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  • Female  (64)
  • Binding Sites  (48)
  • Models, Molecular  (47)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (145)
  • 1990-1994  (145)
  • 1991  (145)
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Keywords
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (145)
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  • 1990-1994  (145)
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  • 1
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    Subtle cerebellar phenotype in mice homozygous for a targeted deletion of the En-2 homeobox (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-08
    Description: The two mouse genes, En-1 and En-2, that are homologs of the Drosophila segmentation gene engrailed, show overlapping spatially restricted patterns of expression in the neural tube during embryogenesis, suggestive of a role in regional specification. Mice homozygous for a targeted mutation that deletes the homeobox were viable and showed no obvious defects in embryonic development. This may be due to functional redundancy of En-2 and the related En-1 gene product during embryogenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, the mutant mice showed abnormal foliation in the adult cerebellum, where En-2, and not En-1, is normally expressed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joyner, A L -- Herrup, K -- Auerbach, B A -- Davis, C A -- Rossant, J -- HD25334/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS18381/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS20591/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 8;251(4998):1239-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1672471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cell Line ; Cerebellum/*anatomy & histology/embryology/pathology ; Chimera ; *Chromosome Deletion ; Female ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nervous System/embryology ; Phenotype
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Group I intron self-splicing with adenosine: evidence for a single nucleoside-binding site (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-04-19
    Description: For self-splicing of Tetrahymena ribosomal RNA precursor, guanosine binding is required for 5' splice-site cleavage and exon ligation. Whether these two reactions use the same or different guanosine-binding sites has been debated. A double mutation in a previously identified guanosine-binding site within the intron resulted in preference for adenosine (or adenosine triphosphate) as the substrate for cleavage at the 5' splice site. However, splicing was blocked in the exon ligation step. Blockage was reversed by a change from guanine to adenine at the 3' splice site. These results indicate that a single determinant specifies nucleoside binding for both steps of splicing. Furthermore, it suggests that RNA could form an active site specific for adenosine triphosphate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Been, M D -- Perrotta, A T -- GM-40689/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 19;252(5004):434-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Exons ; Guanosine/metabolism ; *Introns ; Magnesium/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Mutagenesis ; RNA Precursors/chemistry/genetics ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Catalytic/metabolism ; Tetrahymena/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Reproductive behavior and health in consanguineous marriages (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-10
    Description: In many regions of Asia and Africa, consanguineous marriages currently account for approximately 20 to 50% of all unions, and preliminary observations indicate that migrants from these areas continue to contract marriages with close relatives when resident in North America and Western Europe. Consanguinity is associated with increased gross fertility, due at least in part to younger maternal age at first livebirth. Morbidity and mortality also may be elevated, resulting in comparable numbers of surviving offspring in consanguineous and nonconsanguineous families. With advances in medicine and public health, genetic disorders will account for an increased proportion of disease worldwide. Predictably, this burden will fall more heavily on countries and communities in which consanguinity is strongly favored, as the result of the expression of deleterious recessive genes. However, studies conducted in such populations indicate that the adverse effects associated with inbreeding are experienced by a minority of families.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bittles, A H -- Mason, W M -- Greene, J -- Rao, N A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 10;252(5007):789-94.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉King's College, University of London.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2028254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Congenital Abnormalities/epidemiology ; *Consanguinity ; Female ; Humans ; India ; Infertility ; Marriage ; Maternal Age ; Parity ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Regression Analysis ; Sexual Behavior/*statistics & numerical data
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Identification of the DNA binding site for NGFI-B by genetic selection in yeast (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-31
    Description: An in vivo selection system for isolating targets of DNA binding proteins in yeast was developed and used to identify the DNA binding site for the NGFI-B protein, a member of the steroid-thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. The feasibility of the technique was verified by selecting DNA fragments that contained binding sites for GCN4, a well-characterized yeast transcriptional activator. The DNA binding domain of NGFI-B, expressed as part of a LexA-NGFI-B-GAL4 chimeric activator, was then used to isolate a rat genomic DNA fragment that contained an NGFI-B binding site. The NGFI-B response element (NBRE) is similar to but functionally distinct from elements recognized by the estrogen and thyroid hormone receptors and the hormone receptor-like proteins COUP-TF, CF1, and H-2RIIBP. Cotransfection experiments in mammalian cells demonstrated that NGFI-B can activate transcription from the NBRE with or without its putative ligand binding domain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, T E -- Fahrner, T J -- Johnston, M -- Milbrandt, J -- NS01018/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA49712/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 31;252(5010):1296-300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Fungal/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1 ; Plasmids ; *Protein Kinases ; Rats ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Receptors, Steroid ; Repressor Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *Serine Endopeptidases ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
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    Inhibition of Rap1A binding to cytochrome b558 of NADPH oxidase by phosphorylation of Rap1A (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: Rap1A is a low molecular weight guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein in human neutrophil membranes whose cellular function is unknown. Rap1A was found to form stoichiometric complexes with the cytochrome b558 component of the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system. The (guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-gamma-S)-bound form of Rap1A bound more tightly to cytochrome b558 than did the guanosine diphosphate-bound form. No complex formation was observed between cytochrome b558 and H-Ras-GTP-gamma-S or Rap1A-GTP-gamma-S that had been heat-inactivated, nor between Rap1A-GTP-gamma-S and hydrophobic proteins serving as controls. Complex formation between Rap1A-GTP-gamma-S and cytochrome b558 was inhibited by phosphorylation of Rap1A with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. These observations suggest that Rap1A may participate in the structure or regulation of the NADPH oxidase system and that this function of the Rap1A protein may be altered by phosphorylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bokoch, G M -- Quilliam, L A -- Bohl, B P -- Jesaitis, A J -- Quinn, M T -- 5RO126711/PHS HHS/ -- GM39434/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM44428/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1794-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Chromatography, Gel ; Cytochrome b Group/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/*metabolism ; NADPH Oxidase ; Neutrophils/enzymology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/isolation & purification/metabolism ; rap GTP-Binding Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Breast cancer: stalemate in the war on cancer (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1719-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*economics/prevention & control/therapy ; Female ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 7
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    Split anergy in a CD8+ T cell: receptor-dependent cytolysis in the absence of interleukin-2 production (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-08
    Description: Engagement of the antigen-specific receptor (TCR) of CD4+ T lymphocytes without a second (costimulatory) signal prevents the subsequent production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by these cells. Because IL-2 is a key immunoregulatory lymphokine and is also produced by a subset of CD8+ T cells that are able to kill target cells, the effect of engaging the TCR of one such clone in the absence of costimulatory signals was examined. The capacity for TCR-dependent IL-2 production was lost, indicating comparable costimulator-dependent signaling requirements for IL-2 production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, TCR-mediated cytotoxicity was not impaired, implying that costimulation is required for only certain TCR-dependent effector functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Otten, G R -- Germain, R N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 8;251(4998):1228-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1900952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Antigens, CD8 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/*immunology ; Female ; Interleukin-2/biosynthesis/*physiology ; Kinetics ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Rats ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*immunology ; Spleen/immunology/radiation effects ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Molecular nature of the Drosophila sex determination signal and its link to neurogenesis (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-01
    Description: In 1921 it was discovered that the sexual fate of Drosophila is determined by the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes. Only recently has it been found that the X chromosome to autosome (X:A) ratio is communicated in part by the dose of sisterless-b (sis-b), an X-linked genetic element located within the achaete-scute complex of genes involved in neurogenesis. In this report, the molecular nature of the primary sex determination signal and its relation to these proneural genes was determined by analysis of sis-b+ germline transformants. The sis-b+ function is confered by protein T4, a member of the helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. Although T4 is shared by sis-b and scute-alpha, the regulatory regions of sis-b, which control T4 expression in sex determination, are both separable from and simpler than those of scute-alpha, which control T4 expression in neurogenesis. Dose-sensitive cooperative interactions in the assembly or binding of sis-dependent transcription factors may directly determine the activity of the female-specific promoter of Sex-lethal, the master regulator of sexual development. In this model there is no need to invoke the existence of analogous autosomal negative regulators of Sex-lethal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erickson, J W -- Cline, T W -- GM 23468/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 1;251(4997):1071-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1900130" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Female ; Genes ; Genes, Lethal ; Male ; *Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Restriction Mapping ; *Sex Determination Analysis ; Transcription, Genetic ; X Chromosome/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Transducin activation by rhodopsin without a covalent bond to the 11-cis-retinal chromophore (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-01
    Description: Rhodopsin and the visual pigments are a distinct group within the family of G-protein-linked receptors in that they have a covalently bound ligand, the 11-cis-retinal chromophore, whereas all of the other receptors bind their agonists through noncovalent interactions. The retinal chromophore in rhodopsin is bound by means of a protonated Schiff base linkage to the epsilon-amino group of Lys-296. Two rhodopsin mutants have been constructed, K296G and K296A, in which the covalent linkage to the chromophore is removed. Both mutants form a pigment with an absorption spectrum close to that of the wild type when reconstituted with the Schiff base of an n-alkylamine and 11-cis-retinal. In addition, the pigment formed from K296G and the n-propylamine Schiff base of 11-cis-retinal was found to activate transducin in a light-dependent manner, with 30 to 40% of the specific activity measured for the wild-type protein. It appears that the covalent bond is not essential for binding of the chromophore or for catalytic activation of transducin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhukovsky, E A -- Robinson, P R -- Oprian, D D -- 5T32 GM07596-11/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- EY07965/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY007965/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- S07 RR07044/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 1;251(4993):558-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1990431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Protein Binding ; Retinaldehyde/*metabolism ; Rhodopsin/genetics/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Schiff Bases ; Spectrophotometry ; Transducin/*metabolism/radiation effects
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  • 10
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    Viruses in human cancers (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-22
    Description: Viruses may contribute to the development of human tumors by different mechanisms: indirectly by inducing immunosuppression or by modifying the host cell genome without persistence of viral DNA; directly by inducing oncoproteins or by altering the expression of host cell proteins at the site of viral DNA integration. Human cancers associated with papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus infections are responsible for approximately 15 percent of the worldwide cancer incidence. Cancer of the cervix and hepatocellular carcinoma account for about 80 percent of virus-linked cancers. Because experimental and epidemiologic data imply a causative role for viruses, particularly in cervical and liver cancer, viruses must be thought of as the second most important risk factor for cancer development in humans, exceeded only by tobacco consumption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉zur Hausen, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 22;254(5035):1167-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1659743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anus Neoplasms/microbiology ; Female ; Genital Neoplasms, Female/microbiology ; Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity ; Humans ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/microbiology ; Liver Neoplasms/microbiology ; Neoplasms/*microbiology ; *Oncogenic Viruses ; Papillomaviridae/pathogenicity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Improvements seen for RU-486 abortions (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maurice, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 11;254(5029):198, 200.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Abortion, Induced ; Female ; Humans ; Internationality ; Mifepristone/*therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; *Risk Assessment
