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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3.130)
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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (443)
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  • 1985-1989  (5.414)
  • 1985  (5.414)
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  • 1985-1989  (5.414)
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  • 1
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    Vegetation canopy discrimination and biomass assessment using multipolarized airborne SAR (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Multipolarized airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data were acquired over a largely agricultural test site near Macomb, Illinois, in conjunction with the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) experiment in October 1984. The NASA/JPL L-band SAR operating at 1.225 GHz made a series of daily overflights with azimuth view angles both parallel and orthogonal to those of SIR-B. The SAR data was digitally recorded in the quadpolarization configuration. An extensive set of ground measurements were obtained throughout the test site and include biophysical and soil measurements of approximately 400 agricultural fields. Preliminary evaluation of some of the airborne SAR imagery indicates a great potential for crop discrimination and assessment of canopy condition. False color composites constructed from the combination of three linear polarizations (HH, VV, and HV) were found to be clearly superior to any single polarization for purposes of crop classification. In addition, an image constructed using the HH return to modulate intensity and the phase difference between HH and VV returns to modulate chroma indicates a clear capability for assessment of canopy height and/or biomass. In particular, corn fields heavily damaged by infestations of corn borer are readily distinguished from noninfested fields.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 67-75
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  • 2
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    Lithologic mapping in a sedimentary environment using multipolarization SAR images (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Multipolarization Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the NASA/JPL aircraft SAR were used in conjunction with LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM), Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), and Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data as part of a three-year research program to evaluate the utility of remote sensing measurements for analysis of sedimentary basins. The purpose of this research effort is to construct stratigraphic columns, map variations in the lithology, geometry, and structure of sedimentary rocks in the Wind River/Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming, and to integrate remote sensing data with conventional rain models of basin formation and evolution.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 49-50
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  • 3
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    Seismic analysis of the large 70-meter antenna, part 1: Earthquake response spectra versus full transient analysis (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: As a check on structure safety aspects, two approaches in seismic analysis for the large 70-m antennas are presented. The first approach, commonly used by civil engineers, utilizes known recommended design response spectra. The second approach, which is the full transient analysis, is versatile and applicable not only to earthquake loading but also to other dynamic forcing functions. The results obtained at the fundamental structural frequency show that the two approaches are in good agreement with each other and both approaches show a safe design. The results also confirm past 64-m antenna seismic studies done by the Caltech Seismology Staff.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept.; p 31-42
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  • 4
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    Comparative techniques used to evaluate Thematic Mapper data for land cover classification in Logan County, West Virginia (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Several digital data processing techniques were evaluated in an effort to identify and map active/abandoned, partially reclaimed, and fully revegetated surface mine areas in the central portion of Logan County. The TM data were first subjected to various enhancement procedures, including a linear contrast stretch, principal components and canonical analysis transformations. At the same time, four general procedures were followed to produce six classifications as a means of comparing the techniques involved. Preliminary results show that various feature extraction/data reduction techniques provide classification results equal or superior to the more straightforward unsupervised clustering technique. Analyst interaction time for labelling clusters is reduced using the canonical analysis and principal components procedures, though the canonical technique has clearly produced better results to date.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization Early Results, Vol. 4; p 403-414
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  • 5
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    Theoretical and experimental design studies for the Atmospheric General Circulation Experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The major criterion for the Atmospheric General Circulation Experiment (AGCE) design is that it be possible to realize strong baroclinic instability in the spherical configuration chosen. A configuration was selected in which a hemispherical shell of fluid is subjected to latitudinal temperature gradients on its spherical boundaries and the latitudinal boundaries are insulators. Work in the laboratory with a cylindrical version of this configuration revealed more instabilities than baroclinic instability. Since researchers fully expect these additional instabilities to appear in the spherical configuration also, they decided to continue the laboratory cylindrical annulus studies. Four flow regimes were identified: an axisymmetric Hadley circulation, boundary layer convection, baroclinic waves and deep thermal convection. Regime diagrams were prepared.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 6
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    The use of satellite data in understanding and predicting convective and large-scale dynamical processes (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A two-layer truncated baroclinic spectral model was developed to study the long-term evolution of disturbances to a baroclinically unstable mean flow. Topography and crudely-parameterized radiative processes were accounted for. As a result of Robert Schlaak's discovery of the underlying barotropic nature of the index oscillation as well as reviewers suggestions about the original manuscript, the model has been revised to allow for barotropic as well as baroclinic wave-mean flow interactions. The form-drag exerted by the topography on the barotropic part of the mean flow is larger than on the baroclinic part and thus researchers anticipate significant changes from the original calculations on the index oscillation when it is strongly modulated by topography. Researchers believe that since the index oscillation accounts for a significant portion of atmospheric temporal variance, the long term predictability could be improved if reliable forecasts of the index oscillation were available. Two spectral models of the index oscillation, one barotropic and the other baroclinic, have been developed. The latter allows for moisture, radiation, land-sea temperature countrasts, and energy exchanges with the underlying surface.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 7
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    On the use of L-band multipolarization airborne SAR for surveys of crops, vineyards, and orchards in a California irrigated agricultural region (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The airborne L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) collected multipolarization calibrated image data over an irrigated agricultural test site near Fresno, CA, on March 6, 1984. The conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) the effects of incidence angle on the measured backscattering coefficients could be removed by using a correction factor equal to the secant of the angle raised to the 1.4 power, (2) for this scene and time of year, the various polarization channels were highly correlated such that the use of more than one polarization added little to the ability of the radar to discriminate vegetation type or condition; the exception was barley which separated from vineyards only when a combination of like and cross polarization data were used (polarization was very useful for corn identification in fall crops), (3) an excellent separation between herbaceous vegetation (alfalfa, barley, and oats) or bare fields and trees in orchards existed in brightness was well correlated to alfalfa height or biomass, especially for the HH polarization combination, (5) vineyards exhibited a narrow range of brightnesses with no systematic effects of type or number of stakes nor of number of wires in the trellises nor of the size of the vines, (6) within the orchard classes, areal biomass characterized by basal area differences caused radar image brightness differences for small to medium trees but not for medium to large trees.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 63
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  • 8
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    Strategies for analyzing mixed pixels in remotely sensed imagery (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Two uncalibrated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scenes from Death Valley, California, and two uncalibrated scenes from Owens Valley, California, were used to test a technique to identify and separate the primary factors associated with multipolarized radar image sets. Unique to the technique is the concept that varied types of radar polarization signatures are a result of the interaction of a few physical factors (e.g., roughness, volume scattering, and dielectric constant). Thus, the varied signatures observed in an image reflect the interaction between these factors. The objectives are to first separate the interaction of factors directly influencing the measurement and to attempt to identify these factors. Interpretation of the SAR image sets proceeds by testing models that hypothesize the cause and effect relations between those factors directly affecting the radar measurement and those features of interest to the interpreter. The results of our analysis indicated two consistent endmember types over all four image scenes. These types are defined by a high flat polarized signature near a level of 255 DN and a low level flat signature near 0 DN for all polarizations. Four other endmember types were also isolated. The spatial distribution of these endmember types indicates possible correspondence to surface volume scattering and changes in surface dielectric. However, the shapes of these endmember types were different from scene to scene.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 47-48
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  • 9
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    Mapping diverse forest cover with multipolarization airborne radar (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Imaging radar backscatter in continuously forested areas contains information about the forest canopy; it also contains data about topography, landforms, and terrain texture. For purposes of radar image interpretation and geologic mapping researchers were interested in identifying and separating forest canopy effects from geologic or geomorphic effects on radar images. The objectives of this investigation was to evaluate forest canopy variables in multipolarization radar images under conditions where geologic and topographic variables are at a minimum. A subsidiary objective was to compare the discriminatory capabilities of the radar images with corresponding optical images of similar spatial resolution. It appears that the multipolarization images discriminate variation in tree density, but no evidence was found for discrimination between evergreen and deciduous forest types.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 53-54
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  • 10
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    The effects of merging TM and A/C radar on wetland classification (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: While radar does not provide detailed begetation discrimination, it provide the means to separate areas of different moisture conditions. Thus, the use of LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) in conjunction with the microwave data was attempted. If successful, information on shoreline cover, emergent wetland vegetation and extent, and submerged grassbeds would provide much needed data for planning and maintenance of wetlands. Originally, the goal was to determine the accuracy with which one could categorize various types of vegetation and land use within an inland wetland using LANDSAT TM data. First, a Level 1/2 supervised classification was performed. Following a more detailed ground trust survey, a Level 3 classification was done. Aircraft L-band radar data were received and the decision was made to merge the TM and L-band data and assess whether vegetation catagories within the wetland areas could be better defined. Preliminary results indicate vegetation delineation is improved for open agricultural areas and water, but other features are more confused.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 37-38
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  • 11
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    Age-dating volcanic and alluvial surfaces with multipolarization data (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A false-color multipolarization version of one of the images of Owens Valley area acquired by the JPL Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is given. A geologic map of the alluvial fans there (Gillespie, 1982) is also given for comparison. In general, brightness in the multipolarization images can be seen to be inversely proportional to the age of the surfaces. A more detailed investigation of the relationship between backscatter and age of the surfaces was undertaken with calibrated aircraft SAR data. The quantitative relationship between backscatter coefficient and age for the three polarizations is shown. The straight lines connecting the measured data points imply a steady-state process, although the process or processes leading to this relationship may have operated at rates that varied with climate fluctuations, such as the glacial ages. It is expected that the relationship between radar brightness and age is a consistent one, and that with the wider availability of calibrated radar backscatter data, these relationships can be less well-known areas. The effect of variable such as past climate fluctuations, tectonic disturbance, and rock type must be understood before extension beyond the Mojave Desert region can be attempted.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 31-36
