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  • Chemistry  (7,254)
  • General Chemistry  (879)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (873)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (470)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (8,597)
  • 1985  (8,597)
Collection
Keywords
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (8,597)
Year
  • 1
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    Bond order and charge localization in nucleoside phosphorothioates (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-05-03
    Description: In the recent literature on nucleoside phosphorothioate anions the structural formulas show a double bond between phosphorus and sulfur and a single bond between phosphorus and oxygen with a negative charge localized on oxygen. However, a review of physical data on these compounds shows the reverse to be the case; that is, in phosphorothioate anions the P-S bond is a single bond with a negative charge localized on sulfur, while the P-O bond order for exocyclic and nonbridging oxygens is greater than 1, approaching 2 in O-alkyl phosphorothioate monoanions and O,O-dialkyl phosphorothioates. The P-O bond orders in phosphorothioate dianions and trianions approach 1 1/2 and 1 1/3, respectively, owing to delocalization of negative charge among two or three oxygens. These conclusions are based on bond lengths obtained from x-ray crystallographic data and electron diffraction, the magnitudes of the effects of 18O on the 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of phosphorus in nucleoside [18O]phosphorothioates, the pH-dependence of 17O-NMR chemical shifts in [17O]phosphate and [17O]thiophosphate, the vibrational spectra of thiophosphate di- and trianions, and the pKa (dissociation constant) values for phosphoric and thiophosphoric acids.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frey, P A -- Sammons, R D -- GM30480/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 May 3;228(4699):541-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2984773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphoric Acids/metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Thionucleotides/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Dissociation of antitumor potency from anthracycline cardiotoxicity in a doxorubicin analog (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-06-28
    Description: The search for new congeners of the leading anticancer drug doxorubicin has led to an analog that is approximately 1000 times more potent, noncardiotoxic at therapeutic dose levels, and non-cross-resistant with doxorubicin. The new anthracycline, 3'-deamino-3'-(3-cyano-4-morpholinyl)doxorubicin (MRA-CN), is produced by incorporation of the 3' amino group of doxorubicin in a new cyanomorpholinyl ring. The marked increase in potency was observed against human ovarian and breast carcinomas in vitro; it was not accompanied by an increase in cardiotoxicity in fetal mouse heart cultures. Doxorubicin and MRA-CN both produced typical cardiac ultrastructural and biochemical changes, but at equimolar concentrations. In addition, MRA-CN was not cross-resistant with doxorubicin in a variant of the human sarcoma cell line MES-SA selected for resistance to doxorubicin. Thus antitumor efficacy was dissociated from both cardiotoxicity and cross-resistance by this modification of anthracycline structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikic, B I -- Ehsan, M N -- Harker, W G -- Friend, N F -- Brown, B W -- Newman, R A -- Hacker, M P -- Acton, E M -- CA 24543/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 32250/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 33303/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jun 28;228(4707):1544-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4012308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antineoplastic Agents ; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Cell Line ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Doxorubicin/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Female ; Heart/drug effects ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/analysis ; Mice ; Myocardium/enzymology ; Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Pregnancy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    A potent nonpeptide cholecystokinin antagonist selective for peripheral tissues isolated from Aspergillus alliaceus (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-10-11
    Description: A new, competitive, nonpeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist, asperlicin, was isolated from the fungus Aspergillus alliaceus. The compound has 300 to 400 times the affinity for pancreatic, ileal, and gallbladder CCK receptors than proglumide, a standard agent of this class. Moreover, asperlicin is highly selective for peripheral CCK receptors relative to brain CCK and gastrin receptors. Since asperlicin also exhibits long-lasting CCK antagonist activity in vivo, it should provide a valuable tool for investigating the physiological and pharmacological actions of CCK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, R S -- Lotti, V J -- Monaghan, R L -- Birnbaum, J -- Stapley, E O -- Goetz, M A -- Albers-Schonberg, G -- Patchett, A A -- Liesch, J M -- Hensens, O D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Oct 11;230(4722):177-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2994227" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aspergillus/*metabolism ; Benzodiazepinones/*isolation & purification/pharmacology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cholecystokinin/*antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology/physiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Gallbladder/drug effects ; Guinea Pigs ; Ileum/drug effects ; Pancreas/drug effects ; Rats ; Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects ; Receptors, Cholecystokinin
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-09-27
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of poliovirus has been determined at 2.9 A resolution by x-ray crystallographic methods. Each of the three major capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) contains a "core" consisting of an eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel with two flanking helices. The arrangement of beta strands and helices is structurally similar and topologically identical to the folding pattern of the capsid proteins of several icosahedral plant viruses. In each of the major capsid proteins, the "connecting loops" and NH2- and COOH-terminal extensions are structurally dissimilar. The packing of the subunit "cores" to form the virion shell is reminiscent of the packing in the T = 3 plant viruses, but is significantly different in detail. Differences in the orientations of the subunits cause dissimilar contacts at protein-protein interfaces, and are also responsible for two major surface features of the poliovirion: prominent peaks at the fivefold and threefold axes of the particle. The positions and interactions of the NH2- and COOH-terminal strands of the capsid proteins have important implications for virion assembly. Several of the "connecting loops" and COOH-terminal strands form prominent radial projections which are the antigenic sites of the virion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hogle, J M -- Chow, M -- Filman, D J -- AI-20566/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-22346/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- NS-07078/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI020566/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Sep 27;229(4720):1358-65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2994218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Capsid/physiology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; HeLa Cells/microbiology ; Mutation ; Poliovirus/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Protein Conformation ; Virus Replication ; X-Ray Diffraction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
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    Qinghaosu (artemisinin): an antimalarial drug from China (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-05-31
    Description: The herb Artemisia annua has been used for many centuries in Chinese traditional medicine as a treatment for fever and malaria. In 1971, Chinese chemists isolated from the leafy portions of the plant the substance responsible for its reputed medicinal action. This compound, called qinghaosu (QHS, artemisinin), is a sesquiterpene lactone that bears a peroxide grouping and, unlike most other antimalarials, lacks a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring system. The compound has been used successfully in several thousand malaria patients in China, including those with both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Derivatives of QHS, such as dihydroqinghaosu, artemether, and the water-soluble sodium artesunate, appear to be more potent than QHS itself. Sodium artesunate acts rapidly in restoring to consciousness comatose patients with cerebral malaria. Thus QHS and its derivatives offer promise as a totally new class of antimalarials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klayman, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 May 31;228(4703):1049-55.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3887571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antimalarials ; *Artemisinins ; Brain Diseases/therapy ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Humans ; Liver/metabolism ; Malaria/*drug therapy ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Plants, Medicinal/analysis ; Plasmodium berghei ; Plasmodium falciparum ; *Sesquiterpenes/isolation & purification/metabolism/therapeutic use/toxicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Sculpting horizons in organic chemistry (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-02-22
    Description: Organic chemistry as a discipline derives from and impacts on the biological and abiological world in which we live. Its challenges lie in the areas of structure, reactivity, techniques, and concepts. Powerful structural tools reveal structures from biology that range from control of insect development and behavior to whole new metabolic pathways in humans. Unnatural products create beautiful new molecular shapes whose properties cannot be predicted as well as catalysts that function with enzyme-like control. From structure flows reactivity. Exploration of known reactions points to new directions, and development of new reactions offers the opportunity of streamlined synthetic design. Emerging new techniques offer new dimensions for performing and studying reactions as well as the hope for developing new ones. Merging disparate facts into unified concepts increases predictive capabilities. The extraordinary difficulty of finding the resultant of many small effects may obscure the presence of general theories, creates the art in the practice of the science, and challenges the practitioner. From these general themes derives the quest for selectivity--chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantio-. An examination of the fundamental underpinnings of the applications of organic chemistry reveals that, while impressive strides have been made, the science is best described as being between infancy and childhood. The cross-fertilization between organic chemistry and molecular biology vividly illustrates a merging of chemistry and biology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trost, B M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Feb 22;227(4689):908-16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3969569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Animals ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Chemistry, Organic ; Enzymes ; Humans ; Insects ; Mammals ; Organic Chemistry Phenomena ; Research ; Stereoisomerism
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  • 7
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    Hernandulcin: an intensely sweet compound discovered by review of ancient literature (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-01-25
    Description: Ancient Mexican botanical literature was systematically searched for new plant sources of intensely sweet substances. Lippia dulcis Trev., a sweet plant, emerged as a candidate for fractionation studies, and hernandulcin, a sesquiterpene, was isolated and judged by a human taste panel as more than 1000 times sweeter than sucrose. The structure of the sesquiterpene was determined spectroscopically and confirmed by chemical synthesis. Hernandulcin was nontoxic when administered orally to mice, and it did not induce bacterial mutation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Compadre, C M -- Pezzuto, J M -- Kinghorn, A D -- Kamath, S K -- N01-DE-02425/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jan 25;227(4685):417-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3880922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bibliography as Topic ; Botany/history ; Chemistry ; History, 16th Century ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mexico ; Mice ; Molecular Conformation ; Mutagenicity Tests ; *Plants/analysis ; *Sesquiterpenes/chemical synthesis/isolation & purification/toxicity ; *Sweetening Agents/chemical synthesis/history/isolation & purification/toxicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Computer-assisted analysis in organic synthesis (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-04-26
    Description: The planning of alternative routes for the synthesis of complex organic molecules has been facilitated by the formulation of guiding strategies that can be applied to a broad range of problems. Analysis of organic synthesis can be carried out in the retrosynthetic direction, opposite to the actual process of chemical synthesis, or bidirectionally, that is, as a combined retrosynthetic and synthetic search. An interactive computer program is described which utilizes the general strategies of retrosynthetic analysis and an appropriate database to generate pathways of chemical intermediates for chemical synthesis of a particular target structure. Computer graphics and standard chemical structures are used for man-machine communication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Corey, E J -- Long, A K -- Rubenstein, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Apr 26;228(4698):408-18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3838594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic/*methods ; *Computers ; Forecasting ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Dynamics and conformational energetics of a peptide hormone: vasopressin (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-03-15
