ALBERT

Beschreibung: Diese Fallstudie untersuchte den durch die geringe Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Steinkohlebergbaus ausgelösten Strukturwandel im Ruhrgebiet vom Ende der 1950er Jahre bis 2015. Mit Hilfe verschiedener qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden der empirischen Sozial- und Wirtschaftsforschung analysierte sie den Strukturwandelprozess und die in Reaktion auf diesen Prozess umgesetzte Strukturpolitik mit dem Ziel, dieses Wissen für zukünftige Strukturwandelprozesse in anderen (Kohle-)Regionen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Eine Diskursanalyse half zu erkennen, wer warum welche strukturpolitischen Ansätze unterstützte - und gibt damit Hinweise auf die mögliche Relevanz von Erfahrungen für andere Regionen.

Beschreibung: This case study examined the structural change in the Ruhr area caused by the low international competitiveness of German hard coal mining over the period from the late 1950s to 2015. It analysed the structural change process and the structural policies implemented as a reaction to this process with the objective to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions by deploying various qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical social and economic research. A discourse analysis helped to recognise who supported which structural policy approaches and why - and thus gives indications of the possible relevance of experiences for other regions.

Beschreibung: Diese Fallstudie untersuchte den durch den Systemwechsel von der Plan- zur Marktwirtschaft ausgelösten Strukturwandel in der Lausitz im Zeitraum 1990-2015. Mit Hilfe verschiedener qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden der empirischen Sozial- und Wirtschaftsforschung analysierte sie den Strukturwandelprozess und die in Reaktion auf diesen Prozess umgesetzte Strukturpolitik mit dem Ziel, dieses Wissen für zukünftige Strukturwandelprozesse in anderen (Kohle-)Regionen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Eine Diskursanalyse half zu erkennen, wer warum welche strukturpolitischen Ansätze unterstützte - und gibt damit Hinweise auf die mögliche Relevanz von Erfahrungen für andere Regionen.

Beschreibung: The Gutenberg–Richter law and the Omori law are both characterized by a scaling behavior. However, their relation is still an open question. Although several hypotheses have been formulated, a comprehen- sive geophysical mechanism is still missing to explain the observed variability of the scaling exponents b-value and p-value, e.g., correlating the seismic cycle to statistical seismology and tectonic processes. In this work, a model for describing the size-frequency scaling and the temporal evolution of seismicity is proposed starting from simple assumptions. The parameter describing how the number of earthquakes decreases after a major seismic event, p, turns out to be positively correlated to the exponent of the frequency-size distribution of seismicity, b, and related to tectonics. Our findings suggest that p ≈ 23 (b + 1). It implies that a relationship between fracturing regimes, “efficiency” of the seismic process, duration of the seismic sequences and geodynamic setting exists, with outstanding potential impact on seismic hazard. On the other hand, the Gutenberg–Richter law simply reflects the tendency of the segments of the Earth’s crust to reach mechanical stability via constrained energy-budget optimization. Each perturbation has a probability of growing an earthquake or not, depending on disorder within the fault zone and the energy accumulated in the adjoining volume, mainly controlling the evolution of seismic sequences. The results are consistent with the different energy sources related to the tectonic settings, i.e., gravitational in extensional regimes, having higher b and p values, and generating lower maximum magnitude earthquakes with respect to strike-slip and contractional settings, which are rather fueled by elastic energy, showing lower b and p values, and they may generate higher magnitude events.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 117511

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Dominant agricultural and food systems lead to continuous resource depletion and unacceptable environmental and social impacts. While current calls for changing agrifood systems are increasingly framed in the context of sustainability transitions, they rarely make an explicit link to transition studies to address these systemic challenges, nor do transition scholars sufficiently address agri-food systems, despite their global pertinence. From this viewpoint, we illustrate several gaps in the agri-food systems debate that sustainability transition studies could engage in. We propose four avenues for research in the next decade of transition research on agri-food systems: 1) Crossscale dynamics between coupled systems; 2) Social justice, equity and inclusion; 3) Sustainability transitions in low- and middle-income countries; 4) Cross-sectoral governance and system integration. We call for a decade of new transition research that moves beyond single-scale and sector perspectives toward more inclusive and integrated analyses of food system dynamics.

Beschreibung: Technological breakthroughs and policy measures targeting energy efficiency and clean energy alone will not suffice to deliver Paris Agreement-compliant greenhouse gas emissions trajectories in the next decades. Strong cases have recently been made for acknowledging the decarbonisation potential lying in transforming linear economic models into closed-loop industrial ecosystems and in shifting lifestyle patterns towards this direction. This perspective highlights the research capacity needed to inform on the role and potential of the circular economy for climate change mitigation and to enhance the scientific capabilities to quantitatively explore their synergies and trade-offs. This begins with establishing conceptual and methodological bridges amongst the relevant and currently fragmented research communities, thereby allowing an interdisciplinary integration and assessment of circularity, decarbonisation, and sustainable development. Following similar calls for science in support of climate action, a transdisciplinary scientific agenda is needed to co-create the goals and scientific processes underpinning the transition pathways towards a circular, net-zero economy with representatives from policy, industry, and civil society. Here, it is argued that such integration of disciplines, methods, and communities can then lead to new and/or structurally enhanced quantitative systems models that better represent critical industrial value chains, consumption patterns, and mitigation technologies. This will be a crucial advancement towards assessing the material implications of, and the contribution of enhanced circularity performance to, mitigation pathways that are compatible with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement and the transition to a circular economy.

Beschreibung: The European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA) is the infrastructure that provides access to the seismic‐waveform archives collected by European agencies. This distributed system is managed by Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology. EIDA provides seamless access to seismic data from 12 data archives across Europe by means of standard services, exposing data on behalf of hundreds of network operators and research organizations. More than 12,000 stations from permanent and temporary networks equipped with seismometers, accelerometers, pressure sensors, and other sensors are accessible through the EIDA federated services. A growing user base currently counting around 3000 unique users per year has been requesting data and using EIDA services. The EIDA system is designed to scale up to support additional new services, data types, and nodes. Data holdings, services, and user numbers have grown substantially since the establishment of EIDA in 2013. EIDA is currently active in developing suitable data management approaches for new emerging technologies (e.g., distributed acoustic sensing) and challenges related to big datasets. This article reviews the evolution of EIDA, the current data holdings, and service portfolio, and gives an outlook on the current developments and the future envisaged challenges.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1788-1795

Beschreibung: 4IT. Banche dati

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This study presents in detail: the use of plastic products and the opportunities for recyclate use in the construction sector, quantities of plastic used, take-back systems, recycling techniques, current recyclate use and plastic construction product packaging.Potentials for increasing high-quality recyclate use were identified. Existing hurdles and options for action for industry and politics are presented. Current recyclate use as well as its potential use are strongly dependent on the application area of plastics. The biggest hurdles for the use of recycled materials are product life time, dismantling and technical requirements.

Beschreibung: CICERONE aims to bring national, regional and local governments together to jointly tackle the circular economy transition needed to reach net-zero carbon emissions and meet the targets set in the Paris Agreement and EU Green Deal. This document represents one of the key outcomes of the project: a Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda (SRIA) for Europe, to support owners and funders of circular economy programmes in aligning priorities and approaching the circular economy transition in a systemic way.

Beschreibung: The Pollino range is a region of slow deformation where earthquakes generally nucleate on low-angle normal faults. Recent studies have mapped fault structures and identified fluid related dynamics responsible for historical and recent seismicity in the area. Here, we apply the coda-normalization method at multiple frequencies and scales to image the 3-D P-wave attenuation (QP) properties of its slowly deforming fault network. The wide-scale average attenuation properties of the Pollino range are typical for a stable continental block, with a dependence of QP on frequency of Q−1 P = (0.0011   0.0008) f (0.36 0.32). Using only waveforms comprised in the area of seismic swarms, the dependence of attenuation on frequency increases [Q−1 P = (0.0373   0.0011) f (−0.59 0.01)], as expected when targeting seismically active faults. A shallow very-low-attenuation anomaly (max depth of 4–5 km) caps the seismicity recorded within the western cluster 1 of the Pollino seismic sequence (2012, maximum magnitude Mw = 5.1). High-attenuation volumes below this anomaly are likely related to fluid storage and comprise the western and northern portions of cluster 1 and the Mercure basin. These anomalies are constrained to the NW by a sharp low-attenuation interface, corresponding to the transition towards the eastern unit of the Apennine Platform under the Lauria mountains. The low-seismicity volume between cluster 1 and cluster 2 (maximum magnitude Mw = 4.3, east of the primary) shows diffuse low-to-average attenuation features. There is no clear indication of fluid-filled pathways between the two clusters resolvable at our resolution. In this volume, the attenuation values are anyway lower than in recognized low-attenuation blocks, like the Lauria Mountain and Pollino Range. As the volume develops in a region marked at surface by small-scale cross-faulting, it suggests no actual barrier between clusters, more likely a system of small locked fault patches that can break in the future. Our model loses resolution at depth, but it can still resolve a 5-to-15-km-deep high-attenuation anomaly that underlies the Castrovillari basin. This anomaly is an ideal deep source for the SE-to-NW migration of historical seismicity. Our novel deep structural maps support the hypothesis that the Pollino sequence has been caused by a mechanism of deep and lateral fluid-induced migration.

Beschreibung: Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Oil and Gas. University of Aberdeen.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 536–547

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Coastal and ocean island volcanoes are renowned for having unstable flanks. This can lead to flank deformation on a variety of temporal and spatial scales ranging from slow creep to catastrophic sector collapse. A large section of these unstable flanks is often below sea level, where information on the volcano-tectonic structure and ground deformation is limited. Consequently, kinematic models that attempt to explain measured ground deformation onshore associated with flank instability are poorly constrained in the offshore area. Here, we attempt to determine the locations and the morpho-tectonic structures of the boundaries of the submerged unstable southeastern flank of Mount Etna (Italy). The integration of new marine data (bathymetry, microbathymetry, offshore seismicity, reflection seismic lines) and published marine data (bathymetry, seafloor geodesy, reflection seismic lines) allows identifying the lineament north of Catania Canyon as the southern lateral boundary with a high level of confidence. The northern and the distal (seaward) boundaries are less clear because no microbathymetric or seafloor geodetic data are available. Hypotheses for their locations are presented. Geophysical imaging suggests that the offshore Timpe Fault System is a shallow second-order structure that likely results from extensional deformation within the moving flank. Evidence for active uplift and compression upslope of the amphitheater-shaped depression from seismic data along with subsidence of the onshore Giarre Wedge block observed in ground deformation data leads us to propose that this block is a rotational slump, which moves on top of the large-scale instability. The new shoreline-crossing structural assessment may now inform and improve kinematic models.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 810790

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The idea for the Green Recovery Tracker was born in spring 2020 when governments started making announcements on economic Corona recovery measures. From a climate and resilience perspective it is key that those recovery packages, investments and subsidies are in line with long-term climate and sustainability targets. Thus, recovery packages should not only boost the economy in the short-term, but also strike the path to a just transition towards climate neutrality. Against this background, Wuppertal Institute and E3G have launched the Green Recovery Tracker project in late summer 2020 to shed light on the following questions: What can be considered an effective green recovery? What are good examples, which can be used as an inspiration for recovery programs aiming to support sustainable development? Where do the individual Member States stand with respect to aligning their recovery activities with the climate policy agenda? In this report, you will find our Methodology as well our Policy Briefing highlighting our key takeaways of our country and sectoral analyses. It further includes a section on "What can we learn from our experience with the Green Recovery Tracker?". The briefing concludes with a "Guidance for future funding programs and achieving climate targets overall".

Beschreibung: Das Forschungsvorhaben FlexGeber hat die Darstellung des Flexibilitätspotentials von gewerblich und industriell genutzten Gebäuden in Deutschland sowie die Verknüpfung mit den sich wandelnden Anforderungen des Energiesystems zum Ziel. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurde durch die Projektpartner eine gemeinsame Vision für einen treibhausgasneutralen Nichtwohngebäudebestand erarbeitet. Die Vision stellt ein von den Projektpartner geteiltes Zielszenario dar, in welchem ein treibhausgasneutraler Nichtwohngebäudebestand Realität ist. Im vorliegenden Bericht betrachten das IKEM und das Wuppertal Institut die für ein solches Szenario erforderlichen gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen, ökologischen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen.

Beschreibung: By applying a phase model for the renewables-based energy transition in the MENA countries to Israel, the study provides a guiding vision to support the strategy development and steering of the energy transition process. The transition towards a renewable-based energy system can reduce import dependencies and increase the energy security in Israel. Key issues that need to be tackled in order to advance the energy transition in Israel are the expansion of flexibility options, discussion on the long-term role of natural gas, increasing participation and awareness, and exploring the future role of power-to-X in the energy system.