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  • 12
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    The effect of vegetation type, microrelief, and incidence angle on radar backscatter (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The NASA/JPL Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was flown over a 20 x 110 km test site in the Texas High Plains regions north of Lubbock during February/March 1984. The effect of incidence angle was investigated by comparing the pixel values of the calibrated and uncalibrated images. Ten-pixel-wide transects along the entire azimuth were averaged in each of the two scenes, and plotted against the calculated incidence angle of the center of each range increment. It is evident from the graphs that both the magnitudes and patterns exhibited by the corresponding transect means of the two images are highly dissimilar. For each of the cross-poles, the uncalibrated image displayed very distinct and systematic positive trends through the entire range of incidence angles. The two like-poles, however, exhibited relatively constant returns. In the calibrated image, the cross-poles exhibited a constant return, while the like-poles demonstrated a strong negative trend across the range of look-angles, as might be expected.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 25-29
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  • 13
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    Neogene compressional deformation and possible thrust faulting in southwest Dominican Republic (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Analysis of regional and high resolution remote sensing data coupled with detailed field investigations indicates Neogene compressional deformation in the southwest Dominican Republic. Airborne synthetic aperture radar data and high resolution near infrared photography show folds in Tertiary sediments and possible thrust fault scarps implying NE to SW compression in the region. Large road cuts through the scarps allow study of otherwise poorly accessible, heavily vegetated karst terrain. Deformation increases toward scrap fronts where small bedding-plane thrust faults become more numerous. Analysis of mesoscopic faults with slickensides indicates compression oriented between N to S and E to W. The lowermost scarp has highly sheared fault breccia and undeformed frontal talus breccias implying it is the basal thrust into which the higher thrust faults sole. Thus, the scarps probably formed in a regional NE to SW compressional stress regime and are the toes of thrust sheets. Previous workers have suggested that these scarps are ancient shorelines. However, the gross morphology of the scarps differs substantially from well known erosional terraces on the north coast.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 21
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  • 14
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    Modelling of vegetation volumes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The purpose is to describe work that is being done to find theoretical models to describe radar backscatter from vegetation layers. The geometry of the problem is shown. The information that one would like to find through the application of the results of these models would include: the thickness of the layer; the absorption in the layer (i.e., density, moisture content, and biomass); the geometry of the scatterers (i.e., shape and orientation); how much of the received power is due to volume scattering only; and a way to enhance the ratio of scattering that has some interaction with the ground surface. The proposed ways to find this information are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 77-79
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  • 15
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    Potential applications of multipolarization SAR for pine plantation biomass estimation (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: This study was conducted as a part of the research tasks under the Radar Land Cover Analysis Program. The Radar Land Cover Analysis objective is, through utilization of multisensor data, to gain a basic understanding of the measurements and data characteristics in the visible-IR-microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum associated with specific surface features and cover types. Since the results of analysis of data acquired by Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) and LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) over the study area were reported (NSTL/ERL Report No. 228, December 1984), this study focused on the analysis and evaluation of the L-band multipolarization airborne SAR data acquired over a southeastern pine forest scene. The data acquisition mission was flown on September 8 and 9, 1983. The HH, HV polarizations and the VV, VH polarizations were used on the first and the second day, respectively. Due to instrumentation difficulties, the digital recorder recorded only the second day's data. Because of this, only the VV and VH polarization data were used in this analysis. However, the HH and HV polarization images were available for visual comparison. It appears that SAR digital numbers correlate with the index of green biomass.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 59-61
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  • 16
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    Mobile VLBI and GPS measurement of vertical crustal motion (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Mobile Very Long Base Interferometry (VLBI) and Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic measurements have many error sources in common. Calibration of the effects of water vapor on signal transmission through the atmosphere, however, remains the primary limitation to the accuracy of vertical crustal motion measurements made by either technique. The two primary methods of water vapor calibration currently in use for mobile VLBI baseline measurements were evaluated: radiometric measurements of the sky brightness near the 22 GHz emission line of free water molecules and surface meteorological measurements used as input to an atmospheric model. Based upon a limited set of 9 baselines, it is shown that calibrating VLBI data with water vapor radiometer measurements provides a significantly better fit to the theoretical decay model than calibrating the same data with surface meteorological measurements. The effect of estimating a systematic error in the surface meteorological calibration is shown to improve the consistency of the vertical baseline components obtained by the two calibration methods. A detailed error model for the vertical baseline components obtained indicates current mobile VLBI technology should allow accuracies of order 3 cm with WVR calibration and 10 cm when surface meteorological calibration is used.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept.; p 185-198
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  • 17
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    Theoretical and experimental studies in support of the geophysical fluid flow experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Meteorologists and astrophysicists interested in large scale planetary and solar circulations have come to recognize the importance of rotation and stratification in determining the character of these flows. In particular, the effect of latitude-dependent Coriolis force on nonlinear convection is thought to play a crucial role in such phenomena as differential rotation on the Sun, cloud band orientation on Jupiter, and the generation of magnetic fields in thermally driven dynamos. The continuous low-gravity environment of the orbiting space shuttle offers a unique opportunity to make laboratory studies of such large-scale thermally driven flows under the constraint imposed by rotation and sphericity. This is possible because polarization forces in a dielectric liquid, which are linearly dependent on fluid temperature, give rise to an effectively radial buoyancy force when a radial electrostatic field is imposed. The Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell (GFFC) is an implementation of this ideal in which fluid is contained between two rotating hemispheres that are differentially heated and stressed with a large a-c voltage. The experiment, to be flown on Spacelab III (currently set for launch April 29, 1985), will explore non-linear mode selection and high Rayleigh number turbulence in a rotating convecting spherical shell of liquid. Experiments will be carried out in a low driving parameter range where some limited numerical experimentation is currently feasible, as well as in a parameter range significantly beyond numerical computation for many years.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 18
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    Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The production of high-resolution topographic maps derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations of the Earth is reported. Topographic maps are typically determined from stereo-pair optical photographs. Vertical relief causes the same terrain to appear in a slightly different projection for differing look angles, and this shift in appearance is interpreted in terms of the height of the terrain. The radar interferometric approach is related to the stereo technique in that the terrain is viewed at two different angles; however, in this case, the angular separation of the antennas is extremely small, on the order of a milliradian or less, as compared to tens of degrees for the optical case. Thus, the geometrical distortion and subsequent rectification correction algorithms are much less severe in the reduction of interferometric data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 41-44
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  • 19
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    The electron foreshock (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: ISEE particle and wave data are noted to furnish substantial support for the basic features of the velocity dispersed model at the foreshock boundary that was proposed by Filbert and Kellogg (1979). Among many remaining discrepancies between this model and observation, it is noted that unstable reduced velocity distributions have been discovered behind the thin boundary proposed by the model, and that these are at suprathermal energies lying far below those explainable in terms of an oscillating, two-stream instability. Although the long-theorized unstable beam of electrons has been found in the foreshock, there is still no ready explanation of the means by which it could have gotten there.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 20
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    The relations between the linear and bilinear atmospheric tidal fields in geometric height and in log-pressure coordinates (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Theoretical models of planetary-atmosphere tidal fields are examined analytically, comparing models based on geometric-height coordinates with those employing log-pressure coordinates. The relationship between the linearized meteorological variables in the two systems is explored for classical tidal theory and its reduction to the Laplace tidal equation, and it is shown that identical horizontal and vertical equations are obtained. Also considered are the tidal zonal-mean bilinear flux convergences and their Eliassen-Palm formulations. Numerical results for problems involving the earth and Mars atmospheres are presented in graphs and discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 123; 6, 19; 902-920
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  • 21
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    The form of Newtonian cooling in atmospheric tidal theory (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The analytical results of Zurek (1986) are applied to compare the vertical-structure equations obtained by Dickinson and Geller (1968) and Lindzen and McKenzie (1967) in solving the classical tidal equations for planetary atmospheres when Newtonian cooling (NC) is included as part of diabatic tidal forcing. The two diabatic forcings are found to be different when the basic state temperature varies with height, and it is recommended that a log-pressure NC formulation be used whenever temperature is made a function of pressure in the radiative-damping calculation. Scaling arguments are presented to show that the choice of NC formulation has significant effects only in cases where the radiative time constants are short (such as the thin CO2 atmosphere of Mars). Numerical computations for that case indicate a difference of 20 percent in amplitude and 15 deg in phase for the (probably meteorologically significant) 4.1-d wavenumber-one Rossby tidal mode.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 123; 6, 19; 921-929
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  • 22
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    High spectral resolution remote sensing of the earth (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Early results of a major advance in remote sensing called imaging spectrometry (IS), the simultaneous acquisition of images in many narrow contiguous spectral bands throughout the visible and solar-reflected infrared portions of the spectrum, are discussed. The motivation for IS is reviewed, and the performance of IS is examined, describing prototype sensors. The analysis of IS data is addressed, including the problem of visual interaction with hyperspectral images and their statistical properties, and the effect of data dimensionality on multispectral scene classification. A test of the capability of imaging spectrometry to identify minerals is reported.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Sensors (ISSN 0746-9462); NASA-sup
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  • 23
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    SM-ND isotopic studies of proterozoic anorthosites Systematics and implications (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Sm-Nd isotopic studies of anorthosites can be used to provide information on their ages of crystallization and metamorphism, contamination history, and mantle sources. Proterozoic anorthosites in the Grenville and Nain Provinces of eastern North America crystallized between about 1100 and 1600 Ma, and some were metamorphosed at about 1000 Ma. Grenville Province anorthosite massifs were derived from depleted mantle. It is not clear whether massifs and related mafic intrusions throughout the Nain Province of Labrador were derived from enriched mantle, or were contaminated by early Archean (greater than 3500 Ma) silicic crustal materials, heretofore thought to be restricted to coastal Labrador.