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  • 12
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    Related RNA polymerase-binding regions in human RAP30/74 and Escherichia coli sigma 70 (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-23
    Description: RAP30/74 is a heteromeric general transcription initiation factor that binds to mammalian RNA polymerase II. The RAP30 subunit contains a region that is similar in amino acid sequence to the RNA polymerase-binding domain of the Escherichia coli transcription initiation factor sigma 70 (sigma 70). Mammalian RNA polymerase II specifically protected a serine residue in the sigma 70-related region of RAP30 from phosphorylation in vitro. In addition, human RAP30/74 bound to Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and was displaced by sigma 70. These results suggest that RAP30 and sigma 70 have functionally related RNA polymerase-binding regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCracken, S -- Greenblatt, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):900-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1652156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Centrifugation, Density Gradient ; Cyanogen Bromide ; Cyclic AMP/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli/*analysis/enzymology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; Sigma Factor/chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Transcription Factors, TFII ; Trypsin
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  • 13
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    Exchange of conduction pathways between two related K+ channels (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-22
    Description: The structure of the ion conduction pathway or pore of voltage-gated ion channels is unknown, although the linker between the membrane spanning segments S5 and S6 has been suggested to form part of the pore in potassium channels. To test whether this region controls potassium channel conduction, a 21-amino acid segment of the S5-S6 linker was transplanted from the voltage-activated potassium channel NGK2 to another potassium channel DRK1, which has very different pore properties. In the resulting chimeric channel, the single channel conductance and blockade by external and internal tetraethylammonium (TEA) ion were characteristic of the donor NGK2 channel. Thus, this 21-amino acid segment controls the essential biophysical properties of the pore and may form the conduction pathway of these potassium channels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartmann, H A -- Kirsch, G E -- Drewe, J A -- Taglialatela, M -- Joho, R H -- Brown, A M -- NS08805/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS23877/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS28407/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 22;251(4996):942-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2000495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Brain/physiology ; Chimera ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; Ion Channel Gating ; Membrane Potentials ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Oocytes/physiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Potassium Channels/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Rats ; Restriction Mapping ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Tetraethylammonium ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology ; Xenopus
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  • 14
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    Structure of a peptide inhibitor bound to the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-26
    Description: The structure of a 20-amino acid peptide inhibitor bound to the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and its interactions with the enzyme, are described. The x-ray crystal structure of the complex is the basis of the analysis. The peptide inhibitor, derived from a naturally occurring heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor, contains an amphipathic helix that is followed by a turn and an extended conformation. The extended region occupies the cleft between the two lobes of the enzyme and contains a five-residue consensus recognition sequence common to all substrates and peptide inhibitors of the catalytic subunit. The helical portion of the peptide binds to a hydrophobic groove and conveys high affinity binding. Loops from both domains converge at the active site and contribute to a network of conserved residues at the sites of magnesium adenosine triphosphate binding and catalysis. Amino acids associated with peptide recognition, nonconserved, extend over a large surface area.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knighton, D R -- Zheng, J H -- Ten Eyck, L F -- Xuong, N H -- Taylor, S S -- Sowadski, J M -- RR01644/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- T32CA09523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32DK07233/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 26;253(5018):414-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0654.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862343" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/*chemistry ; *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Kinases/*chemistry/metabolism ; X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 15
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    Interaction of the IL-2 receptor with the src-family kinase p56lck: identification of novel intermolecular association (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-14
    Description: In the interleukin-2 (IL-2) system, intracellular signal transduction is triggered by the beta chain of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R beta); however, the responsible signaling mechanism remains unidentified. Evidence for the formation of a stable complex of IL-2R beta and the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56lck is presented. Specific association sites were identified in the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain of p56lck and in the cytoplasmic domain of IL-2R beta. As a result of interaction, IL-2R beta became phosphorylated in vitro by p56lck. Treatment of T lymphocytes with IL-2 promotes p56lck kinase activity. These data suggest the participation of p56lck as a critical signaling molecule downstream of IL-2R via a novel interaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hatakeyama, M -- Kono, T -- Kobayashi, N -- Kawahara, A -- Levin, S D -- Perlmutter, R M -- Taniguchi, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 14;252(5012):1523-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2047859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Antigens, CD/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Interleukin-2/pharmacology ; Killer Cells, Natural/cytology/drug effects/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck) ; Lymphocytes/drug effects/*immunology ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection
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  • 16
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    A nonconservative serine to cysteine mutation in the sulfate-binding protein, a transport receptor (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-22
    Description: Serine 130 is one of seven residues that form a total of seven hydrogen bonds with the sulfate completely sequestered deep in the cleft between the two lobes of the bilobate sulfate-binding protein from Salmonella typhimurium. This residue has been replaced with Cys, Ala, and Gly by site-directed mutagenesis in an Escherichia coli expression system. Replacement with the isosteric Cys caused a 3200-fold decrease in the sulfate-binding activity relative to the wild-type activity, whereas replacement with Ala and Gly resulted in only 100- and 15-fold decreases, respectively. The effect of the Cys substitution is attributed largely to steric effect, whereas the Gly substitution more nearly reflects the loss of one hydrogen bond to the bound sulfate with a strength of only 1.6 kilocalories per mole.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, J J -- Quiocho, F A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 22;251(5000):1479-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1900953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Proteins ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Cysteine ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Models, Molecular ; *Periplasmic Binding Proteins ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Serine ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Sulfates/*chemistry ; Thermodynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Longitudinal studies of effects of divorce on children in Great Britain and the United States (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-07
    Description: National, longitudinal surveys from Great Britain and the United States were used to investigate the effects of divorce on children. In both studies, a subsample of children who were in two-parent families during the initial interview (at age 7 in the British data and at ages 7 to 11 in the U.S. data) were followed through the next interview (at age 11 and ages 11 to 16, respectively). At both time points in the British data, parents and teachers independently rated the children's behavior problems, and the children were given reading and mathematics achievement tests. At both time points in the U.S. data, parents rated the children's behavior problems. Children whose parents divorced or separated between the two time points were compared to children whose families remained intact. For boys, the apparent effect of separation or divorce on behavior problems and achievement at the later time point was sharply reduced by considering behavior problems, achievement levels, and family difficulties that were present at the earlier time point, before any of the families had broken up. For girls, the reduction in the apparent effect of divorce occurred to a lesser but still noticeable extent once preexisting conditions were considered.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cherlin, A J -- Furstenberg, F F Jr -- Chase-Lansdale, L -- Kiernan, K E -- Robins, P K -- Morrison, D R -- Teitler, J O -- HD25936/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 7;252(5011):1386-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2047851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Achievement ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Divorce/*psychology ; England ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Oxygen activation at the diiron center of ribonucleotide reductase (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Que, L Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 19;253(5017):273-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1857963" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Hemerythrin/metabolism ; Histidine ; Iron/*metabolism ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Theoretical ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Ribonucleotide Reductases/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    Structural features that give rise to the unusual stability of RNA hairpins containing GNRA loops (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: The most frequently occurring RNA hairpins in 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA contain a tetranucleotide loop that has a GNRA consensus sequence. The solution structures of the GCAA and GAAA hairpins have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both loops contain an unusual G-A base pair between the first and last residue in the loop, a hydrogen bond between a G base and a phosphate, extensive base stacking, and a hydrogen bond between a sugar 2'-end OH and a base. These interactions explain the high stability of these hairpins and the sequence requirements for the variant and invariant nucleotides in the GNRA tetranucleotide loop family.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heus, H A -- Pardi, A -- AI 27026/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 30726/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR03283/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):191-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1712983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Computer Graphics ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligoribonucleotides/chemistry ; RNA/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Thermodynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Name of the game? (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fox, C H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 6;253(5024):1075.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1887232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ethics, Professional ; Female ; Humans ; Laboratories/organization & administration ; Male ; Research Support as Topic ; Scientific Misconduct ; United States
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  • 21
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    Atomic structure of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica: a prototypic acetylcholine-binding protein (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-23
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica electric organ has been determined by x-ray analysis to 2.8 angstrom resolution. The form crystallized is the glycolipid-anchored homodimer that was purified subsequent to solubilization with a bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. The enzyme monomer is an alpha/beta protein that contains 537 amino acids. It consists of a 12-stranded mixed beta sheet surrounded by 14 alpha helices and bears a striking resemblance to several hydrolase structures including dienelactone hydrolase, serine carboxypeptidase-II, three neutral lipases, and haloalkane dehalogenase. The active site is unusual because it contains Glu, not Asp, in the Ser-His-acid catalytic triad and because the relation of the triad to the rest of the protein approximates a mirror image of that seen in the serine proteases. Furthermore, the active site lies near the bottom of a deep and narrow gorge that reaches halfway into the protein. Modeling of acetylcholine binding to the enzyme suggests that the quaternary ammonium ion is bound not to a negatively charged "anionic" site, but rather to some of the 14 aromatic residues that line the gorge.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sussman, J L -- Harel, M -- Frolow, F -- Oefner, C -- Goldman, A -- Toker, L -- Silman, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):872-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1678899" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/*metabolism ; Acetylcholinesterase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Chemistry, Physical ; Crystallization ; Electric Organ/*enzymology ; Glutamates ; Glutamic Acid ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Phosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; *Torpedo ; X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 22
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    Three-dimensional structures of the ligand-binding domain of the bacterial aspartate receptor with and without a ligand (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-12-09