Beschreibung: Novel measurement technologies, additional sensors and increasing data processing capacities offer new opportunities to answer some of the currently most pressing societal and environmental questions. They also contribute to the fact that the available data volume will continue to increase. At the same time, the requirements for those providing such data rise and the needs of users to access it. The EPOS Delivery Framework aims to support this endeavour in the solid Earth domain by providing access to data, products, and services supporting multidisciplinary analyses for a wide range of users. Based on this example, we look at the most pressing issues from when data, products, and services are made accessible, to access principles, ethical issues related to its collection and use as well as with respect to their promotion. Among many peculiarities, we shed light on a common component that affects all fields equally: change. Not only will the amount and type of data, products, and services change, but so will the societal expectations and providers capabilities.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: DM212

Beschreibung: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: 3TM. Comunicazione

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Volcano seismology, while its value for surveillance of an active volcano is undebatable, is a very demanding field when it comes to station deployment, maintenance, and finally interpreting the measurements. Most valuable in the past was the deployment of arrays of sensors to evaluate the properties of the entire wavefield in order to classify, locate, and estimate the dominant mechanism of the corresponding sources. While very beneficial, an array of seismographs is very hard to maintain in a permanent installation at an active volcano. With the advent of new instrumentation based on fiber optic technology such as Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) with fiber optic cables as well as Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes (FOG) the measurement of deformation and rotation, i.e., the gradient of the wavefield is feasible. The advantage of the FOG instrumentation with respect to DAS lies in the portability and ease of deployment, which is very similar to standard deployments of traditional seismometers. During a field campaign in summer 2018 we were able to install three FOGs together with classical broadband seismometers in close proximity to the active vents of Stromboli volcano (Italy). We show that with this new six-degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) measurement we are able to analyze the wavefield composition, a property normally reserved for array(s) of seismic sensors. As a first result, we can support earlier array-derived findings that a large portion of the wavefield at Stromboli volcano is formed by SV- and SH- type waves. We also present first locations of these signals facilitating the polarization properties of the combined measurement of gyroscopes and seismometers. They emphasize the benefit of recording wavefield gradients. In addition to these array-like results, the 6DOF recordings show a clear separation of at least three distinct groups of volcanic events of which two are already known and one represents a jetting event that appears nearly invisible for classical seismometers. However, rotational motions - or more general - gradients of the wavefield experience severe distortions by local velocity fluctuations and topography significantly complicating the application of 6DOF techniques at activate volcanoes.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 107499

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Mobile network routers in seismic and volcanic surveillance

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-36

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: The 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence is characterized by remarkable rupture complexity, including highly heterogeneous slip across multiple faults in an extensional tectonic regime. The dense coverage and high quality of geodetic and seismic data allow us to image intriguing details of the rupture kinematics of the largest earthquake of the sequence, the Mw 6.5 October 30th, 2016 Norcia earthquake, such as an energetically weak nucleation phase. Several kinematic models suggest multiple fault planes rupturing simultaneously, however, the mechanical viability of such models is not guaranteed. Using 3D dynamic rupture and seismic wave propagation simulations accounting for two fault planes, we constrain “families” of spontaneous dynamic models informed by a high-resolution kinematic rupture model of the earthquake. These families differ in their parameterization of initial heterogeneous shear stress and strength in the framework of linear slip weakening friction. First, we dynamically validate the kinematically inferred two-fault geometry and rake inferences with models based on only depth-dependent stress and constant friction coefficients. Then, more complex models with spatially heterogeneous dynamic parameters allow us to retrieve slip distributions similar to the target kinematic model and yield good agreement with seismic and geodetic observations. We discuss the consistency of the assumed constant or heterogeneous static and dynamic friction coefficients with mechanical properties of rocks at 3-10 km depth characterizing the Italian Central Apennines and their local geological and lithological implications. We suggest that suites of well-fitting dynamic rupture models belonging to the same family generally exist and can be derived by exploiting the trade-offs between dynamic parameters. Our approach will be applicable to validate the viability of kinematic models and classify spontaneous dynamic rupture scenarios that match seismic and geodetic observations as well as geological constraints.

Beschreibung: T.U., T., D.L., and A.-A. Gabriel are supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (TEAR, agreement No. 852992 and ChEESE, grant no. 823844), the German Research Foundation (DFG project grants no. GA 2465/2-1 and GA 2465/3-1) and by KAUST-CRG (grant no. ORS-2017-CRG6 3389.02). E.T. was supported by Progetti di Ricerca Sapienza (RM120172A2EAC019). Computing resources were provided by the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ, project no. pr63qo on SuperMUC-NG).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 117237

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The airborne magnetic method was established a few decades ago, as a strong tool in mining and petroleum exploration. Several economically relevant discoveries are often credited to aeromagnetism. Geological reconnaissance and mapping, deep crustal and upper mantle studies, environmental characterization, and national and international security issues can greatly benefit from the aeromagnetic method, as compared with other geophysical prospecting schemes. The rapid rate of coverage and the low cost per unit area explored represent just a few among the many advantages of the technique. Consequently, large-scale airborne magnetic surveys have been carried out in various parts of the globe. The amount of direct discoveries of ore bodies by means of aeromagnetism is impressive. Large magnetic iron deposits found in the early 1960s are in Southern California, Missouri, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Ontario, and elsewhere. In the field of petroleum exploration, the method has also been used, although with less direct application. Depth to magnetic basement estimation in sedimentary basins narrows down areas of interest where to conduct exploration surveys in detail by means of more costly methods. The most relevant use of airborne magnetic results is crustal imaging and characterization. Nowadays, geology is interpreted in three dimensions using a digital aeromagnetic map.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 675-688

Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Beschreibung: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare

Beschreibung: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima

Beschreibung: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Iraq. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. The transition towards renewable energies is still at a very early stage in Iraq. Despite the drop in renewable technology costs over the last decade and the increasing deployment of renewables in the MENA region, the pathway towards renewable energies seems to be challenging for Iraq. This is attributable to the country's political instability and the dominant economic role played by the fossil fuel sector. The most pressing concern for Iraq's electricity sector is the need to secure a constant electricity supply. At operational level, Iraq's electricity infrastructure requires significant investment to rebuilt, retro-fit and expand its overall capacity and to improve efficiencies. Yet, the need to rebuild the energy system after the war and the subsequent violent conflicts could offer an opportunity for a transition towards renewables that would benefit Iraq in the short term and also provide a long-term economic development perspective. To take advantage of this opportunity, Iraq needs to improve the framework conditions for renewable energies and raise awareness about the benefits it offers. Renewable energy regulations need to be introduced, market development supported, a realistic timeframe for the transition process established and an appropriate and reliable legal framework developed. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewables are intended to stimulate and support the discussion about Iraq's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policy strategies.

Beschreibung: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Egypt. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. Egypt, with its abundant solar and wind energy potential, has excellent preconditions to embark on the pathway towards a 100% renewable energy system. The country has successfully taken its first steps in this direction by attracting international finance and implementing several large-scale solar and wind projects. Yet, while Egypt has made significant progress, increased efforts are still required if the country aims to proceed towards a fully renewables-based system. The stronger system integration of renewable energies requires, for example, an alignment of regulations for the electricity, mobility and heat sectors. In this context, Egypt would be well advised to develop and implement an overall strategy for the energy transition that includes not only electricity generation but all sectors. By placing a stronger focus on renewable energy, also to decarbonise the industrial sector, Egypt, as Africa's second most industrialised country, could seize the opportunity for economic development within a decarbonising global economy. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewable energy are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Egypt's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.

Beschreibung: With the move to a hydrogen-based primary steel production envisioned for the near future in Europe, existing regional industrial clusters loose major assets. Such a restructuring of industries may result in a new geographical distribution of the steel industry and also to another quality of vertical integration at sites. Both implications could turn out as drivers or barriers to invest in new technologies and are thus important in respect to vertical integration of sites and to regional policy. This paper describes an approach to model production stock invest for the steel industries in North-Western Europe. Current spatial structures are reproduced with capacity, technical and energy efficiency data on the level of single facilities like blast furnaces. With the model developed both investments in specific technologies and at specific production sites can be modelled. The model is used to simulate different possible future scenarios. The case with a clear move to hydrogen-based production is compared to a reference scenario without technological shift. The scenarios show that existing trends like movement of production to the coast may be accelerated by the new technology but that sites in the hinterland can also adapt to a hydrogen economy. Possible effects of business cycles or a circular economy on regional value chains are explored with a Monte-Carlo analysis.

Beschreibung: We applied a new version of physics-based earthquake simulator upon a seismogenic model of the Italian seismicity derived from the latest version of the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS). We elaborated appropriately for their use within the simulator all fault systems identified in the study area. We obtained synthetic catalogs spanning hundreds of thousands of years. The resulting synthetic seismic catalogs exhibit typical magnitude, space and time features that are comparable to those obtained by real observations. A typical aspect of the observed seismicity is the occurrence of earthquake sequences characterized by multiple main shocks of similar magnitude. Special attention was devoted to verifying whether the simulated catalogs include this notable aspect, by the use of an especially developed computer code. We found that the phenomenon of Coulomb stress transfer from causative to receiving source patches during an earthquake rupture has a critical role in the behavior of seismicity patterns in the simulated catalogs. We applied the simulator to the seismicity of the northern and central Apennines and compared the resulting synthetic catalog with the observed seismicity for the period 1650–2020. The result of this comparison supports the hypothesis that the occurrence of sequences containing multiple mainshocks is not just a casual circumstance.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 2062

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Yemaya No. 63, dated May 2021, features articles from US, The Netherlands, Myanmar, Senegal, and an article on women in fisheries and human rights. The article from the US by Linda Behnken argues that a growing coalition of small-scale, community-based fishers is calling for the recognition and protection of Alaska’s invaluable coastal fisheries during COVID-19. The article from the Netherlands by Cornelie Quist looks at the challenges facing women engaged in small-scale fishing and supplying fish through retailers and how they found new ways to directly reach consumers. The conversation between Miranda Bout and Cornelie Quist focuses on how they combined new product development with the use of social media to contact their customer base during the pandemic-induced disruption of traditional marketing chains. The article by Elena Finkbeiner, Juno Fitzpatrick and Whitney Yadao-Evans looks at recent media revelations and scientific research that have brought increased attention to human-rights violations and the myriad social issues facing fisheries, but with a disproportionate focus on labour-rights violations at sea and in industrial fishing operations. The systemic inequalities combined with the effects of COVID-19 exacerbated vulnerabilities of women to health risks, food and livelihood security. The article from Senegal by Aby Dia from Lumière Synergie pour le Développement (LSD), in collaboration with WoMin African Alliance, South Africa, narrates the story of traditional women fish processors from the Bargny who have been, for more than a decade, struggling against development projects that jeopardise their environment, health and livelihoods. In order to preserve their livelihoods, women processors in Senegal have come together to oppose the Tosyali steel project. The European Network of Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture in Europe (AKTEA) urges the Office of the Commissioner for the Environment, Oceans and Fisheries to integrate gender into all aspects of European fishing policy. The Profile column looks at how Linda Behnken became a fisher in Alaska and how fishing has shaped her individuality and work. Natalie Sattler says that fishing for halibut, sablefish and salmon from the sparkling waters of the Pacific along with her children and at the same time passion for working with the Alaska Longline Fishermen’s Association and the Alaska Sustainable Fisheries Trust is an immense challenge.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Refereed

Beschreibung: We present the main features of the permanent monitoring system managed by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Vesuviano in the Campi Flegrei caldera. Eruptive history of this active volcano shows that the majority of the eruptive events has been characterised by high explosivity and was accompanied by pyroclastic density currents. Its last eruption occurred in AD 1538 and in the next centuries the Campi Flegrei caldera has experienced several episodes of bradyseism and also the progressive increasing of the urbanisation in the area (west of Naples). Monitoring the dynamics of a mainly explosive volcano completely embedded in a very populated area is a challenging task. In order to detect any variation in the physical and chemical parameters of the Campi Flegrei caldera, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Vesuviano manages a permanent multi-parametric monitoring system. All the recorded h24 continuous data are transmitted to the Monitoring Room of the Osservatorio Vesuviano in Naples, where they are acquired, processed and evaluated to define changes in the dynamical state of the volcano. The caldera, since the end of 2004, is experiencing a bradyseismic episode characterised by a low velocity rate uplift, low energy earthquakes and increasing in the magmatic components of fumarolic fluids. The monitoring and surveillance activity of the Campi Flegrei caldera plays a crucial role in the volcanic emergency plan that includes evacuation of approximately 500,000 people before the beginning of the eruption.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 219-237

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Beschreibung: 4IT. Banche dati

Beschreibung: L'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) è componente del Servizio Nazionale di Protezione Civile, ex articolo 6 della legge 24 febbraio 1992 n. 225 ed è Centro di Competenza per i fenomeni sismici, vulcanici e i maremoti per il Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Nazionale (DPC). L’Osservatorio Vesuviano, Sezione di Napoli dell’INGV, ha nei suoi compiti il monitoraggio e la sorveglianza H24/7 delle aree vulcaniche attive campane (Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei e Ischia). Tali attività sono disciplinate dall’Accordo-Quadro (AQ) sottoscritto tra il DPC e l’INGV per il decennio 2012-2021 e sono dettagliate negli Allegati A e B del suddetto AQ. Il presente Rapporto sul Monitoraggio dei Vulcani Campani rappresenta l’attività svolta dall’Osservatorio Vesuviano e dalle altre Sezioni INGV impegnate nel monitoraggio dell’area vulcanica campana nel primo semestre 2020.