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  • 24
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    The global response of stratospheric ozone to ultraviolet solar flux variations (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The relation between rotational modulation of the ultraviolet solar irradiance and variations in atmospheric ozone has been investigated using Fourier transform harmonic analysis and cross-correlations. Ozone variations with the same period and phase as 13.5 day or 27-day solar flux variations occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes over a range of pressure levels centered about 3 mbar. The solar-forced oscillation is stronger in the summer hemisphere; as temperature-related variations would be stronger in winter. Changes in solar irradiance over the 11-year cycle can be estimated by scaling rotational modulation. Using this estimate and the ozone-sun relation obtained for rotational modulation yields solar cycle changes of 3.5 percent in 3 percent mixing ratio comparable to that predicted from halocarbons and 0.7 mbar in total ozone.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 25
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    Ozone depletion during solar proton events in solar cycle 21 (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Ozone profile data from the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet Instrument on Nimbus 7 from 1979 to the present and clear cases of ozone destruction associated with five sudden proton events (SPEs) on June 7, 1979, August 21, 1979, October 13-14, 1981, July 13, 1982, and December 8, 1982 are found. During the SPE on July 13, 1982, the largest of this solar cycle, no depletion at all at 45 km is observed, but there is a 15 percent ozone depletion at 50 km increasing to 27 percent at 55 km, all at a solar zenith angle of 85 deg. A strong variation of the observed depletion with solar zenith angle is found, with maximum depletion occurring at the largest zenith angles (near 85 deg) decreasing to near zero for angles below about 70 deg. The observed depletion is short lived, disappearing within hours of the end of the SPE.
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  • 26
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    The ultraviolet cross-sections of ozone. I. The measurements. II - Results and temperature dependence (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Absorption cross-sections of ozone have been measured over the range 230 nm to 350 nm, and for temperatures 200 K to 300 K, with improved photometric accuracy and spectral resolution. These measurements are referred to the cross-section at the 253.65 nm mercury line by the Hearn value (1961), 1147 x 10 to the -20th/sq cm, and show an internal consistency of + or - 1 percent. Tables of ozone absorption cross-section in the ultraviolet have been prepared for intervals of 0.05 nm over the range 245 to 340 nm. at each wavelength entry in the table a set of coefficients has been derived that permits the cross-section to be computed as a function of temperature, between 200 K and 300 K, with an accuracy of 1 percent.
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  • 27
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    Ozone intercomparisons from the Balloon Intercomparison Campaign (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Intercomparisons of remote and in-situ techniques used to measure stratospheric ozone are made using results obtained on the Balloon Intercomparison Campaign of 1982 and 1983. Two in-situ and four remote instruments participated. These included ECC ozonesondes, a UV absorption photometer, and microwave emission, IR emission, and absorption spectrometers. Differences are generally less than 15 percent, and are within the quoted error bars. Flights which involved different sets of instruments were made on four separate days, and results are intercompared in plots of ozone density versus altitude. A careful assessment of errors was made for each instrument, and a plot of absolute errors versus altitude is given.
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  • 28
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    High resolution infrared spectroscopic studies of atmospheric ozone and related trace constituents (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 29
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    Results from the Balloon Ozone Intercomparison Campaign (BOIC) (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: In the Balloon Ozone Intercomparison Campaign (BOIC), several in situ UV absorption photometers, two solar UV absorption photometers, electrochemical sondes, and a mass spectrometer were intercompared in three flight missions. Concurrent data from Umkehr and satellite observations are also intercompared. The National Bureau of Standards provided a 'standard' ozone source for intercomparing the in situ instruments and ground pressure. Preliminary findings indicate that the standard deviation of the sensitivities among 17 instruments against the NBS reference was about 11 percent. These differences appear in flight at the lower levels and change at higher altitudes, indicating height-dependent errors. The difference among five in-situ UV photometers flown together ranged by plus or minus 8 percent during ascent to about 41 km. During float at 42 km, the difference nearly doubled. During descent, the difference decreased to about 4 percent, which is much closer to the expected accuracy of these instruments. Results from UV solar radiometers have been systematically higher than those from UV photometers by 15 to 20 percent - a very important disagreement that needs to be resolved.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 30
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    Ozone-temperature relationships in the stratosphere (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Utilizing independent estimates of ozone and temperature fields from the SBUV (Nimbus 7) and NOAA operational satellites, respectively, for the period 1978-1981, the coefficient of variation between the two parameters is determined. This coefficient is defined as A = Delta-O3 x (T)/Delta T x (O3) wehre Delta is an incremental change in either temperature or ozone and the bracket is a mean state. In practice, A is determined on a daily basis by regression of ozone mixing ratio versus temperature around a latitude circle during the winter season and the bracket value is the daily zonal average. This has the advantage of keeping the solar zenith angle fixed for a daily value while allowing it to change during the season. This is done at 30, 10, 5, 2, and 1 mb from 20 deg to 60 deg latitude in both hemispheres. The results are summarized and compared with those determined from a one-dimensional photochemical model applied to different latitudes.
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  • 31
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    An evaluation of the performance of Umkehr stations by Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) experiment (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Until recently, Umkehr data taken by 20 Dobson stations around the world have been the principal source of information about the behavior of upper stratospheric ozone. Umkehr results are used also for detecting drifts in satellite instruments and for determining intersatellite biases. However, a systematic evaluation of the quality of Umkehr data taken by the various stations has been lacking. Five years of ozone profile data from the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) have been used to examine and intercompare the quality of Umkehr stations, and to assess the degradation of their performance after the El Chichon volcano eruption in southern Mexico. In contrast to Umkehr, the SBUV ozone measurments in layers 7 through 9 (1-8 mb) were unaffected by the massive amounts of dust and gases ejected by El Chichon.
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  • 32
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    Intercomparison of satellite ozone profile measurements (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Ozone profile data are intercompared with those from the LIMS and SBUV flown on Nimbus 7, SAGE flown on Atmospheric Explorer Mission 2, and the Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectrometers flown on the SME. Ozone data were derived from the measurements with independently derived processing algorithms. The data cover different time periods and have different spatial and temporal resolutions. The similarities and differences between the individual data sets are determined with effort focused on directly comparing the spacecraft data sets in the form of individual profiles, zonal mean profiles and global analyses. Comparisons with ground data from balloons and Umkehr stations are made.
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  • 33
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    Standard profiles of ozone from ground to 60 km obtained by combining satellite and ground based measurements (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A study is reported based on four years of SBUV data and five years of published ozonesonde data. The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment (SBUV), has been operating continuously since November 1978, providing some 1000 profiles per day. The data are of excellent quality from about 50 km down to the tropopause. By combining the satellite-derived data with ozonesonde data, a data base of standard ozone profiles and variance/covariance matrices has been developed, defining the observed variation of the atmospheric ozone around the mean profiles. Highlights of the data base are presented along with parameters of an analytical fit that describes the essential features of the data set. Although the data base was created specifically for use as a priori profiles for SBUV and Umkehr retrievals, it should be useful in other remote sensing applications and in modeling the UV radiation fields in the stratosphere. Another suggested application is in estimating ozone above the peak altitude of the ozone balloons.