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of an active, disulfide cross-linked dimer of the ligand-binding domain of the Salmonella typhimurium aspartate receptor and that of an aspartate complex have been determined by x-ray crystallographic methods at 2.4 and 2.0 angstrom (A) resolution, respectively. A single subunit is a four-alpha-helix bundle with two long amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal helices and two shorter helices that form a cylinder 20 A in diameter and more than 70 A long. The two subunits in the disulfide-bonded dimer are related by a crystallographic twofold axis in the apo structure, but by a noncrystallographic twofold axis in the aspartate complex structure. The latter structure reveals that the ligand binding site is located more than 60 A from the presumed membrane surface and is at the interface of the two subunits. Aspartate binds between two alpha helices from one subunit and one alpha helix from the other in a highly charged pocket formed by three arginines. The comparison of the apo and aspartate complex structures shows only small structural changes in the individual subunits, except for one loop region that is disordered, but the subunits appear to change orientation relative to each other. The structures of the two forms of this protein provide a step toward understanding the mechanisms of transmembrane signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Milburn, M V -- Prive, G G -- Milligan, D L -- Scott, W G -- Yeh, J -- Jancarik, J -- Koshland, D E Jr -- Kim, S H -- AI 30725/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK09765/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 29;254(5036):1342-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1660187" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Aspartic Acid/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Disulfides/analysis ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; *Receptors, Amino Acid ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*chemistry/metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium/metabolism ; X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 23
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    Solution structure of FKBP, a rotamase enzyme and receptor for FK506 and rapamycin (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-10
    Description: Immunophilins, when complexed to immunosuppressive ligands, appear to inhibit signal transduction pathways that result in exocytosis and transcription. The solution structure of one of these, the human FK506 and rapamycin binding protein (FKBP), has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). FKBP has a previously unobserved antiparallel beta-sheet folding topology that results in a novel loop crossing and produces a large cavity lined by a conserved array of aromatic residues; this cavity serves as the rotamase active site and drug-binding pocket. There are other significant structural features (such as a protruding positively charged loop and an apparently flexible loop) that may be involved in the biological activity of FKBP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michnick, S W -- Rosen, M K -- Wandless, T J -- Karplus, M -- Schreiber, S L -- GM-30804/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-38627/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- I-S10-RR04870/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 10;252(5007):836-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1709301" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*ultrastructure ; Crystallography ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Polyenes/metabolism ; Sirolimus ; Tacrolimus ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 24
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    Crystal structure of defensin HNP-3, an amphiphilic dimer: mechanisms of membrane permeabilization (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-03-22
    Description: Defensins (molecular weight 3500 to 4000) act in the mammalian immune response by permeabilizing the plasma membranes of a broad spectrum of target organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. The high-resolution crystal structure of defensin HNP-3 (1.9 angstrom resolution, R factor 0.19) reveals a dimeric beta sheet that has an architecture very different from other lytic peptides. The dimeric assembly suggests mechanisms by which defensins might bind to and permeabilize the lipid bilayer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, C P -- Yee, J -- Selsted, M E -- Eisenberg, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 22;251(5000):1481-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Eisenberg, Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2006422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Blood Proteins/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Crystallography ; Defensins ; Guinea Pigs ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Protein Conformation ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; X-Ray Diffraction ; *alpha-Defensins
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  • 25
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    Fatal sibling aggression, precocial development, and androgens in neonatal spotted hyenas (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: Fatal neonatal sibling aggression is common in predatory birds but has not been previously reported in wild mammals. Spotted hyena females are strongly masculinized, both anatomically and behaviorally, apparently by high levels of androgens during ontogeny. Neonates display elevated androgen levels, precocial motor development, and fully erupted front teeth. Litters are usually twins, and siblings fight violently at birth, apparently leading to the death of one sibling in same-sex litters, whereas in mixed-sex litters both siblings usually survive.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frank, L G -- Glickman, S E -- Licht, P -- MH39917/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):702-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2024122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aggression/*physiology ; Androgens/*blood ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Carnivora/*physiology ; Dentition ; Female ; Male ; Motor Activity/physiology ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sex Ratio ; Sibling Relations ; Tooth Eruption/physiology
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  • 26
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    Similarity of protein G and ubiquitin (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kraulis, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 25;254(5031):581-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1658931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Immunoglobulin G ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Protein Conformation ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Ubiquitins/*chemistry/genetics
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  • 27
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    Oh, for a normal brain! (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 1;254(5032):648.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Autopsy ; Brain/anatomy & histology/pathology/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Reference Values
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  • 28
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    Biology and homosexuality (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 1;254(5032):630.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; Female ; *Homosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior/*physiology
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  • 29
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    Specific DNA binding by c-Myb: evidence for a double helix-turn-helix-related motif (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-06
    Description: The c-Myb protein is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein that activates transcription in hematopoietic cells. Three imperfect repeats (R1, R2, and R3) that contain regularly spaced tryptophan residues form the DNA binding domain of c-Myb. A fragment of c-Myb that contained the R2 and R3 regions bound specifically to a DNA sequence recognized by c-Myb plus ten additional base pairs at the 3' end of the element. The R2R3 fragment was predicted to contain two consecutive helix-turn-helix (HTH) motifs with unconventional turns. Mutagenesis of amino acids in R2R3 at positions that correspond to DNA-contacting amino acids in other HTH-containing proteins abolished specific DNA binding without affecting nonspecific DNA interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gabrielsen, O S -- Sentenac, A -- Fromageot, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 6;253(5024):1140-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Ingenierie des Proteines, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1887237" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chickens ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Oncogenes ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Conformation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Restriction Mapping ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Another sex survey bites the dust (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moffat, A S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1483.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1896855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; *Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Sexual Behavior ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control ; United States
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    Triplex DNA finally comes of age (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moffat, A S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 7;252(5011):1374-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2047850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; DNA/*chemistry ; DNA Replication ; Genes, myc ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    FISHing cuts the angst in amniocentesis (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 18;254(5030):378-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; *Genetic Techniques ; Humans ; *Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis/*methods ; Time Factors
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    Feminist group dissents on RU-486 use for abortion (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 11;254(5029):199.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Abortion, Induced ; Female ; Humans ; Mifepristone/*therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; United States
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    Characterization of a human TAR RNA-binding protein that activates the HIV-1 LTR (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-29
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene expression is activated by Tat, a virally encoded protein. Tat trans-activation requires viral (trans-activation--responsive; TAR) RNA sequences located in the R region of the long terminal repeat (LTR). Existing evidence suggests that Tat probably cooperates with cellular factors that bind to TAR RNA in the overall trans-activation process. A HeLa complementary DNA was isolated and characterized that encodes a TAR RNA-binding protein (TRBP). TRBP activated the HIV-1 LTR and was synergistic with Tat function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gatignol, A -- Buckler-White, A -- Berkhout, B -- Jeang, K T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 29;251(5001):1597-600.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2011739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics ; Endoribonucleases/genetics ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Gene Products, tat/metabolism ; *HIV Long Terminal Repeat ; HIV-1/*genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Plasmids ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; *RNA-Binding Proteins ; Ribonuclease III ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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    Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: nucleotide binding to a synthetic peptide (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-01
    Description: Multiple mutations in the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis are located within a region predicted to encode a nucleotide-binding fold in the amino terminal half of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein. A 67-amino acid peptide (P-67) that corresponds to the central region of this putative nucleotide binding site was chemically synthesized and purified. This peptide bound adenine nucleotides. The apparent dissociation constants (Kd's) for the trinitrophenyl (TNP) adenine nucleotides, TNP-adenosine triphosphate, TNP-adenosine diphosphate, and TNP-adenosine monophosphate, were 300 nanomolar, 200 nanomolar, and greater than 1 micromolar, respectively. The Kd for adenosine triphosphate was 300 micromolar. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to show that P-67 assumes a predominantly beta sheet structure in solution, a finding that is consistent with secondary structure predictions. On the basis of this information, the phenylalanine at position 508, which is deleted in approximately 70 percent of individuals with cystic fibrosis, was localized to a beta strand within the nucleotide binding peptide. Deletion of this residue is predicted to induce a significant structural change in the beta strand and altered nucleotide binding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, P J -- Shenbagamurthi, P -- Ysern, X -- Pedersen, P L -- CA 10951/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 1;251(4993):555-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1703660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine Nucleotides/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cystic Fibrosis/*genetics/metabolism ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data
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    Engineered metal-binding proteins: purification to protein folding (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arnold, F H -- Haymore, B L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 28;252(5014):1796-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1648261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/isolation & purification ; Cytochrome c Group/chemistry ; Histidine ; Ligands ; Metals/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Engineering
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    Convergence of Ets- and notch-related structural motifs in a heteromeric DNA binding complex (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-16
    Description: Analysis of the heteromeric DNA binding protein GABP has revealed the interaction of two distinct peptide sequence motifs normally associated with proteins located in different cellular compartments. The alpha subunit of GABP contains an 85-amino acid segment related to the Ets family of DNA binding proteins. The ETS domain of GABP alpha facilitates weak binding to DNA and, together with an adjacent segment of 37 amino acids, mediates stable interaction with GABP beta. The beta subunit of GABP contains four imperfect repeats of a sequence present in several transmembrane proteins including the product of the Notch gene of Drosophila melanogaster. These amino-terminal repeats of GABP beta mediate stable interaction with GABP alpha and, when complexed with GABP alpha, directly contact DNA. These observations provide evidence for a distinct biochemical role for the 33-amino acid repeats, and suggest that they may serve as a module for the generation of specific dimerization interfaces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, C C -- Brown, T A -- McKnight, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):762-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21210.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1876833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; GA-Binding Protein Transcription Factor ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Multigene Family ; Nuclear Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Oligonucleotides/chemistry ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/metabolism