    Description: A theoretical methodology for use in conjunction with experiment was applied to the neurohypophyseal hormone lysine vasopressin for elucidation of its accessible molecular conformations and associated flexibility, conformational transitions, and dynamics. Molecular dynamics and energy minimization techniques make possible a description of the conformational properties of a peptide in terms of the precise positions of atoms, their fluctuations in time, and the interatomic forces acting on them. Analysis of the dynamic trajectory of lysine vasopressin shows the ability of a flexible peptide hormone to undergo spontaneous conformational transitions. The excursions of an individual phenylalanine residue exemplify the dynamic flexibility and multiple conformational states available to small peptide hormones and their component residues, even within constraints imposed by a cyclic hexapeptide ring.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagler, A T -- Osguthorpe, D J -- Dauber-Osguthorpe, P -- Hempel, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Mar 15;227(4692):1309-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3975616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Energy Metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Lypressin/*metabolism ; Phenylalanine/metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Single-carbon chemistry of acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-03-08
    Description: Methanogenic and acetogenic bacteria metabolize carbon monoxide, methanol, formate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases and, in the case of certain methanogens, acetate, by single-carbon (C1) biochemical mechanisms. Many of these reactions occur while the C1 compounds are linked to pteridine derivatives and tetrapyrrole coenzymes, including corrinoids, which are used to generate, reduce, or carbonylate methyl groups. Several metalloenzymes, including a nickel-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, are used in both catabolic and anabolic oxidoreductase reactions. We propose biochemical models for coupling carbon and electron flow to energy conservation during growth on C1 compounds based on the carbon flow pathways inherent to acetogenic and methanogenic metabolism. Biological catalysts are therefore available which are comparable to those currently in use in the Monsanto process. The potentials and limitations of developing biotechnology based on these organisms or their enzymes and coenzymes are discussed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zeikus, J G -- Kerby, R -- Krzycki, J A -- 144-T263/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Mar 8;227(4691):1167-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3919443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetates/*metabolism ; Acetobacter/metabolism ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Carbon Monoxide/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Clostridium/metabolism ; Eubacterium/metabolism ; Euryarchaeota/*metabolism ; Formates/metabolism ; Methane/metabolism ; Methanol/metabolism
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  • 11
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    Trypanothione: a novel bis(glutathionyl)spermidine cofactor for glutathione reductase in trypanosomatids (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-03-22
    Description: Glutathione reductase from trypanosomes and leishmanias, unlike glutathione reductase from other organisms, requires an unusual low molecular weight cofactor for activity. The cofactor was purified from the insect trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata and identified as a novel glutathione-spermidine conjugate, N1,N8-bis(L-gamma-glutamyl-L-hemicystinyl-glycyl)spermidine, for which the trivial name trypanothione is proposed. This discovery may open a new chemotherapeutic approach to trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fairlamb, A H -- Blackburn, P -- Ulrich, P -- Chait, B T -- Cerami, A -- 1 R01 A127429/PHS HHS/ -- 1 R01 AI19428/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Mar 22;227(4693):1485-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3883489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coenzymes/analysis/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Crithidia/*enzymology ; Glutathione/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/*metabolism ; Leishmania/*enzymology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Spermidine/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Terminology as Topic ; Trypanosoma/*enzymology ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/enzymology ; Trypanosoma cruzi/enzymology
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  • 12
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    Mechanisms of coenzyme B12-dependent rearrangements (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-02-22
    Description: Coenzyme B12 serves as a cofactor in various enzymatic reactions in which a hydrogen atom is interchanged with a substituent on an adjacent carbon atom. Measurement of the dissociation energy of the coenzyme's cobalt-carbon bond and studies of the rearrangement of model free radicals related to those derived from methylmalonyl-coenzyme A suggest that these enzymatic reactions occur through homolytic dissociation of the coenzyme's cobalt-carbon bond, abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the substrate by the coenzyme-derived 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical, and rearrangement of the resulting substrate radical. The only role thus far identified for coenzyme B12 in these reactions--namely, that of a free radical precursor--reflects the weakness, and facile dissociation, of the cobalt-carbon bond.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halpern, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Feb 22;227(4689):869-75.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2857503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cobalt/metabolism ; Cobamides/*metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Free Radicals ; Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase/metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena
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  • 13
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    The structure of arthropod hemocyanins (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-08-09
    Description: Hemocyanins are large multi-subunit copper proteins that transport oxygen in many arthropods and molluscs. Comparison of the amino acid sequence data for seven different subunits of arthropod hemocyanins from crustaceans and chelicerates shows many highly conserved residues and extensive regions of near identity. This correspondence can be matched closely with the three domain structure established by x-ray crystallography for spiny lobster hemocyanin. The degree of identity is particularly striking in the second domain of the subunit that contains the six histidines which ligate the two oxygen-binding copper atoms. The polypeptide architecture of spiny lobster hemocyanin appears to be the same in all arthropods. This structure must therefore be at least as old as the estimated time of divergence of crustaceans and chelicerates, about 540 to 600 million years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Linzen, B -- Soeter, N M -- Riggs, A F -- Schneider, H J -- Schartau, W -- Moore, M D -- Yokota, E -- Behrens, P Q -- Nakashima, H -- Takagi, T -- GM 21314/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 28410/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Aug 9;229(4713):519-24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4023698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arachnida/genetics ; *Arthropods/genetics ; Binding Sites ; Biological Evolution ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Copper ; Crustacea/genetics ; *Hemocyanin/genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Species Specificity
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  • 14
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    [2 + 2] photocycloadditions in the synthesis of chiral molecules (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-02-22
    Description: A strategy for the synthesis of chiral molecules that receives growing popularity among organic chemists employs the photochemically mediated [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. These reactions can be performed on a multigram scale and often proceed with high yield and with stereocontrol. These features, in combination with the useful properties of the four-membered ring photoproducts in subsequent chemical transformations, make them attractive options in the early stage of a synthesis design. Various combinations of unsaturated functional groups can participate in this reaction process. Accordingly, these chemical reactions can be economical solutions to problems relating to the synthesis of a variety of target molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schreiber, S L -- GM-32527/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Feb 22;227(4689):857-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4038558" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis ; Antifungal Agents/chemical synthesis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cockroaches ; Female ; Furans/chemical synthesis ; Lactones/chemical synthesis ; Male ; Mycotoxins/chemical synthesis ; *Photochemistry ; Pyrones/chemical synthesis ; Sex Attractants/chemical synthesis/isolation & purification ; Stereoisomerism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 15
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    Computerized pattern recognition: a new technique for the analysis of chemical communication (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-04-12
    Description: Computerized pattern recognition techniques can be applied to the study of complex chemical communication systems. Analysis of high resolution gas chromatographic concentration patterns of the major volatile components of the scent marks of a South American primate, Saguinus fuscicollis, demonstrates that the concentration patterns can be used to predict the gender and subspecies of unknown donors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, A B 3rd -- Belcher, A M -- Epple, G -- Jurs, P C -- Lavine, B -- 5 T32 NSO7176-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Apr 12;228(4696):175-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3975636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromatography, Gas ; *Computers ; Female ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Automated ; Pheromones/*physiology ; Saguinus/physiology ; Scent Glands/physiology ; Sex Attractants/*physiology ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 16
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    NASA scatterometer oceanic wind measurement system (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Satellite scatterometers are active microwave radars designed to yield measurements of near surface horizontal wind velocity over the ocean. Scatterometers are unique in that they are the only existing microwave remote sensing instruments that allow measurements of both wind speed and wind direction. NASA will fly a scatterometer, NSCAT, aboard the Navy Ocean Remote Sensing System (N-ROSS) mission starting in late 1990. N-ROSS is a spaceborne ocean remote sensing system with a planned mission life of three years. In addition to the NSCAT, N-ROSS will have three other microwave instruments mounted on a single satellite flying in a near polar orbit: an altimeter; a special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I); and a low frequency microwave radiometer. The NSCAT to be flown on N-ROSS is described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 143-147
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  • 17
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    Design of a WINDSAT observing system simulation experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The following topics are addressed: (1) motivation for the National Meteorological Center (NMC) simulation project; (2) history of the NMC simulation project; (3) experimental design of the WINDSAT observing system simulation experiment; (4) preparation of the simulated observations; and (5) strengths and weaknesses of the experimental design.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 73-79
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  • 18
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    Current issues concerning the representativeness and utility of cloud drift winds in mesoscale meteorology (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: High-resolution cloud motion wind (CMW) data sets obtained from geostationary satellites for approximately the past decade have been used for the purpose of estimating mesoscale wind fields in various research studies. Yet there remains much controversy surrounding the proper interpretation and use of the resultant wind vector and kinematic fields. This paper is concerned with: (1) how representative are cloud draft winds of actual ambient air motions; and (2) what is the degree of practical usefulness of CMW fields for both mesoscale analysis and as input to numerical weather prediction models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 59-64
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  • 19
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    Develop a plan for establishing global aerosol backscatter coefficient data base (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A potential improvement on measuring atmospheric winds by using a coherent Doppler system has led to a need for detailed knowledge concerning the aerosol backscattering characteristics, especially at CO2 wavelengths. In order to meet this requirement, a plan of study has been developed to establish a global data base of atmospheric aerosol backscattering coefficients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 243-246
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  • 20
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    Some cloud population statistics (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Photographs of cloud scenes taken from the orbiting space shuttle are being used to assess the overestimation in the amount of cloud cover sensed by satellites at angles other than nadir. Also these photographs and Landsat images indicate that the frequency distributions of clear and of cloudy intervals, at least in simple tropical cloud scenes, may be approximated by common distribution functions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 229-234
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  • 21