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  • 34
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    The observation of atmospheric structure with TOMS and some potential advancements (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An overview is given of the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) which was designed to observe the spatial characteristics of total ozone that were not resolved by the nadir-viewing Nimbus BUV and SBUV instruments. At the wavelengths suitable for total ozone measurements, the radiance is large enough that the entire daytime atmosphere could be surveyed with about 50-km resolution from a polar orbiting satellite. The resulting high spatial resolution TOMS ozone images are found to reflect the internal dynamic structure of the lower atmosphere. Features which can be identified and tracked include: planetary wave scale troughs and ridges, mesoscale cutoff lows and rapidly moving troughs, jet stream confluence and difluence areas, hurricanes, and polar night lows. These features control the ozone above any given location and account for nearly all the variance in the total ozone. The instrument has been used to track the volcanic eruption clouds from El Chichon, Mount St. Helens, Alaid, and smaller eruptions such as Galunggung. It would be feasible to use a similar instrument on a geostationary platform to obtain half-hourly maps. Determination of the vertical ozone distribution in the lower stratosphere using Radon transform principles would be of importance in measuring jet stream folds and the related troposphere-stratosphere exchange.
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  • 35
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    Measurements of atmospheric nitric oxide from Nimbus 7 SBUV ultraviolet spectral scan data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Results are given of SBUV (solar backscattered ultraviolet instrument) measurements from Nimbus 7, when - one day per month - it is operated in a spectral scan mode, scanning from 160 nm to 400 nm in 0.2-nm steps. By measuring the intensity of a series of nitric oxide (NO) gamma band fluorescence features in this wavelength range, it has been possible to estimate the amount of NO in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. The background of atmospherically scattered sunlight normally masks the much weaker NO gamma band emission, but these emission features are discriminated by subtracting a synthetic spectrum calculated for a model atmosphere that includes only Rayleigh scattering and absorption by ozone and oxygen. The resulting difference plot clearly reveals features resulting from processes not included in the simple model, such as NO gamma band emission. Nitric oxide is inferred by measuring the absolute intensity of various bands relative to the adjacent background and relating this intensity to total NO above an altitude determined by the backscattering contribution function for that band. NO observations near the solstice and at various latitudes are reported.
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  • 36
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    Evidence for a thermospheric source of stratospheric NOx (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Analyses of a three-year time series of rocket ozone measurements at Wallops Island, VA, a set of rocket ozone soundings across the Southern Hemisphere, and rocket soundings at Fort Churchill, Manitoba are reported. Evidence is obtained that the NOx budget is not simply explained by oxidation of biospheric nitrous oxide. I 1-D time-dependent photochemical model is used to compute the amount of NO2 required to maintain odd oxygen in a steady state after accounting for Chapman, odd hydrogen, and odd chlorine reactions. At Wallops Island, a mid-latitude station, the inferred seasonal variation of NOx is small with the fall and winter mixing ratios about 20 percent greater than the spring and summer values. The soundings at Fort Churchill require about the same NOx amount as at Wallops Island in the spring and summer months but more than twice this amount in late fall and winter. Results indicate that the nitrous oxide source of NOx is supplemented by a polar source during the fall and winter months. This is consistent with the descent of thermospheric air with its high nitric oxide content during the period of strong cooling in the polar night.
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  • 37
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    Nitric oxide profile from 7 to 32 km (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An analysis is given of some results of the LIMS experiment, launched on the Nimbus 7 satellite on October 24, 1978 for the purpose of sounding the middle atmosphere composition and structure. One of the LIMS channels was centered spectrally in the 6 micron region to measure vertical profiles and the global distribution of NO2 mixing ratio. The data reveal that NO2 is highly variable with altitude, latitude, longitude and time. Steep latitudinal gradients are observed in high latitude winter ('the NO2 cliff') when a wave number one pattern exists in the geopotential height field. The daytime gradient under these conditions is less than that for the night. The summer hemisphere column amount is considerably greater (by a factor of about 2) than in the winter hemisphere. The largest mixing ratios occur at 4 mb at night (about 20 ppbv) and 9 mb in the day (about 7 ppbv) and the latitude region of the peak mixing ratio is skewed toward the Southern Hemisphere. The mixing ratio variability is greater at night (by a factor of about 2 to 3) than in the day and there are significant long-term changes revealed by mixing ratio time series analyses on a pressure vs time grid.
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  • 38
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    Global lower mesospheric water vapor revealed by LIMS observations (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratospheric water vapor channel data analysis has been extended from the 1. mb level (about 48 km) to the .3 mb level (about 60 km) through a radiance averaging procedure and better understanding of systematic errors. The data show H2O mixing ratio peaks near the .5 mb level varying from 4 to 7 ppmv with latitude and season. Above this level the mixing ratio drops off quickly with altitude, but, due to experimental uncertainties, at an uncertain rate. The stratospheric results are virtually the same as determined from the archived LIMS results with a tropical hygropause and enhanced H2O concentration in the lower levels at high winter latitudes.
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  • 39
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    LIMS data - Inferred stratospheric distribution of NOx and HOx trace constituents and the calculated odd nitrogen budget (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: LIMS, SAMS, SBUV and in-situ data have been used to infer species not measured but which are of photochemical interest, e.g., O(3P), O(1D), NO, N2O5, OH, HO2, ClO and HCl. (LIMS = limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere; SAMS = stratospheric and mesospheric sounder; and SBUV = solar backscattered ultraviolet instrument.) Production and loss of odd nitrogen have been calculated and estimates have been made of the odd nitrogen transport due to adiabatically driven circulation derived from LIMS data. Data used from LIMS include O3, NO2, HNO3, H2O and T. CH4 and N2O were taken from SAMS and the UV solar flux from the SBUV instrument. Species were inferred for periods in October, December, March and May. Results for December are discussed. Results indicate: (1) maximum stratospheric odd nitrogen levels of 25 ppbv; (2) evidence of odd nitrogen transport from the mesosphere appearing at 25 km in the wintertime polar latitudes; (3) the polar night build-up of high levels of N2O5 beginning after the autumnal equinox; and (4) the possibility of large downward fluxes of odd nitrogen into the troposphere during the winter at latitudes poleward of 60 degrees.
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  • 40
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    A study of the ozone photochemistry in the upper stratosphere using LIMS data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: LIMS data at vernal equinox conditions are used to study the photochemistry of the upper stratosphere. The results indicate, and it has been recently reported, that with the use of recommended reaction rates, current models underestimate ozone mixing ratio by 20-40 percent. For ozone, good agreement with data is realized with the modification of six key reaction rates within the published limits of uncertainty. These modifications also yield better agreement with data for daytime NO2. Model results for other parameters such as the ratio HNO3/NO2, OH mixing ratio, and the temperature sensitivity of O3 are compared with data.
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  • 41
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    Close-range photogrammetry with video cameras (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Examples of photogrammetric measurements made with video cameras uncorrected for electronic and optical lens distortions are presented. The measurement and correction of electronic distortions of video cameras using both bilinear and polynomial interpolation are discussed. Examples showing the relative stability of electronic distortions over long periods of time are presented. Having corrected for electronic distortion, the data are further corrected for lens distortion using the plumb line method. Examples of close-range photogrammetric data taken with video cameras corrected for both electronic and optical lens distortion are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 42
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    Electron density in the equatorial topside (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Ionospheric electron content studies have revealed severe discrepancies between Faraday measurements and model predictions at low latitudes. In this investigation, satellite data of AE-C and Aeros and incoherent scatter data from Jicamarca, Peru and Arecibo, Puerto Rico are used to examine the latitudinal and diurnal extent of this disagreement. It is found that in the modified dip range -30 deg to +30 deg the present IRI relative layer shape underestimates the thickness of the topside electron density during both, day and night. The Bent model which was used as a source for the IRI description performs somewhat better in this critical dip range, though it does not reach the observed values. Also it does not show the observed diurnal variation. A correction to the IRI formula is proposed that guarantees better agreement with the satellite and incoherent scatter data.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 10, 1; 15-19
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    Implementation of the new electron temperature model in IRI (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Since the first edition of IRI in 1978, considerable efforts have been directed towards an improved and refined electron temperature description. Finally, a new empirical model was presented at the COSPAR meeting at Graz, Austria, in 1984 (Bilitza et al.). Based mainly on satellite data it highlights a more detailed diurnal, seasonal, and altitudinal variation. The implementation of this model into the IRI framework is described. A first comparison with incoherent scatter measurements indicates the improved diurnal and seasonal performance of the model.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 10, 1
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  • 44
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    Comparison of measured and predicted F2 peak altitude (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Different models for the F2 peak altitude hmF2 are compared with mean values determined from incoherent scatter measurements of the radar stations Jicamarca, Peru and Arecibo, Puerto Rico at all local times. The investigation shows that the daytime hmF2 is fairly well represented by the most recent models, whereas at nighttime, higher peak altitudes are measured rather than predicted by either model. The observed diurnal structure is slightly misinterpreted by the models above Jicamarca and is strongly disagreeing above Arecibo.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 10, 1
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  • 45
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    Agricultural applications for thermal infrared multispectral scanner data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The use of the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data in agricultural landscapes is discussed. The TIMS allows for narrow-band analysis in the 8.2-11.6 micron range at spatial resolutions down to 5 meters in cell size. A coastal plain region in SE Alabama was studied using the TIMS. The crop/plant vigor, canopy density, and thermal response changes for soils obtained from thermal imagery are examined. The application of TIMS data to hydrologic and topographic issues, inventory and conservation monitoring, and the enhancement and extraction of cartographic features is described.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 46
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    Preliminary science results from the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Preliminary results of analyzing digital radar imagery data obtained by the SIR-B aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger STS 41-G are presented. The data cover 5 million square kilometers of the earth surface between 57 deg north and south latitudes. Radar imagery of the same target at different incidence angles was used to classify surfaces by their backscatter response as a function of incidence angle. The SIR-B proved to be useful for collecting multiple incidence angle data sets over a broad range of targets, providing information in the areas of geology, archeology, forestry, agriculture, oceanography, geography, and hydrology. The analysis is also used to optimize radar parameters such as look angle for future missions.
