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  • Other Sources  (42)
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  • Geozon Science Media  (10)
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  • 2015  (42)
  • 1
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    Environmental development and local human impact in the Jeetzel valley (N Germany) since 10 ka BP as detected by geoarchaeological analyses in a coupled aeolian and lacustrine sediment archive at Soven (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: While archaeological records indicate an intensive Mesolithic occupation of dune areas situated along river valleys, relatively little knowledge exists about environmental interactions in the form of land-use strategies and their possible local impacts. The combination of geoarchaeological, chronological, geochemical and palaeoecological research methods and their application both on a Mesoltihic site situated on top of a dune and the adjacent palaeochannel sediments allows for a detailed reconstruction of the local environmental development around the Soven site in the Jeetzel valley (Northern Germany) since ~10.5 ka cal BP. Based on the results, we identified four phases that may be related to local human impact twice during the Mesolithic, the Neolithic and the Iron Ages and are discussed on the backdrop of the regional settlement history. Although nearby Mesolithic occupation is evident on archaeological grounds, the identification of synchronous impacts on the vegetation in the local environmental records remains tentative even in respect of the broad methodical spectrum applied. Vice versa, human impact is strongly indicated by palaeoecological and geochemical proxies during the Neolithic period, but cannot be connected to archaeological records in the area so far. A younger phase of human impact – probably consisting of seasonal livestock farming in the wetlands – is ascribed to the Iron Age economy and comprises local soil erosion, raised concentrations of phosphates and urease, and the facilitation of grazing related taxa.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; aeolian sand ; pollen ; mesolithic ; iron age ; charcoal ; human impact ; OSL ; Neolithisation
    Language: English
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 2
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    Periglaziäre, polygonal-verzweigte rinnenförmige Bildungen und glazitektonische Strukturen in Saale-Till am Elbe-Urstomtalrand bei Wedel (Schleswig-Holstein) (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Remarkable polygenetical structures were observed at a refinery rehabilitation site in Wedel/Holstein. The polygonal shaped, channel-like structures are incised in mid-Saalian clayey, chalk-rich till. They are symmetrically semicircular shaped and filled with calcareous, silty sands that can be interpreted as sandy reworked till with aeolian components. The width reaches from approx. 0.3 to 1.5 metres, the depth up to approx. 0.8 metres. Horizontal cracks up to more than 10 meters in lengths, occurring as narrow belts of sand with reddish colour, are often centrally aligned in the channel-like structures. The present-day red colour is not natural but related to pollution. These belts reach down to the bottom of the channel like structures. At the lower site of the channel-like structures glacitectonic fissures with a width up to a few centimetres were to be traced into a depth of several metres to the basis of the excavat ion. The genesis of the channel-like structures is discussed. e. g. a possible relation with the pre-existing glacitectonic joints resp. the expected periglacial paleohydrogeological setting.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; periglacial channels ; Weichselian periglacial ; frost wedges ; glacitectonism ; paleohydrogeology ; talik ; Elbe spillway
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 3
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    Chronostratigraphy of the Hochterrassen in the lower Lech valley (Northern Alpine Foreland) (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Hochterrassen (High or Higher Terraces) are a prominent geomorphological feature of the Northern Alpine Foreland and have traditionally been attributed to the Rissian glaciation. However, distinct morphological sublevels observed for this feature have often raised the question of their age. This issue is exemplarily investigated here on the Langweider and Rainer Hochterrassen in the lower Lech valley using different relative and numerical dating techniques. The lowest sublevel, the Übergangsterrasse is only preserved in small patches at the western rim of the Rainer Hochterrasse and is most probably of early Würmian age. The sublevel of the Jüngere Hochterrasse is older than the Last Interglacial, as indicated by luminescence ages of overlying loess/palaeosol sequence and the development of a luvisol on top of the terrace gravel. This terrace is composed of stacked gravel units that represent at least two accumulation phases correlating with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 for the top gravel and MIS 7 to MIS 10 (or older) for the basal gravel. It is not yet clear, if the deposition of the basal gravel unit corresponds to one or more aggradation phases during the Middle Pleistocene. The highest sublevel, the Ältere Hochterrasse also shows a compositon of two stacked gravel units but so far, no numerical ages have been achieved for these units.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; northern alpine foreland ; middle pleistocene ; luminescence dating ; Hochterrassen ; fluvial terraces
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Late Pleistocene spotted hyena den sites and specialized rhinoceros scavengers in the karstified Zechstein areas of the Thuringian Mountains (Central Germany) (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss 1823) cranial and postcranial remains of the Pößneck region in the Zechstein Karst region of the Thuringian Mountains (Central Germany) were excavated historically in the Wüste Scheuer Cavity at Döbritz. Nearby, at the Krölpa gypsum karst open air site, additionally a woolly rhinoceros, partially scavenged by Ice Age spotted hyenas, was found. The amount at Wüste Scheuer Cavity includes chew damaged Coelodonta antiquitatis remains and is classified herein as communal den type. At both den/scavenging sites, only a small amount of prey material of Late Pleistocene megafauna of rare M. primigenius, mainly C. antiquitatis, E. c. przewalskii, and fewer B. priscus and R. tarandus was accumulated. The dominance of woolly rhinoceros, bison and Przewalski horse bones are typical for hyena bone assemblages in European low mountain regions, where mammoth was nearly absent as a result of topography. In the Thuringian Karst Mountains nine Late Pleistocene Ice Age spotted hyena den sites are identified. Solely hyena dens are present in Zechstein open air gypsum and limestone karstic regions of Bad Köstritz, Krölpa and Fuchsluken Cavities near Saalfeld. In the Wüste Scheuer their remains overlap with Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal human camp sites, similar as in the Ilsen Cave at Ranis and Lindenthal Cave in Gera, which demonstrates competition for prey and shelter cavities. At such cave sites, bone remains were historically misinterpreted as „solely of Neanderthal human kitchen rubbish” or even as “bone tools” (e.g. “bone scrapers” = woolly rhinoceros tibia bones chewed by hyenas).