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    New role found for a common protein "motif" (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):742.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1831563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ankyrins ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Blood Proteins/*chemistry ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Binding ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transcription Factors/chemistry
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    First protein kinase structure (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 26;253(5018):383.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carrier Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry ; *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Kinases/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Whom do yew trust? (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Langreth, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 28;252(5014):1780.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1676541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkaloids/*isolation & purification/therapeutic use ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/*isolation & purification ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy ; Oregon ; Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Paclitaxel ; Trees ; United States
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    Unraveling the genetics of fragile X syndrome (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 24;252(5009):1070.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2031180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Chromosome Mapping ; Female ; Fragile X Syndrome/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; *Mutation ; X Chromosome
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    Research on animals: unforseen benefits (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morrison, A R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 11;254(5029):176.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Humans ; Neuroblastoma/diagnosis ; *Research ; Thoracic Neoplasms/diagnosis
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    The brain as "sexual organ" (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 30;253(5023):957-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1887226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Corpus Callosum/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Male ; Rats ; *Sex Characteristics
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    The three-dimensional structure of canine parvovirus and its functional implications (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-03-22
    Description: The three-dimensional atomic structure of a single-stranded DNA virus has been determined. Infectious virions of canine parvovirus contain 60 protein subunits that are predominantly VP-2. The central structural motif of VP-2 has the same topology (an eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel) as has been found in many other icosahedral viruses but represents only about one-third of the capsid protein. There is a 22 angstrom (A) long protrusion on the threefold axes, a 15 A deep canyon circulating about each of the five cylindrical structures at the fivefold axes, and a 15 A deep depression at the twofold axes. By analogy with rhinoviruses, the canyon may be the site of receptor attachment. Residues related to the antigenic properties of the virus are found on the threefold protrusions. Some of the amino termini of VP-2 run to the exterior in full but not empty virions, which is consistent with the observation that some VP-2 polypeptides in full particles can be cleaved by trypsin. Eleven nucleotides are seen in each of 60 symmetry-related pockets on the interior surface of the capsid and together account for 13 percent of the genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsao, J -- Chapman, M S -- Agbandje, M -- Keller, W -- Smith, K -- Wu, H -- Luo, M -- Smith, T J -- Rossmann, M G -- Compans, R W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 22;251(5000):1456-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2006420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, Viral/chemistry ; Capsid/ultrastructure ; Crystallography ; DNA, Viral/ultrastructure ; Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Parvoviridae/*ultrastructure ; Virion/ultrastructure ; Virus Replication ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Atomic structure of FKBP-FK506, an immunophilin-immunosuppressant complex (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-10
    Description: The structure of the human FK506 binding protein (FKBP), complexed with the immunosuppressant FK506, has been determined to 1.7 angstroms resolution by x-ray crystallography. The conformation of the protein changes little upon complexation, but the conformation of FK506 is markedly different in the bound and unbound forms. The drug's association with the protein involves five hydrogen bonds, a hydrophobic binding pocket lined with conserved aromatic residues, and an unusual carbonyl binding pocket. The nature of this complex has implications for the mechanism of rotamase catalysis and for the biological actions of FK506 and rapamycin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Duyne, G D -- Standaert, R F -- Karplus, P A -- Schreiber, S L -- Clardy, J -- CA-24487/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM-38627/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 10;252(5007):839-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1709302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*ultrastructure ; Humans ; *Immunosuppressive Agents ; Molecular Structure ; Tacrolimus ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Abortion stirs the neuroscience gumbo (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 25;254(5031):514.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Abortion, Legal ; *Ethics, Professional ; Female ; Humans ; Louisiana ; *Neurology ; Pregnancy ; *Societies, Scientific ; United States
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    A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-30
    Description: The anterior hypothalamus of the brain participates in the regulation of male-typical sexual behavior. The volumes of four cell groups in this region [interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH) 1, 2, 3, and 4] were measured in postmortem tissue from three subject groups: women, men who were presumed to be heterosexual, and homosexual men. No differences were found between the groups in the volumes of INAH 1, 2, or 4. As has been reported previously, INAH 3 was more than twice as large in the heterosexual men as in the women. It was also, however, more than twice as large in the heterosexual men as in the homosexual men. This finding indicates that INAH is dimorphic with sexual orientation, at least in men, and suggests that sexual orientation has a biological substrate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉LeVay, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 30;253(5023):1034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92186.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1887219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus/*anatomy & histology/cytology ; Female ; *Homosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Optic Chiasm/anatomy & histology ; Sexual Behavior/*physiology
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    Membrane-mediated assembly of filamentous bacteriophage Pf1 coat protein (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-31
    Description: Filamentous bacteriophage Pf1 assembles by a membrane-mediated process during which the viral DNA is secreted through the membrane while being encapsulated by the major coat protein. Neutron diffraction studies showed that in the virus most of the coat protein consists of two alpha-helical segments arranged end-to-end with an intervening mobile surface loop. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the coat protein in the membrane-bound form have shown that the secondary structure is essentially identical to that in the intact virus. A comparison indicates that during membrane-mediated viral assembly, while the secondary structure of the coat protein is largely conserved, its tertiary structure changes substantially.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nambudripad, R -- Stark, W -- Opella, S J -- Makowski, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 31;252(5010):1305-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Boston University, MA 02215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925543" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophages/chemistry ; Capsid/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Capsid Proteins ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Structure ; Neutrons ; Protein Conformation
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    Dynamic tracking of cardiac vulnerability by complex demodulation of the T wave (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-04-19
    Description: A link is found between T wave alternans and vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation, and a new approach is provided for quantification of susceptibility to malignant arrhythmias. Complex demodulation reveals that alternation of the electrocardiogram is concentrated during the first half of the T wave, coinciding with the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. During myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, there are marked increases in the degree of T wave alternans that parallel the established time course of changes in vulnerability. The influence of the sympathetic nervous system in arrhythmogenesis is also accurately detected. Ultimately, complex demodulation of the electrocardiogram could provide a technique for identification and management of individuals at risk for sudden cardiac death.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nearing, B D -- Huang, A H -- Verrier, R L -- HL-33567/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 19;252(5004):437-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Constriction ; Coronary Vessels ; Dogs ; Electric Stimulation ; *Electrocardiography ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; Heart Conduction System/*physiopathology ; Kinetics ; Male ; Mathematics ; Reperfusion ; Ventricular Fibrillation/*physiopathology
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    Tissue-specific splicing in vivo of the beta-tropomyosin gene: dependence on an RNA secondary structure (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-06-28
    Description: The beta-tropomyosin gene in chicken contains two mutually exclusive exons (exons 6A and 6B) which are used by the splicing apparatus in myogenic cells, respectively, before (myoblast stage) and after (myotube stage) differentiation. The myoblast splicing pattern is shown to depend on multiple sequence elements that are located in the upstream intron and in the exon 6B and that exert a negative control over exon 6B splicing. This regulation of splicing is due, at least in part, to a secondary structure of the primary transcript, which limits in vivo the accessibility of exon 6B in myoblasts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Libri, D -- Piseri, A -- Fiszman, M Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 28;252(5014):1842-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2063196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chickens ; Exons ; Introns ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscles/physiology ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA Precursors/*genetics ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Tropomyosin/*genetics
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    Is homosexuality biological? (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 30;253(5023):956-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1887225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; *Homosexuality ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/cytology/*physiology ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior/*physiology
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    Sexism charged by Stanford physician (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-06-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 14;252(5012):1484.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2047855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; Female ; Humans ; *Neurosurgery ; *Prejudice ; Schools, Medical ; *Women
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    Using immunity to block conception (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-03-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 1;251(4997):1020-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1998115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Contraception/*methods ; Egg Proteins/immunology ; Female ; Male ; Spermatozoa/immunology ; Vaccines
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    Proliferative breast disease: diagnosis and implications (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Page, D L -- Dupont, W D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):915-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1876848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biopsy, Needle ; Breast Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Cytodiagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperplasia
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    Three-dimensional structure of the LDL receptor-binding domain of human apolipoprotein E (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-06-28
    Description: Human apolipoprotein E, a blood plasma protein, mediates the transport and uptake of cholesterol and lipid by way of its high affinity interaction with different cellular receptors, including the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. The three-dimensional structure of the LDL receptor-binding domain of apoE has been determined at 2.5 angstrom resolution by x-ray crystallography. The protein forms an unusually elongated (65 angstroms) four-helix bundle, with the helices apparently stabilized by a tightly packed hydrophobic core that includes leucine zipper-type interactions and by numerous salt bridges on the mostly charged surface. Basic amino acids important for LDL receptor binding are clustered into a surface patch on one long helix. This structure provides the basis for understanding the behavior of naturally occurring mutants that can lead to atherosclerosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, C -- Wardell, M R -- Weisgraber, K H -- Mahley, R W -- Agard, D A -- HL-41633/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 28;252(5014):1817-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0448.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2063194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Apolipoproteins E/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Computer Graphics ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, LDL/*metabolism ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Structure of a legume lectin with an ordered N-linked carbohydrate in complex with lactose (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-08