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    Doppler lidar sampling strategies and accuracies: Regional scale (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: It has been proposed that a Doppler lidar be placed in a polar orbit and scanned to provide estimates of lower tropospheric winds twice per day and with a spatial resolution of 300 km. Initial feasibility studies conducted primarily by NOAA and NASA presented an optimistic outlook for a space based lidar. The technology appeared within reach and initial computer simulations suggested that acceptable accuracies could be obtained. Those early studies exposed, however, several potential problem areas which included: (1) the algorithms for computing the wind vectors did not perform well when there were coherent gradients in the wind fields; and (2) the lifetime and power requirements of the lidar put severe restrictions on the pulse repetition frequency (PRF). These two basic problems are currently being addressed by a Doppler lidar simulation study focussed upon three primary objectives: (1) to develop optimum scan parameters and shot patterns for a satellite-based Doppler lidar; (2) to develop robust algorithms for computing wind vectors from lidar returns; and (3) to evaluate the impact of coherent mesoscale structures (wind gradients, clouds, aerosols) on up-scale wind estimates. An overview is provided of the simulation efforts with particular emphasis upon rationale and methodology. Since this research is currently underway, any results shown are meant only as evidence of progress.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 223-227
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  • 22
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    The WINDSAT concept for measuring the global wind field (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Wave Propagation Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Environmental Research Laboratories has investigated the feasibility of measuring the global wind field by using an infrared coherent laser radar under a joint program with the U.S. Air Force Space Division Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). These studies considered both the analytical and hardware feasibility of a spaceborne global wind measuring coherent laser radar (WINDSAT). Objectives and requirements of the Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program were used in the study. The vertical distributions of the horizontal wind field were required throughout the troposphere with 300 km square horizontal and 1 km vertical resolution with a measurements accuracy of 1 m/s. Complete global coverage was required. The lidar system performance should also be scalable to operational satellite conditions. The analytical studies were performed for both a 300 km altitude Space Shuttle orbit and an operational polar orbit of 800 km altitude (Huffaker, 1978; Huffaker et al., 1980). A hardware definition study was performed for a Space Shuttle demonstration test flight (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., 1981). Studies have also been conducted to determine the feasibility of mounting a WINDSAT payload on an Advanced TIROS-N spacecraft (RCA Corporation, 1983).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 215-221
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  • 23
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    Preliminary plan for a Shuttle Coherent Atmospheric Lidar Experiment (SCALE) (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A study has been completed to define a Shuttle experiment that solves the most crucial scientific and engineering problems involved in building a satellite Doppler wind profiler for making global wind measurements. The study includes: (1) a laser study to determine the feasibility of using the existing NOAA Windvan laser in the Space Shuttle spacecraft; (2) a preliminary optics and telescope design; (3) an accommodations study including power, weight, thermal, and control system requirements; and (4) a flight trajectory and operations plan designed to accomplish the required scientific and engineering goals. The experiment will provide much-needed data on the global distribution of atmospheric aerosols and demonstrate the technique of making wind measurements from space, including scanning the laser beam and interpreting the data. Engineering accomplishments will include space qualification of the laser, development of signal processing and lag angle compensation hardware and software, and telescope and optics design. All of the results of this limited Spacelab experiment will be directly applicable to a complete satellite wind profiler for the Earth Observation System/Space Station or other free-flying satellite.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 207-214
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  • 24
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    Lockheed design of a wind satellite (WINDSAT) experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: WINDSAT is a proposed space based global wind measuring system. A Shuttleborne experiment is proposed as a proof of principle demonstration before development of a full operational system. WINDSAT goals are to measure wind speed and direction to + or - 1 m/s and 10 deg accuracy over the entire earth from 0 to 20 km altitude with 1 km altitude resolution. The wind measuring instrument is a coherent lidar incorporating a pulsed CO2 TEA laser transmitter and a continuously scanning 1.25 m diameter optical system. The wind speed is measured by heterodyne detecting the backscattered return laser radiation and measuring this frequency shift.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 195-200
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  • 25
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    The effects of wavelength on coherent Doppler lidar performance (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Hitherto, long-range wind-sensing coherent (heterodyne) lidars have utilized CO2 lasers (operating at a 10-micrometer wavelength) since these were the only high-power single-mode (spatial and axial) pulsed sources available. This property ensures temporal coherence over the required spatial resolution, e.g., the pulse length. Recent developments in Nd:YAG lasers makes possible the consideration of a 1.06-micrometer source (Kane et al., 1984). The relative merit of operation at various wavelengths is a function of system parameter, backscattering cross section, signal processing, beam propagation, and practical and eye safety considerations. These factors are discussed in the context of a global wind-sensing coherent lidar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 183-187
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  • 26
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    Coherent Doppler lidar at 1.064 microns (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The rapid development of laser diodes offers the opportunity to design an all solid state transmitter for coherent Doppler lidar by using Nd:YAG as the gain medium. We have demonstrated that the components of such a system operate as expected. We believe that LD-pumped solid state laser oscillators and amplifiers offer an approach to space qualified transmitters with coherence, power, efficiency, and operating lifetime necessary to meet satellite platform requirements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 181-182
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  • 27
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    Coherent laser radar: Current European systems (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Coherent laser radar systems at 10 micrometers have been studied in Europe for well over a decade. In the past few years, the level of activity has increased rapidly and work is now in progress on systems and components at a large number of research institutions and industrial firms. Some of the organizations have had specific involvement with wind and aerosol measuring lidars, while others are largely concerned with components. Some of the particular European strong points are reviewed in device physics and technology. In addition to wind measurement systems, much work has been done on other applications of coherent laser radar including ranging, imaging, and coherent DIAL studies. Some of these other applications are also outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 171-179
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  • 28
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    A comparison of Doppler lidar wind sensors for Earth-orbit global measurement applications (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Now, there are four Doppler lidar configurations which are being promoted for the measurement of tropospheric winds: (1) the coherent CO2 Lidar, operating in the 9 micrometer region using a pulsed, atmospheric pressure CO2 gas discharge laser transmitter, and heterodyne detection; (2) the coherent Neodymium doped YAG or Glass Lidar, operating at 1.06 micrometers, using flashlamp or diode laser optical pumping of the solid state laser medium, and heterodyne detection; (3) the Neodymium doped YAG/Glass Lidar, operating at the doubled frequency (at 530 nm wavelength), again using flashlamp or diode laser pumping of the laser transmitter, and using a high resolution tandem Fabry-Perot filter and direct detection; and (4) the Raman shifted Xenon Chloride Lidar, operating at 350 nm wavelength, using a pulsed, atmospheric pressure XeCl gas discharge laser transmitter at 308 nm, Raman shifted in a high pressure hydrogen cell to 350 nm in order to avoid strong stratospheric ozone absorption, also using a high resolution tandem Fabry-Perot filter and direct detection. Comparisons of these four systems can include many factors and tradeoffs. The major portion of this comparison is devoted to efficiency. Efficiency comparisons are made by estimating the number of transmitted photons required for a single pulse wind velocity estimate of + or - 1 m/s accuracy in the middle troposphere, from an altitude of 800 km, which is assured to be reasonable for a polar orbiting platform.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 189-194
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  • 29
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    Coherent Doppler lidars: Current US 9-11 micrometer systems (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: To gain a proper perspective of the potential of coherent Doppler lidars for global wind sensing sometime in the future, we need to examine where we are, how we got here, and the expectations for future lidar system development. First we give a brief review of lidar developments leading to our present technology. Next we survey present U.S. infrared systems with particular attention to the pulsed systems since they are the ones that will have sufficient range to operate from satellites. Finally we comment on trends and probable future developments. Only unclassified lidars are considered. The considerable DoD support for classified applications certainly enhances future developments in components and subsystems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 167-170
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  • 30
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    Development of a 0.5 micrometer incoherent Doppler lidar for space application (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: This paper describes the current status of a prototype 0.53 micrometer Doppler lidar system under development at RCA. This system consists of a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser constrained to yield a narrow bandwidth, single frequency pulse, a Fabry-Perot Inteferometer (FPI) using an Image Plane Detector (IPD) to measure the backscatter spectrum for each pulse and a Data Acquisition System (DAS) to sample, store, and analyze the backscattered signal. These individual subsystem components have been assembled and preliminary atmospheric testing has recently begun. Atmospheric backscatter spectra are presented which demonstrate the capabilities of this system to distinguish between return signals from aerosols, molecules, and clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 157-162
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  • 31
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    Ultraviolet-excimer laser-based incoherent Doppler lidar system (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The topics covered include the following: principles of Doppler measurements, laser backscatter, eye safety, demonstration concepts, the wavelength-meter, the interferometer detector, return signal model, and comparison of incoherent and coherent lidars.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 149-155
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  • 32
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    Cloud motion derived winds: Their accuracy, coverage, and suggestions for future improvement (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Nature has provided us with a natural and easily visible method of tracing atmospheric motion through the measurement of cloud velocities. This source of wind information has been available from geosynchronous satellites since the launch of the ATS-1 Spin Scan camera. This sensor provided adequate spatial and temporal resolution views of individual cloud systems that could represent the wind with useful accuracy. During the last decade, cloud motion derived winds have become part of the operational system as they are routinely provided to the National Meteorological Center as input to the global numerical models. The principal limitations of cloud motion winds are that they (1) can be measured within the limits that cloud motions can represent the wind only where trackable clouds exist, (2) require knowledge of the cloud height, (3) require high spatial and temporal resolution geosynchronous satellite systems with high attitude determination accuracy, and (4) need sophisticated interactive computer systems for the calculation of high resolution fields. These limitations are examined and suggestions are made for how this product could be improved. Also, uses of the data for mesoscale purposes are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 123-128
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  • 33
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    An operational ASDAR system (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The story of the Aircraft to Satellite Data Relay (ASDAR) program began when airline meteorologists realized that B-747's and other commercial jets provided cockpit displays of digital values for outside air temperature and winds. Later, when a few B-747's were used to carry portable air quality monitoring equipment for the Global Air Sampling Program (GASP), scientists at NASA-Lewis explored ways in which these digital values could be used to label data collected during the GASP flights. Digital values of GASP analyses were recorded along with digital values of location and altitude, time, winds, and temperature, obtained by microprocessors from within the host aircraft's avionics. These data suggested a way in which manually recorded in-flight meteorological reports could be replaced by an automatic system, which could record winds and air temperatures as often as desired. NASA's prototype ASDAR showed that automated data relay by meteorological geostationary satellites could be accomplished from an aircraft. Testing of the instruments and analyses of its data are examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 115-118