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  • 47
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    Forest discrimination with multipolarization imaging radar (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The use of radar polarization diversity for discriminating forest canopy variables on airborne synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images is evaluated. SAR images were acquired at L-Band (24.6 cm) simultaneously in four linear polarization states (HH, HV, VH, and VV) in South Carolina on March 1, 1984. In order to relate the polarization signatures to biophysical properties, false-color composite images were compared to maps of forest stands in the timber compartment. In decreasing order, the most useful correlative forest data are stand basal area, forest age, site condition index, and forest management type. It is found that multipolarization images discriminate variation in tree density and difference in the amount of understory, but do not discriminate between evergreen and deciduous forest types.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 48
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    Radio phase characteristics of terrain from multipolarized synthetic aperture radar data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Recent advances in digital data acquisition and signal processing technology permit simultaneous measurement of the complex (amplitude and phase) radar backscatter from several polarization-diverse antennas. While absolute phase mesurements remain to be analyzed in detail. The differential phase of signals polarized parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence provide information on the scattering mechanisms that dominate the interaction of the radio waves with the terrain. Analysis of phase backscatter maps from a typical urban area yields a bimodal distribution with the two peaks separated by approximately 180 degrees, highly indicative of a dominant simple geometric one bounce-two bounce mechanism. Some maps of agricultural areas exhibit a similar distribution, however, other agricultural areas yield a distribution that, while still bimodal, consists of two peaks separated by about 110 deg. Still other agricultural areas exhibit a more complex distribution. All of the observed phase shifts appear to be independent of incidence angle from at least 20 deg to 55 deg, therefore the 110 degree shifts are inconsistent with both the geometric model used for the urban area and with common dielectric slab models.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 49
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    Modelling of backscatter from vegetation layers (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A simple way to build up a library of models which may be used to distinguish between the different types of vegetation and ground surfaces by means of their backscatter properties is presented. The curve of constant power received by the antenna (Gamma sphere) is calculated for the given Stokes Scattering Operator, and model parameters are adopted of the most similar library model Gamma sphere. Results calculated for a single scattering model resembling coniferous trees are compared with the Gamma spheres of a model resembling tropical region trees. The polarization which would minimize the effect of either the ground surface or the vegetation layer can be calculated and used to analyze the backscatter from the ground surface/vegetation layer combination, and enhance the power received from the desired part of the combination.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Analysis of forest/structure using thematic mapper simulator data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Enhanced rock discrimination using Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The application of TM data to rock discrimination is discussed. Sixteen specific terrains derived from geologic maps are examined on TM images of the Arabian shield obtained on Apr. 14, 1984; visual enhancement procedures are applied to the images. The rock types observed in the test site are described; the major sedimentary formations in the test area are laterite and sandstone. The data reveal that the layered rocks in the outcrop consist of a variety of metamorphosed volcanics, metamorphosed sediments, and amphibolite, and the intrusive complex is composed of several classes of mafic and acidic rocks.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Monitoring vegetation recovery patterns on Mount St. Helens using thermal infrared multispectral data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The eruptions of Mount St. Helens created new surfaces by stripping and implacing large volumes of eroded material and depositing tephra in the blast area and on the flanks of the mountain. Areas of major disturbance are those in the blast zone that were subject to debris avalanche, pyroclastic flows, mudflows, and blowdown and scorched timber; and those outside the blast zone that received extensive tephra deposits. These zones represent a spectrum of disturbance types and intensities that can be indexed by temperature, impact force, and depth of subsequent deposition. This paper describes an application of NASA's Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) in monitoring vegetation recovery patterns in disturbed areas. Preliminary study results indicate a significant correlation between measured effective radiant temperature and vegetated/nonvegetated areas, percent vegetation cover, and vegetation type.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Identification of linear features in agricultural landscapes through spatial analyses of thermal infrared multispectral scanner data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    The Landsat thematic mapper World Data Base (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A World Data Base of potential thematic mapper (TM) scenes was developed to aid in acquisition planning. The World Data Base contains geopolitical, geographic and economic regions along with a format that enables users to find the satellite day, sun angle and cloud cover probability for any month of the year. Scenes that have been acquired by TM and have an average cloud cover of 30 percent of less from July 1982 when TM was launched until the Landsat system was taken over by NOAA in September 1984 are also in the World Data Base. Processed data are referenced in maps and data bases at EROS Data Center; however, a large number of acquistions have never been processed and therefore are not accessible. The World Data Base enables the rapid location of scenes and areas with the least effort making it invaluable in TM scheduling. Users of TM data can use the World Data Base to determine if scenes of interest have been acquired, the acquisition date, and if scenes have been processed to computer-compatible tape (CCT). These uses of the World Data Base make it a valuable tool in the acquisition and location of TM scenes.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Recent research on magnetospheric wave-particle interactions (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Highlights of recent Stanford University VLF research in the Antarctic include new observations of wave-induced particle precipitation and controlled experiments on nonlinear wave growth phenomena. Higher-than-expected levels of burst precipitation have been discovered inside the plasmasphere, near L = 2, using subionospheric signal perturbations called 'Trimpi events'. Studies of burst precipitation have been extended to the region poleward of the plasmapause using the Siple transmitter signal as a waveguide probe. Experiments on the 'coherent wave instability', using the amplitude and frequency modulation capability of the new Siple transmitter, have produced exciting new results. Examples are: (1) better definition of the power threshold for the stimulation of temporal wave growth, (2) generation of strong sidebands by unamplified 'beat' waves and (3) generation of chorus-like elements within a band of simulated hiss. Using a new digital processing technique developed at Stanford, new features of the phase behavior of growing waves have been found. Opportunities for extending these experiments are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: National Institute of Polar Research, Memoirs, Special Issue (ISSN 0386-0744); 38, D; 83-98
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    Extended testing of a general contextual classifier using the massively parallel processor - Preliminary results and test plans (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Earlier encouraging test results of a contextual classifier that combines spatial and spectral information employing a general statistical approach are expanded. The earlier results were of limited meaning because they were produced from small (50-by-50 pixel) data sets. An implementation of the contextual classifier on NASA Goddard's Massively Parallel Processor (MPP) is presented; for the first time the MPP makes feasible the testing of the classifier on large data sets (a 12-hour test on a VAX-11/780 minicomputer now takes 5 minutes on the MPP). The MPP is a Single-Instruction, Multiple Data Stream computer, consisting of 16,384 bit serial microprocessors connected in a 128-by-128 mesh array with each element having data transfer connections with its four nearest neighbors so that the MPP is capable of billions of operations per second. Preliminary results are given (with more expected for the conference) and plans are mentioned for extended testing of the contextual classifier on Thematic Mapper data sets.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Estimation of soil hydraulic properties with microwave techniques (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Useful quantitative information about soil properties may be obtained by calibrating energy and moisture balance models with remotely sensed data. A soil physics model solves heat and moisture flux equations in the soil profile and is driven by the surface energy balance. Model generated surface temperature and soil moisture and temperature profiles are then used in a microwave emission model to predict the soil brightness temperature. The model hydraulic parameters are varied until the predicted temperatures agree with the remotely sensed values. This method is used to estimate values for saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated matrix potential, and a soil texture parameter. The conductivity agreed well with a value measured with an infiltration ring and the other parameters agreed with values in the literature.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Land use mapping using edge density texture measures on Thematic Mapper simulator data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Texture analysis was performed as part of an investigation of the information content of Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. High altitude aircraft scanner imagery from the Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) instrument was acquired over central California and used to simulate TM data. Edge density texture images were constructed by computation of proportions of edge pixels in a 31 x 31 moving window on a near infrared ATM band. A training technique was employed to select computational parameters to maximize the difference between edge density measurements in urban and in rural areas. The results of classification of the texture images showed that urban and rural areas could be distinguished with texture alone, indicating that inclusion of texture in automated classification procedures could significantly improve their accuracy.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Multipolarization SAR data for surface feature delineation (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: This paper presents the techniques and the utility of multipolarization Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for surface feature delineation. Three channels of ratioed data (VV/HH, VH/HH, and VH/VV) are generated from the HH, VV, and VH polarization data (V = vertical, H = horizontal). The technique assumes redundancy of the VH and HV polarization and only VH polarization is used. The ratioed data are linearly stretched to yield a digital number within a range of 0 to 255. Based on the separability measure for two-class delineation, it was found that (1) the ratioed data resulted in a better delineation of surface features with high like (HH or VV) polarization digital number, and (2) the use of ratioed data provided further information not available from the original three-polarization data. The results suggest an advantage in using the ratioed data and the original three-polarization data for surface feature delineation.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 60