Beschreibung: Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Beschreibung: Unpublished

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Beschreibung: 4IT. Banche dati

Beschreibung: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari

Beschreibung: One of the most effective approaches to identifying possible precursors of eruptions is the analysis of seismicity patterns recorded at volcanoes. Accurate locations of the seismicity and the estimate of source mechanisms can resolve fault systems and track fluid migrations through volcanoes. We analysed the six main swarms recorded at Campi Flegrei since 2000, using them as a proxy of the processes involved in the long-term-unrest of this densely populated caldera. We re-located the earthquakes comprised in these swarms and estimated the focal mechanisms, which appear in agreement with the fault systems of the caldera and with tomographic images. The focal mechanisms are in agreement with the tensional stress induced by the caldera uplift. Most of the swarms and remaining seismicity delineate a highly fractured volume extending vertically below the Solfatara/ Pisciarelli vents, where gases find preferential paths to the surface triggering earthquakes. The main swarms are located below this volume where the presence of a rigid caprock is still debated. We interpreted the current unrest in term of a gradual increment in the activity of a wide hydrothermal system whose most evident manifestation is the enlargement of the fumarolic-field of Pisciarelli and the increment of the earthquakes occurrence rate.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 2900

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The westernmost Mediterranean hosts part of the plate boundary between the European and African tectonic plates. Based on the scattered instrumental seismicity, this boundary has been traditionally interpreted as a wide zone of diffuse deformation. However, recent seismic images and seafloor mapping studies support that most of the plate convergence may be accommodated in a few tectonic structures, rather than in a broad region. Historical earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 〉 6 and historical tsunamis support that the low-to-moderate instrumental seismicity might also have led to underestimation of the seismogenic and tsunamigenic potential of the area. We evaluate the largest active faults of the westernmost Mediterranean: the reverse Alboran Ridge, and the strike-slip Carboneras, Yusuf and Al-Idrissi fault systems. For the first time, we use a dense grid of modern seismic data to characterize the entire dimensions of the main fault systems, accurately describe the geometry of these structures and estimate their seismic source parameters. Tsunami scenarios have been tested based on 3D-surfaces and seismic source parameters, using both uniform and heterogeneous slip distributions. The comparison of our results with previous studies, based on limited information on the fault geometry and kinematics, indicates that accurate fault geometries and heterogeneous slip distributions are needed to properly assess the seismic and tsunamigenic potential in this area. Based on fault scaling relations, the four fault systems have a large seismogenic potential, being able to generate earthquakes with Mw 〉 7. The reverse Alboran Ridge Fault System has the largest tsunamigenic potential, being able to generate a tsunami wave amplitude greater than 3 m in front of the coasts of Southern Spain and Northern Africa.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 106749

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Direct Air Capture (DAC) is increasingly being discussed as a possibility to limit climate change. In this study, a possible rollout of the DAC technology at German coastal areas is analysed based on an existing climate neutrality scenario. For the year 2045 the resulting costs as well as land, water and energy consumption are examined. It is concluded that a realization of the DAC technology in Germany might be possible from a technical point of view. However, there is a high demand for land and energy. Since a rollout is needed to start in 20 years at the latest, the required discussion and evaluation should be initiated as quickly as possible.

Beschreibung: Industrieregionen stehen vor besonderen Herausforderungen für eine nachhaltige und klimagerechte Entwicklung, sie müssen zu "grünen Industrieregionen" werden. Doch was macht eine "grüne Industrieregion" überhaupt aus? Die vorliegende Studie des Wuppertal Instituts verdeutlicht, worauf es besonders ankommt, wie Fortschritte gemessen werden können und welche Maßnahmen die erforderliche Transformation beschleunigen können. Das Autorenteam schätzt die Vorreiterpotenziale der Metropole Ruhr für sieben Indikatoren ein, die besonders deutlich bei der Umweltwirtschaft und der Entwicklung der Grün- und Erholungsflächen herausstechen.

Beschreibung: The identification of the mechanisms responsible for the deformation of calderas is of primary importance for our understanding of the dynamics of magmatic systems and the evaluation of volcanic hazards. We analyze twenty years (1997–2018) of geodetic measurements on Ischia Island (Italy), which include the Mt. Epomeo resurgent block, and is affected by hydrothermal manifestations and shallow seismicity. The data from the GPS Network and the leveling route show a constant subsidence with values up to 􀀀15 2.0 mm/yr and a centripetal displacement rate with the largest deformations on the southern flank of Mt. Epomeo. The joint inversion of GPS and levelling data is consistent with a 4 km deep source deflating by degassing and magma cooling below the southern flank of Mt. Epomeo. The depth of the source is supported by independent geophysical data. The Ischia deformation field is not related to the instability of the resurgent block or extensive gravity or tectonic processes. The seismicity reflects the dynamics of the shallow hydrothermal system being neither temporally nor spatially related to the deflation.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 4648

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: During the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence, a series of moderate to large earthquakes M 〉 5 occurred near the Amatrice and Norcia towns. These events are recorded on a dense seismic network, providing relevant observational evidence of complex earthquakes in time and space. In this work, we used this substantial data set to study the ground-motion characteristics of the Norcia earthquake M6.5 on October 30, 2016, through a broadband ground-motion simulation. Three-component broadband seismograms are generated to cover the entire frequency band of engineering interest. Low and high frequencies are computed considering the heterogeneous slip rupture model of Scognamiglio et al. (2018) [1]. High frequencies are calculated using a stochastic approach including P, SV, and SH waves, while low frequencies are obtained through a forward simulation of the kinematic model at the various stations. To predict earthquake-induced ground motions in the area, we adopted region-specific attenuation and source scaling parameters derived by Malagnini et al. (2011) [2]. Ground-motion parameters, including peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV) and spectral amplitudes, are calculated at the selected sites adopting physics-based parameters to understand better the earthquake fault rupture, the wave propagation, and their impacts on the seismic hazard assessment in the region. We showed that combining the fault rupture history over the entire frequency spectrum of engineering interest, the attenuation characteristics of the seismic wave propagation, and the properly defined site responses can improve the prediction of ground motions and time histories, especially in near seismic sources.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 106866

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Physics-based broadband ground-motion simulations are generated for the strong mainshocks that occurred in the region of the Central Ionian Islands, on 26th January 2014 in Kefalonia (Mw6.1) and 17th November 2015 in Lefkas (Mw6.5). The study area is associated with frequent strong earthquakes both in the historical and instrumental eras. During the last decades, the network of strong-motion accelerographs in the area has been densified, and thus provided an adequate number of strong ground-motion records as a means to better examine the related ground-motion characteristics. In the present study, broadband ground motions for the two case studies are simulated both at selected sites and at a dense grid of points covering the affected areas. The low-frequency part of the synthetics is computed using a discrete wavenumber finite element method by convolving Green’s functions with a kinematic slip model in the frequency domain. A stochastic finite fault model approach based on a dynamic corner frequency is considered to calculate the ground motions for the higher frequencies. The broadband synthetic time series are generated after merging the results obtained from the two separate techniques, by performing a weighted summation at intermediate frequencies. The simulated values are validated by comparison with both recorded Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and PeakGround Velocity (PGV) values and the estimated ones by using widely accepted Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs). Our results indicate that both the spatial distribution and the amplification pattern of the simulated ground motions, in the near-field, in terms of PGA and PGV are highly influenced by the slip heterogeneity and the maximum slip patches within the seismic source.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 3505–3527

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: TheMw6.5 Norcia, Italy, earthquake occurred on 30 October 2016 and caused extensive damage to buildings in the epicentral area. The earthquake was recorded by a network of strong-motion stations, including 14 stations located within a 5 km distance from the two causative faults. We used a numerical approach for generating seismic waves from two-hybrid deterministic and stochastic kinematic fault rupture models propagating through a 3D Earth model derived from seismic tomography and local geology. The broadband simulations were performed in the 0–5 Hz frequency range using a physics-based deterministic approach modeling the earthquake rupture and elastic wave propagation. We used SW4, a finite-difference code that uses a conforming curvilinear mesh, designed to model surface topography with high numerical accuracy. The simulations reproduce the amplitude and duration of observed near-fault ground motions. Our results also suggest that due to the local fault-slip pattern and upward rupture directivity, the spatial pattern of the horizontal near-fault ground motion generated during the earthquake was complex and characterized by several local minima and maxima. Some of these local ground-motion maxima in the near-fault region were not observed because of the sparse station coverage. The simulated peak ground velocity (PGV) is higher than both the recorded PGV and predicted PGV based on empirical models for several areas located above the fault planes. Ground motions calculated with and without surface topography indicate that, on average, the local topography amplifies the ground-motion velocity by30%. There is a correlation between the PGV and local topography, with the PGV being higher at hilltops. In contrast, spatial variations of simulated PGA do not correlate with the surface topography. Simulated ground motions are important for seismic hazard and engineering assessments for areas that lack seismic station coverage and historicalrecordings from large damaging earthquakes.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 262–286

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This report presents a preliminary analysis of an LSTM neural network designed to predict the accuracy of magnitude estimates computed by Early-est during the first minutes after an earthquake occurs.

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami

Beschreibung: Opinion paper

Beschreibung: On 8 September 2020, the Italian media reported that the Court of Rieti, central Italy, found guilty with imprisonment between five and nine years the five defendants for the collapse of two public housing buildings and the death of 18 people, following the 24 August 2016 Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake; the first of a long-lasting earth- quake sequence featuring nine Mw 〉 5 events, the largest being an Mw 6.5 near the town of Norcia (Fig. 1b,c). The court rejected a claim of exceptionality of the ground shaking put forward by the defendants and stated that the collapse was caused by “... well-identified design and building flaws, violating specific legal provisions and technical construction standards....”

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 3309–3315

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: Seismic event detection and phase picking are the base of many seismological workflows. In recent years, several publications demonstrated that deep learning approaches significantly outperform classical approaches, achieving human-like performance under certain circumstances. However, as studies differ in the datasets and evaluation tasks, it is unclear how the different approaches compare to each other. Furthermore, there are no systematic studies about model performance in cross-domain scenarios, that is, when applied to data with different characteristics. Here, we address these questions by conducting a large-scale benchmark. We compare six previously published deep learning models on eight data sets covering local to teleseismic distances and on three tasks: event detection, phase identification and onset time picking. Furthermore, we compare the results to a classical Baer-Kradolfer picker. Overall, we observe the best performance for EQTransformer, GPD and PhaseNet, with a small advantage for EQTransformer on teleseismic data. Furthermore, we conduct a cross-domain study, analyzing model performance on data sets they were not trained on. We show that trained models can be transferred between regions with only mild performance degradation, but models trained on regional data do not transfer well to teleseismic data. As deep learning for detection and picking is a rapidly evolving field, we ensured extensibility of our benchmark by building our code on standardized frameworks and making it openly accessible. This allows model developers to easily evaluate new models or performance on new data sets. Furthermore, we make all trained models available through the SeisBench framework, giving end-users an easy way to apply these models.