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of the lactose complex of the Erythrina corallodendron lectin (EcorL), a dimer of N-glycosylated subunits, was determined crystallographically and refined at 2.0 angstrom resolution to an R value of 0.19. The tertiary structure of the subunit is similar to that of other legume lectins, but interference by the bulky N-linked heptasaccharide, which is exceptionally well ordered in the crystal, forces the EcorL dimer into a drastically different quaternary structure. Only the galactose moiety of the lactose ligand resides within the combining site. The galactose moiety is oriented differently from ligands in the mannose-glucose specific legume lectins and is held by hydrophobic interactions with Ala88, Tyr106, Phe131, and Ala218 and by seven hydrogen bonds, four of which are to the conserved Asp89, Asn133, and NH of Gly107. The specificity of legume lectins toward the different C-4 epimers appears to be associated with extensive variations in the outline of the variable parts of the binding sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shaanan, B -- Lis, H -- Sharon, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 8;254(5033):862-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948067" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Computer Simulation ; Erythrina ; Glycosylation ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Lectins/*chemistry ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligosaccharides ; Plant Lectins ; Plants, Medicinal ; Protein Conformation ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Atomic structure of adenosine deaminase complexed with a transition-state analog: understanding catalysis and immunodeficiency mutations (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-31
    Description: The crystal structure of a murine adenosine deaminase complexed with 6-hydroxyl-1,6-dihydropurine ribonucleoside, a nearly ideal transition-state analog, has been determined and refined at 2.4 angstrom resolution. The structure is folded as an eight-stranded parallel alpha/beta barrel with a deep pocket at the beta-barrel COOH-terminal end wherein the inhibitor and a zinc are bound and completely sequestered. The presence of the zinc cofactor and the precise structure of the bound analog were not previously known. The 6R isomer of the analog is very tightly held in place by the coordination of the 6-hydroxyl to the zinc and the formation of nine hydrogen bonds. On the basis of the structure of the complex a stereoselective addition-elimination or SN2 mechanism of the enzyme is proposed with the zinc atom and the Glu and Asp residues playing key roles. A molecular explanation of a hereditary disease caused by several point mutations of an enzyme is also presented.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, D K -- Rudolph, F B -- Quiocho, F A -- CA14030/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 31;252(5010):1278-84.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Deaminase/*chemistry/deficiency/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallization ; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/*enzymology/genetics ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Structure ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Purine Nucleosides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ribonucleosides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Zinc/metabolism
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    Variable effects of phosphorylation of Pit-1 dictated by the DNA response elements (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-08-16
    Description: Pit-1, a tissue-specific POU domain transcription factor, is required for the activation of the prolactin, growth hormone, and Pit-1 promoters that confer regulation by epidermal growth factor, adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), and phorbol esters. Pit-1 is phosphorylated in pituitary cells at two distinct sites in response to phorbol esters and cAMP. Phosphorylation of Pit-1 modifies its conformation on DNA recognition elements and results in increased binding at certain sites and decreased binding at other sites, dependent on DNA sequences adjacent to the core Pit-1 binding motif. One residue (Thr220), located in the POU homeodomain within a sequence conserved throughout the POU-domain family, confers these responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kapiloff, M S -- Farkash, Y -- Wegner, M -- Rosenfeld, M G -- DK 18477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):786-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Eukaryotic Regulatory Biology Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0648.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1652153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Cyclic AMP/pharmacology ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Mapping ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Pituitary Gland/*physiology ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Transcription Factor Pit-1 ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*physiology ; Trypsin
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    NMR studies of the structure and dynamics of membrane-bound bacteriophage Pf1 coat protein (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-31
    Description: Filamentous bacteriophage coat protein undergoes a remarkable structural transition during the viral assembly process as it is transferred from the membrane environment of the cell, where it spans the phospholipid bilayer, to the newly extruded virus particles. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies show the membrane-bound form of the 46-residue Pf1 coat protein to be surprisingly complex with five distinct regions. The secondary structure consists of a long hydrophobic helix (residues 19 to 42) that spans the bilayer and a short amphipathic helix (residues 6 to 13) parallel to the plane of the bilayer. The NH2-terminus (residues 1 to 5), the COOH-terminus (residues 43 to 46), and residues 14 to 18 connecting the two helices are mobile. By comparing the structure and dynamics of the membrane-bound coat protein with that of the viral form as determined by NMR and neutron diffraction, essential features of assembly process can be identified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shon, K J -- Kim, Y -- Colnago, L A -- Opella, S J -- AI20770-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM34343-06/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RR-02301/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 31;252(5010):1303-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Capsid/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Capsid Proteins ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Lipid Bilayers/metabolism ; *Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Structure ; Protein Conformation
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    Effect of light chain V region duplication on IgG oligomerization and in vivo efficacy (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: A human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody oligomer was isolated from a transfected myeloma cell line that produced a monoclonal antibody to group B streptococci. Compared to the IgG1 monomer, the oligomer was significantly more effective at protecting neonatal rats from infection in vivo. The oligomer was also shown to cross the placenta and to be stable in neonatal rats. Immunochemical analysis and complementary DNA sequencing showed that the transfected cell line produced two distinct kappa light chains: a normal light chain (Ln) with a molecular mass of 25 kilodaltons and a 37-kilodalton species (L37), the domain composition of which was variable-variable-constant (V-V-C). Cotransfection of vectors encoding the heavy chain and L37 resulted in production of oligomeric IgG.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shuford, W -- Raff, H V -- Finley, J W -- Esselstyn, J -- Harris, L J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):724-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immune Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute-Seattle, WA 98121.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis/immunology/pharmacokinetics ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis/immunology/pharmacokinetics ; Cell Line ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive ; Immunoglobulin G/*biosynthesis/genetics/immunology ; Immunoglobulin M/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/*biosynthesis/genetics/immunology ; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/*biosynthesis/genetics/immunology ; Macromolecular Substances ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Multiple Myeloma ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Streptococcal Infections/prevention & control ; Streptococcus agalactiae/immunology ; Transfection
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    Healy gets off to a fast start (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palca, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 31;252(5010):1242-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Administrative Personnel ; Budgets ; Female ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Politics ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; Women's Health
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    Long-range structure in ribonuclease P RNA (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-11-08
    Description: Phylogenetic-comparative and mutational analyses were used to elucidate the structure of the catalytically active RNA component of eubacterial ribonuclease P (RNase P). In addition to the refinement and extension of known structural elements, the analyses revealed a long-range interaction that results in a second pseudoknot in the RNA. This feature strongly constrains the three-dimensional structure of RNase P RNA near the active site. Some RNase P RNAs lack this structure but contain a unique, possibly compensating, structural domain. This suggests that different RNA structures located at different positions in the sequence may have equivalent architectural functions in RNase P RNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haas, E S -- Morse, D P -- Brown, J W -- Schmidt, F J -- Pace, N R -- GM34527/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 8;254(5033):853-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1719634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacillus subtilis/enzymology/genetics ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Endoribonucleases/*genetics ; Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA, Bacterial/*genetics ; RNA, Catalytic/*genetics ; Ribonuclease P
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    The anion paradox in sodium taste reception: resolution by voltage-clamp studies (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-01
    Description: Sodium salts are potent taste stimuli, but their effectiveness is markedly dependent on the anion, with chloride yielding the greatest response. The cellular mechanisms that mediate this phenomenon are not known. This "anion paradox" has been resolved by considering the field potential that is generated by restricted electrodiffusion of the anion through paracellular shunts between taste-bud cells. Neural responses to sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium gluconate were studied while the field potential was voltage-clamped. Clamping at electronegative values eliminated the anion effect, whereas clamping at electropositive potentials exaggerated it. Thus, field potentials across the lingual epithelium modulate taste reception, indicating that the functional unit of taste reception includes the taste cell and its paracellular microenvironment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ye, Q -- Heck, G L -- DeSimone, J A -- DC00122/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 1;254(5032):724-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0551.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948054" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anions ; Chemoreceptor Cells/physiology ; Epithelium/physiology ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Models, Biological ; Mouth Mucosa/innervation/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; *Sodium ; *Sodium Chloride ; Taste/*physiology ; Tongue/*innervation
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    Mutations affecting internal TEA blockade identify the probable pore-forming region of a K+ channel (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-02-22
    Description: The active site of voltage-activated potassium channels is a transmembrane aqueous pore that permits ions to permeate the cell membrane in a rapid yet highly selective manner. A useful probe for the pore of potassium-selective channels is the organic ion tetraethylammonium (TEA), which binds with millimolar affinity to the intracellular opening of the pore and blocks potassium current. In the potassium channel encoded by the Drosophila Shaker gene, an amino acid residue that specifically affects the affinity for intracellular TEA has now been identified by site-directed mutagenesis. This residue is in the middle of a conserved stretch of 18 amino acids that separates two locations that are both near the external opening of the pore. These findings suggest that this conserved region is intimately involved in the formation of the ion conduction pore of voltage-activated potassium channels. Further, a stretch of only eight amino acid residues must traverse 80 percent of the transmembrane electric potential difference.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yellen, G -- Jurman, M E -- Abramson, T -- MacKinnon, R -- GM4399/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 22;251(4996):939-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2000494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Drosophila/genetics ; Genes ; Membrane Potentials ; Models, Structural ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Potassium Channels/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Tetraethylammonium ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/*pharmacology
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    Zinc finger-DNA recognition: crystal structure of a Zif268-DNA complex at 2.1 A (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-10
    Description: The zinc finger DNA-binding motif occurs in many proteins that regulate eukaryotic gene expression. The crystal structure of a complex containing the three zinc fingers from Zif268 (a mouse immediate early protein) and a consensus DNA-binding site has been determined at 2.1 angstroms resolution and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 18.2 percent. In this complex, the zinc fingers bind in the major groove of B-DNA and wrap part way around the double helix. Each finger has a similar relation to the DNA and makes its primary contacts in a three-base pair subsite. Residues from the amino-terminal portion of an alpha helix contact the bases, and most of the contracts are made with the guanine-rich strand of the DNA. This structure provides a framework for understanding how zinc fingers recognize DNA and suggests that this motif may provide a useful basis for the design of novel DNA-binding proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pavletich, N P -- Pabo, C O -- GM-31471/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 10;252(5007):809-17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2028256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Crystallography ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/isolation & purification/physiology ; Early Growth Response Protein 1 ; *Immediate-Early Proteins ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/isolation & purification/physiology ; Zinc Fingers/*physiology
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    Baltimore throws in the towel (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamilton, D P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 10;252(5007):768, 770.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1851328" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; Federal Government ; Female ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Male ; *Publishing ; *Scientific Misconduct ; Social Responsibility ; United States ; United States Office of Research Integrity