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    What are the best radar wavelengths, incidence angles and polarizations for geologic applications? A statistical approach (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Linear discriminant analysis of multifrequency and multipolarization radar scatterometer data of lava flows and sedimentary rocks indicates that the lava flows can be separated by age and the sedimentary rocks can be discriminated from one another. The optimum wavelengths, polarizations and incidence angles among those available for these problems was determined by the discriminant analysis program. For separation of the lava flows, shorter wavelengths, smaller incidence angles and horizontal polarization are best. A SIR-C radar configuration could provide nearly complete discrimination of these lava flows. Conversely, the longer wavelengths, larger incidence angles and vertical polarization was preferred for sedimentary rocks, perhaps due to the slight vegetation cover. Satisfactory classification of sedimentary rocks requires more radar data than for the lavas. These results are potentially useful both for radar system configuration and for geological applications. The method developed here may provide a rationale for user specification of imaging system parameters.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 61
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    Microwave backscatter and emission observed from Shuttle Imaging Radar B and an airborne 1.4 GHz radiometer (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A soil moisture experiment conducted with the Shuttle Imaging Radar B (SIR-B) is reported. SIR-B operated at 1.28 GHz provided the active microwave measurements, while a 4-beam pushbroom 1.4 GHz radiometer gave the complementary passive microwave measurements. The aircraft measurements were made at an altitude of 330 m, resulting in a ground resolution cell of about 100 m diameter. SIR-B ground resolution from 225 km was about 35 m. More than 150 agricultural fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California were examined in the experiment. The effect of surface roughness height on radar backscatter and radiometric measurements was studied.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Overview and highlights of Early Warning and Crop Condition Assessment project (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Work of the Early Warning and Crop Condition Assessment (EW/CCA) project, one of eight projects in the Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing (AgRISTARS), is reviewed. Its mission, to develop and test remote sensing techniques that enhance operational methodologies for crop condition assessment, was in response to initiatives issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. Meteorologically driven crop stress indicator models have been developed or modified for wheat, maize, grain sorghum, and soybeans. These models provide early warning alerts of potential or actual crop stresses due to water deficits, adverse temperatures, and water excess that could delay planting or harvesting operations. Recommendations are given for future research involving vegetative index numbers and the NOAA and Landsat satellites.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Forest discrimination with multipolarization imaging radar (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The relations between polarization signatures and biophysical characteristics through a range of different forest environments were investigated using airborne synthetic-aperture (SAR) images acquired at L-band on March 1, 1984 in South Carolina. SAR data acquired in four linear polarization states with 10-m spatial resolution were encoded as color composite images and compared to US Forest Service forest stand data. The most useful correlative forest data were stand basal area, forest age, site condition index, and forest management type. It is found that the multipolarization images discriminate variation in tree density or difference in the amount of understory, but no evidence has been found for discrimination between evergreen and deciduous forest types.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Structure of terrestrial impact craters from SIR-B radar data - Preliminary results (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The structure in and around the Charlevoix and Deep Bay impact craters was analyzed by comparing SIR-B radar image lineament maps with maps derived from Landsat data and aerial photography. Relationships revealed include the discovery in the Deep Bay lineament distribution of a mode, of slightly different location and size to that determined by aerial photography, which correlates with the regional glacial trend. The Deep Bay regional glacial trend displays a much more prominent signature in the aerial photography than in the radar data, confirming the influence of radar look direction on the interpretation of lineament distribution and orientation. Effects from the impact event are noted in the radar images of both craters, with lineaments of one km or less appearing to be associated with the rim structure.
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    Estimation of biophysical properties of forest canopies through inversion of microwave scatterometer data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A method for estimating the biophysical properties of a forest canopy through inversion of microwave scatterometer data is discussed. A C-band scatterometer flown over an aspen site in northern Minnesota during 19 days from May 2 to October 20, 1984, was modified to enable continuous recording of the range of the target. This provided the backscatter cross section as a function of range and was used to study scattering processes within the canopy. The remote estimates of HH, VV, and HV extinction coefficient values agreed well with the estimates obtained with the use of an active radar calibrator.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Remote sensing techniques for the detection of soil erosion and the identification of soil conservation practices (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The following paper is a summary of a number of techniques initiated under the AgRISTARS (Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing) project for the detection of soil degradation caused by water erosion and the identification of soil conservation practices for resource inventories. Discussed are methods to utilize a geographic information system to determine potential soil erosion through a USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) model; application of the Kauth-Thomas Transform to detect present erosional status; and the identification of conservation practices through visual interpretation and a variety of enhancement procedures applied to digital remotely sensed data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Passive microwave soil moisture research (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The AgRISTARS Soil Moisture Project has made significant progress in the quantification of microwave sensor capabilities for soil moisture remote sensing. The 21-cm wavelength has been verified to be the best single channel for radiometric observations of soil moisture. It has also been found that other remote sensing approaches used in conjunction with L-band passive data are more successful than multiple wavelength microwave radiometry in this application. AgRISTARS studies have also improved current understanding of noise factors affecting the interpretability of microwave emission data. The absorption of soil emission by vegetation has been quantified, although this effect is less important than absorption effects for microwave radiometry.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Comparison of the information contents of LANDSAT TM and MSS data (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A communications-theory approach is taken to analyze the dispersion and concentration of signal values in various data spaces, irrespective of specific class membership. Entropy is used to quantify information, and mutual information is used to measure the information represented by subsets of spectral variables. Several different comparisons of information content are made. These include comparisons of system design capacities, of data volumes occupied by agricultural data in the spaces defined by original bands and by transformed spectral (Tasseled Cap) variables, of the information contents of original bands and Tasseled Cap variables, and of the information contents of TM and MSS for the given agricultural data sets. Also, the effects of sample size, scene content, and quantization level are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Study on Spectral(Radiometric Characteristics of the Thematic Mapper for Land Use Applications; p 39-48
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    Microwave limb sounder for stratospheric measurements (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The balloon-borne Microwave Limb Sounder (BMLS) measures atmospheric thermal emission from millimeter wavelength spectral lines to determine vertical profiles of stratospheric species. The instrument flown to data operates at 205 BHz to measure ClO, O3, and H2O2. A 63 GHz radiometer is added to test the technique for determining tangent point pressure from the MLS experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Many additional species is also measured by the BLMS. A radiometer at 270 GHz would provide measurements of HO2, NO2, HNO3, N2O, 16O18O16O, and HCN. With this addition the BMLS can test the current theory of O3 heavy ozone photochemical balance in the upper stratosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Volume 15; p 90-123
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    Free radicals in the stratosphere - A new observational technique (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A new approach to in situ observations of trace reactive species in the stratosphere is described. A balloon-borne system, floating 40 kilometers above the earth's surface, successfully lowered and then retracted a cluster of instruments a distance of 12 kilometers on a filament of Kevlar. This instrument cluster is capable of detecting gas-phase free radicals at the part-per-trillion level. The suspended instrument array has excellent stability and has been used to measured atomic oxygen concentrations in the stratosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 228; 1309-131
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    Aircraft measurements of ammonia and nitric acid in the lower troposphere (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The first simultaneous measurements of ammonia and nitric acid in the troposphere have been made from an aircraft using a tungsten oxide denuder system. Vertical profiles of NH3 and HNO3 taken over coastal Virginia and Maryland in March and September, 1983, at altitudes from 150 m to 3000 m, show mixing ratios that decrease with altitude. Ammonia profiles show substantial seasonal variation, while nitric acid profiles do not. Using the measured profiles and a one-dimensional photochemical model, lifetimes due to heterogeneous loss of one day for HNO3 and ten days for NH3 are calculated. In contrast, NH3 profiles up to 5300 m over the North Atlantic Ocean during August 1982 show mixing ratios that increase slightly with altitude. These data represent the first ammonia profiles measured over the ocean. It is suggested that the increase in NH3 with altitude is a result of an ammonia-rich continental air mass advected over the ocean, followed by the dissolution of NH3 in the marine boundary layer on water-covered sea salt particles.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 12; 401-404
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    Auroral zone effects on hydrogen geocorona structure and variability (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The effect of diurnal and magnetospheric modulations on the structure of the hydrogen geocorona is analyzed on the basis of recent observations. Particular attention is given to the enhancement of neutral escape by plasma effects, including the recently observed phenomenon of low-altitude ion acceleration. It is found that, while significant fluxes of neutral H should be produced by transverse ion acceleration in the auroral zone, the process is probably insufficient to account for the observed polar depletion of hydrogen atoms. Analysis of recent exospheric temperature measurements from the Dynamics Explorer-2 satellite suggest that neutral heating in and near the high latitude cusp may be the major contributor to depleted atomic hydrogen densities at high latitudes. Altitude profiles of the production rates for escaping neutral hydrogen atoms during periods of maximum, minimum, and typical solar activity are provided.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 33; 499-505