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; late pleistocene ; Ice Age spotted hyenas ; den types ; Thuringian Mountains ; Central Germany
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Ein Uferprofil am Priesterbäker See: Slawenzeitlich-mittelalterliche Seespiegelschwankungen im Bereich der „Specker Seen“ (Mecklenburg) (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Eine durch einen Bodenschurf aufgeschlossene Boden-Sediment-Folge einer alten Seeterrasse im Einzugsgebiet des Priesterbäker Sees zeigt deutliche Fazieswechsel im Uferbereich des Gewässers. Die Abfolge von liegenden humosen Sanden, welche einen ehemaligen Verlandungssaum nachzeichnen, limnischen Sanden mit Bodenbildung und hangenden Flugsanden belegt Änderungen in der Sedimentation, welche mit säkularen Grundwasser- bzw. Seespiegelschwankungen zu erklären sind. Mit Hilfe von geophysikalischen Datierungen lassen sich gegenüber dem heutigen Niveau höhere Wasserstände für den Priesterbäker See bzw. die so genannten „Specker Seen“ östlich der Müritz während des 7.–9. und 12.–14. Jahrhunderts ableiten.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; seespiegelschwankungen ; mecklenburg ; Seeterrasse ; Priesterbäker See ; Slawenzeit
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 6
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    Weichselzeitliche Kryocalcite als Hinweise für Eisseen in der Hüttenbläserschachthöhle (Iserlohn/NRW) (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: C/O-stable isotope composition (VPDB) of speleothems from the Makkaronihalle of the Hüttenbläserschacht Cave in Iserlohn shows a clear separation between glacial and interglacial calcites. In contrast to normal speleothems (stalagmites, excentriques, crystals in cave ponds, draperies; δ18O: –4.0 to –6.1 ‰, δ13C: –4.9 to –10.9 ‰), rhombohedral crystal sinter and spherulitic speleoparticles are characterised by lower δ18O (–8.9 to –17.9 ‰) and higher δ13C values (+0.7 to –6.1 ‰). This suggests that these speleogenetic particles were formed in slowly freezing waterpools on ice during the transition from a stadial to an interstadial phase. Precise 230Th/U-dating shows younger Weichselian ages of 28.6 to 33.0 ka for these speleogenetic particles from north-west Germany. These formation periods indicate freezing conditions overlain by 34 m of hostrock and provide the minimum depth of permafrost penetration for the younger Weichselian in the area of the northern Sauerland (north-west Germany).
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; permafrost ; Cryogenic calcites ; C/O isotopes ; Upper Weichselian ; ice caves ; north-western Germany
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Spätsaalezeitliche und eemzeitliche Makrofaunen aus dem Kliffaufschluss Klein Klütz Höved (NW-Mecklenburg) (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: On the basis of the work done by Strahl et al. (1994), the mollusc specimens in the Late Saalian glacial and Eemian interglacial sediments from the cliff outcrop of Klein Klütz Höved (NW Mecklenburg) were re-examined and, in the process, a few vertebrates (fishes, micromammals) were also found. The mollusc specimens from the Late Saalian sand and mud alone comprise approximately 40 species among which terrestrial varieties, e.g. Succinella oblonga, Pupilla loessica, P. pratensis, Vallonia tenuilabris or Vertigo genesii, are clearly predominant as far as the number of individual specimens is concerned. Among the limnic varieties were also found the glacial index species Pisidium obtusale f. lapponicum and P. stewarti. It was also possible to prove the northern-most presence for Germany of the steppe lemming Lagurus lagurus in the Late Saalian. In the Eemian mud, the molluscs found were almost exclusively limnic. This about 20 species comprising fauna is characte-ristic of a river system with calmer areas, oxbow lakes and in-coming springs. These fluvial conditions were confirmed by the freshwater bivalves Pisidium amnicum, P. supinum, P. moitessierianum, P. ponderosum and Unio tumidus. For the first time in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, evidence was found of the spring snail Belgrandia germanica as an interglacial index species. The limnic-fluvial section of the Eemian is topped by a cryoturbate structures. Its sandy, gravelly pockets contain marine molluscs. The index species for the marine Eemian found in the southern Baltic region are Polititapes senescens and Bittium reticulatum.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; molluscs ; Saalian deposits ; limnic and marine Eemian facies ; Belgrandia germanica ; micromammals ; Lagurus lagurus ; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
    Language: German
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  • 8
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    Klima, Grundwassernutzung oder Waldbewirtschaftung? Ursachen tendenziell fallender Grundwasserstände am Beispiel Südwest-Usedoms (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Tendenziell fallende Grundwasserstände können vielfältige Ursachen haben, z.B. die Änderung der klimatischen Bedingungen, Modifikationen der Landnutzung oder die Entnahme von Grundwasser. Am Beispiel Südwest-Usedoms wird dargestellt, wie mögliche Einflussfaktoren analysiert und quantifiziert werden können. Für das Untersuchungsgebiet zeigte sich, dass die über Jahrzehnte gesunkenen Grundwasserstände überwiegend aus der Kahlschlagbewirtschaftung des Waldes resultieren und damit weniger einen Trend als eine überjährliche Schwankung ausweisen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; forest ; Sickerwasser ; Grundwasser ; Grundwasserneubildung ; Wald ; Landschaftswasserhaushalt ; Trend ; Grundwasserentnahme ; geohydraulisches Modell ; Landscape water regime ; Groundwater ; Groundwater recharge ; percolate water ; Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater modelling ; Geohydraulic model ; Grundwasserströmung ; Modellierung
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    Bw horizon in Holocene slope deposits (Kratzeburg, NE Germany) – dating and pedological characteristics (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: A soil-sediment sequence in NE Germany has provided information about the duration and intensity of formation of a Bw horizon in Holocene slope deposits. With a combination of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), 14C- and archaeological dating methods, colluvial layers taken from a former castle wall trench constructed during the Bronze Age were dated. With this chronology, the relative age of the postsedimentary Bw horizon formation within the colluvial sediments was derived, resulting in the first valid pedochronological data (maximum and minimum age) for a Holocene Bw horizon in NE Germany. The horizon was formed within 2400 years. Weathering and brunification have altered the Holocene parent material. However, the geochemical characteristics of the Holocene soil formation are weak compared to Bw horizons from the Late Glacial and the Late Glacial to Holocene. The results presented here enhance our understanding of soil formation processes in northern Germany, while highlighting the role of colluvial layers as sedimentological tracers of Holocene soil formation processes.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; holocene ; ne germany ; dating ; Bw horizon ; Slope deposits ; soil formation
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Holocene Vegetation and Land Use History in the Northern Vosges (France) (2015)
    Geozon Science Media
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: A radiocarbon-dated peat profile from Rond Pertuis supérieure mire in the uplands of the Northern Vosges is studied using palynological methods. The profile dates from the middle Atlantic period (4500–3100 B.C.) to recent times. During the middle of the Atlantic period an oak forest rich in pine covered the Northern Vosges. Fir and beech immigrated at the end of the Atlantic leading to the decline of oak and pine in the forest. This also marked the onset of decisive human influence on the development of the terrestrial vegetation. Five land use phases were detected, the first one at the end of the Neolithic period (~4000–2200 B.C.). Subsequently, continuous land use is evident from the Bronze Age (2200–800 B.C.) up to now. In the late Middle Ages (A.D. 900–1500) and the early Modern Era (since A.D. 1500), the woodlands were completely altered by human activities. During the 19th century modern forestry introduced spruce into the investigated area in the Northern Vosges. Spruce afforestation then accelerated in the middle of the 20th century.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; holocene ; pollen analysis ; france ; human impact ; Northern Vosges
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Estimation of Manganese Nodule Coverage Using Multi-Beam Amplitude Data (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 33 (4). pp. 283-288.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Description: Manganese nodule coverage is estimated based on multi-beam and deep-towed video nodule survey profiles of about 1,700 km in the China Pioneer Area of Eastern Pacific. Two statistical equations for estimating nodule coverage are derived separately from the multi-beam normal incidence amplitude data and angular amplitude data based on theoretical analysis of influence factors on multi-beam amplitude data. Predictions generated by the normal incidence amplitude model fall within 5% of real nodule coverage, and theoretically calculated angular amplitude data fits well with the original multi-beam amplitudes at incident angles larger than 20° according to nodule coverage estimated from the deep-towed video data.