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    Structurally homologous ligand binding of integrin Mac-1 and viral glycoprotein C receptors (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-11-22
    Description: Three spatially distant surface loops were found to mediate the interaction of the coagulation protein factor X with the leukocyte integrin Mac-1. This interacting region, which by computational modeling defines a three-dimensional macromotif in the catalytic domain, was also recognized by glycoprotein C (gC), a factor X receptor expressed on herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected endothelial cells. Peptidyl mimicry of each loop inhibited factor X binding to Mac-1 and gC, blocked monocyte generation of thrombin, and prevented monocyte adhesion to HSV-infected endothelium. These data link the ligand recognition of Mac-1 to established mechanisms of receptor-mediated vascular injury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Altieri, D C -- Etingin, O R -- Fair, D S -- Brunck, T K -- Geltosky, J E -- Hajjar, D P -- Edgington, T S -- HL 46408/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL 16411/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL 43773/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 22;254(5035):1200-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1957171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding, Competitive ; Cell Line ; Factor X/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ligands ; Macrophage-1 Antigen/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*metabolism
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    Mechanism for regulating cell surface distribution of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in polarized epithelial cells (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-11-08
    Description: Restriction of sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K(+)-ATPase) to either the apical or basal-lateral membrane domain of polarized epithelial cells is fundamental to vectorial ion and solute transport in many tissues and organs. A restricted membrane distribution of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells was found experimentally to be generated by preferential retention of active enzyme in the basal-lateral membrane domain and selective inactivation and loss from the apical membrane domain, rather than by vectorial targeting of newly synthesized protein from the Golgi complex to the basal-lateral membrane domain. These results show how different distributions of the same subunits of Na+,K(+)-ATPase may be generated in normal polarized epithelial and in disease states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hammerton, R W -- Krzeminski, K A -- Mays, R W -- Ryan, T A -- Wollner, D A -- Nelson, W J -- GM 35527/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 8;254(5033):847-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5426.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1658934" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Communication ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*enzymology/physiology ; *Cell Polarity ; Dogs ; Epithelium/enzymology/physiology ; Kinetics ; Ouabain/metabolism ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/*metabolism
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    Structural basis for the activation of glycogen phosphorylase b by adenosine monophosphate (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-11-29
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of the activated state of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) as induced by adenosine monophosphate (AMP) has been determined from crystals of pyridoxalpyrophosphoryl-GP. The same quaternary changes relative to the inactive conformation as those induced by phosphorylation are induced by AMP, although the two regulatory signals function through different local structural mechanisms. Moreover, previous descriptions of the phosphorylase active state have been extended by demonstrating that, on activation, the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of GP rotate apart by 5 degrees, thereby increasing access of substrates to the catalytic site. The structure also reveals previously unobserved interactions with the nucleotide that accounts for the specificity of the nucleotide binding site for AMP in preference to inosine monophosphate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sprang, S R -- Withers, S G -- Goldsmith, E J -- Fletterick, R J -- Madsen, N B -- R01 DK26081/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK31507/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 29;254(5036):1367-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9050.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1962195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Monophosphate/*pharmacology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Enzyme Activation ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylase b/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Pyridoxal Phosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Women and AIDS (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavkin, W -- Cohen, J -- Ehrhardt, A A -- Fullilove, M T -- Worth, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jan 25;251(4992):359-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1989069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; United States/epidemiology
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    Activity and distribution of binding sites in brain of a nonpeptide substance P (NK1) receptor antagonist (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-01-25
    Description: CP-96,345, a nonpeptide substance P antagonist, is selective for the tachykinin NK1 receptor. The compound binds to a single population of sites in guinea pig brain and potently inhibits substance P-induced excitation of locus ceruleus neurons. CP-96,345 should be a useful tool for studying the action of substance P in the central nervous system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLean, S -- Ganong, A H -- Seeger, T F -- Bryce, D K -- Pratt, K G -- Reynolds, L S -- Siok, C J -- Lowe, J A 3rd -- Heym, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jan 25;251(4992):437-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Central Research Division, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1703324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Autoradiography ; Binding Sites ; Binding, Competitive ; Biphenyl Compounds/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Brain/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Guinea Pigs ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Receptors, Neurokinin-1 ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/*antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Receptors, Tachykinin ; Spectrophotometry ; Substance P/metabolism ; Tachykinins/metabolism
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    Identity elements for specific aminoacylation of yeast tRNA(Asp) by cognate aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-21
    Description: The nucleotides crucial for the specific aminoacylation of yeast tRNA(Asp) by its cognate synthetase have been identified. Steady-state aminoacylation kinetics of unmodified tRNA transcripts indicate that G34, U35, C36, and G73 are important determinants of tRNA(Asp) identity. Mutations at these positions result in a large decrease (19- to 530-fold) of the kinetic specificity constant (ratio of the catalytic rate constant kcat and the Michaelis constant Km) for aspartylation relative to wild-type tRNA(Asp). Mutation to G10-C25 within the D-stem reduced kcat/Km eightfold. This fifth mutation probably indirectly affects the presentation of the highly conserved G10 nucleotide to the synthetase. A yeast tRNA(Phe) was converted into an efficient substrate for aspartyl-tRNA synthetase through introduction of the five identity elements. The identity nucleotides are located in regions of tight interaction between tRNA and synthetase as shown in the crystal structure of the complex and suggest sites of base-specific contacts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Putz, J -- Puglisi, J D -- Florentz, C -- Giege, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 21;252(5013):1696-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2047878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aspartate-tRNA Ligase/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Computer Graphics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Fungal/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Asp/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity ; *Transfer RNA Aminoacylation
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    Targets for cell cycle arrest by the immunosuppressant rapamycin in yeast (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-08-23
    Description: FK506 and rapamycin are related immunosuppressive compounds that block helper T cell activation by interfering with signal transduction. In vitro, both drugs bind and inhibit the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) proline rotamase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells treated with rapamycin irreversibly arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. An FKBP-rapamycin complex is concluded to be the toxic agent because (i) strains that lack FKBP proline rotamase, encoded by FPR1, were viable and fully resistant to rapamycin and (ii) FK506 antagonized rapamycin toxicity in vivo. Mutations that conferred rapamycin resistance altered conserved residues in FKBP that are critical for drug binding. Two genes other than FPR1, named TOR1 and TOR2, that participate in rapamycin toxicity were identified. Nonallelic noncomplementation between FPR1, TOR1, and TOR2 alleles suggests that the products of these genes may interact as subunits of a protein complex. Such a complex may mediate nuclear entry of signals required for progression through the cell cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heitman, J -- Movva, N R -- Hall, M N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):905-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1715094" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/pharmacology ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Cycle/*drug effects ; Cyclosporins/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; G1 Phase/drug effects ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Mutation ; Polyenes/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*cytology/drug effects ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Signal Transduction ; Sirolimus ; Tacrolimus ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins
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    Determination of macromolecular structures from anomalous diffraction of synchrotron radiation (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-10-04
    Description: Resonance between beams of x-ray waves and electronic transitions from bound atomic orbitals leads to a phenomenon known as anomalous scattering. This effect can be exploited in x-ray crystallographic studies on biological macromolecules by making diffraction measurements at selected wavelengths associated with a particular resonant transition. In this manner the problem of determining the three-dimensional structure of thousands of atoms is reduced to that of initially solving for a few anomalous scattering centers that can then be used as a reference for developing the entire structure. This method of multiwavelength anomalous diffraction has now been applied in a number of structure determinations. Optimal experiments require appropriate synchrotron instrumentation, careful experimental design, and sophisticated analytical procedures. There are rich opportunities for future applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hendrickson, W A -- GM-34102/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 4;254(5028):51-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography/*methods ; Models, Molecular ; *Molecular Structure ; *Particle Accelerators ; *Protein Conformation ; X-Ray Diffraction/*instrumentation
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    Stymied sex survey (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 26;252(5005):497.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control/transmission ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Politics ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Sexual Behavior ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
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    Women lab heads (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freistadt, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):834.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1876840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; Laboratories/*organization & administration ; *Women
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    Exploiting the nanotechnology of life (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freedman, D H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 29;254(5036):1308-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1962190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; DNA/chemistry/genetics ; Genetic Engineering ; Microchemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Engineering ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 78
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    Energy transfer between two peptides bound to one MHC class II molecule (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-04
    Description: The 17-amino acid peptide from chicken ovalbumin, Ova(323-339), was labeled at the amino terminus with fluorescein [FOva(323-339)] and near the carboxyl terminus with Texas Red [AcOva(323-338)KTR]. Fluorescence spectroscopy was carried out on resolved electrophoretic bands on nonreducing polyacrylamide gels derived from incubation mixtures containing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules IAd and the FOva(323-339)- and AcOva(323-338)KTR-labeled peptides. Energy transfer between fluorescein and Texas Red was observed in the "floppy" alpha beta heterodimer band, but not in the "compact" alpha beta heterodimer band. Energy transfer was detected between the truncated peptides FOva(323-328)CONH2 and AcOva(331-338)KTR in both the compact alpha beta and floppy alpha beta gel bands. The energy-transfer data suggest that the two binding sites of floppy alpha beta arise from splitting apart a putative large, single binding site region in compact alpha beta.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tampe, R -- Clark, B R -- McConnell, H M -- 2R37 AI 13587-16/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 4;254(5028):87-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stauffer Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1656526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Energy Transfer ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/chemistry/*metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovalbumin/chemistry ; Peptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 79
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    Structures of larger proteins in solution: three- and four-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-07
    Description: Three- and four-dimensional heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers dramatic improvements in spectral resolution by spreading through-bond and through-space correlations in three and four orthogonal frequency axes. Simultaneously, large heteronuclear couplings are exploited to circumvent problems due to the larger linewidths that are associated with increasing molecular weight. These novel experiments have been designed to extend the application of NMR as a method for determining three-dimensional structures of proteins in solution beyond the limits of conventional two-dimensional NMR (approximately 100 residues) to molecules in the 150- to 300-residue range. This potential has recently been confirmed with the determination of the high-resolution NMR structure of a protein greater than 150 residues, namely, interleukin-1 beta.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clore, G M -- Gronenborn, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 7;252(5011):1390-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2047852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Interleukin-1/chemistry ; *Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Structure ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Solutions
