrições originais, literatura atual, e análises dos espécimes tombados em coleções zoológicas, verificamos a distribuição das populações, testando dimorfismo sexual e as possíveis variações e padrões dentro de cada subespécie e entre elas. As subespécies foram agrupadas morfologicamente pela NMDS em dois grandes grupos, grupo ao sul do rio Amazonas, composto por C. d. durissus, C. d. ruruima e Crotalus vegrandis, e ao norte, comporto por C. d. cascavella, C. d. collilineatus, C. d. marajoensis e C. d. terrificus. Considerando o neótipo proveniente do Suriname, definido em 2005 por Savage et al., o Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica e as análises morfológicas com suporte estatístico, elevamos e redescrevemos as seguintes espécies Crotalus durissus, Crotalus terrificus, Crotalus cascavella, Crotalus collilineatus, Crotalus marajoensis e Crotalus ruruima. As principais características diagnósticas incluem extensão da faixa paravertebral, presença ou ausência do arco branco na supraocular, manchas na região anterior da cabeça, contagem de escamas dorsais e quantidade e distribuição dos espinhos pelo hemipênis. Uma chave de identificação é fornecida. Verificou-se que C. durissus, C. marajoensis e C. ruruima possuem distribuições mais restritas e menor tamanho amostral.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, 1758 (Squamata: Viperidae) “cascavel” ; Serpentes peçonhentas ; Revisão taxonômica ; Taxonomia ; ASFA_2015::H::Herpetology ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::D::Dispersion ; ASFA_2015::M::Morphology (animal) ; ASFA_2015::V::Venoms
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 86pp.
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: The paleolimnological approach one of the few existing methods that assesses the rate of ecosystem changes in freshwater environments, over large time scales, and one of the few approaches that have been used successfully to infer pre-impact limnological conditions and post-perturbation trajectories of environmental changes. The diatoms are the most effective bioindicator microfossils in paleolimnological research in providing information on environmental changes in aquatic ecosystems. Among the ecosystems that have been altered over time, the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River in recent decades has been subjected to several natural and man-made disturbances, mainly hydroelectric dams, which have affected the entire ecosystem and the known freshwater biodiversity. Therefore, the temporal pattern of abundance and functional traits of the diatoms community of two lakes inserted in this floodplain was investigated, using the paleolimnological approach to infer a history of possible environmental changes. The results of these studies were divided into three works. Through the bioindication of the most abundant diatom species in Garças Lake and Patos Lake, it was possible to observe evidence of physical, chemical and hydrological changes in both environments over the last 100 years. It is inferred that both environments may have been influenced by effects imposed by the upstream reservoirs and climatic events. As well as the greater variation and reduction in functional diversity found in Garças Lake, which is closer to dams, indicates a greater influence of the reservoirs. Despite this, in different periods, both lakes have replaced and simplified similar functional categories, which are related to low water conditions and high turbulence in the water column, which were recurrent after the damming periods
    Description: A abordagem paleolimnológica é um dos poucos métodos existentes que avalia a taxa de alterações ecossistêmicas em ambientes de água doce em grandes escalas temporais e uma das poucas abordagens que têm sido usada com sucesso para inferir condições limnológicas pré-impacto e trajetórias pós-perturbação de mudanças ambientais. Sendo as diatomáceas os microfósseis bioindicadores mais eficazes na pesquisa paleolimnológica no fornecimento de informações sobre alterações ambientais nos ecossistemas aquáticos. Dentre os ecossistemas que tem sido alterado ao longo do tempo, tem-se como exemplo a Planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, a qual nas últimas décadas tem sido submetida a diversos distúrbios naturais e antrópicos, principalmente por represas hidrelétricas, que afetaram todo o ecossistema e a biodiversidade de água doce conhecida. Portanto, investigou-se o padrão temporal da abundância e de traços funcionais da comunidade de diatomáceas de dois lagos inseridos nesta planície de inundação, utilizando a abordagem paleolimnológica para inferir um histórico de possíveis mudanças ambientais. Através da bioindicação das espécies de diatomáceas mais abundantes do lago das Garças e do lago dos Patos, foi possível observar evidências de mudanças físicas, químicas e hidrológicas em ambos os ambientes nos aproximados últimos 100 anos. Infere-se que ambos os ambientes podem ter tido influência de efeitos impostos pelos reservatórios a montante e eventos climáticos. Como também a maior variação e redução da diversidade funcional encontrado no lago das Garças, o qual está mais próximo de barragens, indica uma maior influência dos represamentos. Apesar disso, em períodos distintos, ambos os lagos apresentaram substituição e simplificação de categorias funcionais similares, as quais estão relacionadas com condições de águas baixas e alta turbulência da coluna d’água, as quais foram recorrentes após os períodos de represamento.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Diatomáceas (Bacillariophyta) de água doce ; Algas diatomáceas epilíticas ; Diatomáceas fósseis ; Algas unicelulares de água doce ; Paleolimnologia ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Bioindicadores ; Mudanças paleoambientais ; Lagos ; Lagos das Garças e dos Patos ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::A::Algae ; ASFA_2015::D::Diatoms ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::B::Bioindicators ; ASFA_2015::P::Palaeolimnology ; ASFA_2015::F::Fossil diatoms ; ASFA_2015::L::Lakes ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 125pp.
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