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  • 12
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    New C13lipids from the marine-derived fungusTrichoderma harzianum (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 17 (5). pp. 468-474.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-04
    Description: Chemical examination of the fermentation broth of a sponge-associated fungus Trichoderma harzinum HMS-15-3 led to the isolation of four pairs of new C13 lipid enantiomers namely harzianumols A–H (1a–4b). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (IR, MS, 1D, and 2D NMR) data analysis, including the modified Mosher's method for the assignment of their absolute configurations. The new compounds were evaluated for antihyperlipidemic effects in HepG2 cells.
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  • 13
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    Parasitic copepods of marine fish cultured in Japan: a review (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Natural History, 49 (45-48). pp. 2891-2903.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-23
    Description: This paper reviews aspects of the biology of copepods infecting marine fish commercially cultured at fish farms or held as broodstock at governmental hatcheries in Japan. In total, 20 species of parasitic copepods have been reported from these fish: they are mostly caligids (12 spp.), followed by lernaeopodids (4 spp.), pennellid (1 sp.), chondracanthid (1 sp.), taeniacanthid (1 sp.), and unidentified species (1 sp.). The identified copepods are: Caligus fugu, C. lagocephalus, C. lalandei, C. latigenitalis, C. longipedis, C. macarovi, C. orientalis, C. sclerotinosus, C. spinosus, Lepeophtheirus longiventralis, L. paralichthydis, L. salmonis (Caligidae); Alella macrotrachelus, Clavella parva, Parabrachiella hugu, P. seriolae (Lernaeopodidae); Peniculus minuticaudae (Pennellidae); Acanthochondria priacanthi (Chondracanthidae); and Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Taeniacanthidae). The fish recorded as hosts include carangids (4 spp.), sparids (2 spp.), monacanthids (2 spp.), salmonids (2 spp.), scombrid (1 sp.), tetraodontid (1 sp.), pleuronectid (1 sp.), paralichthyid (1 sp.), and trichodontid (1 sp.). Only five species (C. orientalis, L. longiventralis, L. salmonis, C. parva and A. priacanthi) parasitize farmed fish in subarctic waters, while all other species (15 spp.) infect farmed fish in temperate waters. No information is yet available on copepods from fish farmed in subtropical waters. Three species of Caligus (C. fugu, C. sclerotinosus and C. longipedis) are serious pests in aquaculture of Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes), red seabream (Pagrus major), and striped jaw (Pseudocaranx dentex), respectively. Due to its one-host life cycle that is unique among pennellids, P. minuticaudae is considered as a potentially serious pest with further development of aquaculture of its filefish hosts, threadsail filefish (Stephanolepis cirrhifer) and black scraper (Thamnaconus modestus). Infection of farmed salmonids by L. salmonis is not a serious problem in Japan
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  • 14
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    Validation of SMOS sea ice thickness retrieval in the northern Baltic Sea (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Tellus A: Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 67 . p. 24617.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-03
    Description: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission observes brightness temperatures at a low microwave frequency of 1.4 GHz (L-band) with a daily coverage of the polar regions. L-band radiometry has been shown to provide information on the thickness of thin sea ice. Here, we apply a new emission model that has previously been used to investigate the impact of snow on thick Arctic sea ice. The model has not yet been used to retrieve ice thickness. In contrast to previous SMOS ice thickness retrievals, the new model allows us to include a snow layer in the brightness temperature simulations. Using ice thickness estimations from satellite thermal imagery, we simulate brightness temperatures during the ice growth season 2011 in the northern Baltic Sea. In both the simulations and the SMOS observations, brightness temperatures increase by more than 20 K, most likely due to an increase of ice thickness. Only if we include the snow in the model, the absolute values of the simulations and the observations agree well (mean deviations below 3.5 K). In a second comparison, we use high-resolution measurements of total ice thickness (sum of ice and snow thickness) from an electromagnetic (EM) sounding system to simulate brightness temperatures for 12 circular areas. While the SMOS observations and the simulations that use the EM modal ice thickness are highly correlated (r2=0.95), the simulated brightness temperatures are on average 12 K higher than observed by SMOS. This would correspond to an 8-cm overestimation of the modal ice thickness by the SMOS retrieval. In contrast, if the simulations take into account the shape of the EM ice thickness distributions (r2=0.87), the mean deviation between simulated and observed brightness temperatures is below 0.1 K.
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  • 15
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    Explicit Planktic Calcifiers in the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model, Version 2.9 (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Atmosphere-Ocean, 53 (3). pp. 332-350.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Description: Marine calcifiers as a plankton functional type (PFT) are a crucial part of the global carbon cycle, being responsible for much of the carbon export to the deep ocean entering via biological pathways. Deep ocean carbon export through calcifiers is controlled by physiological, ecological, and biogeochemical factors. This paper describes the implementation of a calcifying phytoplankton PFT in the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model, version 2.9 (UVic ESCM), and mechanistic improvements to the representation of model carbon export (a full calcite tracer, carbonate chemistry dependent calcite dissolution rates, and a ballasting scheme). An iterative method for stabilizing and tuning the biogeochemistry is furthermore described. The UVic ESCM now fills a niche in Earth system modelling that was previously unoccupied in that it is relatively inexpensive to run, yet resolves the complete Earth system carbon cycle including prognostic calcium carbonate and a separate phytoplankton calcifier PFT. The model is now well suited to testing feedbacks between the carbonate and carbon cycles and the climate system as transient simulations. The modifications described improve the UVic ESCM's mechanistic realism without compromising performance with respect to observed carbon and nutrient fluxes. Primary production, export production, particulate organic carbon, and calcite fluxes all fall within independently observed estimates.
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  • 16
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    Development of an interactive identification key for Oncaeidae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Natural History, 49 (45-48). pp. 2727-2741.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-11
    Description: The current state of development of an interactive electronic identification key for females of the marine pelagic microcopepod family Oncaeidae is presented. To date, 112 species have been described, allocated to seven genera (Archioncaea, Conaea, Epicalymma, Monothula, Oncaea s.str., Spinoncaea, and Triconia) and 16 species groups within the speciose paraphyletic taxon Oncaea s.l. Only two species of Oncaea s.l. show an uncertain group status. Of all described oncaeids, seven species are not yet included in the key due to inadequacies in morphological description and/or lack of type material for re-examination. In addition, seven morphologically distinct species and two new species groups are considered that have not yet been formally described. The key uses easily distinguishable morphological characters as far as possible (e.g. body size, proportional lengths of urosomites, length of P5 exopod) and includes more difficult characters (e.g. spine counts on swimming legs, proportional spine lengths) where required for unequivocal identification. The characters used in the key allow the identification of genera and species groups by investigators with limited taxonomic experience; species separation in most cases requires some advanced dissection skills. Potential identification problems caused by difficulties discerning minute morphological features or intraspecific morphometric variability are discussed. The present version of the identification key still requires complementary illustrations of character states and inclusion of fact sheets summarizing the characteristics of each species with notes on taxonomic uncertainties and links to databases providing zoogeographical and genetic information.