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  • 80
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    Generation and analysis of interleukin-4 deficient mice (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-01
    Description: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes the growth and differentiation of many hematopoietic cells in vitro; in particular, it directs the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch to IgG1 and IgE. Mice homozygous for a mutation that inactivates the IL-4 gene were generated to test the requirement for IL-4 in vivo. In the mutant mice T and B cell development was normal, but the serum levels of IgG1 and IgE were strongly reduced. The IgG1 dominance in a T cell-dependent immune response was lost, and IgE was not detectable upon nematode infection. Thus, some but not all of the in vitro properties of IL-4 are critical for the physiology of the immune system in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuhn, R -- Rajewsky, K -- Muller, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 1;254(5032):707-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Alleles ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Blotting, Southern ; Chromosome Deletion ; Concanavalin A ; DNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; Female ; Interleukin-4/deficiency/*genetics ; Lymph Nodes/growth & development/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Restriction Mapping ; Spleen/growth & development/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Thymus Gland/growth & development/immunology
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  • 81
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    Effect of deleting the R domain on CFTR-generated chloride channels (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which forms adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated chloride channels, is defective in patients with cystic fibrosis. This protein contains two putative nucleotide binding domains (NBD1 and NBD2) and an R domain. CFTR in which the R domain was deleted (CFTR delta R) conducted chloride independently of the presence of cAMP. However, sites within CFTR other than those deleted also respond to cAMP, because the chloride current of CFTR delta R increased further in response to cAMP stimulation. In addition, deletion of the R domain suppressed the inactivating effect of a mutation in NBD2 (but not NBD1), a result which suggests that NBD2 interacts with the channel through the R domain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rich, D P -- Gregory, R J -- Anderson, M P -- Manavalan, P -- Smith, A E -- Welsh, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):205-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1712985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Chloride Channels ; Chlorides/*physiology ; Cyclic AMP/physiology ; Cystic Fibrosis ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Electric Conductivity ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Channels/chemistry/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*physiology ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transfection
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  • 82
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    Prediction of a crystallization pathway for Z-DNA hexanucleotides (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-15
    Description: Crystallization of macromolecules for structural studies has long been a hit-or-miss process. The crystallization of hexanucleotides as Z-DNA was studied, and it was shown that the cation concentration for crystal formation could be predicted from solvation free energy (SFE) calculations. Solution studies on the conformation and solubilities of the hexanucleotides showed that a critical concentration of the DNA in the Z-conformation must be present in solution to effect crystallization. The SFE calculations therefore predict the propensity of the hexanucleotides to adopt the left-handed conformation and the driving force required to reach this critical concentration relative to the intrinsic solubility of Z-DNA for crystallization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ho, P S -- Kagawa, T F -- Tseng, K H -- Schroth, G P -- Zhou, G W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 15;254(5034):1003-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cations ; Crystallography ; DNA/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*chemistry ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
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  • 83
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    Genes for epilepsy mapped in the mouse (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-08-09
    Description: The neurological mutant mouse strain E1 is a model for complex partial seizures in humans. The inheritance of epileptic seizures with seven conventional chromosomal markers and over 60 endogenous proviral markers was studied by means of back-crosses of E1 with two seizure-resistant strains, DBA/2J and ABP/LeJ. The major gene responsible for this epileptic phenotype (El-1) was localized to a region distal with respect to the centromere on chromosome 9. At least one other gene, El-2, linked to proviral markers on chromosome 2, also influences the seizure phenotype. In addition, a potential modifier of seizures was detected in the DBA/2J background. The location of El-1 on distal chromosome 9 may allow identification of an epilepsy candidate gene in humans on the basis of conserved synteny with human chromosome 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rise, M L -- Frankel, W N -- Coffin, J M -- Seyfried, T N -- NS 23355/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R35CA44385/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 9;253(5020):669-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill 02167.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1871601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Epilepsy/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Neurologic Mutants/*genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; Seizures/genetics ; Software
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  • 84
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    Peripheral selection of the T cell repertoire (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-08
    Description: T lymphocytes undergo selection events not only in the thymus, but also after they leave the thymus and reside in the periphery. Peripheral selection was found to be dependent on T cell receptor (TCR)-ligand interactions but to differ from thymic selection with regard to specificity and mechanism. Unlike thymic selection, peripheral selection required binding of antigen to the TCR, and it induced expansion of T cell clones. Tolerance to self antigens that are restricted to the periphery occurred through the elimination of self-reactive T cells and by the clonal anergy, which was associated with down-regulation of the alpha beta TCR and CD8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rocha, B -- von Boehmer, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 8;251(4998):1225-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unite INSERM U-25 CNRS UA-122, Hopital Necker, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1900951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD4/immunology ; Antigens, CD8 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Thymectomy ; Thymus Gland/*immunology
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  • 85
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    Density-dependent natural selection and trade-offs in life history traits (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-07-26
    Description: Theories of density-dependent natural selection state that at extreme population densities evolution produces alternative life histories due to trade-offs. The trade-offs are presumed to arise because those genotypes with highest fitness at high population densities will not also have high fitness at low density and vice-versa. These predictions were tested by taking samples from six populations of Drosophila melanogaster kept at low population densities (r-populations) for nearly 200 generations and placing them in crowded cultures (K-populations). After 25 generations in the crowded cultures, the derived K-populations showed growth rate and productivity that at high densities were elevated relative to the controls, but at low density were depressed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mueller, L D -- Guo, P Z -- Ayala, F J -- S07 RR07008/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 26;253(5018):433-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1907401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Ecology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Population Growth ; *Selection, Genetic
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  • 86
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    New 3-D protein structures revealed. The shape of cholera (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 26;253(5018):382-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862340" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cholera Toxin/*chemistry ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation
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  • 87
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    Induction by NGF of meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes expressing the trk proto-oncogene product (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-04-26
    Description: The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) was assessed in Xenopus oocytes expressing the human trk proto-oncogene product, p140prototrk. Oocytes injected with trk messenger RNA expressed polypeptides recognized by antibodies to the trk gene product. Exposure of these oocytes to nanomolar amounts of NGF resulted in specific surface binding of 125I-labeled NGF, tyrosine phosphorylation of p140prototrk, and meiotic maturation, as determined by germinal vesicle breakdown and maturation promoting factor (p34cdc2) kinase activation. Thus the trk proto-oncogene product can act as a receptor for NGF in a functionally productive manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nebreda, A R -- Martin-Zanca, D -- Kaplan, D R -- Parada, L F -- Santos, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 26;252(5005):558-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1850550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Enzyme Activation ; Female ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Meiosis/*drug effects ; Microinjections ; Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Oocytes/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Progesterone/pharmacology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage/genetics ; Receptor, trkA ; Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects/metabolism ; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 88
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    Recognition of a cell-surface oligosaccharide of pathogenic Salmonella by an antibody Fab fragment (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-26
    Description: The 2.05 angstrom (A) resolution crystal structure of a dodecasaccharide-Fab complex revealed an unusual carbohydrate recognition site, defined by aromatic amino acids and a structured water molecule, rather than the carboxylic acid and amide side chains and a structured water molecule, rather than the carboxylic acid and amide side chains that are features of transport and other carbohydrate binding proteins. A trisaccharide epitope of a branched bacterial lipopolysaccharide fills this hydrophobic pocket (8 A deep by 7 A wide) in an entropy-assisted association (association constant = 2.05 x 10(5) liters per mole, enthalpy = -20.5 +/- 1.7 kilojoules per mole, and temperature times entropy = +10.0 +/- 2.9 kilojoules per mole). The requirement for the complementarity of van der Waals surfaces and the requirements of saccharide-saccharide and protein-saccharide hydrogen-bonding networks determine the antigen conformation adopted in the bound state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cygler, M -- Rose, D R -- Bundle, D R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 26;253(5018):442-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1713710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Antigen-Antibody Complex ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Epitopes/chemistry ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry/*immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/classification/*immunology ; Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry/*immunology ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligosaccharides/chemistry/*immunology ; Protein Conformation ; Salmonella/*immunology/pathogenicity
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  • 89
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    Long-term high-titer neutralizing activity induced by octameric synthetic HIV-1 antigen (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-10-11
    Description: A titer for homologous viral neutralization activity (greater than 1:19,683) was observed after a 3.5-year immunization period with an octameric, branching peptide representing the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1IIIB envelope protein. Booster immunizations elicited persistent and potent antibodies in guinea pigs, exceeding responses produced by a conventional bovine serum albumin conjugate by 100-fold. Peptide length, central presentation of a conserved sequence, and inclusion of an upstream sequence contributed to immunogenicity. Titers (greater than 1:1,000) of heterotypic neutralizing antibodies also developed. Octameric PND peptides are a promising approach for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, C Y -- Looney, D J -- Li, M L -- Walfield, A M -- Ye, J -- Hosein, B -- Tam, J P -- Wong-Staal, F -- IU01-AI-30238/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 11;254(5029):285-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Biomedical, Inc., Lake Success, NY 11042.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925584" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/genetics/*immunology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; HIV Antigens/genetics/*immunology ; HIV-1/*immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests ; Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics/*immunology
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  • 90
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    A novel, highly stable fold of the immunoglobulin binding domain of streptococcal protein G (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-08-09