Beschreibung: This work was supported by the Helmholtz Association Initiative and Networking Fund on the HAICORE@KIT partition. J. Münchmeyer acknowledges the support of the Helmholtz Einstein International Berlin Research School in Data Science (HEIBRiDS). The authors thank the Impuls-und Vernetzungsfonds of the HGF to support the REPORT-DL project under the grant agreement ZT-I-PF-5-53. This work was also partially supported by the project INGV Pianeta Dinamico 2021 Tema 8 SOME (CUP D53J1900017001) funded by Italian Ministry of University and Research “Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese, legge 145/2018.” Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: e2021JB023499

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Volcanology, seismology and Earth Sciences in general, like all quantitative sciences, are increasingly dependent on the quantity and quality of data acquired. In recent dec-ades, a marked evolution has characterized Earth sciences towards a greater use of ana-lytical and numerical approaches, shifting these fields from the natural to the physical sciences. Understanding the physical behavior of active volcanoes and faults is critical to as-sess the hazards affecting the population living close to active volcano and seismic areas, and thus to mitigate the risks posed by those threats [1,2]. The knowledge of a physical process requires the acquisition of a huge amount of information (data) on that particular phenomenon. Today, different kinds of data record the processes that operate in volcanic and tec-tonic systems and provide insights that can lead to improved predictions of potential hazards, both immediate and long term. The geoscience community has collected an enormous wealth of data that require further analysis. The diversity and quantity of these geoscience data and collections continue to expand [3]. The increasing amount of data and the availability of new technologies and instru-mentation at an ever-greater rate open new frontiers and challenges for acquiring, trans-mitting, archiving, processing and analyzing the newly available datasets. Guo [4] pre-dicted growth for the general digital universe size of factor 10 from 2016 to 2025. Among all digital data, scientific data are those relevant to the observation of natural phenomena and characterized by non-repeatability, high uncertainty, high dimensionality and a high degree of computational complexity [4]. This means that scientific data need to be well preserved, due to the non-repeatability, and implies a parallel growth of processing capa-bilities to be well exploited. Cheng et al. [5] highlighted the striking growth of Earth Sci-ence data from molecular to astronomical scales and the increasing use of supercompu-ting tools for supporting geoscience research. The authors evidence how, with the contin-uously increasing availability of digital data, Earth Sciences are also turning from the tra-ditional question-driven or problem-driven approach, where scientists seek to find an-swers to known questions, to the new data-driven one where scientists apply a data dis-covery process that might find answers to still unknown questions. In agreement with Cheng et al. [5], we believe that new integrated multi-disciplinary knowledge systems and new data discovery techniques for handling and mining big data for knowledge discovery would spur the integration of transdisciplinary and mul-ti-dimensional Earth science data. Furthermore, this will help the transition from a nar-row focus on separate disciplines to a holistic, comprehensive and integrative focus of the different disciplines linked to the Earth Sciences. With this aim, for this special issue titled “Data Processing and Modeling on Volcan-ic and Seismic Areas”, we invited articles on all aspects of solid Earth Science that made use of data to analyze and model processes related to volcanoes or earthquakes. Manuscripts with various types of analyses, including volcanic ground deformation modeling, seismic swarm characterization and volcanic gas measurement, have been proposed and published. The collection provides an insight into the enormous need for increasingly complex data analysis and modeling techniques to try to describe the natural phenomena here considered. This special issue was introduced to collect the latest research on the processing and modeling of Earth Sciences data, and to address challenging problems with all topics re-lated to volcanoes and seismic areas. Various subjects have been addressed in this collec-tion, mainly on data processing for volcanic studies (three papers), tectonics (two papers) and one paper on data analysis of a new instrument to measure gases. The first contribution to this collection [6] reports the results of the processing and combination of high-rate and low-rate geodetic data for revealing the dynamics underly-ing violent volcanic eruptions at Mount Etna. This study evidences the wide spectrum of ground deformation produced by these phenomena, to be investigated, processed and modeled in order to generate a picture of the feeding system of the volcano and better un-derstand its dynamics and rates of magma transfer in the upper crust. Another contribution focuses on volcanoes [7]: the authors exploit 20 years of high temporal resolution satellite Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) data collected over three active vol-canoes (Etna, Shishaldin and Shinmoedake). They present the results of an analysis of this dataset performed through a preliminary RST (Robust Satellite Techniques) algorithm implementation to TIR data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Re-flection Radiometer (ASTER). This approach ensures efficient identification and mapping of volcanic thermal features even of a low intensity level, which is also useful in the per-spective of an operational multi-satellite observing system. The contribution by Woohyun Son et al. [8] proposes specific depth-domain data processing of migration velocity analysis (MVA) of seismic data collected during a survey on a saline aquifer sediment in the Southern Continental Shelf of Korea. This analysis al-lowed the authors to identify and determine the precise depth of a basalt flow that could act as a cap rock for CO2 storage beneath the aquifer. The investigation, through the geo-logical model obtained from both time- and depth-domain processing, provides suitable information for locating the best drilling sites for CO2 injection, maximizing the storage volume. In volcanic areas, gases represent important physical evidence of volcanic processes that need to be measured. Parracino et al. [9] have shown how novel range-resolved DI-AL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) could herald a new era in the observation of long-term volcanic CO2 gases. An accurate and integrated analysis of different types of data such as GNSS, seismic and MT-InSAR, has led, in the work by Gatsios et al. [10], to a first account of deformation processes and their temporal evolution over recent years for Methana (Greece), thus providing initial information to feed into a volcano baseline hazard assessment and mon-itoring system. Seismic data are among the most important data to understand the dynamics of the Earth’s interior. A consistent analysis of a seismic swarm allowed Kostoglou et al. [11] to shed more light on the regional geodynamics of the Kefalonia Transform Fault Zone (Greece), and to follow the temporal evolution of the b-value to distinguish between fore-shock and aftershock behaviors.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 10759

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The references are included as individual notes in the main manuscript

Beschreibung: Fusakichi Omori (1868‒1923) was not only an eminent scientist, but also a distinguished connoisseur of Italian earthquakes, of Italian science of his times, and of Italian culture in general, to the point that he spoke and wrote fluently in Italian. The first part of this note aims at framing the main steps of this unusual Japanese-Italian liaison into Omori’s rapid career, research interests and early accomplishments. Omori was especially fond of travelling, to the point of becoming a sort of ambassador of Japanese science abroad. His views and theories were highly respected in Europe and in the United States, more than in his own country. He was especially respected in Italy, which he visited in several occasions: he lived in Rome, stayed in Florence to work with his colleagues of the Osservatorio Ximeniano, and spent several weeks in the areas struck by the catastrophic 28 December 1908, Messina Straits earthquake, where he had been dispatched by the Emperor of Japan. For all of these reasons he gained much respect among Italian seismologists, some of whom became his close friends. In the second part of this note I describe Omori’s observations on the 1908 earthquake, summarized in a celebrated albeit preliminary report; an essay that is as short as it is dense of significant and exceptionally modern ideas and findings. Omori argued that the high vulnerability of Italian buildings was the main reason for the extraordinary level of the damage caused by the 1908 earthquake. Then he gathered highly diverse observations that allowed him to constrain the earthquake source with an unprecedented level of detail for the time, including the location of the source of the tsunami that followed the strong ground shaking. Finally, he looked at the distribution of large earthquakes in peninsular Italy and proposed that̶similarly to other seismogenic areas worldwide̶they follow a relatively regular pattern. Hence, he suggested that at least the location of future large events may be anticipated with confidence in areas where there exists a long written history, such as China, Italy and Japan. Some of his “predictions” on Italy eventually came true, proving the effectiveness of his reasoning. This note is a tribute to one of the most brilliant seismologists of all times, who also cared for Italy and anticipated aspects of Italian seismicity that would have taken decades to be fully appreciated by later seismologists.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 258-277

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Editorial article

Beschreibung: Seismic activity (e.g., earthquakes, tremors) beneath volcanic areas is primarily caused by the dynamic interaction of molten rock and hydrothermal fluids with the solid host rock, by fracturing and fragmentation of the magma itself, and by tectonic processes interacting with the volcano. In addition, near-surface phenomena such as explosions and rockfalls at a volcanic edifice also produce seismic events. At volcano observatories globally, the real-time monitoring of the spatial and temporal patterns of seismic events is an essential geophysical tool to quantify the state of unrest, and forecast eruptions successfully. Seismic waveforms, earthquake catalogues and earthquake ray-path properties commonly supplement this tool to model the complex processes responsible for the earthquakes quantitatively, and to image subsurface magmatic and tectonic structures. Independent constraints provided by other disciplines such as geodesy and structural geology also significantly help scientists to understand the volcanic processes. Recent advances in earthquake recording technology, computing power and algorithms in artificial intelligence, allow processing and interpretation of large and complex multi-parametric datasets and scenarios.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 829460

Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: Artifacts often affect seismic catalogs. Among them, the presence of man-made contaminations such as quarry blasts and explosions is a well-known problem. Using a contaminated dataset reduces the statistical significance of results and can lead to erroneous conclusions, thus the removal of such nonnatural events should be the first step for a data analyst. Blasts misclassified as natural earthquakes, indeed, may artificially alter the seismicity rates and then the b-value of the Gutenberg and Richter relationship, an essential ingredient of several forecasting models. At present, datasets collect useful information beyond the parameters to locate the earthquakes in space and time, allowing the users to discriminate between natural and nonnatural events. However, selecting them from webservices queries is neither easy nor clear, and part of such supplementary but fundamental information can be lost during downloading. As a consequence, most of statistical seismologists ignore the presence in seismic catalog of explosions and quarry blasts and assume that they were not located by seismic networks or in case they were eliminated. We here show the example of the Italian Seismological Instrumental and Parametric Database. What happens when artificial seismicity is mixed with natural one?

Beschreibung: Real‐time earthquake rIsk reduction for a reSilient Europe (RISE) project, funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement Number 821115 and partially funded by the Pianeta Dinamico‐Working Earth INGV‐MUR project

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 3538-3551

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Model-based scenario analyses of future energy systems often come to deviating results and conclusions when different models are used. This may be caused by heterogeneous input data and by inherent differences in model formulations. The representation of technologies for the conversion, storage, use, and transport of energy is usually stylized in comprehensive system models in order to limit the size of the mathematical problem, and may substantially differ between models. This paper presents a systematic comparison of nine power sector models with sector coupling. We analyze the impact of differences in the representation of technologies, optimization approaches, and further model features on model outcomes. The comparison uses fully harmonized input data and highly simplified system configurations to isolate and quantify model-specific effects. We identify structural differences in terms of the optimization approach between the models. Furthermore, we find substantial differences in technology modeling primarily for battery electric vehicles, reservoir hydro power, power transmission, and demand response. These depend largely on the specific focus of the models. In model analyses where these technologies are a relevant factor, it is therefore important to be aware of potential effects of the chosen modeling approach. For the detailed analysis of the effect of individual differences in technology modeling and model features, the chosen approach of highly simplified test cases is suitable, as it allows to isolate the effects of model-specific differences on results. However, it strongly limits the model's degrees of freedom, which reduces its suitability for the evaluation of fundamentally different modeling approaches.

Beschreibung: This work was designed within the project IMPACT (A multidisciplinary Insight on the kinematics and dynamics of Magmatic Processes at Mt. Etna Aimed at identifying preCursor phenomena and developing early warning sysTems). IMPACT belongs to the Progetti Dipartimentali INGV [DIP7], https://progetti.ingv.it/index.php/it/progetti-dipartimentali/vulcani/impact#informazioni-sul-progetto.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Beschreibung: INGV - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: The impact of volcanic activity may have substantial economic implications, affecting societal aspects at varying degree. For example, tourism can benefit from excursions in volcanic regions with mild activity (e.g., Strombolian explosions); on the other hand, air traffic can be easily disrupted by ash emission even without climactic eruptions (e.g., during a lava fountain). To minimize exposure to volcanic hazard, volcano observatories worldwide offer multimedia information also able to convey fast communication on on-going eruptive events; these digital resources have been changing the actual relationships between scientists and citizens: i) creating a two-way communication that can significantly enhance awareness and preparedness, and ii) limiting the effect of fake news. Scientists disseminate scientifically validated information, while citizens can contribute by using new tools (custom APPs, web forms) generating a huge amount of data. In this scenario, the contribution of tools based on Augmented and Virtual Reality can simplify and enrich the process of collection of information, which is especially – but not exclusively – enjoyed by the Native Digital generation. New communication strategies have been developed, and are one of the main topics of the 3DTeLC project (Bringing the 3D-world into the classroom: a new approach to Teaching, Learning and Communicating the science of geohazards in terrestrial and marine environments; Project Reference: 2017-1-UK01-KA203- 036719). In the framework of the 3DTeLC project, we present examples of custom developed tools, promoting the exploitation of these new techniques for so-called “citizen science”, with a particular focus on volcanic hazard communication concerning Mt. Etna (Italy).