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  • 17
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    Nitrogen Fuelling of the Pelagic Food Web of the Tropical Atlantic (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (6). e0131258.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: We estimated the relative contribution of atmosphere (ic Nitrogen (N) input (wet and dry deposition and N fixation) to the epipelagic food web by measuring N isotopes of different functional groups of epipelagic zooplankton along 23°W (17°N-4°S) and 18°N (20-24°W) in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic. Results were related to water column observations of nutrient distribution and vertical diffusive flux as well as colony abundance of Trichodesmium obtained with an Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5). The thickness and depth of the nitracline and phosphocline proved to be significant predictors of zooplankton stable N isotope values. Atmospheric N input was highest (61% of total N) in the strongly stratified and oligotrophic region between 3 and 7°N, which featured very high depth-integrated Trichodesmium abundance (up to 9.4×104 colonies m-2), strong thermohaline stratification and low zooplankton δ15N (~2‰). Relative atmospheric N input was lowest south of the equatorial upwelling between 3 and 5°S (27%). Values in the Guinea Dome region and north of Cape Verde ranged between 45 and 50%, respectively. The microstructure-derived estimate of the vertical diffusive N flux in the equatorial region was about one order of magnitude higher than in any other area (approximately 8 mmol m-2 d 1). At the same time, this region received considerable atmospheric N input (35% of total). In general, zooplankton δ15N and Trichodesmium abundance were closely correlated, indicating that N fixation is the major source of atmospheric N input. Although Trichodesmium is not the only N fixing organism, its abundance can be used with high confidence to estimate the relative atmospheric N input in the tropical Atlantic (r2 = 0.95). Estimates of absolute N fixation rates are two- to tenfold higher than incubation-derived rates reported for the same regions. Our approach integrates over large spatial and temporal scales and also quantifies fixed N released as dissolved inorganic and organic N. In a global analysis, it may thus help to close the gap in oceanic N budgets.
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  • 18
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    World Squid Fisheries (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 23 (2). pp. 92-252.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-23
    Description: Some 290 species of squids comprise the order Teuthida that belongs to the molluscan Class Cephalopoda. Of these, about 30-40 squid species have substantial commercial importance around the world. Squid fisheries make a rather small contribution to world landings from capture fisheries relative to that of fish, but the proportion has increased steadily over the last decade, with some signs of recent leveling off. The present overview describes all substantial squid fisheries around the globe. The main ecological and biological features of exploited stocks, and key aspects of fisheries management are presented for each commercial species of squid worldwide. The history and fishing methods used in squid fisheries are also described. Special attention has been paid to interactions between squid fisheries and marine ecosystems including the effects of fishing gear, the role of squid in ecosystem change induced by overfishing on groundfish, and ecosystem-based fishery management.
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    Nitrate and Nitrite Variability at the Seafloor of an Oxygen Minimum Zone Revealed by a Novel Microfluidic In-Situ Chemical Sensor (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (7). e0132785.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Microfluidics, or lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a promising technology that allows the development of miniaturized chemical sensors. In contrast to the surging interest in biomedical sciences, the utilization of LOC sensors in aquatic sciences is still in infancy but a wider use of such sensors could mitigate the undersampling problem of ocean biogeochemical processes. Here we describe the first underwater test of a novel LOC sensor to obtain in situ calibrated time-series (up to 40 h) of nitrate+nitrite (ΣNOx) and nitrite on the seafloor of the Mauritanian oxygen minimum zone, offshore Western Africa. Initial tests showed that the sensor successfully reproduced water column (160 m) nutrient profiles. Lander deployments at 50, 100 and 170 m depth indicated that the biogeochemical variability was high over the Mauritanian shelf: The 50 m site had the lowest ΣNOx concentration, with 15.2 to 23.4 μM (median=18.3 μM); while at the 100 site ΣNOx varied between 21.0 and 30.1 μM over 40 hours (median = 25.1μM). The 170 m site had the highest median ΣNOx level (25.8 μM) with less variability (22.8 to 27.7 μM). At the 50 m site, nitrite concentration decreased fivefold from 1 to 0.2 μM in just 30 hours accompanied by decreasing oxygen and increasing nitrate concentrations. Taken together with the time series of oxygen, temperature, pressure and current velocities, we propose that the episodic intrusion of deeper waters via cross-shelf transport leads to intrusion of nitrate-rich, but oxygen-poor waters to shallower locations, with consequences for benthic nitrogen cycling. This first validation of an LOC sensor at elevated water depths revealed that when deployed for longer periods and as a part of a sensor network, LOC technology has the potential to contribute to the understanding of the benthic biogeochemical dynamics.
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    Identification of Habitat-Specific Biomes of Aquatic Fungal Communities Using a Comprehensive Nearly Full-Length 18S rRNA Dataset Enriched with Contextual Data (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (7). e0134377.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: Molecular diversity surveys have demonstrated that aquatic fungi are highly diverse, and that they play fundamental ecological roles in aquatic systems. Unfortunately, comparative studies of aquatic fungal communities are few and far between, due to the scarcity of adequate datasets. We combined all publicly available fungal 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences with new sequence data from a marine fungi culture collection. We further enriched this dataset by adding validated contextual data. Specifically, we included data on the habitat type of the samples assigning fungal taxa to ten different habitat categories. This dataset has been created with the intention to serve as a valuable reference dataset for aquatic fungi including a phylogenetic reference tree. The combined data enabled us to infer fungal community patterns in aquatic systems. Pairwise habitat comparisons showed significant phylogenetic differences, indicating that habitat strongly affects fungal community structure. Fungal taxonomic composition differed considerably even on phylum and class level. Freshwater fungal assemblage was most different from all other habitat types and was dominated by basal fungal lineages. For most communities, phylogenetic signals indicated clustering of sequences suggesting that environmental factors were the main drivers of fungal community structure, rather than species competition. Thus, the diversification process of aquatic fungi must be highly clade specific in some cases.The combined data enabled us to infer fungal community patterns in aquatic systems. Pairwise habitat comparisons showed significant phylogenetic differences, indicating that habitat strongly affects fungal community structure. Fungal taxonomic composition differed considerably even on phylum and class level. Freshwater fungal assemblage was most different from all other habitat types and was dominated by basal fungal lineages. For most communities, phylogenetic signals indicated clustering of sequences suggesting that environmental factors were the main drivers of fungal community structure, rather than species competition. Thus, the diversification process of aquatic fungi must be highly clade specific in some cases.