    Description: The high-resolution three-dimensional structure of a single immunoglobulin binding domain (B1, which comprises 56 residues including the NH2-terminal Met) of protein G from group G Streptococcus has been determined in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on the basis of 1058 experimental restraints. The average atomic root-mean-square distribution about the mean coordinate positions is 0.27 angstrom (A) for the backbone atoms, 0.65 A for all atoms, and 0.39 A for atoms excluding disordered surface side chains. The structure has no disulfide bridges and is composed of a four-stranded beta sheet, on top of which lies a long helix. The central two strands (beta 1 and beta 4), comprising the NH2- and COOH-termini, are parallel, and the outer two strands (beta 2 and beta 3) are connected by the helix in a +3x crossover. This novel topology (-1, +3x, -1), coupled with an extensive hydrogen-bonding network and a tightly packed and buried hydrophobic core, is probably responsible for the extreme thermal stability of this small domain (reversible melting at 87 degrees C).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gronenborn, A M -- Filpula, D R -- Essig, N Z -- Achari, A -- Whitlow, M -- Wingfield, P T -- Clore, G M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 9;253(5020):657-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1871600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/immunology ; Binding Sites ; Calorimetry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Immunoglobulin G ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation
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  • 91
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    Structure of the calcium-dependent lectin domain from a rat mannose-binding protein determined by MAD phasing (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-13
    Description: Calcium-dependent (C-type) animal lectins participate in many cell surface recognition events mediated by protein-carbohydrate interactions. The C-type lectin family includes cell adhesion molecules, endocytic receptors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Mammalian mannose-binding proteins are C-type lectins that function in antibody-independent host defense against pathogens. The crystal structure of the carbohydrate-recognition domain of a rat mannose-binding protein, determined as the holmium-substituted complex by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) phasing, reveals an unusual fold consisting of two distinct regions, one of which contains extensive nonregular secondary structure stabilized by two holmium ions. The structure explains the conservation of 32 residues in all C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains, suggesting that the fold seen here is common to these domains. The strong anomalous scattering observed at the Ho LIII edge demonstrates that traditional heavy atom complexes will be generally amenable to the MAD phasing method.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weis, W I -- Kahn, R -- Fourme, R -- Drickamer, K -- Hendrickson, W A -- GM34102/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM42628/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 13;254(5038):1608-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1721241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute-Phase Proteins/*chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*chemistry ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry ; Collagen/chemistry ; Crystallography ; Holmium ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Lanthanum ; Lectins/*chemistry ; Ligands ; Mannose-Binding Lectins ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Protein Conformation ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Sequence Alignment ; X-Ray Diffraction/methods
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Effect of wnt-1 and related proteins on gap junctional communication in Xenopus embryos (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-24
    Description: The proto-oncogene wnt-1 (previously referred to as int-1) is thought to be important in embryonic pattern formation although its mechanisms of action are unknown. Premature and increased expression of the Wnt-1 protein, achieved by injection of synthetic wnt-1 RNA into fertilized Xenopus eggs, enhanced gap junctional communication between ventral cells of the developing embryo. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that Wnt proteins activate a receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway and that gap junctional communication can be a target of this pathway. The effects of two Wnt-1-related proteins on gap junctional communication were also investigated: overexpression of Xwnt-8 increased gap junctional coupling in a manner similar to Wnt-1, whereas Xwnt-5A did not. These findings are consistent with the existence of multiple receptors for Wnt proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olson, D J -- Christian, J L -- Moon, R T -- DE-07023/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- KO4-AR01837/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-AR40089/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 24;252(5009):1173-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle 98195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2031187" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastomeres/cytology/*physiology ; *Cell Communication ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/*physiology ; Female ; Intercellular Junctions/*physiology ; Male ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; Signal Transduction ; Sperm-Ovum Interactions ; Wnt Proteins ; Wnt1 Protein ; Xenopus ; Xenopus Proteins ; *Zebrafish Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Depletion of CD4+ T cells in major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient mice (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-20
    Description: The maturation of T cells in the thymus is dependent on the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. By disruption of the MHC class II Ab beta gene in embryonic stem cells, mice were generated that lack cell surface expression of class II molecules. These MHC class II-deficient mice were depleted of mature CD4+ T cells and were deficient in cell-mediated immune responses. These results provide genetic evidence that class II molecules are required for the maturation and function of mature CD4+ T cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grusby, M J -- Johnson, R S -- Papaioannou, V E -- Glimcher, L H -- AI21569/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HD27295/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 20;253(5026):1417-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1910207" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD4/*immunology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; *Genes, MHC Class II ; Immunity, Cellular/genetics ; Immunoglobulin G/analysis/classification ; Immunoglobulin M/analysis ; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/*genetics ; *Lymphocyte Depletion ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Stem Cells/immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Molecular architecture and electrostatic properties of a bacterial porin (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-13
    Description: The integral membrane protein porin from Rhodobacter capsulatus consists of three tightly associated 16-stranded beta barrels that give rise to three distinct diffusion channels for small solutes through the outer membrane. The x-ray structure of this porin has revealed details of its shape, the residue distributions within the pore and at the membrane-facing surface, and the location of calcium sites. The electrostatic potential has been calculated and related to function. Moreover, potential calculations were found to predict the Ca2+ sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weiss, M S -- Abele, U -- Weckesser, J -- Welte, W -- Schiltz, E -- Schulz, G E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 13;254(5038):1627-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1721242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*chemistry ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Computer Graphics ; Crystallography ; Ion Channels/*chemistry ; Ions ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Structure ; Porins ; Protein Conformation ; Rhodobacter capsulatus/*chemistry ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Novel fold and putative receptor binding site of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates the development of and the cytotoxic activity of white blood cells. Recombinant human GM-CSF has proven useful in the treatment of blood disorders. The structure of GM-CSF, which was determined at 2.4 angstrom resolution by x-ray crystallography, has a novel fold combining a two-stranded antiparallel beta sheet with an open bundle of four alpha helices. Residues implicated in receptor recognition, which are distant in the primary sequence, are on adjacent alpha helices in the folded protein. A working model for the receptor binding site is presented.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diederichs, K -- Boone, T -- Karplus, P A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1779-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1837174" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/*chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/*chemistry/metabolism ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    X-ray structure of the GCN4 leucine zipper, a two-stranded, parallel coiled coil (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-25
    Description: The x-ray crystal structure of a peptide corresponding to the leucine zipper of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4 has been determined at 1.8 angstrom resolution. The peptide forms a parallel, two-stranded coiled coil of alpha helices packed as in the "knobs-into-holes" model proposed by Crick in 1953. Contacts between the helices include ion pairs and an extensive hydrophobic interface that contains a distinctive hydrogen bond. The conserved leucines, like the residues in the alternate hydrophobic repeat, make side-to-side interactions (as in a handshake) in every other layer of the dimer interface. The crystal structure of the GCN4 leucine zipper suggests a key role for the leucine repeat, but also shows how other features of the coiled coil contribute to dimer formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Shea, E K -- Klemm, J D -- Kim, P S -- Alber, T -- GM 44162/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 25;254(5031):539-44.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Computer Simulation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry ; Fungal Proteins/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Leucine Zippers ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Kinases ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Three-dimensional structure of recombinant human interferon-gamma (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: The x-ray crystal structure of recombinant human interferon-gamma has been determined with the use of multiple-isomorphous-replacement techniques. Interferon-gamma, which is dimeric in solution, crystallizes with two dimers related by a noncrystallographic twofold axis in the asymmetric unit. The protein is primarily alpha helical, with six helices in each subunit that comprise approximately 62 percent of the structure; there is no beta sheet. The dimeric structure of human interferon-gamma is stabilized by the intertwining of helices across the subunit interface with multiple intersubunit interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ealick, S E -- Cook, W J -- Vijay-Kumar, S -- Carson, M -- Nagabhushan, T L -- Trotta, P P -- Bugg, C E -- CA-13148/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):698-702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Crystallization ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/*chemistry ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Recombinant Proteins ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Fetal brain signals time for birth (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palca, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 20;253(5026):1360.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1896846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/embryology/*physiology ; *Delivery, Obstetric ; Female ; Fetus/*physiology ; Humans ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/embryology/*physiology ; Pregnancy ; Sheep
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Atomic structure of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase: prototype for a structurally novel flavoenzyme family (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-04
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of spinach ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) has been determined by x-ray diffraction at 2.6 angstroms (A) resolution and initially refined to an R factor of 0.226 at 2.2 A resolution. The model includes the flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) prosthetic group and the protein chain from residue 19 through the carboxyl terminus at residue 314 and is composed of two domains. The FAD binding domain (residues 19 to 161) has an antiparallel beta barrel core and a single alpha helix for binding the pyrophosphate of FAD. The NADP binding domain (residues 162 to 314) has a central five-strand parallel beta sheet and six surrounding helices. Binding of the competitive inhibitor 2'-phospho-AMP (AMP, adenosine monophosphate) places the NADP binding site at the carboxyl-terminal edge of the sheet in a manner similar to the nucleotide binding of the dehydrogenase family. The structures reveal the key residues that function in cofactor binding and the catalytic center. With these key residues as a guide, conclusive evidence is presented that the ferredoxin reductase structure is a prototype for the nicotinamide dinucleotide and FAD binding domains of the enzymes NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH-sulfite reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, and NADH-nitrate reductase. Thus this structure provides a structural framework for the NADH- or NADPH-dependent flavoenzyme parts of five distinct enzymes involved in photosynthesis, in the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, in fatty-acid oxidation, in the reduction of methemoglobin, and in the metabolism of many pesticides, drugs, and carcinogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karplus, P A -- Daniels, M J -- Herriott, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jan 4;251(4989):60-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1986412" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase/*chemistry ; Ferredoxins/metabolism ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; NADP/metabolism ; Nucleotides/metabolism ; Plants/enzymology ; Protein Conformation ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-21
    Description: The tumor-suppressor gene p53 is altered by missense mutation in numerous human malignancies. However, the biochemical properties of p53 and the effect of mutation on these properties are unclear. A human DNA sequence was identified that binds specifically to wild-type human p53 protein in vitro. As few as 33 base pairs were sufficient to confer specific binding. Certain guanines within this 33-base pair region were critical, as methylation of these guanines or their substitution with thymine-abrogated binding. Human p53 proteins containing either of two missense mutations commonly found in human tumors were unable to bind significantly to this sequence. These data suggest that a function of p53 may be mediated by its ability to bind to specific DNA sequences in the human genome, and that this activity is altered by mutations that occur in human tumors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kern, S E -- Kinzler, K W -- Bruskin, A -- Jarosz, D -- Friedman, P -- Prives, C -- Vogelstein, B -- CA06973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA33620/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA43460/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 21;252(5013):1708-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2047879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA Replication ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Methylation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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