Beschreibung: This work was designed within the project 3DTeLC, which was a three-year trans-European project funded by the Erasmus+ Key Action 2 programme: “Cooperation for Innovation and Exchange of Good Practices, a European scheme that fosters higher education partnerships” (https://www.erasmusplus.org.uk/key-action-2; Project reference: 2017-1-UK01-KA203-036719).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Heraklion, Crete

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: In volcanic observatories worldwide, geophysical and geochemical data are usually collected remotely, providing continuous information about the state of volcanoes even in unfavorable conditions with respect to visibility and access to the area of eruptive centers. Early stages of unrest can be detected with high reliability; nonetheless, style and, in particular, intensity of eruptions are diffcult to predict. Consequently, it turns out important to identify critical moments after which the development of a paroxysmal activity becomes highly probable. In this perspective, we exploit a machine learning (ML) method for the analysis of seismic data continuously acquired by the permanent seismic network at Etna, Italy. Threshold criteria, which are based on parameters derived from the ML system and the number of stations where changes are detected, have been established with the scope of automatic alert flagging. As mild unrests may continue for weeks and even months, there is the need to adjust the trigger criteria with respect to style and intensity of the impending phenomenon. Our choice of the criteria was guided by so-called “Receive Operation Characteristics” (ROC) curves. These are based on the trade-off between the rate of False Positives and True Positives. With a more sensitive setting one can flag more paroxysms (True Positives); however, this may have the cost to flag an alert, but no paroxysm occurs. Carrying out various tests considering both the signal characteristics and the number of stations where the thresholds were met, we identified robust configurations allowing us to issue an alert of an impending paroxysm, widely avoiding the risk of false warnings. The system we propose here can provide timely and indicative information on possible eruptive scenarios to Civil Protection and other stakeholders. Also, It can be a guide for fixing onset and end-times of paroxysmal phenomena, which are especially helpful when image-based monitoring is hindered, for instance, by meteorological conditions. Finally, if others the possibility to effectively re-analyze long time spans of data recorded in the past.

Beschreibung: This work was designed within the project IMPACT (A multidisciplinary Insight on the kinematics and dynamics of Magmatic Processes at Mt. Etna Aimed at identifying preCursor phenomena and developing early warning sysTems). IMPACT belongs to the Progetti Dipartimentali INGV [DIP7], https://progetti.ingv.it/index.php/it/progetti-dipartimentali/vulcani/impact#informazioni-sul-progetto.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Catania (Italy)

Beschreibung: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami

Beschreibung: The dynamics driving an eruption play a crucial role in the impact volcanic activity has on the community at large. The interpretation of geophysical and geochemical changes heralding a volcanic unrest is a fundamental key to forecasting upcoming phenomena. However, the style and intensity of the eruption are difficult to predict, even in open-conduit volcanoes where eruptions can be relatively frequent. This is the case of Etna, in Italy, one of the most active basaltic volcanoes in the world. In 2021, fifty-two lava fountains arose from its Southeast Crater accompanied by lava emissions and ash fallout, which disrupted air and road traffic in numerous Sicilian municipalities. Lava fountains are just one of the typical eruptive styles of Etna. Strombolian activity and lava flows are also relatively frequent here, each with its own characteristics in terms of intensity and social impact. We developed a machine learning (ML) method for the analysis of the seismic data continuously acquired by the local stations of the Etna permanent seismic network, exploiting the spectral characteristics of the signal. Its design started from: i) the need to detect the volcanic hazard, and ii) provide timely and indicative information on possible eruptive scenarios to the Civil Protection and the Authorities. Besides the identification of anomalies in the data, which flag enhanced volcano dynamics in its early stages, we investigate on clues concerning the potential intensity level of eruptive phenomena. The method works in near real time and can effectively contribute to the multidisciplinary analysis of volcanic hazard.

Beschreibung: This work was undertaken within the project IMPACT (A multidisciplinary Insight on the kinematics and dynamics of Magmatic Processes at Mt. Etna Aimed at identifying preCursor phenomena and developing early warning sysTems). IMPACT belongs to the Progetti Dipartimentali INGV [DIP7], https://progetti.ingv.it/index.php/it/progetti-dipartimentali/vulcani/impact#informazioni-sul-progetto.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Vienna (Austria)

Beschreibung: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami

Beschreibung: From the 2010s on, pattern classification has proven an effective method for flagging alerts of volcano unrest before eruptive activity at Mt. Etna, Italy. The analysis has been applied online to volcanic tremor data, and has supported the surveillance activity of the volcano that provides timely information to Civil Protection and other authorities. However, after declaring an alert, no one knows how long the volcano unrest will last and if a climactic eruptive activity will actually begin. These are critical aspects when considering the effects of a prolonged state of alert. An example of longstanding unrest is related to the Christmas Eve eruption in 2018, which was heralded by several months of almost continuous Strombolian activity. Here, we discuss the usage of thresholds to detect conditions leading to paroxysmal activity, and the challenges associated with defining such thresholds, leveraging a dataset of 52 episodes of lava fountains occurring in 2021. We were able to identify conservative settings regarding the thresholds, allowing for an early warning of impending paroxysm in almost all cases (circa 85% for the first 4 months in 2021, and over 90% for the whole year). The chosen thresholds also proved useful to predict that a paroxysmal activity was about to end. Such information provides reliable numbers for volcanologists for their assessments, based on visual information, which may not be available in bad weather or cloudy conditions.

Beschreibung: Project IMPACT (A multidisciplinary Insight on the kinematics and dynamics of Magmatic Processes at Mt. Etna Aimed at identifying preCursor phenomena and developing early warning sysTems). IMPACT belongs to the Progetti Dipartimentali INGV [DIP7], https://progetti.ingv.it/index.php/it/progetti-dipartimentali/vulcani/impact#informazioni-sul-progetto.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 17895

Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The statistical properties of seismicity are known to be affected by several factors such as the rheological parameters of rocks. We analysed the earthquake double-couple as a function of the faulting type. Here we show that it impacts the moment tensors of earthquakes: thrust- faulting events are characterized by higher double-couple components with respect to strike- slip- and normal-faulting earthquakes. Our results are coherent with the stress dependence of the scaling exponent of the Gutenberg-Richter law, which is anticorrelated to the double- couple. We suggest that the structural and tectonic control of seismicity may have its origin in the complexity of the seismogenic source marked by the width of the cataclastic damage zone and by the slip of different fault planes during the same seismic event; the sharper and concentrated the slip as along faults, the higher the double-couple. This phenomenon may introduce bias in magnitude estimation, with possible impact on seismic forecasting.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 258

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The ML 5.8 earthquake that hit the island of Crete on 27 September 2021 is analysed with InSAR (Interferometry from Synthetic Aperture Radar) and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data. The purpose of this work is to create a model with sufficient detail for the geophysical processes that take place in several kilometres below the earth’s surface and improve our ability to observe active tectonic processes using geodetic and seismic data. InSAR coseismic displacements maps show negative values along the LOS of ~18 cm for the ascending orbit and ~20 cm for the descending one. Similarly, the GNSS data of three permanent stations were used in PPK (Post Processing Kinematic) mode to (i) estimate the coseismic shifts, highlighting the same range of values as the InSAR, (ii) model the deformation of the ground associated with the main shock, and (iii) validate InSAR results by combining GNSS and InSAR data. This allowed us to constrain the geometric characteristics of the seismogenic fault and the slip distribution on it. Our model, which stands on a joint inversion of the InSAR and GNSS data, highlights a major rupture surface striking 214◦, dipping 50◦ NW and extending at depth from 2.5 km down to 12 km. The kinematics is almost dip-slip normal (rake −106◦), while a maximum slip of ~1.0 m occurred at a depth of ca. 6 km. The crucial though indirect role of inherited tectonic structures affecting the seismogenic crustal volume is also discussed suggesting their influence on the surrounding stress field and their capacity to dynamically merge distinct fault segments.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 5783

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Seismic monitoring and historical research on earthquakes are among the activities that contribute to improving knowledge of seismicity and seismic risk in the territory. The Marche Region's contribution to seismic monitoring and seismological studies is the result of synergies between national and local research bodies and regional institutions, which began in 197,3 when the CNR in Milan installed the seismological network in the Ancona area (Ferraris et al. 1975), from which the Marche Seismic Network was born in 1979 at the Geophysical Observatory in Macerata. We retrace the steps in the development of instrumental seismic monitoring in the Marche region, historical seismology research (in which the Marche region was the testing ground for research methodologies now in current use in Italy and abroad), and information, training and dissemination initiatives on the earthquake aimed at citizens.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 99-116

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe (SERA), H2020, grant agreements 730900.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: 4IT. Banche dati

Beschreibung: Il giorno 9 Novembre 2022, alle 06:07:24 UTC (07:07:24 ora locale) un terremoto di magnitudo momento (MW) pari a 5.5 ha interessato la Costa Marchigiana Pesarese (Pesaro Urbino). A causa della magnitudo del mainshock e del livello di danneggiamento riscontrato, l’INGV ha attivato il gruppo operativo EMERSITO (http://emersitoweb.rm.ingv.it/index.php/it/), il cui obiettivo è di svolgere e coordinare le campagne di monitoraggio per studi di effetti di sito e di microzonazione sismica. Durante le prime fasi di un’emergenza sismica, l’attività principale del gruppo operativo EMERSITO consiste, attraverso la costituzione di gruppi di lavoro, nel reperimento delle informazioni geologiche e geofisiche, nell’analisi dei dati sismici esistenti, nella pianificazione di misure sismologiche e geofisiche ed in attività propedeutiche alla microzonazione sismica. Nel caso specifico della sequenza sismica della Costa Marchigiana Pesarese: - sono state reperite informazioni di letteratura sugli effetti di sito già osservati nella zona colpita, sulla cartografia geologica e sulla microzonazione sismica disponibile; - sono state reperite le informazioni di caratterizzazione dei siti delle stazioni sismiche permanenti presenti nell’area (http://itaca.mi.ingv.it/ItacaNet_31 e http://crisp.ingv.it) e sono stati rianalizzati alcuni dati disponibili (http://eida.ingv.it/). - è stata pianificata l’installazione di una rete sismica temporanea nella zona colpita dal terremoto, nei comuni di Ancona e Senigallia. La scelta delle aree è stata guidata principalmente dalla prossimità con l’area epicentrale, dalla disponibilità di studi di microzonazione sismica e di carte geologiche a differenti scale di rappresentazione, dalla distribuzione dei parametri di scuotimento del suolo e della sismicità in tempo reale.

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto

Beschreibung: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.

Beschreibung: Robustness of source parameter estimates is a fundamental issue in understanding the relationships between small and large events; however, it is difficult to assess how much of the variability of the source parameters can be attributed to the physical source characteristics or to the uncertainties of the methods and data used to estimate the values. In this study, we apply the coda method by Mayeda et al. using the coda calibration tool (CCT), a freely available Java-based code (https://github.com/LLNL/coda-calibration-tool) to obtain a regional calibration for Central Italy for estimating stable source parameters. We demonstrate the power of the coda technique in this region and show that it provides the same robustness in source parameter estimation as a data-driven methodology [generalized inversion technique (GIT)], but with much fewer calibration events and stations. The Central Italy region is ideal for both GIT and coda approaches as it is characterized by high-quality data, including recent well-recorded seismic sequences such as L'Aquila (2009) and Amatrice–Norcia–Visso (2016–2017). This allows us to apply data-driven methods such as GIT and coda-based methods that require few, but high-quality data. The data set for GIT analysis includes ∼5000 earthquakes and more than 600 stations, while for coda analysis we used a small subset of 39 events spanning 3.5 〈 Mw 〈 6.33 and 14 well-distributed broad-band stations. For the common calibration events, as well as an additional 247 events (∼1.7 〈 Mw 〈 ∼5.0) not used in either calibration, we find excellent agreement between GIT-derived and CCT-derived source spectra. This confirms the ability of the coda approach to obtain stable source parameters even with few calibration events and stations. Even reducing the coda calibration data set by 75 per cent, we found no appreciable degradation in performance. This validation of the coda calibration approach over a broad range of event size demonstrates that this procedure, once extended to other regions, represents a powerful tool for future routine applications to homogeneously evaluate robust source parameters on a national scale. Furthermore, the coda calibration procedure can homogenize the Mw estimates for small and large events without the necessity of introducing any conversion scale between narrow-band measures such as local magnitude (ML) and Mw, which has been shown to introduce significant bias.〈/jats:p〉

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1573–1590

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: In Italy, historical research on earthquakes has a long and glorious tradition, which in recent decades has gone through very different phases. In the first half of the 1980s and up to the mid- 90s, two very demanding research ventures were developed: the research program financed by ENEL for the qualification of sites susceptible to nuclear plants in three areas of the country (Piedmont, Lombardy, Puglia), later merged into the “Catalog of Strong Italian Earthquakes” (CFTI) of the ING/INGV, and the “Hazard project” of the GNDT/CNR, aimed at preparing all the basic data necessary for a model of hazard updated. As part of these two ventures, for about a decade over a hundred researchers, mostly “professional” historians, have worked to update their knowledge of Italian historical earthquakes. Researches developed by the “Hazard Project” - complementary to those of the CFTI - aimed only at rapidly re-evaluating the knowledge on about 600 intermediate energy earthquakes. Some of these studies, after a couple of decades, are now largely obsolete. For this reason, a work plan was launched aimed at deepening the knowledge on several dozens of these studies, marked in the current Parametric Catalog of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI15) by the initials AMGNDT95, providing them with an updated and, hopefully, better database. This work presents the results of research carried out on 6 earthquakes included in the 1949– 1971 time span. Such researches have allowed a significant improvement of the epicentral parameters of these earthquakes and, at the same time, an enhancement of seismic histories of numerous localities.