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    Establishing functional relationships between abiotic environment, macrophyte coverage, resource gradients and the distribution of Mytilus trossulus in a brackish non-tidal environment (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (8). e0136949.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-16
    Description: Benthic suspension feeding mussels are an important functional guild in coastal and estua-rine ecosystems. To date we lack information on how various environmental gradients and biotic interactions separately and interactively shape the distribution patterns of mussels in non-tidal environments. Opposing to tidal environments, mussels inhabit solely subtidal zone in non-tidal waterbodies and, thereby, driving factors for mussel populations are expected to differ from the tidal areas. In the present study, we used the boosted regression tree modelling (BRT), an ensemble method for statistical techniques and machine learning, in order to explain the distribution and biomass of the suspension feeding mussel Mytilus trossulus in the non-tidal Baltic Sea. BRT models suggested that (1) distribution patterns of M. trossulus are largely driven by separate effects of direct environmental gradients and partly by interactive effects of resource gradients with direct environmental gradients. (2) Within its suitable habitat range, however, resource gradients had an important role in shaping the biomass distribution of M. trossulus. (3) Contrary to tidal areas, mussels were not competitively superior over macrophytes with patterns indicating either facilitative interactions between mussels and macrophytes or co-variance due to common stressor. To conclude, direct environmental gradients seem to define the distribution pattern of M. trossulus, and within the favourable distribution range, resource gradients in interaction with direct environmental gradients are expected to set the biomass level of mussels.
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  • 22
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    Biodiversity, Anti-Trypanosomal Activity Screening, and Metabolomic Profiling of Actinomycetes Isolated from Mediterranean Sponges (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (9). e0138528.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: Marine sponge–associated actinomycetes are considered as promising sources for the discovery of novel biologically active compounds. In the present study, a total of 64 actinomycetes were isolated from 12 different marine sponge species that had been collected offshore the islands of Milos and Crete, Greece, eastern Mediterranean. The isolates were affiliated to 23 genera representing 8 different suborders based on nearly full length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Four putatively novel species belonging to genera Geodermatophilus, Microlunatus, Rhodococcus and Actinomycetospora were identified based on a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 〈 98.5% to currently described strains. Eight actinomycete isolates showed bioactivities against Trypanosma brucei brucei TC221 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values 〈20 μg/mL. Thirty four isolates from the Milos collection and 12 isolates from the Crete collection were subjected to metabolomic analysis using high resolution LC-MS and NMR for dereplication purposes. Two isolates belonging to the genera Streptomyces (SBT348) and Micromonospora (SBT687) were prioritized based on their distinct chemistry profiles as well as their anti-trypanosomal activities. These findings demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of utilizing metabolomics tools to prioritize chemically unique strains from microorganism collections and further highlight sponges as rich source for novel and bioactive actinomycetes.
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  • 23
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    Sea ice leads detection using SARAL/AltiKa altimeter (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Geodesy, 38 . pp. 522-533.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-23
    Description: Sea ice leads play an essential role in ocean-ice-atmosphere exchange, in ocean circulation, geochemistry and in ice dynamics. Their precise detection is crucial for altimetric estimations of sea ice thickness and volume. This study evaluates the performance of the SARAL/AltiKa altimeter to detect leads and to monitor their spatio-temporal dynamics. We show that a pulse peakiness parameter (PP) used to detect leads by Envisat RA-2 and ERS-1,-2 altimeters is not suitable because of saturation of AltiKa return echoes over the leads. The signal saturation results in loss of 6–10% of PP data over sea ice. We propose a different parameter: maximal power of waveform, and define the threshold to discriminate the leads. Our algorithm can be applied from December until May. It detects well the leads of small and medium size: from 200 m to 3–4 km. So, the combination of the high-resolution altimetric estimates with low-resolution thermal infra-red or radiometric lead fraction products could enhance the capability of remote sensing to monitor sea ice fracturing.
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  • 24
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    Detecting immediate wildfire impact on runoff in a poorly-gauged mountainous permafrost basin (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Hydrological Sciences Journal - Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques, 60 (7-8). pp. 1225-1241.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-24
    Description: The impact of fire on daily discharges from two mountainous basins located in the permafrost region of Eastern Siberia; the Vitimkan (969 km2) and Vitim rivers (18 200 km2), affected by fire over 78% and 49% of their areas, respectively, in 2003 was investigated. The results of hydrological and meteorological data analysis suggested that the Vitimkan River basin had a rapid and profound hydrological response to wildfire in 2003 expressed through an increased summer flow of 41% (133 mm). Conversely, the larger Vitim River basin showed no significant changes in discharges after the fire. The parameters of the process-based hydrological model Hydrograph were estimated for pre-fire conditions. The results of runoff simulations conducted for continuous pre-fire periods of 1966–2002 and 1970–2002 for the Vitimkan and Vitim River basins respectively on a daily time step showed satisfactory agreement with the observed flow series of both basins. Significant underestimation of precipitation and its poor representativeness for mountainous watersheds was revealed as the main cause of observed and simulated flow discrepancies, especially for high flood events. The set of dynamic parameters was developed based on data analysis and post-fire landscape changes as derived from a literature review. The model was applied to investigate the processes in the soil column and their effect on runoff formation during the post-fire period. The new set of model parameters implied intensification of soil thaw, reduction of infiltration rate and evapotranspiration, and increase of upper subsurface flow fraction in summer flood events following the fire. According to modelling results, the post-fire thaw depth exceeded the pre-fire thaw depth by 0.4–0.7 m. Total evapotranspiration reduced by 40% in summer months, while surface flow increased almost 2.5 times during maximum flood events.
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  • 25
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    Seasonal fluctuations in chemical defenses against macrofouling in Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus from the Baltic Sea (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 31 (4). pp. 363-377.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Macroalgae, especially perennial species, are exposed to a seasonally variable fouling pressure. It was hypothesized that macroalgae regulate their antifouling defense to fouling pressure. Over one year, the macrofouling pressure and the chemical anti-macrofouling defense strength of the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus were assessed with monthly evaluation. The anti-macrofouling defense was assessed by means of surface-extracted Fucus metabolites tested at near-natural concentrations in a novel in situ bioassay. Additionally, the mannitol content of both Fucus species was determined to assess resource availability for defense production. The surface chemistry of both Fucus species exhibited seasonal variability in attractiveness to Amphibalanus improvisus and Mytilus edulis. Of this variability, 50–60% is explained by a sinusoidal model. Only F. vesiculosus extracts originating from the spring and summer significantly deterred settlement of A. improvisus. The strength of macroalgal antifouling defense did not correlate either with in situ macrofouling pressure or with measured mannitol content, which, however, were never depleted.