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  • 34
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    Balloon-based interferometric techniques (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A balloon-borne triple-etalon Fabry-Perot Interferometer, observing the Doppler shifts of absorption lines caused by molecular oxygen and water vapor in the far red/near infrared spectrum of backscattered sunlight, has been used to evaluate a passive spaceborne remote sensing technique for measuring winds in the troposphere and stratosphere. There have been two successful high altitude balloon flights of the prototype UCL instrument from the National Scientific Balloon Facility at Palestine, TE (May 80, Oct. 83). The results from these flights have demonstrated that an interferometer with adequate resolution, stability and sensitivity can be built. The wind data are of comparable quality to those obtained from operational techniques (balloon and rocket sonde, cloud-top drift analysis, and from the gradient wind analysis of satellite radiance measurements). However, the interferometric data can provide a regular global grid, over a height range from 5 to 50 km in regions of clear air. Between the middle troposphere (5 km) and the upper stratosphere (40 to 50 km), an optimized instrument can make wind measurements over the daylit hemisphere with an accuracy of about 3 to 5 m/sec (2 sigma). It is possible to obtain full height profiles between altitudes of 5 and 50 km, with 4 km height resolution, and a spatial resolution of about 200 km, along the orbit track. Below an altitude of about 10 km, Fraunhofer lines of solar origin are possible targets of the Doppler wind analysis. Above an altitude of 50 km, the weakness of the backscattered solar spectrum (decreasing air density) is coupled with the low absorption crosssection of all atmospheric species in the spectral region up to 800 nm (where imaging photon detectors can be used), causing the along-the-track resolution (or error) to increase beyond values useful for operational purposes. Within the region of optimum performance (5 to 50 km), however, the technique is a valuable potential complement to existing wind measuring systems and can provide a low cost addition to powerful active (LIDAR) wind measuring systems now under development.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 109-114
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  • 35
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    Measurement of wind near the surface (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A survey is presented of instrumentation suitable for measurement of wind near the surface of the earth by using in-situ techniques and further restricted to sensors that are operational. In this case, a sensor is deemed to be operational if it is commercially available. There is no discussion here of the systems that might be used to acquire, process, display, and store the sensor data. It is assumed that some sort of automatic data logging equipment would be used. Without special requirements such as need for high frequency response, low power consumption, etc., this treatment must be quite general and provides little detail. Also, without special restrictions, emphasis must be placed on conventional sensors that provide the bulk of wind data today.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 101-104
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  • 36
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    Reference level winds from balloon platforms (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The superpressure balloon was developed to provide a method of obtaining global winds at all altitudes from 5 to 30 km. If a balloon could be made to fly for several weeks at a constant altitude, and if it could be tracked accurately on its global circuits, the balloon would provide a tag for the air parcel in which it was embedded. The Lagrangian data on the atmospheric circulation would provide a superior data input to the numerical model. The Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) was initiated in large part based on the promise of this technique coupled with free-floating ocean buoys and satellite radiometers. The initial name proposed by Charney for GARP was SABABURA 'SAtellite BAlloon BUoy RAdiometric system' (Charney, 1966). However, although the superpressure balloon exceeded its designers' expectations for flight duration in the stratosphere (longest flight duration of 744 days), flight duration below 10 km was limited by icing in super-cooled clouds to a few days. The balloon was relegated to a secondary role during the GARP Special Observing Periods. The several major superpressure balloon programs for global wind measurement are described as well as those new developments which make the balloon once again an attractive vehicle for measurement of global winds as a reference and bench-mark system for future satellite systems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 105-107
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  • 37
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    Calculation of geopotential and temperature fields from an array of nearly continuous wind observations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The accuracy is studied of temperature estimates derived from the divergence equation when wind observations of various spatial and temporal resolutions and accuracies are available. The basic data set used is the high resolution model data set used by Kuo and Anthes (1984a) in observing systems simulation experiments (OSSE) designed to estimate the errors in heat and moisture budgets (Kuo and Anthes, 1984b) calculated from the AVE-SESAME-1979 spatial observational network. This model data set is modified in ways to simulate wind observations that appear feasible from an operational regional network of wind profilers.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 95-100
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  • 38
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    Radar wind profilers (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Continuous, automated measurement of tropospheric wind profiles with UHF and VHF Doppler radars has been demonstrated. Ground-based networks of these radars will be available as part of a global wind measurement system, and remote single stations could be built to further complement a spaceborne measurement device. A number of ground-based wind profilers will be in place by the time a space system is tested so the global wind measurement system should be designed with these ground-based profilers providing part of the picture.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 133-137
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  • 39
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    Wind measurements with the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), to be launched in 1989, is to provide a global data set required to understand the mechanisms controlling upper atmosphere structure and processes, as well as the response of the upper atmosphere to natural and human perturbations. The High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) is the primary instrument for measuring the dynamics of the stratosphere and mesosphere. The goal of HRDI is to measure wind velocities in the stratosphere and mesosphere during the day and the mesosphere and thermosphere at night with an accuracy of 5 m/sec. HRDI will determine winds by measuring Doppler shifts of atmosphere absorption and emission features. Line of sight winds will be taken in two directions, thus allowing the wind vector to be formed. The HRDI instrument is overviewed. The basis of the measurement is explained, as is an outline of the instrument. Since neither instrument nor observational techniques is fully mature, only a brief sketch is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 129-132
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  • 40
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    A FGGE water vapor wind data set (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: It has been recognized for some time that water vapor structure visible in infrared imagery offers a potential for obtaining motion vectors when several images are considered in sequence (Fischer et al., 1981). A study evaluating water vapor winds obtained from the VISSR atmospheric sounder (Stewart et al., 1985) has confirmed the viability of the approach. More recently, 20 data sets have been produced from METEOSAT water vapor imagery for the FGGE period of 10-25 November 1979. Where possible, two data sets were prepared for each day at 0000 and 1200 GMT and compared with rawinsondes over Europe, Africa, and aircraft observations over the oceans. Procedures for obtaining winds were, in general, similar to the earlier study. Motions were detected both by a single pixel tracking and a cross correlation method by using three images individually separated by one hour. A height assignment was determined by matching the measured brightness temperature to the temperature structure represented by the FGGE-IIIB analyses. Results show that the METEOSAT water vapor winds provide uniform horizontal coverage of mid-level flow over the globe with good accuracy.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 119-122
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  • 41
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    Use of wind data in global modelling (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is producing operational global analyses every 6 hours and operational global forecasts every day from the 12Z analysis. How the wind data are used in the ECMWF golbal analysis is described. For each current wind observing system, its ability to provide initial conditions for the forecast model is discussed as well as its weaknesses. An assessment of the impact of each individual system on the quality of the analysis and the forecast is given each time it is possible. Sometimes the deficiencies which are pointed out are related not only to the observing system itself but also to the optimum interpolation (OI) analysis scheme; then some improvements are generally possible through ad hoc modifications of the analysis scheme and especially tunings of the structure functions. Examples are given. The future observing network over the North Atlantic is examined. Several countries, coordinated by WMO, are working to set up an 'Operational WWW System Evaluation' (OWSE), in order to evaluate the operational aspects of the deployment of new systems (ASDAR, ASAP). Most of the new systems are expected to be deployed before January 1987, and in order to make the best use of the available resources during the deployment phase, some network studies are carried out at the present time, by using simulated data for ASDAR and ASAP systems. They are summarized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 89-93
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  • 42
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    Results of an observing system simulation experiment based on the proposed Windsat instrument (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Two fraternal twin experiments were conducted as part of this study. A data impact experiment using real data (runs 1 and 2) was conducted to assess the impact that rawin wind observations have on both a 5-day assimilation and a single 5-day forecast generated at the end of each assimilation. An observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) using simulated observations (runs 3, 4, and 5) was conducted in order to first calibrate the OSSE results and second to use this calibration to estimate the 'real world' impact from the contribution of global 3-dimensional wind profiles generated from a space-based lidar system known as Windsat. Each of the three runs in the seond experiment were also 5-day assimilation runs with a 5-day forecast initialized from the last 6-hour update cycle of the assimilation. The data impact study revealed a consistent positive impact when rawin winds were added back into an otherwise complete FGGE data set. Both the 6-hour and 5-day forecasts were improved at all levels, in both hemispheres, and for both the wind and the geopotential height fields. Similar results were obtained from the two parallel simulation runs, 3 and 4. Together with the results from runs 1 and 2, calibration coefficients were generated so as to 'correct' the results determined from the addition of Windsat winds (run 5). The Windsat simulation showed a positive improvement in all cases studied. Even though only the tropics were enhanced with these wind observations, hemispheric rms errors were decreased in both the assimilation and 5-day forecast. The 6-hour forecasts of zonal wind from the assimilation run were improved by as much as 50 pct. on the average, and the single forecast showed an average improvement of near 30 pct. Even though these calibrated values are considered too optimistic, the skill of the forecast generated from this run extended the useful forecast period by 18-24 hours.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 81-88
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  • 43
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    Observing system simulation experiments at NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A series of realistic simulation studies is being conducted as a cooperative effort between the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the National Meteorological Center (NMC), and the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (GLA), to provide a quantitative assessment of the potential impact of future observing systems on large scale numerical weather prediction. A special objective is to avoid the unrealistic character of earlier simulation studies. Following a brief review of previous simulation studies and real data impact tests, the methodology for the current simulation system will be described. Results from an assessment of the realism of the simulation system and of the potential impact of advanced observing systems on numerical weather prediction and preliminary results utilizing this system will be presented at the conference.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 65-71
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  • 44