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    Application of Thematic Mapper data to corn and soybean development stage estimation (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A model, utilizing direct relationship between remotely sensed spectral data and the development stage of both corn and soybeans has been proposed and published previously (Badhwar and Henderson, 1981; and Henderson and Badhwar, 1984). This model was developed using data acquired by instruments mounted on trucks over field plots of corn and soybeans as well as satellite data from Landsat. In all cases, the data was analyzed in the spectral bands equivalent to the four bands of Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS). In this study the same model has been applied to corn and soybeans using Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) data combined with simulated TM data to provide a multitemporal data set in TM band intervals. All data (five total acquisitions) were acquired over a test site in Webster County, Iowa from June to October 1982. The use of TM data for determining development state is as accurate as with Landsat MSS and field plot data in MSS bands. The maximum deviation of 0.6 development stage for corn and 0.8 development stage for soybeans is well within the uncertainty with which a field can be estimated with procedures used by observers on the ground in 1982.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 17; 197-201
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    Experimental evidence for spring and autumn windows for the detection of geobotanical anomalies through the remote sensing of overlying vegetation (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: It is pointed out that in many regions of the world, vegetation is the predominant factor influencing variation in reflected energy in the 0.4-2.5 micron region of the spectrum. Studies have, therefore, been conducted regarding the utility of remote sensing for detecting changes in vegetation which could be related to the presence of mineralization. The present paper provides primarily a report on the results of the second year of a multiyear study of geobotanical-remote-sensing relationships as developed over areas of sulfide mineralization. The field study has a strong experimental design basis. It is proceeded by first delineating the boundaries of a large geographic region which satisfied a set of previously enumerated field-site criteria. Within this region, carefully selected pairs of mineralized and nonmineralized test sites were examined over the growing season. The experiment is to provide information about the spectral and temporal resolutions required for remote-sensing-geobotanical exploration. The obtained results are evaluated.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 6; 195-216
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    Magnetotail energy storage and release during the CDAW 6 substorm analysis intervals (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The concept of the Coordinated Data Analysis Workshop (CDAW) grew out of the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) program. According to this concept, data are to be pooled from a wide variety of spacecraft and ground-based sources for limited time intervals. These data are to provide the basis for the performance of very detailed correlative analyses, usually with fairly limited physical problems in mind. However, in the case of the CDAW 6 truly global goals are involved. The primary goal is to trace the flow of energy from the solar wind through the magnetosphere to its ultimate dissipation by substorm processes. The present investigation has the specific goal to examine the evidence for the storage of solar wind energy in the magnetotail prior to substorm expansion phase onsets. Of particular interest is the determination, in individual substorm cases, of the time delays between the loading of energy into the magnetospheric system and the subsequent unloading of this energy.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 1205-121
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    Preliminary results of a quantitative comparison of the spectral signatures of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS). (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Operationally acquired Thematic Mapper and experimental MOMS-01 data are evaluated quantitatively concerning the systems spectral response and performance for geoscientific applications. Results show the two instruments to be similar in the spectral bands compared. Although the MOMS scanner has a smaller IFOV, it has a lower modulation transfer function performance for small, low contrast features as compared to Thematic Mapper. This deficiency does not only occur when MOMS was switched to the low gain mode. It is due to the CD arrays used (ITEK CCPD 1728).
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA Proceedings of the Third International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures of Objects in Remote Sensing; p 335-341
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  • 77
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    The First International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) will verify the use of satellite data for the estimation of land-surface properties through field experiments using point measurements on the ground and areal measurements from aircraft overflights. In addition to validating satellite estimates of surface properties, it studies approaches for obtaining areal averages of the radiation, moisture and heat fluxes made using remotely sensed data. The procedure suggested combines the surface point measurements of the fluxes with the aircraft areal observations using a surface energy balance model to interpolate between the point estimates of these fluxes and calculate area-averaged quantities. The surface parameters to be estimated from aircraft observations include: surface radiation temperature, albedo, land cover or vegetation index, and surface soil moisture (the latter to be obtained using passive and active microwave approaches). The area-averages of the surface properties are compared with satellite data where possible. The First ISLSCP Field Experiment is planned for l987 at a site having relatively uniform vegetation cover in the central great plains of the USA. for 1987 at a site having relatively uniform vegetation cover in the central great plains of the USA.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA Proceedings of the Third International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures of Objects in Remote Sensing; p 321-325
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  • 78
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    Cropland soil moisture estimates derived from dual polarization 1.66 centimeter passive microwave imagery from Nimbus 7 (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 79
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    Heat balance of the ionosphere - Implications for the International Reference Ionosphere (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Theoretical considerations can be helpful tools in modeling ionospheric parameters in regions and for times where not enough experimental data are available. This study asks whether results of heat balance calculations should be introduced to supplement the data base for the International Reference Ionosphere. The present status of the theoretical understanding is discussed and the influence of the following unresolved or neglected times are examined: (1) electron heating rate, (2) electron cooling by fine structure excitation of atomic oxygen, and (3) height-dependent Coulomb Logarithm. The ambiguity introduced by these terms leads to up to 30 percent uncertainty in the electron temperature of the lower ionosphere. The electron temperature in the upper ionosphere is largely determined by heat conduction from above and depends critically on the conditions assumed at the boundary between ionosphere and plasmasphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 10, 1
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  • 80
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    Analysis of data acquired by Shuttle Imaging Radar SIR-A and Landsat Thematic Mapper over Baldwin County, Alabama (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Seasonally compatible data collected by SIR-A and by Landsat 4 TM over the lower coastal plain in Alabama were coregistered, forming a SIR-A/TM multichannel data set with 30 m x 30 m pixel size. Spectral signature plots and histogram analysis of the data were used to observe data characteristics. Radar returns from pine forest classes correlated highly with the tree ages, suggesting the potential utility of microwave remote sensing for forest biomass estimation. As compared with the TM-only data set, the use of SIR-A/TM data set improved classification accuracy of the seven land cover types studied. In addition, the SIR-A/TM classified data support previous finding by Engheta and Elachi (1982) that microwave data appear to be correlated with differing bottomland hardwood forest vegetation as associated with varying water regimens (i.e., wet versus dry).
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 81
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    Near infrared leaf reflectance modeling (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Near infrared leaf reflectance modeling using Fresnel's equation (Kumar and Silva, 1973) and Snell's Law successfully approximated the spectral curve for a 0.25-mm turgid oak leaf lying on a Halon background. Calculations were made for ten interfaces, air-wax, wax-cellulose, cellulose-water, cellulose-air, air-water, and their inverses. A water path of 0.5 mm yielded acceptable results, and it was found that assignment of more weight to those interfaces involving air versus water or cellulose, and less to those involving wax, decreased the standard deviation of the error for all wavelengths. Data suggest that the air-cell interface is not the only important contributor to the overall reflectance of a leaf. Results also argue against the assertion that the near infrared plateau is a function of cell structure within the leaf.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 82
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    The NASA/JPL multipolarization SAR aircraft program (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The NASA/JPL aircrft program has been in existence for more than a decade. However, during the past two years, there has been a dramatic increase in the capability and scientific utility of this system as an L-band, 4-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system has become operational. The system is capable of simultaneously and coherently acquiring four independent complex polarization measurements for every pixel in the image. This capability has been exploited by a number of experimenters to generate several new data types that appear to contain significantly more information than was previously available from single or dual polarized SAR systems. The system will ultimately be capable of estimating the entire complex scattering matrix for every pixel on the ground. Within the next year the system will be extended to C-band so that it will be possible to simultaneously acquire 4-polarization imagery at L-band and C-band. This system will be the prototype for the SIR-C experiment that will have similar capabilities and be flown on the Space Shuttle in 1989.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 83
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    Variograms and spatial variation in remotely sensed images (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Research is presented that is aimed at developing a link or connection between ground scenes and spatial variation in images. The link is established through the use of models of scenes and a measure of spatial variation - the variogram. The approach used to explore the nature of spatial variation in remotely sensed images can be thought of as a 'bottom up' approach because it starts with a model of the scene and works toward the characteristics of a remotely sensed image derived from the scene. To date, observed images at two resolutions for each of three kinds of environment have been used to evaluate the use of variograms in real images. The images are from forests, residential, and agricultural environments. One resolution used is 30 m from the Thematic Mapper or Thematic Mapper Simulator. For each environment also there is fine resolution data from the range of 0.15-2.5 m. It is noted that variograms from these images show considerable structure. Work continues on checking the validity of the disk model (a way of representing trees and their shadows).