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    Proteomic Analysis of Anti-Cancerous Scopularide Production by a Marine Microascus brevicaulis Strain and Its UV Mutant (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (10). e0140047.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The marine fungus Microascus brevicaulis strain LF580 is a non-model secondary metabolite producer with high yields of the two secondary metabolites scopularides A and B, which exhibit distinct activities against tumour cell lines. A mutant strain was obtained using UV mutagenesis, showing faster growth and differences in pellet formation besides higher production levels. Here, we show the first proteome study of a marine fungus. Comparative proteomics were applied to gain deeper understanding of the regulation of production and of the physiology of the wild type strain and its mutant. For this purpose, an optimised protein extraction protocol was established. In total, 4759 proteins were identified. The central metabolic pathway of strain LF580 was mapped using the KEGG pathway analysis and GO annotation. Employing iTRAQ labelling, 318 proteins were shown to be significantly regulated in the mutant strain: 189 were down- and 129 upregulated. Proteomics are a powerful tool for the understanding of regulatory aspects: The differences on proteome level could be attributed to limited nutrient availability in the wild type strain due to a strong pellet formation. This information can be applied for optimisation on strain and process level. The linkage between nutrient limitation and pellet formation in the non-model fungus M. brevicaulis is in consensus with the knowledge on model organisms like Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum
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    Synthetic communication signals influence wild harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) behaviour (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Bioacoustics, 24 (3). pp. 201-221.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: We used our novel and programmable Porpoise Alarm (PAL, patd.) to synthesize life-like, electronic harbour porpoise communication signals based on those described for captive animals. In the Little Belt, Denmark, we employed PAL (source level 158 ± 1 dB p–p re 1 μPa@1 m; centroid frequency 133 ± 8.5 kHz) to synthesize three aggressive click train types termed “A”, “F3” and “M1” to naive, free-living harbour porpoises. Via theodolite tracking (372 h of total visual effort spread over 10 expeditions) we found that, depending on signal type, porpoises either avoid or become attracted to PAL: Signal types “A” and “F3” are slight deterrents, porpoises increasing minimum range (+23 to 32 m, respectively), whereas “M1” attracts porpoises, reducing range (by − 29 m). As determined via archival acoustic detectors (AADs), both signals “F3” and “M1” led the animals to significantly intensify their click rate (by +10% and 68%, respectively) while signal “A” led to a significant reduction ( − 59%). We propose that equipping fishing gear with PAL emitting signal “F3” could potentially reduce porpoise by-catch by increasing (1) awareness through enhanced echolocation and (2) distance to the nets. Detection probability and radius of PAL/AAD tandems could be improved by emitting signal “M1” to focus porpoise echolocation signals on the AAD. The signal may also be useful in luring animals away from hazards, which may be helpful for conservation measures prior to the onset of harmful acoustic activities such as pile-driving, seismic exploration or ammunition clearance.
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    The structural importance of less abundant species in Prince William Sound food web (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution, 61 (2). pp. 77-89.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: Rarity of species is often considered to set priorities for biodiversity conservation. Less abundant species are expected to be at higher risk of extinction and make significant contribution to food web functioning. However, the relationship between species abundance and position in food webs is still unclear. Here we tested possible correlations between species abundance and structural position in Prince William Sound food web. Species abundance was inferred from biomass data and structural position was characterized by 13 centrality indices. We found that less abundant species have higher trophic positions and display more generalist feeding strategies. However, positive correlations link most of the centrality indices to population size. Thus, being locally rare translates into more peripheral food web positions and implies marginal roles in the spread of indirect effects. Species characterized by largest population size are responsible for the transfer of largest amounts of biomass and regulate the transmission of indirect effects. Less abundant species are of marginal structural importance and are exposed to impacts mediated by larger populations. In Prince William Sound ecosystem, rarity is associated with critical food web positions and does not simply reflect a marginal contribution to biodiversity. We suggest that knowing the food web position of rare species might help to formulate more effective, system-level solutions for their conservation, rather than simply focusing on the direct treatment of symptoms.
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    Long-Term Conditioning to Elevated pCO2 and Warming Influences the Fatty and Amino Acid Composition of the Diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (5). e0123945.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: The unabated rise in anthropogenic CO2 emissions is predicted to strongly influence the ocean's environment, increasing the mean sea-surface temperature by 4°C and causing a pH decline of 0.3 units by the year 2100. These changes are likely to affect the nutritional value of marine food sources since temperature and CO2 can influence the fatty (FA) and amino acid (AA) composition of marine primary producers. Here, essential amino (EA) and polyunsaturated fatty (PUFA) acids are of particular importance due to their nutritional value to higher trophic levels. In order to determine the interactive effects of CO2 and temperature on the nutritional quality of a primary producer, we analyzed the relative PUFA and EA composition of the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis cultured under a factorial matrix of 2 temperatures (14 and 19°C) and 3 partial pressures of CO2 (180, 380, 750 μatm) for 〉250 generations. Our results show a decay of ∼3% and ∼6% in PUFA and EA content in algae kept at a pCO2 of 750 μatm (high) compared to the 380 μatm (intermediate) CO2 treatments at 14°C. Cultures kept at 19°C displayed a ∼3% lower PUFA content under high compared to intermediate pCO2, while EA did not show differences between treatments. Algae grown at a pCO2 of 180 μatm (low) had a lower PUFA and AA content in relation to those at intermediate and high CO2 levels at 14°C, but there were no differences in EA at 19°C for any CO2 treatment. This study is the first to report adverse effects of warming and acidification on the EA of a primary producer, and corroborates previous observations of negative effects of these stressors on PUFA. Considering that only ∼20% of essential biomolecules such as PUFA (and possibly EA) are incorporated into new biomass at the next trophic level, thepotential impacts of adverse effects of ocean warming and acidification at the base of the food web may be amplified towards higher trophic levels, which rely on them as source of essential biomolecules.
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    Warming and Ocean Acidification Effects on Phytoplankton - From Species Shifts to Size Shifts within Species in a Mesocosm Experiment (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (5). e0125239.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: While the isolated responses of marine phytoplankton to climate warming and to ocean acidification have been studied intensively, studies on the combined effect of both aspects of Global Change are still scarce. Therefore, we performed a mesocosm experiment with a factorial combination of temperature (9 and 15°C) and pCO2 (means: 439 ppm and 1040 ppm) with a natural autumn plankton community from the western Baltic Sea. Temporal trajectories of total biomass and of the biomass of the most important higher taxa followed similar patterns in all treatments. When averaging over the entire time course, phytoplankton biomass decreased with warming and increased with CO2 under warm conditions. The contribution of the two dominant higher phytoplankton taxa (diatoms and cryptophytes) and of the 4 most important species (3 diatoms, 1 cryptophyte) did not respond to the experimental treatments. Taxonomic composition of phytoplankton showed only responses at the level of subdominant and rare species. Phytoplankton cell sizes increased with CO2 addition and decreased with warming. Both effects were stronger for larger species. Warming effects were stronger than CO2 effects and tended to counteract each other. Phytoplankton communities without calcifying species and exposed to short-term variation of CO2 seem to be rather resistant to ocean acidification.