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    Use of ground-based wind profiles in mesoscale forecasting (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A brief review is presented of recent uses of ground-based wind profile data in mesoscale forecasting. Some of the applications are in real time, and some are after the fact. Not all of the work mentioned here has been published yet, but references are given wherever possible. As Gage and Balsley (1978) point out, sensitive Doppler radars have been used to examine tropospheric wind profiles since the 1970's. It was not until the early 1980's, however, that the potential contribution of these instruments to operational forecasting and numerical weather prediction became apparent. Profiler winds and radiosonde winds compare favorably, usually within a few m/s in speed and 10 degrees in direction (see Hogg et al., 1983), but the obvious advantage of the profiler is its frequent (hourly or more often) sampling of the same volume. The rawinsonde balloon is launched only twice a day and drifts with the wind. In this paper, I will: (1) mention two operational uses of data from a wind profiling system developed jointly by the Wave Propagation and Aeronomy Laboratories of NOAA; (2) describe a number of displays of these same data on a workstation for mesoscale forecasting developed by the Program for Regional Observing and Forecasting Services (PROFS); and (3) explain some interesting diagnostic calculations performed by meteorologists of the Wave Propagation Laboratory.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 45-51
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  • 45
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    Observational requirements for the regional scale (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Observational requirements are provided for the 'regional scale' (10(exp 2) to 10(exp 3) km space scale; 3 to 24 h time scale). Given this range, the regional scale represents a spatial and temporal domain in which important scale-interactive processes occur that act to concentrate large vertical wind shears, significant horizontal thermal gradients, and vertical motion patterns into narrow regions. A short review of the mass and momentum adjustments associated with jet streak-induced circulations is discussed. Evidence for the need to specify the wind field in the upper troposphere to accurately simulate forcing for the transverse circulations is also presented. The importance of specifying temperature tendency to resolve the lower tropospheric portion of the transverse circulations is highlighted. The observational requirements are then discussed, along with possible approaches for meeting the requirements on the regional scale.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 21-31
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  • 46
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    Passive remote sensing of stratospheric and mesospheric winds (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A passive infrared sensor is described for remote sounding of the wind field in the stratosphere and mesosphere from near Earth orbital spacecraft. The instrument uses gas correlation spectroscopy together with electro-optic phase modulation techniques to measure winds in the 20- to 120-km altitude range globally, both in the day and at night, and with a vertical resolution of better than the atmospheric scale height. Measurement of temperature and the amounts of key atmospheric species may also be made simultaneously and in coincident fields of view with the wind observations. The sensor is currently being developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a candidate for the upcoming NASA Earth Observation System.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 139-141
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  • 47
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    Aerosol pattern correlation techniques of wind measurement (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: This paper reviews the current status of lidar image correlation techniques of remote wind measurement. It also examines the potential use of satellite borne lidar global wind measurements using this approach. Lidar systems can easily detect spatial variations in the volume scattering cross section of naturally occurring aerosols. Lidar derived RHI, PPI and range-time displays of aerosol backscatter have been extensively employed in the study of atmospheric structure. Descriptions of this type of data can be obtained in many references including Kunkel et al. (1977), Kunkel et al. (1980), Boers et al. (1984), Uthe et al. (1980), Melfi et al. (1985) and Browell et al. (1983). It is likely that the first space-borne lidars for atmospheric studies will observe aerosol backscatter to measure parameters such as boundary layer depth and cloud height. This paper examines the potential application of these relatively simple aerosol backscatter lidars to global wind measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 163-165
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  • 48
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    Department of Defense operational applications of wind measurements (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A stated objective for this symposium is to identify requirements for global wind measurements. This paper will draw from recent reports which considered the impact of over 100 environmental factors known to affect military operations. A conclusion that can be drawn from those analyses is that one environmental factor, atmospheric wind, has an operational impact on each of the 48 mission areas examined. This paper will characterize the impact of wind on the various mission areas and will define and summarize both 'technical' and 'operational' requirements for wind intelligence.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 41-44
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  • 49
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    The relative importance of mass and wind data in the FGGE observing system (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: There are two theoretical arguments that have been used to discuss the relative importance of mass and wind data in numerical weather prediction (NWP). We will analyze these arguments in this section as clearly as possible in order to draw conclusions which may help to interpret experimental results on four-dimensional data assimilation, simulations of future observing systems, as well as give guidance on how to improve the efficiency with which we use the present observing system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 1-5
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  • 50
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    A parameterization technique for nonlinear spectral models (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An objective parameterization technique is developed for general nonlinear hydrodynamical systems. The typical structure of hydrodynamical systems, regardless of their complexity, is one in which the rates of change of the dependent variables depend on homogeneous quadratic and linear forms, as well as on inhomogeneous forcing terms. As a prototype of the generic problem containing this typical structure, the parameterization technique is applied to various three component subsets of a five component nonlinear spectral model of forced, dissipative quasi-geostrophic flow in a channel. The results obtained lead to specification of the necessary data coverage requirements for applying the technique in general.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Util. of Satellite Data and Dyn. in Understanding and Predicting Global Weather Phenomena; p 109-165
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  • 51
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    A numerical study of global axisymmetric states and their stability to quasi-geostrophic disturbances (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A steady, axisymmetric model of the general circulation is developed as a basis for climate stability studies. The model includes the effects of heating, rotation, and internal friction, but neglects topography. It is assumed that the axisymmetric flow may be modeled by making the Boussinesq and deep convection approximations. The hydrostatic assumption is not made, thus permitting the advective terms to be included in the vertical equation of motion. The initial set of five primitive equations is reduced to three equations in terms of the zonal velocity, meridional streamfunction, and the potential temperature perturbation. The application of the Boussinesq, deep convection, and quasi-geostrophic assumptions limits the ranges of the heating and rotation rates. For values not too far from typical atmospheric values, the model produces a stability boundary separating Hadley from Rossby flow. The boundary is characterized by a particular value of vertical wind shear, which suggests that baroclinic instability is the primary mechanism for the loss of stability. The initial growth rates are largest for longitudinal waves 4-7, also in agreement with studies of baroclinic instability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Util. of Satellite Data and Dyn. in Understanding and Predicting Global Weather Phenomena; p 167-222
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  • 52
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    The effect of topography on the evolution of unstable disturbances in a baroclinic atmosphere (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A two layer spectral quasi-geostrophic model is used to simulate the effects of topography on the equilibria, their stability, and the long term evolution of incipient unstable waves. The flow is forced by latitudinally dependent radiative heating. Dissipation is in the form of Rayleigh friction. An analytical solution is found for the propagating finite amplitude waves which result from baroclinic instability of the zonal winds when topography is absent. The appearance of this solution for wavelengths just longer than the Rossby radius of deformation and disappearance of ultra-long wavelengths is interpreted in terms of the Hopf bifurcation theory. Simple dynamic and thermodynamic criteria for the existence of periodic Rossby solutions are presented. A Floquet stability analysis shows that the waves are neutral. The nature of the form drag instability of high index equilibria is investigated. The proximity of the equilibrium shear to a resonant value is essential for the instability, provided the equilibrium occurs at a slightly stronger shear than resonance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Util. of Satellite Data and Dyn. in Understanding and Predicting Global Weather Phenomena; p 19-68
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  • 53
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    Cloud streets during KonTur: A comparison of parallel/thermal instability modes with observations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Estimates of cloud street geometry produced by a model of the parallel/thermal instability modes of shallow convection are compared with observations obtained during the 1981 KonTur experiment. Good agreement between the modeled and observed orientation angles, wavelengths and Reynolds numbers are found when the streets are assumed to derive their energy from the average shear and the lowest order sine terms of a Fourier expansion of the mean wind profile (or equivalently from the lowest order cosine terms of the mean shear profile). The modes associated with the cosine terms of the wind profile (or the sine terms of the wind shear profile) do not agree well with the observations. These results suggest that the boundary layer rolls observed during KonTur might have developed owing to a combined parallel/thermal instability originating primarily from the cosine terms of the ambient roll parallel wind shear.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Util. of Satellite Data and Dyn. in Understanding and Predicting Global Weather Phenomena; p 291-318
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  • 54
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    First meeting of the Working Group on the Shuttle Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (SMPR) (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The working group agreed that the first (primary) objective should be the determination of methods for the accurate measurement of total rain water and total cloud water with passive microwave methods. There was no argument on the points concerning nonlinear relationships between T sub B and rain rate (R) over the range of important rain rates (half of oceanic rainfall occurs at rates greater than 15 mm h-1), such that variations in rain rate within a footprint lead to an incorrect measurement of the average rate for that footprint, and one cannot determine the characteristics of the sensed rain area. This is especially true near 18 GHz, where the dynamic range above 15 mm h-1 is very small because this frequency does not clearly fall in either a scattering regime or emissive regime at these wavelengths. It is also not clear whether very low frequency (emissive) techniques will be the best at measuring rain processes, or high frequency (scattering) techniques, where precipitation-size ice plays a major role in the signal attenuation. It is still not known what signal of rain is at certain rates on an observational basis because of the many different conditions that can exist within a single satellite observed footprint.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 55