Beschreibung: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento nazionale della Protezione Civile, Allegato B2.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-274

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the case of Palestine. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision-makers. The transition towards renewable energies is still at a very early stage in Palestine. The long-standing political conflict between Palestine and Israel has prevented the large-scale deployment of renewable energy due to land restrictions. Palestine's political instability, its geographically fragmented territories, and its high dependence on Israel's imports are the most pressing concerns for Palestine’s electricity sector. At the operational level, particularly the transmission and distribution infrastructure need to be better interconnected, renewed and expanded to accommodate larger volumes of renewable electricity and at the same time improve efficiency. The modelled demand development shows that Palestine will most likely have to continue importing electricity even if the potential of renewable energy is fully exploited. This underlines the importance of sustainable energy partnerships for Palestine. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewable energy are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Palestine's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.

Beschreibung: In the coming years, we must set a course that will allow as to protect our climate, reduce resource consumption, and preserve biodiversity. A profound ecological system change is on the horizon in all central areas of action of the economy and society, or transformation arenas. Digitalisation is a prerequisite for the success in this change and will impact these arenas at multiple levels: Digital technologies and applications will make it possible to improve current procedures, processes, and structures (Improve) and help us take the first steps towards new business models and frameworks (Convert). Despite this, digitalisation itself must be effective enough to facilitate a complete ecological restructuring of our society and lives to achieve more far-reaching economic transformation and value creation (Transform). The ability to obtain, link, and use data is a basic prerequisite for tapping into the potential of digitisation for sustainability transformation. However, data is not a homogeneous raw material. Data only gains value when we know the context in which it was collected and when we can use it for a specific purpose. The discussion on what structures and prerequisites are necessary for the system-changing use of data has only just begun. This study was conducted to serve as a starting point for this discussion as it describes the opportunities and prerequisites for a data-based sustainability transformation. This study focuses on environmental data, data from plants, machines, infrastructure, and IoT products. Our task will be to increase the use this data for systemic solutions (system innovation) within transformation arenas where different stakeholders are working together to initiate infrastructure, value chain, and business model transformation.

Beschreibung: In den nächsten Jahren müssen die Weichen für Klimaschutz, zur Reduktion des Ressourcenverbrauchs sowie der Erhaltung der Artenvielfalt gestellt werden. In allen zentralen Handlungsbereichen von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft - den sogenannten Transformationsarenen - steht ein tiefgreifender ökologischer Systemwandel an. Digitalisierung ist eine Erfolgsvoraussetzung für diesen Wandel und wirkt auf verschiedenen Ebenen: digitale Technologien und Anwendungen ermöglichen, gegenwärtige Verfahren, Prozesse und Strukturen zu verbessern (Improve) oder erste Schritte in eine neue Ausrichtung von Geschäftsmodellen oder Rahmenbedingungen zu gehen (Convert). Gleichzeitig muss die Digitalisierung aber auch für einen weitergehenden Umbau von Wirtschaft und Wertschöpfung sowie für die ökologische Neuorientierung von Gesellschaft und Lebensstilen wirksam werden (Transform). Die Fähigkeit zur Gewinnung, Verknüpfung und Nutzung von Daten ist eine Grundvoraussetzung, um die Potenziale der Digitalisierung für die Nachhaltigkeitstransformation zu erschließen. Daten sind dabei jedoch kein homogener Rohstoff - Daten erlangen erst einen Wert, wenn der Kontext, in welchem sie erhoben wurden, bekannt ist und sie für den angestrebten Zweck nutzbar gemacht werden können. Die Diskussion darüber, welche Strukturen und Voraussetzungen für die systemverändernde Nutzung von Daten erforderlich sind, hat erst begonnen. Die vorliegende Studie leistet hierzu einen ersten Beitrag und beschreibt die Möglichkeiten und Voraussetzungen für eine datenbasierte Nachhaltigkeitstransformation. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf Umweltdaten, Daten von Anlagen, Maschinen, Infrastrukturen oder von Produkten im Internet der Dinge (Internet of Things). Die Aufgabe ist, diese Daten stärker als bisher für systemische Lösungsansätze (Systeminnovationen) in den jeweiligen Transformationsarenen einzusetzen, bei denen unterschiedliche Stakeholder zusammenarbeiten und gemeinsam den Umbau von Infrastrukturen, Wertschöpfungsketten und Geschäftsmodellen einleiten.

Beschreibung: In material development processes, the question if a new alloy is more sustainable than the existing one becomes increasingly significant. Existing studies on metals and alloys show that their composition can make a difference regarding the environmental impact. In this case study, a recently developed air hardening forging steel is used to produce a U-bolt as an example component in automotive engineering. The production process is analyzed regarding the environmental performance and compared with the standard quench and tempering steels 42CrMo4 and 33MnCrB5-2. The analysis is based on results from applying the method of Life Cycle Assessment. First, the production process and the alterations on material, product, and process level are defined. The resulting process flows were quantified and attributed with the environmental impacts covering Carbon Footprint, Cumulative Energy Demand, and Material Footprint as they represent best the resource-, energy- and thus carbon-intensive steel industry. The results show that the development of the air hardening forging steel leads to a higher environmental impact compared to the reference alloys when the material level is considered. Otherwise, the new steel allows changes in manufacturing process, which is why an additional assessment on process level was conducted. It is seen that the air hardening forging steel has environmental savings as it enables skipping a heat treatment process. Superior material characteristics enable the application of lightweight design principles, which further increases the potential environmental savings. The present work shows that the question of the environmental impact does not end with analyzing the raw material only. Rather, the entire manufacturing process of a product must be considered. The case study also shows methodological questions regarding the specification of steel for alloying elements, processes in the metalworking industry and the data availability and quality in Life Cycle Assessment.

Beschreibung: The earthquake of 7 June 1925, which occurred in south-western Colombia, is one of the most important intraplate seismic events in the region. This earthquake caused damage at several localities along the Cauca valley. The distribution of the intensity data points reveals a trend line in the SW-NE direction, corresponding to the Andean mountain range, which coincides with the strike of the main geological faults existing in the SW of the country. In this work, earthquake parameters are computed from macroseismic data. The moment magnitude obtained is 6.6 ± 0.2. The epicentre is located at the coordinates 3.29° N and 76.91° W, at approximately 50 km SW from the town of Cali.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 377-402

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Il 09 novembre 2022 alle ore 06:07 UTC (07:07 ora italiana) un terremoto di magnitudo ML 5.7 (MW 5.5) è stato localizzato dal sistema di sorveglianza sismica dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). L'epicentro è stato localizzato nel Mar Adriatico ad una distanza di circa 30 km dalla costa marchigiana in provincia di Pesaro e Urbino, a circa 31 km dalla città di Fano e 35 km dal capoluogo di provincia Pesaro. Il mainshock è stato seguito da una replica di ML 5.2 a un minuto di distanza. I due terremoti sono stati ben avvertiti in tutta la regione Marche, e anche in tutto il centro Italia fino a Roma e nelle regioni del nord Italia. Il Presidente dell’INGV, come previsto nel Protocollo di Ente per le emergenze sismiche e da maremoto, ha prontamente convocato l’Unità di Crisi e attivato tutti i Gruppi Operativi. Tra questi SISMIKO, che coordina le reti sismiche mobili INGV in emergenza, si è attivato immediatamente preparando la strumentazione necessaria per l’installazione di una rete sismica temporanea e per l’integrazione dei dati in acquisizione nel sistema di monitoraggio e sorveglianza sismica dell’INGV. Parallelamente alle attività di coordinamento e gestione dell’emergenza sono state attivate tutte le procedure inerenti la divulgazione (report, siti web, ecc) e l’analisi dei dati preliminari. La rete temporanea in emergenza è stata installata nelle prime 24 ore dalla scossa principale ad integrazione della rete sismica permanente dell’INGV in area epicentrale. La rete temporanea di SISMIKO, costituita da 8 stazioni sismiche trasmesse in tempo reale, ha permesso di migliorare il monitoraggio dell’evoluzione della sequenza, abbassando la soglia di detezione degli eventi sismici in area epicentrale e consentendo quindi una migliore localizzazione da parte del servizio di sorveglianza sismica nazionale. La gestione dell’emergenza sismica è avvenuta a pochi giorni di distanza dall’ esercitazione nazionale denominata “EXE Sisma dello Stretto 2022” svoltasi dal 4 al 6 Novembre 2022 nel territorio della Regione Calabria e della Regione Sicilia. L’esercitazione è stata coordinata dal Dipartimento della Protezione Civile. Le attività svolte durante EXE 2022 sono state per l’istituto, e in particolare per SISMIKO, propedeutiche per il buon esito di tutte le azioni messe in campo dall’INGV sin dai primi minuti dall’accadimento del mainshock del 9 Novembre.

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami

Beschreibung: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: We present here the results of a five-years-long earthquake educational project aiming to commemorate the hundredth anniversaries of five large Northern Apennines earthquakes occurred between 1916 and 1920 in the areas of: Rimini (1916, Mw 6.1), Valtiberina (1917, Mw 5.9), Romagna Apennines (1918, Mw 5.9), Mugello (1919, Mw 6.3) and Garfagnana (1920, Mw 6.5) earthquakes. We saw these anniversaries as the occasion for leading the Northern Apennines people to rediscover their past, in a positive way, and to improve their awareness of the earthquake as a natural feature of the regions in which they live. The activities that we planned for schools students encouraged them to go hunting for traces of the earthquakes of one hundred years ago in their home towns and to rediscover the memories and traditions of their communities. Together with their teachers, we also led the teenagers to find creative ways to involve the grownups in the process of discovery and knowledge. The Project had to cope with two emergencies: the great Central Italy earthquake of 2016-2017 and the Covid-19 epidemic. However, these stumbling blocks did not deter teachers and students from taking part in the process actively and even enthusiastically. Their families and communities were actively involved too. This experience taught us some valuable lessons. First of all, we learned to adapt the project, as we had conceived it at the start, to a wide gamma of social and cultural contexts. Not all the involved communities were equally aware of the level of seismic risk they are exposed to. On the affluent Adriatic coast, where tourism is the main source of income, past earthquakes are something best forgotten, by citizens and administrators alike. On the contrary, in the poorer inland mountain areas (Forlivese Apennines, Mugello, Garfagnana and Lunigiana) a more down-to-earth attitude prevails: earthquakes are looked upon as something that can and does happen and people are quick to grasp how important it is to contribute to initiatives whose aim is reducing seismic risk. Thus, we had to adapt our approach to the different contexts, modifying each time the activities we proposed to the schools with the aim of obtain the best possible results from each situation. Presentiamo i risultati di un progetto di educazione al rischio sismico attivato in occasione dei centenari di cinque terremoti storici che hanno colpito l’Appennino settentrionale tra gli anni 1916 e 1920 e precisamente i terremoti di Rimini 1916 (Mw 6.1), Valtiberina 1917 (Mw 5.9), Appennino romagnolo 1918 (Mw 5.9), Mugello 1919 (Mw 6.3) e Garfagnana 1920 (Mw 6.5). Abbiamo pensato di utilizzare questi anniversari come punto di partenza per accompagnare i cittadini a riappropriarsi del loro passato in modo positivo, facendo crescere la loro consapevolezza del terremoto come un carattere del loro ambiente naturale. A tal fine, nelle attività realizzate con le scuole, abbiamo incoraggiato gli studenti a cercare le tracce dei terremoti di un secolo fa nell’ambiente urbanizzato e a indagare le memorie e le tradizioni ancora presenti nelle comunità. Insieme ai loro insegnanti abbiamo spinto i ragazzi a trovare modi creativi per coinvolgere gli adulti in questo processo di scoperta e conoscenza. Il progetto è stato messo alla prova dal forte terremoto dell’Italia centrale (2016­2017) e dall’epidemia di Covid­19, ma nonostante queste difficoltà insegnanti e studenti hanno partecipato con grande interesse a questo percorso e hanno coinvolto nelle attività del progetto le famiglie e le comunità locali. Anche noi abbiamo imparato nuove lezioni. Un aspetto importante che abbiamo appreso è il bisogno di adattare il progetto a contesti sociali e culturali che si sono rivelati molto diversi. Le comunità coinvolte non condividono lo stesso livello di consapevolezza del rischio: sulla costa adriatica, a vocazione turistica, i terremoti sono qualcosa che è meglio dimenticare, sia da parte dei cittadini che dalle amministrazioni. Al contrario, nell’Appennino forlivese, nel Mugello, in Garfagnana e Lunigiana, i terremoti sono una presenza costante e le persone si sono sentite subito coinvolte in un processo attivo di riduzione del rischio e di attenzione quotidiana. Questo ci ha spinto ad adattare ogni volta l’approccio ai diversi contesti, modificando le proposte di attività che abbiamo realizzato nelle scuole.