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    The Application of DNA Barcodes for the Identification of Marine Crustaceans from the North Sea and Adjacent Regions (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (9). e0139421.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: During the last years DNA barcoding has become a popular method of choice for molecular specimen identification. Here we present a comprehensive DNA barcode library of various crustacean taxa found in the North Sea, one of the most extensively studied marine regions of the world. Our data set includes 1,332 barcodes covering 205 species, including taxa of the Amphipoda, Copepoda, Decapoda, Isopoda, Thecostraca, and others. This dataset represents the most extensive DNA barcode library of the Crustacea in terms of species number to date. By using the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), unique BINs were identified for 198 (96.6%) of the analyzed species. Six species were characterized by two BINs (2.9%), and three BINs were found for the amphipod species Gammarus salinus Spooner, 1947 (0.4%). Intraspecific distances with values higher than 2.2% were revealed for 13 species (6.3%). Exceptionally high distances of up to 14.87% between two distinct but monophyletic clusters were found for the parasitic copepod Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832, supporting the results of previous studies that indicated the existence of an overlooked sea louse species. In contrast to these high distances, haplotype-sharing was observed for two decapod spider crab species, Macropodia parva Van Noort & Adema, 1985 and Macropodia rostrata (Linnaeus, 1761), underlining the need for a taxonomic revision of both species. Summarizing the results, our study confirms the application of DNA barcodes as highly effective identification system for the analyzed marine crustaceans of the North Sea and represents an important milestone for modern biodiversity assessment studies using barcode sequences
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    Mini-review: Marine natural products and their synthetic analogs as antifouling compounds: 2009–2014 (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 31 (1). pp. 101-122.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-19
    Description: This review covers 214 marine natural compounds and 23 of their synthetic analogs, which were discovered and/or synthesized from mid-2009 to August 2014. The antifouling (AF) compounds reported have medium to high bioactivity (with a threshold of EC(50) 〈 15.0 mg ml(-1)). Among these compounds, 82 natural compounds were identified as new structures. All the compounds are marine-derived, demonstrating that marine organisms are prolific and promising sources of natural products that may be developed as environmentally friendly antifoulants. However, this mini-review excludes more than 200 compounds that were also reported as AF compounds but with rather weak bioactivity during the same period. Also excluded are terrestrial-derived AF compounds reported during the last five years. A brief discussion on current challenges in AF compound research is also provided to reflect the authors' own views in terms of future research directions.
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    Acute effects of extreme pH and its influences on the survival and biochemical biomarkers of juvenile White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 48 (6). pp. 417-429.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-09
    Description: The White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is reared in several types of systems. Changes in pH in some can produce sub-lethal effects that result in poor growth and survival. The aim of the present study was to detennine the acidic and basic pH 50% lethal limits after 96 h exposure (pH50_96 h) and to evaluate the sub-lethal effects of pH on oxidative stress parameters in juvenile L. vannamei. The experimental design comprised nine treatments with three replications of each. The nine treatments consisted of pH 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 7.0, 5.0, 4.5, 4.0 and 3.5. The treatment at 7.0 was used as the control. The sub~lethal pH tests were: basic pH 9.5, neutral pH 7.0 (control) and acidio pH 4.5. For each experimental pH and sampling point, the hemolymph of six shrimp was collected to determine catalase and glutathione S-transferase's activities and total antioxidant capacity. The values of lethat pH50 at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h for juvenile L. vannamei had basic pH values equal to 9.82, 9.62, 9.59 and 9.58 and acidic pH values of 3.86, 3.92, 3.94 and 4.04, respectively. The shrimp exposed to basic and acidic pH levels showed antioxidant responses with changes in antioxidant activity.
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    Observations on age and reproduction of the oceanic squidAncistrocheirus lesueurii(d’Orbigny, 1842) (Cephalopoda: Ancistrocheiridae) (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Natural History, 49 (21-24). pp. 1319-1325.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-02
    Description: Despite the importance of Ancistrocheirus lesueurii in the diet of a wide variety of oceanic predators, many aspects of its biology are unknown. We report new observations on the reproductive system of the species and provide age estimates of one normal and two intersexual males based on the number of increments in the statoliths. The age of the examined mature males was estimated to be more than 2 years, increasing the maximum age known for males of the species. Female A. lesueurii have specific modified areas for spermatangia reception in the nuchal region. The morphology of the right hectocotylized ventral arm and the relatively large spermatophore are also described.
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    The economics of Kappaphycus seaweed cultivation in developing countries : a comparative analysis of farming systems (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Aquaculture Economics & Management, 19 (2). pp. 251-277.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-19
    Description: The farming of the red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii and related species as raw material for the hydrocolloid carrageenan rapidly spread from the Philippines in the late 1960s to Indonesia, Tanzania, and other tropical countries around the world. Although numerous studies have documented positive socioeconomic impacts for seaweed farming, factors such as diseases and distance to export markets have led to an uneven development of the industry. Using standard budgeting techniques, this study adapted production and market data from a FAO-led global review of seaweed farming to develop comparative enterprise budgets for eight farming systems in six countries (Indonesia, the Philippines, Tanzania, India, Solomon Islands, and Mexico). Although the basic technology package is the same across countries, the study revealed large differences in the economic performance of systems due to wide variations in farm prices and the scale of operations. Although seaweed farming is a suitable activity for small-scale producers, a minimum of 2,000 m of cultures lines are still necessary to ensure adequate economic returns. Greater farming plots may be needed if farm prices are well below the average farm prices paid in Indonesia and the Philippines. Policy recommendations are made to improve the economic potential of underperforming systems.
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    The economics of Kappaphycus seaweed cultivation in developing countries: a comparative analysis of farming systems (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Aquaculture Economics & Management, 19 (2). pp. 251-277.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-11
    Description: The farming of the red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii and related species as raw material for the hydrocolloid carrageenan rapidly spread from the Philippines in the late 1960s to Indonesia, Tanzania, and other tropical countries around the world. Although numerous studies have documented positive socioeconomic impacts for seaweed farming, factors such as diseases and distance to export markets have led to an uneven development of the industry. Using standard budgeting techniques, this study adapted production and market data from a FAO-led global review of seaweed farming to develop comparative enterprise budgets for eight farming systems in six countries (Indonesia, the Philippines, Tanzania, India, Solomon Islands, and Mexico). Although the basic technology package is the same across countries, the study revealed large differences in the economic performance of systems due to wide variations in farm prices and the scale of operations. Although seaweed farming is a suitable activity for small-scale producers, a minimum of 2,000 m of cultures lines are still necessary to ensure adequate economic returns. Greater farming plots may be needed if farm prices are well below the average farm prices paid in Indonesia and the Philippines. Policy recommendations are made to improve the economic potential of underperforming systems.
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    A comparison of six different ballast water treatment systems based on UV radiation, electrochlorination and chlorine dioxide (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Environmental Technology, 36 (16). pp. 2094-2104.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Description: The spread of aquatic invasive species through ballast water is a major ecological and economical threat. Because of this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) set limits to the concentrations of organisms allowed in ballast water. To meet these limits, ballast water treatment systems (BWTSs) were developed. The main techniques used for ballast water treatment are ultraviolet (UV) radiation and electrochlorination (EC). In this study, phytoplankton regrowth after treatment was followed for six BWTSs. Natural plankton communities were treated and incubated for 20 days. Growth, photosystem II efficiency and species composition were followed. The three UV systems all showed similar patterns of decrease in phytoplankton concentrations followed by regrowth. The two EC and the chlorine dioxide systems showed comparable results. However, UV- and chlorine-based treatment systems showed significantly different responses. Overall, all BWTSs reduced phytoplankton concentrations to below the IMO limits, which represents a reduced risk of aquatic invasions through ballast water.