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    Doppler wind profile experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The data collection phase of a Doppler wind measurement experiment supported by high-resolution Jimsphere/FPS-16 wind data and Windsonde data was carried out at the Kennedy Space Center in February, March and early April of 1985. The Doppler wind measurements were made using a hybrid doppler profiler put in place by the Johnson Space Center and a SOUSY profiler operated by Radian Corporation. Both systems operated at 50 Mhz. Although the doppler profiler systems were located 10 km apart to enable concurrent operation of the systems for data comparison, little concurrent data were obtained due to set-up delays with the SOUSY system, and system problems with the WPL system during the last month of the test. During the test period, special serial Jimsphere soundings were taken at two-hour intervals on six days in March and April in addition to balloon soundings taken in support of the Shuttle launch operations. In addition, there is temperature, moisture and wind information available from the daily morning Radiosonde sounding taken at the Kennedy site. The balloon release point was at the same location as the SOUSY profiler. Vertical resolution of the SOUSY profiler was 150 M to approximately 20 km. The vertical resolution of the WPL profiler was 290 M to 10 km and 870 M to 17 km. Winds determined form the Jimsphere balloon have a vertical resolution of 30 M.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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    Interactive information processing for NASA's mesoscale analysis and space sensor program (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Atmospheric Sciences Division (ASD) of the Systems Dynamics Laboratory at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is currently involved in interactive information processing for the Mesoscale Analysis and Space Sensor (MASS) program. Specifically, the ASD is engaged in the development and implementation of new space-borne remote sensing technology to observe and measure mesoscale atmospheric processes. These space measurements and conventional observational data are being processed together to gain an improved understanding of the mesoscale structure and the dynamical evolution of the atmosphere relative to cloud development and precipitation processes. To satisfy its vast data processing requirements, the ASD has developed a Researcher Computer System consiting of three primary computer systems which provides over 20 scientists with a wide range of capabilities for processing and displaying a large volumes of remote sensing data. Each of the computers performs a specific function according to its unique capabilities.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 14 p
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  • 57
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    The meteorological interactive data display system (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: During FY-85 the data gathering process was completed. This gave researchers a reasonably complete picture of the Shuttle's operational weather support units and requirements. They expanded on the site visits of FY-84 with telephone follow-up. They finalized recommendations and wrote the final report. The final report was accepted by NASA and has been published as NASA Contractor Report CR-171418.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 58
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    A design study for a three-dimensional display computer terminal for meteorological information (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The software developed on this project in FY-84 was put into final form and documented for McIDAS user access. The various users have been asked to utilize the techniques and to provide feedback to the developers. Researchers have received limited feedback to date, but nearly all has been helpful and generally favorable. The stereo display has been used by most of the operational users of McIDAS or its progenies. Specifically, the National Hurricane Center, the National Severe Storm Forecast Center, the National Meteorological Center, and the Cape Canaveral Forecast Facility have all made use of the 4-D display techniques to help evaluate meteorological situations on various occasions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 59
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    Atmospheric Modeling And Sensor Simulation (AMASS) study (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A 4800 band synchronous communications link was established between the Perkin-Elmer (P-E) 3250 Atmospheric Modeling and Sensor Simulation (AMASS) system and the Cyber 205 located at the Goddard Space Flight Center. An extension study of off-the-shelf array processors offering standard interface to the Perkin-Elmer was conducted to determine which would meet computational requirements of the division. A Floating Point Systems AP-120B was borrowed from another Marshall Space Flight Center laboratory for evaluation. It was determined that available array processors did not offer significantly more capabilities than the borrowed unit, although at least three other vendors indicated that standard Perkin-Elmer interfaces would be marketed in the future. Therefore, the recommendation was made to continue to utilize the 120B ad to keep monitoring the AP market. Hardware necessary to support requirements of the ASD as well as to enhance system performance was specified and procured. Filters were implemented on the Harris/McIDAS system including two-dimensional lowpass, gradient, Laplacian, and bicubic interpolation routines.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 60
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    Studies of humid continental haze during SPACE (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A concept for a solar radiometer network to provide supporting data during the Satellite Preciptiation and Cloud Experiment (SPACE) was developed. Each of the 9 prime and 10 supplementary SPACE ground sites will be equipped with an upward pointing global solar pyranometer. About half of the sites will also be equipped with upward pointing diffuse (shade ring) solar pyranometers, and a downward pointing global albedo pyranometer. These radiometers will be used to monitor the spatial and temporal variability of solar insolation and haze optical depth. The insolation data will ultimately be input to numerical models of the pre-storm and near-storm boundary layer. The optical depth data will be compared with simultaneous measurements from airborne and satellite-based passive visible radiometers and airborne lidars.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 61
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    Improved satellite retrievals and mesoscale moisture variability (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The investigations over the past year have led to the finalization of results from the study of mesoscale atmospheric parameters derived from the visible infrared spin scan radiometer (VISSR) atmospheric sounder (VAS). Soundings from several retrieval techniques for the 6 to 7 March 1982 special observation period were evaluated for mesoscale accuracy. Specific results and comparisons between data from a regression and two physical retrieval schemes are forthcoming in the Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (JTech) this year. A generalization of these results is outlined. Large temperature and moisture biases existed in the VAS derived profiles, particularly in layers near inversions. Standard errors ranged from 1 to 3 C and 3 to 6 C for temperature and dewpoint, respectively. Parameters derived from VAS soundings (geopotential height, thickness, and precipitable water) often reflected the temperature and moisture profile biases. VAS derived mesoscale gradients were often weaker than those from corresponding rawinsonde data. Little improvement was made in defining the vertical structure of the atmosphere over the first guess information. VAS soundings were able to improve in the horizontal structure due to the high spatial resolution of the radiance data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 62
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    Preliminary planning for the Satellite Precipitation And Cloud Experiment (SPACE) Field Program (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Preliminary planning has been performed to support NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in the coordination of the field experiment to be conducted in Central Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and Mississippi during the Spring/Summer of 1986. The goal of Satellite Precipitation and Cloud Experiments (SPACE) is to investigate mesoscale cloud/precipitation systems and development of associated satellite remote sensing technology. The field program will incorporate remote sensing observations from aircraft, satellite imagery, radar observations, ground based lightning measurements, rawinsonde observations, and various surface meteorological observations. The coordination of existing and special observation networks will provide a data base for analysis of precipitation events and provide ground truth comparisons for remote sensing capabilities. Existing surface-based observational networks include National Weather Service Meso/Alpha Scale Rawinsonde, radar, and surface measurements; the Tennessee Valley Authority automated and manual precpitation recording stations; and NASA/MSFC lightning measurement stations. Special observational features to be implemented include a meso/beta scale rawinsonde network, a special surface observational network within the rawinsonde network, and the installation of a RADAP II/ICRAD data processing unit on the National Weather Service radar at Nashville, TN. Initial coordination of these observational requirements to accomplish the goals of SPACE have been performed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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    Statistical analysis and use of VAS radiance data (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Researchers goals are to describe the information content of Vertical Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) radiance data, especially the 6.7 micrometers water vapor channel, to better interpret the atmosphere's water vapor structure from 6.7 micrometers imagery, and to investigate new analysis and forecasting techniques utilizing retrieved VAS soundings. Researchers made major progress toward these goals during FY-85. They are investigating 6.7 micrometer imagery on 6 to 7 March 1982, a day when special mesoscale ground truth data were collected during the 1982 atmospheric variability experiment/vertical amospheric sounder (AVE/VAS) field experiment. A dark (dry) image streak having mesoscale details was located over the special data region, and it provides the major focus of the case study. Mesoscale radiosonde-derived humidity data are found to verify fine scale features of the image that are not evident from the standard National Weather Service network. Thus, VAS imagery is a reliable detector of mesoscale moisture structure during this case. To investigate causes for the image streak, researchers are calculating water vapor budgets. Subsidence is found to be a factor in the current case as well; however, patterns of descent are not related to the jet streak according to traditional conceptual models. Thus, it appears that more research into jet stream dynamics is needed in order to better interpret 6.7 micrometer imagery.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 64
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    Investigations of severe/tornadic thunderstorm development and evolution based on satellite and AVE/SESAME/VAS data (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Development of cloud relative tracking for severe thunderstorm identification and the beginning of the development of mesoscale airmass characteristics based on vertical atmospheric sounding data were accomplished.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 4 p
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    Detection of rotating thunderstorms using satellite imagery (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In the case of the Carolina tornadoes, researchers prepared visible and IR GOES imagery covering the period 2000 Z when the storm entered South Carolina from Georgia until it exited North Carolina at 0200 Z into Virginia. The GOES IR imagery clearly demonstrated that this storm was imbedded in a continuously propagating mesolow with a well defined cold dome. The ground damage track paralleled exactly with the cold dome throughout the storm's life across the Carolinas. There were no advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data during the period to allow researchers to inspect the cloud top for warm temperature anomalies. The Carolina storm did exhibit rightward deviating outflow which was oriented about 60 degrees to the 300 mb streamlines. The tornadoes of April 27, 1984 were part of a tornado producing cold front which stretched from Oklahoma to Minnesota. As the front moved eastward it touched off numerous tornadoes in eastern Wisconsin. GOES imagery for this data was prepared and it was strikingly clear that all along the North-South oriented squall line, the individual tunderstorms had cirrus plumes which had remarkable right deviation to the upper air flow. Unlike the Carolina long track supercell cell-mesolow system, these storms were isolated individual thunderstorms which touched off at least 16 tornadoes in eastern Wisconsin stretching from the Milwaukee area on the south to Vilas County in the north. The monster tornado of June 8, 1984 which leveled 90 percent of the village of Barneveld, Wisconsin and killed 9 persons is also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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    Time composite sounding (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In the time composite sounding mode, the Vertical Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) data is collected in a series of images of one spin each rather than in the dwell sound mode where single lines are repeatedly scanned. A drawback of the time composite method is temporal smearing of the data, but to compensate this there is also the chance that shifting cloud patterns will permit better spatial coverage. Time composite sounding was performed for a single case study, June 14, 1984. Four, ten minute single spin swaths were processed. The principal conclusion was that the time composite results were at least equivalent to the conventional dwell sounding results, despite the fact that compositing was done in a less than optimum way because of software limitations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 67
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    A summary of research on mesoscale energetics of severe storm environments (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The goals of this research were to better understand interactions between areas of intense convection and their surrounding mesoscale environments by using diagnostic budgets of kinetic (KE) and available potential energy (APE). Three cases of intense convection were examined in detail. 1) Atmospheric Variability Experiments (AVE) carried out on 24 to 25 April 1975 were studied. Synoptic scale data at 3 to 6 hour intervals, contained two mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs). Analyses included total KE budgets and budgets of divergent and rotational components of KE. 2) AVE-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiments (SESAME)-4 carried out on 10 to 11 April 1979 were studied. Synotpic and meso alpha-scale data (250 km spacing, 3 hour intervals), contained the Red River Valley tornado outbreak. Analyses included total KE budgets (separate synoptic and mesoscale version), budgets for the divergent and rotational components, and the generation of APE by diabatic processes. 3) AVE-SESAME 5 studies were carried out on 20 to 31 May 1979. Synoptic and meso beta-scale data (75 km spacing, 1 1/2 to 3 hour intervals), contained a small MCC. Analyses include separate KE budgets for the synotic and meso beta-scales and a water vapor budget. Major findings of these investigations are: (1) The synoptic scale storm environment contains energy conversions and transports that are comparable to those of mature midlatitude cyclones. (2) Energetic in the mesoscale storm environment are often an order of magnitude larger than those in an undisturbed region. (3) Mesoscale wind maxima form in the upper troposphere on the poleward sides of convective areas, whereas speeds decrease south of storm regions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 68