Beschreibung: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Allegato A, tematica “M”.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-40

Beschreibung: 5SR TERREMOTI - Convenzioni derivanti dall'Accordo Quadro decennale INGV-DPC

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: We present a web portal for the prompt visualization of the maps of ground shaking generated using the USGS ShakeMap 4 software (Worden et al., 2020). The web interface renders the standard products provided by ShakeMap dynamically (using Leaflet) and statically (standard shakemaps). The information included in the dynamic maps can be onfigured through different overlays. The dual view rendering modality allows presenting side-by-side maps of different intensity measurements. In addition, for each earthquake, it is possible to download all the data that contributed to the calculation, together with information on the seismological models adopted. The appearance of the web portal is easily configurable by replacing the logo and banners. The software can be installed both on laptops and on server computers. The user can opt between the docker image or installation of the software after installation of a web server (e.g., NGINX or Apache).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 3481–3488

Beschreibung: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: One of the strategies to detect the precursors of an eruption is to define the background dynamical state of a volcano for a prompt recognition of deviations from the basic condition. Mt. Vesuvius (Italy), currently in a quiescent state, is one of the most monitored volcanoes in the world, inciting multidisciplinary advanced studies. Hence an understanding of the links among the different monitored parameters is mandatory. In recent decades the joint analyses of ground tilt and seismicity have added to the understanding of the volcanos' activity. In this paper, we outline the first steps towards a comprehension of the link between Mt. Vesuvius earthquakes and co-seismic ground tilt, after excluding the contribution of other external forces acting on the ground, such as tides, landslides or exceptional meteorological phenomena. We used the seismicity with a duration magnitude ≥ 2.0 recorded at Mt. Vesuvius in the period 2018–2020 to estimate the source parameters and to calculate the associated static displacement. Then, we compared the ground inclination retrieved from the estimated seismic deformation with the long-term ground motion trend measured by tiltmeters. We found that in most cases the two vectors have a comparable size and direction.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 12261

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: An accurate survey of old and new datasets allowed us to probe the nature and role of fluids in the seismogenic processes of the Apennines mountain range in Italy. New datasets include the 1985–2021 instrumented seismicity catalog, the computed seismogenic thickness, and geodetic velocities and strains, whereas data from the literature comprise focal mechanism solutions, CO2 release, Moho depth, tomographic seismic velocities, heat flow and Bouguer gravity anomalies. Most of the inspected datasets highlight differences between the western and eastern domains of the Apennines, while the transition zone is marked by high geodetic strain, prevailing uplift at the surface and high seismic release, and spatially corresponds with the overlapping Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Mohos. Published tomographic models suggest the presence of a large hot asthenospheric mantle wedge which intrudes beneath the western side of the Apennines and disappears at the southern tip of the southern Apennines. This wedge modulates the thermal structure and rheology of the overlying crust as well as the melting of carbonate-rich sediments of the subducting Adriatic lithosphere. As a result, CO2-rich fluids of mantle-origin have been recognized in association with the occurrence of destructive seismic sequences in the Apennines. The stretched western domain of the Apennines is characterized by a broad pattern of emissions from CO2-rich fluids that vanishes beneath the axial belt of the chain, where fluids are instead trapped within crustal overpressurized reservoirs, favoring their involvement in the evolution of destructive seismic sequences in that region. In the Apennines, areas with high mantle He are associated with different degrees of metasomatism of the mantle wedge from north to south. Beneath the chain, the thickness and permeability of the crust control the formation of overpressurized fluid zones at depth and the seismicity is favored by extensional faults that act as high permeability pathways. This multidisciplinary study aims to contribute to our understanding of the fluid-related mechanisms of earthquake preparation, nucleation and evolution encouraging a multiparametric monitoring system of different geophysical and geochemical observables that could lead the creation of a data-constrained and reliable conceptual model of the role of fluids in the preparatory phase of earthquakes in the Apennines.

Beschreibung: The INGV Earthquake Department Strategic Project FURTHER “The role of FlUids in the pReparaTory pHase of EaRthquakes in Southern Apennines”

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 104236

Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The construction sector is the second largest area for the application for plastics. Due to the long life times of construction products, the implementation of the circular economy faces its own challenges. To investigate this challenge, the study covers a market study for Germany, voluntary take-back and recycling schemes of construction products, as well as the use of plastic recyclates in construction products. In addition, plastic packaging of construction products is covered. Opportunities and barriers to the use of recycled plastics in construction products are derived from the intersection of available technologies, recyclate supply, and technical requirements for construction products. The report concludes with recommendations to various stakeholders on how to promote the use of recyclates in construction products and their packaging. Important points here are the introduction of a recyclate quota for films as construction product packaging and the description of recycling possibilities and recyclate content in the technical documentation of construction products.

Beschreibung: Las pesquerías basadas en las agregaciones reproductivas pueden amenazar a especies como los pargos que tienen conductas gregarias durante el período reproductivo. Esta nota ofrece elementos que sugieren la existencia de sitios de agregación no registrados previamente y no protegidos en el Parque Nacional Cayos de San Felipe (PNCSF), región suroccidental de Cuba. La información tradicional obtenida de pescadores locales y trabajadores del parque se corroboró con muestreos cualitativos y cuantitativos de peces de arrecifes y datos de pesquerías locales del 2014. En la época de reproducción de pargos (mayo a julio) se observaron grupos de entre 40-100 ejemplares de Lutjanus cyanopterus, Lutjanus synagris y Lutjanus jocu en los arrecifes de la zona occidental del PNCSF (camellones entre 15-30 m de profundidad cerca del borde de la plataforma). Dentro de esa área, se señalan dos sitios que parecen ser utilizados para agregaciones de predesove, por lo que requieren protección y ser estudiados. Los censos cuantitativos confirmaron que en mayo y junio la zona occidental tiene densidad alta de pargos adultos. También, el pico de captura de estas especies ocurrió en la época reproductiva. Se comprobó que las pesquerías se realizaron durante las migraciones de peces hacia el borde de la plataforma en áreas de la zona occidental del PNCSF, y que más del 60% de los individuos tuvieron gónadas maduras (antes de desovar). Esta información debe incentivar el estudio de las agregaciones de desove en esta región de Cuba, la protección de especies amenazadas y áreas de alta significación ecológica y la implementación de pesquerías sostenibles.

Beschreibung: Fisheries based on reproductive aggregations can threaten species such as snappers that have gregarious behavior during the reproductive period. This note provides evidence to support the existence of aggregation sites, not previously registered and unprotected, in the National Park San Felipe Keys (NPSFK), southwestern region of Cuba. Traditionalinformation obtained from local fishermen and from the park staff was complemented with qualitative and quantitative fish reef censuses and local fisheries data in 2014. In the reproductive season of snappers (May to July) groups of between 40-100 specimens of Lutjanus cyanopterus, Lutja- nus synagris and Lutjanus jocu were observed in the western area of the NPSFK on the reefs (spoor and grove between 20-30 m deep close to the platform edge). Within that area two sites are indicated that can be used for prespawning aggregation, so they require protection and study. Quanti- tative censuses confirmed that in May and June the western zone has high density of adult snappers. Also, the peak of capture of these snapper species occurred in the reproduc- tive season. It was found that fisheries carried out during fish migrations to the edge of the shelf in areas of the western area of the NPSFK and more than 60% of the individuals had mature gonads (before spawning). This information should promote the study of spawning aggregations in this region of Cuba, the protection of threatened species and areas of high ecological significance and the implementation of sustainable fisheries.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Refereed

Beschreibung: The ICES Workshop on ICES reference points (WKREF2) was tasked review the WKREF1 report and based on the outcome develop updated guidelines for the ICES reference points system and recommendations for ACOM consideration. The WKREF1 report has suggested 5 key recom- mendations to simplify and harmonise the ICES reference points framework representing a ma- jor change to the current guidelines. At WKREF2, we detailed discussions and four key concerns were raised about the proposed approach. The first related to the simplification of rules to define Blim. Around two thirds of category 1 stocks would end up as WKREF1 “Blim Type 2” where Blim would be set as a fraction of B0. The Allee effect or “depensation” maybe more important than previously thought and should be furthered explored for ICES stocks since it has important consequences for Blim. A number of challenges and issues around defining Blim using the current guidelines were documented. Some suggestions on improvement criteria were discussed including using classifiers to define spas- modic stocks and using change point algorithms to address non-stationary productivity regimes. However, further work is need to make these approaches operational and there was no consen- sus that the WKREF1 Blim types should replace the current guidelines. WKREF1 recommended that the FMSY proxy should be based on a biological proxies and should be less than the deterministic FMSY. It was pointed out that the stochastic FMSY estimated in EqSim for example, is lower than the deterministic FMSY and that the current guidelines ensure that the FMSY should not pose a more than 5% risk to Blim. A large amount of work described in WD 1 was carried out to develop an MSE framework to consistency and robustness test a candidate refer- ence point system for North East Atlantic stocks. However, WKREF2 recommended that further work needs to be carried out to condition and test the simulation framework before the conclu- sions could be adopted by ICES and incorporated into the guidelines. A number of considerations for defining MSY related reference points were discussed including using model validation and prediction skill to ensure that ICES provide robust and credible ad- vice. There is evidence that density dependence (DD) is important in the majority of ICES stocks (68% in recruitment and 54% in growth). The correct prediction of the shape and strength of density-dependence in productivity is key to predicting future stock development and providing the best possible long-term fisheries management advice. A suggested approach to use surplus production models (SPMs) to account for DD in FMSY was suggested and discussed but there was no consensus on whether that approach was appropriate. There was consensus that the FECO approach as a means of adapting target fishing mortality to medium-term changes in productiv- ity should be included in the guidelines subject to a benchmark and ACOM approval. While WKREF1 and 2 focused mainly on Category 1 stocks ToR c) called for a “simplified and harmonised set of guidelines for estimating MSY and precautionary reference points applicable in the advice framework across various ICES stock categories.” Ideally the ICES assessment cat- egories should provide equivalent risk across all stocks. This issue was discussed but no recom- mendations emerged. There was no consensus a revised reference point framework was proposed at WKREF2. How- ever, it was agreed that it should be presented here for further discussion at ACOM and other fora. The key feature of the suggested approach is that the stock status evaluation is treated in- dependent of the Advice Rule (AR). The main feature of the system is that the biomass trigger is not linked to a stock status evaluation, it is linked to the expected biomass when fishing at the target fishing mortality, in contrast to the current ICES approach. It also entailed that FMSY would also become an upper limit of fishing mortality and that the advised fishing mortality would be set at or lower than that level. WKREF2 did not discuss what to do in situations where SSB〈 Blim or alternative forms of HCR for the advice rule. Building community understanding and con- sensus around simplified and harmonised guidelines has yet to be achieved. A further workshop WKREF3 will be required to achieve that aim. The report includes 6 recommendations for ACOM consideration.