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    Study of the Shear Strength of Sediments in Main Sedimentation Stages (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 33 (6). pp. 556-566.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-23
    Description: The shear strength properties of sediments are relevant to many practical problems, including those related to predicting the bearing capacity of the man-made crust lying over dredged disposal sites and those associated with estimating the erosion resistance and the bearing capacity of sediments. In this study, an experimental apparatus and method is developed for sedimentation. This apparatus consists of a settling column, pore measurement apparatus, shear vane apparatus, and multilayer extraction sampling apparatus. The change regulation of interface height, density, excess pore pressure, peak undrained shear strength, residual undrained shear strength, and sensitivity varies before and after the excess pore pressure dissipates to zero in the self-weight consolidation stage. The higher the water content, the greater the particle segregation degree. Particles are mainly segregated in the settling stage, and they are not segregated further in the self-weight consolidation stage. Before excess pore pressure dissipates to zero in the self-weight consolidation stage, shear strength is related to water content, effective stress, and the formed structure of sediments. After excess pore pressure dissipates to zero, peak undrained shear strength is mainly associated with the structure (thixotropy) of sediments. Residual undrained shear strength increases because of the slight decrease in water content. The mechanisms of thixotropy can be expressed as the increase in the original and curing cohesions of sediments with time as determined from microscopic aspects.
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    On distribution, size and maturity of shortfin squids (Cephalopoda, Ommastrephidae) in the North Sea (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Biology Research, 11 (2). pp. 188-196.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-25
    Description: Cephalopods are important predators and key organisms in numerous marine ecosystems, but their abundance in the North Sea, one of the most productive shelf seas, seems to be low. Here we report on three Ommastrephidae (Illex coindetii, Todarodes sagittatus, and Todaropsis eblanae) that have been caught on several North Sea cruises between 2007 and 2010. T. eblanae was most abundant (n = 269 specimens), followed by I. coindetii (n = 95) and T. sagittatus (n = 51). We provide new information on their distribution patterns for summer and winter and relate the species abundances to sampling depth, temperature and salinity. Further information is given on the species size, distributions, maturation and possible spawning sites and times in the North Sea. Although occurring in relatively low numbers, our study suggests that Ommastrephidae are distributed throughout most parts of the northern and central North Sea, underpinning their constancy and potential influence on the ecosystem.
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    Effect of VariablepCO2on Ca2+Removal and Potential Calcification of Cyanobacterial Biofilms —An Experimental Microsensor Study (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Geomicrobiology Journal, 32 (3-4). pp. 304-315.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: Two different cyanobacterial biofilms from German karstwater creeks were investigated with respect to their photosynthetic effect on Ca2+ removal and potential CaCO3 precipitation in artificial creek waters of different CO2 partial pressures at a given, constant calcite supersaturation. CO2 partial pressures were adjusted to 350 ppmV, 2200 ppmV and 8700 ppmV respectively, covering the range of Phanerozoic atmospheric CO2 partial pressures inferred from palaeosoils, stomatal indices and model calculations. Microsensor measurements of calcium, pH and oxygen revealed differences in the potential to precipitate CaCO3 between the two model organisms Tychonema-relative strain SAG 2388 and Synechococcus sp. strain SAG 2387. Whereas a strong removal of Ca2+ from the solution was measured at Tychonema-relative biofilm, the Synechococcus sp. biofilm exercised a much lower Ca2+ removal during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis was enhanced in both organisms with increasing CO2 and HCO3−, as indicated by enhanced O2 production, but only for the motile filamentous taxon Tychonema-relative a concomitantly increasing calcium removal was measured. However, model calculations indicate that this short-term Ca2+ binding in the Tychonema-relative is due to complexation to exopolymers or oscillin, with no immediate CaCO3 precipitation. In contrast, Ca2+ and pH measurements at Synechococcus sp. biofilm could be consistent with immediate CaCO3 precipitation at the cells. In both biofilms, pH gradients increase with increasing pCO2 from 350 to 2200 ppmV due to enhanced photosynthesis, but decrease at a pCO2 of 8700 ppmV despite of further enhanced photosynthesis. This observation, regardless whether CO2 or HCO3− is used by the cyanobacteria, is in accordance with hydrochemical modeling demonstrating an increased DIC buffering at high pCO2 conditions. These results indicate that the potential of cyanobacteria to form spatially defined calcification pattern via pH gradients at their cell envelopes ('calcified cyanobacteria') increases at elevated pCO2, while at high pCO2 conditions Ca2+ binding and lowered pH microgradients lead to spatially diffuse calcification without defined cell envelope precipitates.
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    Aerobic Microbial Respiration In Oceanic Oxygen Minimum Zones (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Oxygen minimum zones are major sites of fixed nitrogen loss in the ocean. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox, in pelagic nitrogen removal. Sources of ammonium for the anammox reaction, however, remain controversial, as heterotrophic denitrification and alternative anaerobic pathways of organic matter remineralization cannot account for the ammonium requirements of reported anammox rates. Here, we explore the significance of microaerobic respiration as a source of ammonium during organic matter degradation in the oxygen-deficient waters off Namibia and Peru. Experiments with additions of double-labelled oxygen revealed high aerobic activity in the upper OMZs, likely controlled by surface organic matter export. Consistently observed oxygen consumption in samples retrieved throughout the lower OMZs hints at efficient exploitation of vertically and laterally advected, oxygenated waters in this zone by aerobic microorganisms. In accordance, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses identified genes encoding for aerobic terminal oxidases and demonstrated their expression by diverse microbial communities, even in virtually anoxic waters. Our results suggest that microaerobic respiration is a major mode of organic matter remineralization and source of ammonium (~45-100%) in the upper oxygen minimum zones, and reconcile hitherto observed mismatches between ammonium producing and consuming processes therein.
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    Exact and heuristic algorithms for the Travelling Salesman Problem with Multiple Time Windows and Hotel Selection (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-03
    Description: We introduce and study the Travelling Salesman Problem with Multiple Time Windows and Hotel Selection (TSP-MTWHS), which generalises the well-known Travelling Salesman Problem with Time Windows and the recently introduced Travelling Salesman Problem with Hotel Selection. The TSP-MTWHS consists in determining a route for a salesman (eg, an employee of a services company) who visits various customers at different locations and different time windows. The salesman may require a several-day tour during which he may need to stay in hotels. The goal is to minimise the tour costs consisting of wage, hotel costs, travelling expenses and penalty fees for possibly omitted customers. We present a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for this practical problem and a heuristic combining cheapest insert, 2-OPT and randomised restarting. We show on random instances and on real world instances from industry that the MlLP model can be solved to optimality in reasonable time with a standard MILP solver for several small instances. We also show that the heuristic gives the same solutions for most of the small instances, and is also fast, efficient and practical for large instances.
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