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    Numerical simulation of convective response to mesoscale forcing (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A two-dimensional mesoscale model was used to initialize a two-dimensional cloud model with both mesoscale thermodynamic and dynamic information utilized in the initialization. The Mesoscale-cloud mdoel linkage was used to examine differential convective response due to mesoscale variations for the April 24, 1982 Atmospheric Variability Experiment-Vertical Atmospheric Sounder (AVE-VAS), Case 4. On this day both data analyses and mesoscale model simulations indicated strong variations in thermodynamic and dynamic structure across the panhandle of Texas where a moderately strong convective line formed. Using the cloud model, the current research has shown a preferred area for strong convection to occur due to concomitant mesoscale convergence and mesoscale destabilization of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 69
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    Cooperative VAS program with NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The importance of mesoscale moisture information in the forecasting of weather events is discussed. A test is being prepared with the March 6, 1982 Vertical Atmospheric Sounder/Atmospheric Variability Experiment (VAS/AVE) case study to be run on the sub-synoptic scale model (SSM). Model intracomparison of three carefully designed simulations should isolate the role of mesoscale information in the initial conditions for both mositure and vertical motion. Three simulations will be made for the period 1200Z 6 March to 0000Z 7 March starting with the regular synoptic time data of 1200Z. The distinction between the three cases arises from data manipulation at 1800Z midway through the forecast period: (1) Control Case: no alterations at 1800Z. (2) Moisture Information Suppression: at 1800Z the model simulation field for water vapor, which by this time contains considerable mesoscale structure, is replaced by a smoothed version from which the mesoscale structure has been eliminated. No other variables are structure altered. (3) Vertical Motion Information Suppression: at 1800Z the model is subjected to a dead start procedure which primarily imposes a nondivergent constraint of the horizontal motion field field suppressing vertical motion. The main effect is to eliminate the mesoscale component. Comparison of results for the 1800Z to 0000Z time period will give the information desired.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 70
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    The assimilation of satellite soundings, winds and satellite products in a mesoscale analysis/forecast system (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Investigations in FY-85 were centered on three case study days in 1982. Two of these, March 6 and April 24, were Atmospheric Variability Experiment/Verical Atmospheric Sounder (AVE/VAS) days for which high spatial and temporal resolution RAOB and Vertical Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) data sets were available. The third investigation day, April 26, was a day of interesting severe weather. In the last part of FY-84 and early FY-85 we were able to demonstrate most importantly the complimentary nature of satellite soundings and winds in a forecast/analysis system. In our variational analysis scheme, cloud drift and water vapor winds enter into the height field as gradient information. The cloud drift winds especially, have the character of supplying information in cloudy areas where satellite soundings are not possible. In the April 26 experiments, analyses and forecasts using the combination satellite winds and soundings were superior to those using only soundings. Good consistency was shown between independent satellite forecasts from different initialization times run to the same verification time. A significant accomplishment in FY-85 was expanding experiments on April 26 to include quasi-continuous initialization inserting satellite soundings and winds from several different times into an analysis/forecast. Contrary to the first set of experiments on April 26, here forecast initialization fields were not independent, but contained satellite information from two data times.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 71
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    Mesoscale research activities with the LAMPS model (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Researchers achieved full implementation of the LAMPS mesoscale model on the Atmospheric Sciences Division computer and derived balanced and real wind initial states for three case studies: March 6, April 24, April 26, 1982. Numerical simulations were performed for three separate studies: (1) a satellite moisture data impact study using Vertical Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) precipitable water as a constraint on model initial state moisture analyses; (2) an evaluation of mesoscale model precipitation simulation accuracy with and without convective parameterization; and (3) the sensitivity of model precipitation to mesoscale detail of moisture and vertical motion in an initial state.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 72
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    Mesoscale-cloud scale simulation of convective response (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The importance of mesoscale moisture information in the forecasting of weather events is being studied. A test is being prepared with the March 6, 1982 Vertical Atmospheric Sounder/Atmospheric Variability Experiment (VAS/AVE) case study to be run on the sub-synoptic scale model (SSM). Intracomparison of three carefully designed simulations should isolate the role of mesoscale information in the initial conditions for both moisture and vertical motion. Three simulations will be made for the period 1200Z 6 March to 0000Z 7 March starting with the regular synoptic time data of 1200Z. The distinction between the three cases arises from data manipulation at 1800Z midway through the forecast period. Comparison of results for the 1800Z to 0000Z time period will give the information desired.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 73
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    LAMPS software and mesoscale prediction studies (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The full-physics version of the LAMPS model has been implemented on the Perkin-Elmer computer. In Addition, LAMPS graphics processors have been rewritten to the run on the Perkin-Elmer and they are currently undergoing final testing. Numerical experiments investigating the impact of convective parameterized latent heat release on the evolution of a precipitating storm have been performed and the results are currently being evaluated. Curent efforts include the continued evaluation of the impact of initial conditions on LAMPS model results. This work will help define measurement requirements for future research field projects as well as for observations in support of operational forecasts. Also, the impact of parameterized latent heat on the evolution of precipitating systems is continuing. This research is in support of NASA's proposed Earth Observation Mission (EOM).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 74
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    Automated mesoscale winds derived from GOES multispectral imagery (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An automated technique for extracting mesoscale winds from sequences of GOES visible infrared spin scan radiatiometer (VISSR) image pairs has been developed, tested extensively, and configured for quasi-real time research applications on the Atmospheric Sciences Division's research computing sytem. The entire system of computer codes was successfully vectorized for execution on an array processor resulting in job turnaround in less than 1 hour. An objective quality control system provides much greater than 99 percent accuracy in eliminating questionable wind estimates. Dynamical analysis of cloud wind divergence has revealed temporally consistent convergence centers on the meso-beta scale that are highly correlated with ongoing and future developing convective storms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 75
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    Satellite passive microwave rain measurement techniques for land and ocean (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Multiseasonal rainfall was found to be measurable over land with satellite passive microwave data, based upon comparisons between Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMME) brightness temperatures (T sub B) and operational WSR-57 radar rain rates. All of the SMMR channels (bipolarized 37, 21, 18, 10.7, and 6.6. GHz T sub B) were compared to radar reflectivities for 25 SMMR passes and 234 radar scans over the U.S. during the spring, summer, and fall of 1979. It was found that the radar rain rates were closely related to the difference between 37 and 21 GHz T sub B. This result is due to the volume scattering effects of precipitation which cause emissivity decreases with frequency, as opposed to emissive surfaces (e.g., water) whose emissivities increase with frequency. Two frequencies also act to reduce the effects of thermometric temperature variations on T sub B to a miminum. During summer and fall, multiple correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.75 were obtained. These approach the limit of correlation that can be expected to exist between two very different data sources, especially in light of the errors attributable to manual digitization of PPI photographs of variable quality from various operational weather radar not calibrated for research purposes. During the spring, a significantly lower (0.63) correlation was found. This poorer performance was traced to cases of wet, unvegetated soil being sensed at the lower frequencies through light rain, partly negating the rain scattering signal.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 76
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    Remote sensing of severe convective storms (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Tibet Plateau significantly affects the initiation and development of heavy rainfall and severe storms in China, just as the Rocky Mountains influence local severe storms in the United States. The study shows that the heavy rainfall in the Plateau area is usually preceded by a high growth rate of the convective clouds, followed by a rapid collapse of the cloud top. The study also shows that the tops of the convective clouds associated with heavy rainfall over the Plateau usually lie between the altitude of the two tropopauses which exist over the Plateau. There is good agreement between the collapsing of the cloud as observed from the satellite imagery, and the beginning of the rainfall observed by the ground stations and also between the dissipation of the cloud observed from the satellite infrared imagery, and the ending of the rainfall, observed by the ground stations. Comparison of the volumetric dissipation of clouds per unit area over the location of the ground station with the rainfall recorded at that station shows a linear relationship for rainfall mounts exceeding 8 mm. The ratio of observed rainfall at the ground station over the satellite observed cloud volume dissipation per unit area was also computed. The result shows that the ratio is almost constant with the value of 9.55 mm/(pixel . km/pixel) for rainfall amounts exceeding 15 mm; and the variation is less then 10 percent for rainfall mounts between 8 and 15 mm. Needless to say, further investigation is required to verify this ratio.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 77
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    Analysis of satellite data for sensor improvement (detection of severe storms from space (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A climatological study of downbursts in Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia was carried out, as well as studies of the Huntsville area microbursts on July 7, 1984, and a Decatur microburst on August 1984.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric PRocesses Research Review; 1 p
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  • 78
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    Severe storm detection with passive 37 GHz observations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The research objective was to determine the information content of satellite passive 37 GHz brightness temperatures on the severity of thunderstorms through the measurement of the attenuation (scattering) signature of precipitation. The severe storm detection potential of satellite-observed passive 37 GHz radiances was evaluated by comparing Nimbus-7 Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data to reports of severe weather contained in the NSSFC severe weather log for calendar years 1979 and 1980 over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Heavy thunderstorms have a characteristic signature in the form of localized very low 37 GHz T sub B from scattering by precipitation-size ice particles (thick cirrus being transparent at this frequency). The local noon and midnight snapshots taken by the SMMR on alternating days (with incomplete areal coverage of the U.S. on any given day) were scanned to find cases of strong scattering by precipitation, revealed by large differences between the 18 and 37 GHz brightness temperatures, the 37 GHz T sub B being at least 20 C lower than the 18 GHz T sub B. The value of the 37 GHz T sub b was then compared to severe weather reports within one hour of the SMMR observation time, in the vicinity of the SMMR-observed storm. It was found that the degree to which the T sub B were lowered was a fairly good indicator of the probability that the storm was severe. Of 263 storms observed by the SMMR during 1979 and 1980, 54 percent had severe weather associated with them for a T sub b below 203 K, while 8 percent of those above this threshold were severe.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 79