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 84
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    Vegetation assessment using a combination of visible, near-IR and thermal-IR AVHRR data (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Twelve hour temperature difference (thermal inertia) maps generated by rectifying and registering ascending (day) passes and descending (night) passes of the NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are compared to vegetation index maps generated from the visible and near IR data from the day pass of that satellite. There appears to be significant and unique information concerning surface characteristics in the temperature difference data on the 1 km scale of the AVHRR. A scatter diagram is provided which shows the pattern of day-night temperature difference compared to vegetation index for irrigated agriculture, dry rangeland, lakes, wet areas and burned rangeland. A detailed description of the techniques employed to provide the day-night temperature maps is provided.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 85
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    Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Interferometric SAR observations are a basis for the generation of high resolution topographic maps of a region through the interpretation of interference fringes. The combination of height, along-track, and slant range measurements is sufficient for rectification of the radar imagery for cartographic applications, in addition to furnishing an accurate determination of the scene topography. Topographic maps have been derived on the basis of data recorded by both aircraft and Seasat-A satellite radars. A comparison of the maps obtained with U.S. Geological Survey Contour maps indicates a high degree of correlation between two sets of altitude data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 86
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    Earth orientation from lunar laser ranging and an error analysis of polar motion services (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Lunar laser ranging (LLR) data are obtained on the basis of the timing of laser pulses travelling from observatories on earth to retroreflectors placed on the moon's surface during the Apollo program. The modeling and analysis of the LLR data can provide valuable insights into earth's dynamics. The feasibility to model accurately the lunar orbit over the full 13-year observation span makes it possible to conduct relatively long-term studies of variations in the earth's rotation. A description is provided of general analysis techniques, and the calculation of universal time (UT1) from LLR is discussed. Attention is also given to a summary of intercomparisons with different techniques, polar motion results and intercomparisons, and a polar motion error analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 9353-936
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  • 87
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    Observing tectonic plate motions and deformations from satellite laser ranging (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The scope of geodesy has been greatly affected by the advent of artificial near-earth satellites. The present paper provides a description of the results obtained from the reduction of data collected with the aid of satellite laser ranging. It is pointed out that dynamic reduction of satellite laser ranging (SLR) data provides very precise positions in three dimensions for the laser tracking network. The vertical components of the stations, through the tracking geometry provided by the global network and the accurate knowledge of orbital dynamics, are uniquely related to the center of mass of the earth. Attention is given to the observations, the methodologies for reducing satellite observations to estimate station positions, Lageos-observed tectonic plate motions, an improved temporal resolution of SLR plate motions, and the SLR vertical datum.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 9249-926
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  • 88
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    Analysis of ozone data (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 193-195
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  • 89
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    Molecular properties and reaction rates (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 173-174
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  • 90
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    Comparison of mesospheric ozone measurements using the LRIR and UVMCS satellite instruments (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A comparison between mesospheric ozone profiles determined by two radically different satellite-borne instruments is presented for the period of July to November, 1975. The Limb Radiance Inversion Radiometer measured 9.6-micron O3 emission, while the Ultraviolet Multiple Channel Spectrometer measured the atmospheric attenuation of solar ultraviolet radiation during passage of the OSO-8 satellite across the terminator. Only nine near coincident measurements were found. The individual instruments have estimated precision errors of + or - 10 to 15 percent. Agreement between ozone values as measured by the two techniques for specific cases varies between 10 and 20 percent. The statistical correlation is positive and significant at all altitudes where both instruments had reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. A maximum correlation of 0.76 occurred at 0.3 mb (about 59 km).
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Annales Geophysicae (ISSN 0755-0685); 3; 439-443
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  • 91
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    Modelling of ionospheric temperature profiles (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Ionosphere electron temperature data gathered by the AE-C, AEROS, Isis-1 and -2 spacecraft are employed to define linear models for the average conditions. Account is taken of evidence for seasonal, altitudinal, solar activity and density-temperature effects. Notably, use is made of the high negative correlations between the electron temperature and density, thereby allowing either to be calculated if data are available on the density.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 7, 19
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  • 92
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    Proposed ozone reference models for the middle atmosphere (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Since the publication of the last COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA 72), large amounts of ozone data acquired from satellites have become available in addition to increasing quantities of rocketsonde, balloonsonde, Dobson, M83, and Umkehr measurements. From the available archived satellite data, models are developed for the new CIRA using 5 satellite experiments (Nimbus 7 SBUV and LIMS, AEM-2 SAGE, and SME IR and UVS) of the monthly latitudinal and altitudinal variations in the ozone mixing ratio in the middle atmosphere. Standard deviations and interannual variations are also quantified. The satellite models are shown to agree well with a previous reference model based on rocket and balloon measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 7, 19
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  • 93
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    Evidence for ion heat flux in the light ion polar wind (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Cold flowing hydrogen and helium ions have been observed using the retarding ion mass spectrometer on board the Dynamics Explorer 1 spacecraft in the dayside magnetosphere at subauroral latitudes. The ions show a marked flux asymmetry with respect to the relative wind direction. The observed data are fitted by a model of drifting Maxwellian distributions perturbed by a first order-Spritzer-Haerm heat flux distribution function. It is shown that both ion species are supersonic just equatorward of the auroral zone at L = 14, and the shape of asymmetry and direction of the asymmetry are consistent with the presence of an upward heat flux. At L = 6, both species evolve smoothly into warmer subsonic upward flows with downward heat fluxes. In the case of subsonic flows the downward heat flux implies a significant heat source at higher altitudes. Spin curves of the spectrometer count rate versus the spin phase angle are provided.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 8552-855
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  • 94
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    Inclusion of specular reflectance in vegetative canopy models (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A detailed comparison of the observed soybeans and corn canopy reflectance with that calculated from three vegetative canopy reflectance models have shown systematic angular deviations. A likely cause of these effects is noninclusion of leaf specular reflectance. In this paper a formulation to calculate the component of canopy specular reflectance as a function of incident solar and view zenith angles, leaf area index, leaf angle distribution, and leaf specular reflectance has been developed. The SAIL model has been modified to include this component and the results are compared with an extensive observational data set on soybeans. It is shown that the systematic differences between the SAIL model and observations dependent on scattering azimuth are removed. An analysis of variance shows model improvement of 30 percent over the uncorrected SAIL model.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-23; 731-736
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  • 95
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    Evaluation of a canopy reflectance model for LAI estimation through its inversion (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A technique for estimating leaf area indices (LAIs) based on bidirectional canopy reflectance (CR) data is applied to three plant canopies: a naturally growing healthy soybean canopy; and a clumped and tufted orchardgrass canopy, respectively. The CR data were collected using a PARABOLA instrument which is capable of acquiring complete sky-and-ground looking hemispheres in 11 seconds. The model fit and LAI estimates were good for the soybean and clumped orchardgrass canopies, but poor for the tufted orchardgrass canopy when the maximum zenith angle was less than 50 percent. It is shown that the biophysical parameter estimation based on CR measurements applied well to homogeneous herbaceous vegetation types, while better CR models are needed to adequately represent discontinuous plant canopies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-23; 674-684
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  • 96
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    Modeling the radiant transfers of sparse vegetation canopies (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The scattering dynamics of sparse vegetation canopies were studied within the framework of the three-dimensional radiative transfer model of Kimes (1984). The model was upgraded by including an algorithm for the anisotropic scattering of a soil boundary. Validation of the model was carried out using measured directional reflectance data for two canopies exhibiting typical scattering behavior with low and intermediate vegetation density. The canopies were: an orchard grass canopy; and a hard wheat canopy. A number of factors were found contributing to the final reflectance distribution of the canopies, including: (1) the strong anisotropic scattering properties of the soil; (2) the geometric effect of the vegetation probability gap function on the soil anisotropy and solar irradiance; and (3) the anisotropic scattering of vegetation which is controlled by the phase function and the layering of leaves. The application of the theoretical results to the development of earth-observing sensor systems is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-23; 695-704
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  • 97
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    The relative importance of aerosol scattering and absorption in remote sensing (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Previous attempts to explain the effect of aerosols on satellite measurements of surface properties for the visible and near-infrared spectrum have emphasized the amount of aerosols without consideration of their absorption properties. In order to estimate the importance of absorption, the radiances of the sunlight scattered from models of the earth-atmosphere system are computed as functions of the aerosol optical thickness and absorption. The absorption effect is small where the surface reflectance is weak, but is important for strong reflectance. These effects on classification of surface features, measuring vegetation index, and measuring surface reflectance are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-23; 625-633
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  • 98
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    Gravity anomalies and flexure of the Brazilian Shield beneath the Bolivian Andes (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 75; 1, Se; 81-92
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  • 99
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    Influence of aerosol scattering on atmospheric blurring of surface features (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The influence of the shape of atmospheric scattering phase functions on blurring of surface detail in images acquired from space is investigated. The effects are characterized by computing atmospheric transfer functions and by solving the multidimensional equation of radiative transfer using a Fourier transform method. It is predicted that increased forward scattering enhances the detectability of atmospheric blurring near reflectance boundaries. Results for off-nadir viewing are also presented.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-23; 618-624
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  • 100
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    Associated middle to late Jurassic volcanism and extension in southern South America (1985)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Tectonophysics (ISSN 0040-1951); 116; 223-253
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