Beschreibung: ICES

Beschreibung: The main objective of the workshop was to review the recommendations of WKREF1 and con- sider how these might feed into a new reference points framework and guidelines for ICES. There were a number of presentations on the wider issues of best practice for reference points, the Allee effect, density dependence and the WKIRISH approach. The starting point was to try and develop a set of simplified and harmonised guidelines based on the WKREF1 report rather than evolving the current guidelines to include the WKREF1 conclusions. A key aspect of the meeting was to allow for discussions in order to build a shared understanding of the strengths and weakness of the current framework and of the new framework emerging from WKREF1.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Non Refereed

Beschreibung: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy (RE) transition in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries has been developed and applied to ten countries: Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, and Yemen. This report synthesises the results of these ten studies. The analysis shows that the state of the energy sector in the MENA region varies from country to country, but some underlying trends are present in all countries. In the majority of countries, energy prices are subsidised, and energy markets are mostly not liberalised. The energy demand in all analysed countries is growing and most grid systems are poorly interconnected across borders. Still, the expansion of RE in the MENA region can benefit from significant global progress and cost reductions in RE technologies. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is not the only key driver for energy transition. In fact, the main motives for transition are that RE can help to meet growing demand, reduce dependence on imports, increase energy security, and provide opportunities for economic development. All countries studied have RE targets. While some countries are on track to meet these targets, others need to increase their efforts to expand renewable electricity generation in order to meet their goals. Strong progress has been made in countries with limited fossil energy resources, while in some countries that produce and export large amounts of fossil energy resources, the energy transition is progressing rather slowly.

Beschreibung: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy (RE) transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Yemen. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. The transition towards REs is still at a quite early stage in Yemen. The military conflict has prevented the implementation of most of the planned large-scale renewable projects. The political instability, the high dependence on fossil fuels, and poor administrative performance are the most pressing concerns for Yemen's electricity sector. At an operational level, Yemen requires a total retrofit of the electricity infrastructure and needs to expand its overall capacity while improving its efficiencies. Despite these challenges, rebuilding the energy system after the political turmoil and the subsequent violent conflicts could offer Yemen the capability to transition towards renewables. This will provide short-term and long-term opportunities and avoid stranded investments in fossil-fuel capacities. The priority is to improve the framework conditions for RE in Yemen, starting with the development of a long-term strategy up to 2030 and beyond. Also, an appropriate and transparent legislation must be created. Furthermore, based on the legislation, clear regulations for REs must be introduced, and a realistic timeframe for expansion must be established in order to promote acceptance and market development on a large scale. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% RE are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Yemen's future energy system by providing an over-arching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.

Beschreibung: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy (RE) transition in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Lebanon. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. Lebanon's energy transition towards REs stands at a very early stage of the first transformation phase. Although abundant solar and wind energy potential does exist, the pathway towards a 100% renewables energy seems very challenging for Lebanon, as a consequence of highly unstable political conditions. The most pressing concern for Lebanon's electricity sector is combating the country's fiscal imbalance, while providing secure and reliable electricity supply. At the operational level, Lebanon's grid network requires significant investments to rebuild, retrofit, and expand the overall capacity and energy efficiency improvements. The need to strengthen the energy system after the political turmoil of the civil war is likely to offer several long-term opportunities, such as developing the economy, reducing environmental pollution, and increasing the energy security. In order to move forward into the first phase, Lebanon needs to improve the framework conditions for REs and implement its visions. It needs to support the market development in a realistic timeframe, where structural reforms represent the highest priority. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewables energy are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Lebanon's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.

Beschreibung: Die Forschung der FVEE-Institute zum Einsatz von klimaneutral erzeugtem Wasserstoff in der Industrie deckt sowohl technische Aspekte für einzelne Prozesse ab als auch systemanalytische Betrachtungen, die die Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Wasserstoff am einzelnen Standort oder für bestimmte Branchen in Deutschland bzw. Europa untersuchen. Die Motivation zum Einsatz von Wasserstoff ergibt sich aus drei Gründen: 1. In der stofflichen Verwendung wird Wasserstoff als Molekül benötigt und kann deshalb auch nicht durch andere Energieträger substituiert werden. So wird Wasserstoff bereits heute in großen Mengen in der Ammoniaksynthese (Haber-Bosch-Verfahren) sowie in den Raffinerien benötigt. 2. Eine weitere Verwendungsart für Wasserstoff ergibt sich aus seiner Fähigkeit, Sauerstoff aus Eisenerz chemisch zu binden. Beim Einsatz in Direktreduktionsanlagen kann Wasserstoff als Reduktionsmittel eingesetzt werden, um Eisenerz zu Roheisen zu reduzieren. 3. Als dritte Option gerät die energetische Verwendung von Wasserstoff in der Industrie zunehmend in den Fokus der energiepolitischen Debatten. Hier steht Wasserstoff in einem klimaneutralen System direkt in Konkurrenz zu anderen Energieträgern wie Strom und Biomasse.

Beschreibung: To increase seismic resilience is one of the challenges the developers of new technologies face to reduce seismic risk. We set up an augmented reality (AR) exhibition with which users’ curiosity was confronted with the opportunity to have a wealth of information on damaging earthquakes that could be a multimedia add-on to the plain “single-layer exhibit”. AR is an emergent technology developed to “augment” reality through various devices; it combines the real world with virtual items, such as images and videos. Our AR exhibition aims to: (i) show the effects of earthquakes even in cases of moderate magnitude; and (ii) promote preventive actions to reduce non-structural damage. It can be customized for different seismic scenarios. In addition, it offers a holistic approach to communicate problems and solutions—with the cost and degree of ease of execution for each solution—to reduce non-structural damage at home, school, and office. Our AR exhibition can do more than just a plain text or a preconceived video: it can trigger fruitful interaction between the presenters, or even the stand-alone poster, and the public. Such interactivity offers an easy engagement to people of all ages and cultural backgrounds. AR is, indeed, extremely flexible in raising recipients’ interest; moreover, it is an appealing tool for the digital native generations. The positive feedback received led us to conclude that this is an effective way to raise awareness and individual preparedness to seismic risk.

Beschreibung: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 332

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Das Energiesystem der Zukunft wird stark durch Elektrifizierung geprägt sein. Für die Langzeitspeicherung von Energie sowie für Bereiche, die sich nicht sinnvoll durch Strom defossilieren lassen, werden aber auch in Zukunft chemische Energieträger benötigt. Das Ziel der Klimaneutralität bedingt, dass diese Energieträger vollständig emissionsfrei aus erneuerbaren Energien (EE) hergestellt werden. Diese grünen Energieträger sind transportier- und handelbar, sodass sich ein internationaler Markt für grünen Wasserstoff und seine Folgeprodukte entwickeln wird. Derzeit gibt es diesen Markt noch nicht. Grüner Wasserstoff ist preislich noch nicht konkurrenzfähig gegenüber fossilen Brennstoffen. Den größten Anteil am Wasserstoffpreis haben die Kosten für die Elektrolyseanlage sowie die Kosten für die Strombereitstellung. Die besten Bedingungen für die Wasserstoffproduktion bieten daher EE-Standorte und Technologien mit hohen Volllaststundenzahlen, an denen auch der Elektrolyseur bei wenig EE-Abregelung auf viele Betriebsstunden kommt.

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Dowd, S., Chapman, M., Koehn, L., & Hoagland, P. The economic tradeoffs and ecological impacts associated with a potential mesopelagic fishery in the California Current. Ecological Applications, 32(4), (2022): e2578, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2578.

Beschreibung: The ocean's mesopelagic zone (200–1000 m) remains one of the most understudied parts of the ocean despite knowledge that mesopelagic fishes are highly abundant. Apex predators from the surface waters are known to consume these fishes, constituting an important ecological interaction. Some countries have begun exploring the potential harvest of mesopelagic fishes to supply fishmeal and fish oil markets due to the high fish abundance in the mesopelagic zone compared with overfished surface waters. This study explored the economic and ecological implications of a moratorium on the harvest of mesopelagic fishes such as lanternfish off the US West Coast, one of the few areas where such resources are managed. We adapted a bioeconomic decision model to examine the tradeoffs between the values gained from a hypothetical mesopelagic fishery with the potential values lost from declines in predators of mesopelagic fishes facing a reduced prey resource. The economic rationale for a moratorium on harvesting mesopelagics was sensitive both to ecological relationships and the scale of the nonmarket values attributed to noncommercial predators. Using a California Current-based ecological simulation model, we found that most modeled predators of mesopelagic fishes increased in biomass even under high mesopelagic harvest rates, but the changes (either increases or decreases) were small, with relatively few predators responding with more than a 10% change in their biomass. While the ecological simulations implied that a commercial mesopelagic fishery might not have large biomass impacts for many species in the California Current system, there is still a need to further explore the various roles of the mesopelagic zone in the ocean.

Beschreibung: Sally Dowd acknowledges sponsorship from the WHOI Summer Student Fellowship and the Rausser College of Natural Resources Honors Program at UC Berkeley. This project would not have been possible without the guidance provided by Kama Thieler and Carl Boettiger. Porter Hoagland acknowledges funding from the Audacious Project, a collaborative endeavor, housed at TED and the J. Seward Johnson Fund in support of the Marine Policy Center at WHOI.

Beschreibung: Der Diskurs um die Transformation des Energiesystems ist in den vergangenen Jahren vermehrt über wissenschaftlich fundierte Szenarien geführt worden, die aus verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Perspektiven in Auftrag gegeben wurden. Der Vergleich von vier im Jahr 2021 erschienenen Studien zeigt auf, wo weitgehende Einigkeit über die erforderlichen Strategien zur Erreichung der Klimaneutralität bis 2045 besteht, und wo die größten Differenzen liegen.

Beschreibung: Deutschland soll bis 2045 klimaneutral werden. So steht es im verschärften Klimaschutzgesetz, das im Juni 2021 vom Bundestag verabschiedet wurde. Die deutsche Industrie verursacht derzeit knapp ein Viertel der Treibhausgasemissionen, etwa ein Drittel davon entfällt auf die Eisen- und Stahlproduktion. Um das Klimaziel zu erreichen, müssen somit große CO2-Einsparungen in der Stahlindustrie realisiert werden.

Beschreibung: Das Ziel der Klimaneutralität bis zum Jahr 2045 stellt nicht zuletzt den Industriesektor vor erhebliche Herausforderungen. Für diesen Sektor werden teilweise sehr unterschiedliche Entwicklungspfade in Richtung Klimaneutralität beschrieben, wie ein Blick in verschiedene aktuelle Szenariostudien zeigt. Dennoch gibt es auch im Industriesektor bestimmte Emissionsminderungsstrategien, die in allen vorliegenden Szenarien als unverzichtbar angesehen werden.

Beschreibung: Um den Klimawandel begrenzen zu können, wird zunehmend der Einsatz von Direct Air Capture (DAC) zur Erzeugung von Negativemissionen diskutiert. Anhand von Kosten sowie dem Flächen-, Wasser- und Energieverbrauch werden in diesem Artikel mögliche Implementierungspfade der DAC-Technologie, aufbauend auf einem bestehenden Klimaneutralitätsszenario für Deutschland, analysiert. Während die technische Realisierung machbar sein sollte, stellt der hohe Flächen- und Energiebedarf eine kritische Größe dar.

Beschreibung: Die vorliegende Darstellung vergleicht fünf ausgewählte aktuelle Klimaschutzszenarien für Deutschland in Hinblick auf zentrale Entwicklungen im Energiesystem bis Mitte des Jahrhunderts. Die fünf Szenarien sind zwischen April und Oktober 2021 erschienen und beschreiben unterschiedliche Pfade, wie Klimaneutralität in Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2045 bzw. 2050 erreicht werden könnte. Die Szenarien wurden von verschiedenen Organisationen in Auftrag gegeben und von unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Instituten bzw. Beratungsunternehmen erarbeitet. Im vorliegenden Vergleich werden verschiedene Kenngrößen des Energiesystems auf Energieangebots- sowie Energienachfrageseite betrachtet. Die Gegenüberstellung der jeweiligen Entwicklungen in den Szenarien soll aufzeigen, in welchen Bereichen die Studien auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralität ähnliche Entwicklungen vorsehen und in welchen Bereichen es derzeit noch deutlich abweichende Vorstellungen über die genaue Ausgestaltung der Energiesystemtransformation gibt.

Beschreibung: On the basis of a literature research, this subtask develops a conceptional framework for a common understanding of CE within the project team and for the following work packages and tasks. After a brief introduction into the objectives and the context of a circular economy, a more elaborated look into the necessity of an explicit understanding of CE, the objectives, the spatial perspective of CE and the specific challenges within the CICERONE context will be done, in order to develop a basis for a common understanding within the project context. Circular economy can and has to be understood as an (eco-)innovation agenda. Therefore, the paper investigates the role policy has to play to support innovation for a CE transition, for creating the framework conditions and why CE has also to be build from the ground up. Finally, the paper looks from two perspectives at emerging trends and business models in a CE to sketch next steps towards the transition in a selection of central sectors. Conclusions are drawn on the basis of the insights gained by the preceding chapters.