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    Mesoscale ageostrophic circulations associated with baroclinic jet streaks (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In regard to research completed, a complete list of publications and theses sponsored through the support of the NASA Severe Storms Research Project under NASA contract NAS8-33222 is given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 80
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    Airborne Doppler measurements of the central California extended sea breeze (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: One data acquisition flight was executed in the late summer of 1984. The flight paths were designed to obtain measurements of the extended sea breeze penetration into the central valley of California over several hours. Data from this flight are being processed at Marshall Space Flight Center prior to release for analysis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 81
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    Airborne Doppler lidar activities (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: During August and September 1984, 20 research flights were conducted by the CV990 with airborne doppler lidar installed. Nine of these flights were dedicated to the Lidar project. Excellent data were obtained in the Carquenez Strait downwind of San Francisco Bay, showing the divergence of the flow as it passes into the Central Valley. The data clearly show the horizontal and vertical structure of the wind flow in the pass region and adjoining parts of the Central Valley. Data were also obtained in the vicinity of Mount Shasta in northern California, showing the flow in the lee of the isolated mountain. Preliminary analyses of these flights using the McIdas interactive graphics system have been accomplished, and procurements have been initiated for detailed scientific analyses. A partial failure of a crucial optical component resulted in contamination of a portion of the wind data that were obtained in the Mount Shasta and subsequent flights. Analyses are underway to attempt reconstruction of the data to minimize the effects of the failure. Data were obtained in conjunction with a microwave wind profiler at Penn State University. It is expected that data reconstruction will be of use in this case. Procurement has been initiated for scientific analyses of these results. The improved airborne Lidar system performed well. In most of the research flights a large number of different scan angles were used to obtain the vertical structure of the wind fields being investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 82
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    Response of the mesoscale atmosphere to diabatic heating (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A study was initiated to determine the influence of convective latent heat release/diabatic heating on the production of kinetic energy during AVE/SESAME I. The primary focus has been on the relative importance of thermally forced modification of the wind field through thickness and height gradient changes versus inertial-advective effects via the diabatic component of vertical motion. Preliminary results have shown that because of the strong vertical shear over the convective region, ageostrophic response is primarily caused by the latter process. The diagnostic parameterization of convective heating has been extended for use in conjunction with satellite precipitation estimates in data-poor oceanic regions. An initial application was made to a mesoscale convective system embedded in the South Pacific convergence zone. Comparison to the heating field diagnosed as a residual in the thermodynamic equation using the ECMWF III-b analyses showed that the methodology will be useful in explaining the observed heating fields and determining the relative contribution of moist processes to the total diabatic heating. Research activities are now concentrated in the following areas: (1) Determining the sensitivity of vertical heating profiles to partitioning of gridscale versus convective precipitation; (2) assessing the possible effects of incorrect analyzed gridscale vertical motions on residuals in the heat budgets computed with the ECMWF III-b data sets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 83
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    Analysis of Doppler lidar data (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Dual Doppler lidar analyses of data taken by pulsed lidars demonstrated feasibility of deriving wind fields from coordinated lidar scans. Limited case histories of thunderstorm outflows were obtained. Co-located comparison between Marshall Space Flight Center lidar and NCAR 5.5 cm radar demonstrated desirability of lidar in cases of marginal radar reflectivity in clear air and low-elevation scans. Analysis continued on backscattered intensity and velocity measurements made from April 1983 to February 1984. A slant path method was used to calculate vertical profiles of volumetric backscatter and adsorption in the lower troposphere. High-quality VAD scans were identified as candidates for investigating feasibility of calculating horizontal motion fields using single Doppler lidar. Activities during FY-85 also included participation in Fall 1984 airborne Doppler lidar flight experiments. Preliminary data review was begun using McIdas system. Analysis of backscatter and absorpiton profiles continues. Focus is on understanding spatial and temporal variations, as well as frequency distribution, of backscatter at several tropospheric levels. Results from this study provide input to evaluation of clean/dirty airmass hypothesis of aerosol distribution. Assistance is being given to preparation of a comprehensive, global backscatter measurement plan. Analysis of data from Fall 1984 flight experiments is just beginning. Work has begun on preprocessing data to minimize errors due to electro-optic modulator malfunction during flights.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 84
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    Remote observations of severe storms (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The focus of current research activities is on: (1) analyzing spectra from cloud-to-ground lightning and intracloud lightning; (2) site error analyses and sensitivity tests for direction finders in the East Coast network; (3) integration of lightning location data with satellite images on the Wisconsin McIDAS system; and (4) fundamental studies of the relation between meteorological parameters and characteristics of lightning determined by the SUNYA Lightning Detection Network.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 85
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    Airborne atmospheric electricity experiments (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: During the 1984 U2 spring flight program, lightning spectra were measured in the wavelengths from 380 nm to 900 nm with a temporal resolution of 5 ms. With this capability, researchers simultaneously acquired both visible near-infrared lightning spectra on a pulse to pulse basis, so that the spectral variability within a flash, as well as flash to flash variations, can be studied. Preliminary results suggest that important variations do occur, particularly in the strengths of the hydrogen and singly ionized nitrogen emission lines. Also, the results have revealed significant differences in the integrated energy distributions between the lightning spectra measured above clouds and the spectral measurements of cloud-to-ground lightning made at the ground. In particular, the ratio of the energy in the near-IR to that in the visible is around 1 to 2 for cloud top spectra versus about 1/3 for surface observations. Detailed analyses of the 1984 lightning spectral data is being conducted. This data should provide improved understanding about the optical transmission properties of thunderclouds and the physics of the lightning discharge process. Efforts continue on developing and testing background signal removal algorithms using U2 spectometer and optical array sensor day-flight data sets. The goal of this research is to develop an algorithm satisfying Lightning Mapper Sensor requirements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 86
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    Optical characteristics of lightning and thunderstorm currents (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Researchers determined that lightning can be used to determine the diurnal variations of thunderstorms, i.e., storms that produce audible thunder, and that these variations are also in good agreement with diurnal variations in rainfall and convective activity. Measurements of the Maxwell current density, J sub m, under active thunderstorms show that this physical quantity is quasi-steady between lightning discharges and that lightning does not produce large changes in J sub m. Maps of J sub m show contours of iso-current density that are consistent with the locations of radar echos and the locations of where lightning has altered the cloud charge distribution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 87
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    Mobile intercept of storms (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The primary goal was to acquire lightning data to serve as ground truth for U2 overflights. Researchers were successful in instrumenting the Univ. of Mississippi/National Severe Storms Lab. (UM/NSSL) mobile laboratory and in coordinating storm intercept through communication to the U2 provided by airplane guidance at NSSL and through direct communication with the U2 pilot from a portable transceiver in the mobile lab. A demonstration showed that a mobile laboratory can be directed within a large geographical area and used to collect ground truth data for comparison with airborne data on a routine basis with proper utilization of forecasts, nowcasts, and communication among all participants. After the U2 flights, researchers turned their attention solely to intercepting severe storms within the area of Oklahoma with good Doppler radar coverage. They incorporated a second vehicle, which followed the mobile lab and from which they released instrumented balloons. This project utilized a standard meteorological rawinsonde and a balloon-borne electric field meter. They were successful in flying, tracking, and receiving data from mobily launched balloons on several days. Researchers believe that they have demonstrated the ability to obtain meteorological and electrical data in severe storms using instrumented balloons. This also includes the capability to launch into the mesocyclone region and for multiple launches in the same storm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 88
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    Optical characteristics of lightning (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A study of the optical characteristics of cloud-to-ground dischargers and how they compare with intracloud flashes was completed. Time resolved optical (7774A) and electric field-change waveforms were measured above clouds from a U2 airplane coincident with ground-based measurements of lightning. The optical pulse trains are studied for within and between flash variability. Specifically, for each flash researchers examine the 10, 50 (full width half maximum), and 90 percent pulse widths; the 10-10, 10-50, 10-90, and 10-peak percent amplitude rise times; the radiances (optical power densities); radiant energy densities; and pulse intervals. The optical pulse characteristics of first strokes, subsequent strokes, the intracloud components of cloud-to-ground flashes and intracloud flashes as viewed from above cloud are shown to exhibit very similar waveshapes, radiances and radiant energy densities. Descriptive statistics on these pulse categories were tabulated for 25 visually confirmed cloud-to-ground flashes (229 optical pulses) and 232 intracloud flashes (3126 optical pulses). A companion study of lightning observations above and below cloud in storms, storm complexes, and mesoscale convective systems has also been completed. Researchers compared the mapping of total lightning activity from above clouds with ground-based measurements and storm evolution. Although the total (IC + CG) lightning activity is the more representative indication of thunderstorm growth and decay, the ground strike data can be used to locate, diagnose, and track storm evolution in a number of instances.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 89
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    Space shuttle/mesoscale lightning experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A payload integration plan (PIP) is now being developed with Johnson Space Center integration personnel which covers management, structural thermal, electrical power/avionics, training, ground operations, safety requirements, etc., in support of this experiment. If a Shuttle flight can be identified, researchers hope to conduct the experiment in the late summer or fall of 1985. Some preliminary TV lightning data has been collected by Shuttle crews on 41D and 51D and researchers are doing an analysis of it. Additional flights will be conducted to obtain data on Mesoscale Lightning Observations. Researchers will continue to study how to improve the data collection using the onboard TV cameras. By more interaction with the crews who have used the TV camera to obtain TV of lightning, they are planning to optimize the crew time and have better TV camera operations management to produce more useful data. As the crews are better trained in the use of the gain control settings and/or camera iris operations, the quality of the TV data will be improved.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 90
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    Lightning mapper and the future (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A trade-off analysis was completed that reveals how the lightning mapper detection efficiency will change as a function of interference filter bandwidth, pixel field of view, and telescope aperture. It is shown that the critical parameter on which we have minimum flexibility is filter band-width. The problem is that too narrow a filter bandwidth is incompatible with wide areal coverage. The trade-off analysis demonstrates that an 80 percent lightning detection efficiency will technically be relatively straight-forward, while a 90 percent detection efficiency will apparently be difficult to achieve. Three focal plane designs are currently under consideration. One would use a single large, solid state silicon integrating array with multiple output channels and off-the-focal-plane analog, time domain, background removing fibers. A second design would use the same technology, but the sensor would consist of up to four virtually independent focal plane arrays. This design reduces the areal coverage of each detector. Thus narrower interference filters could be utilized. Superior performance would be realized at a probable increase in cost. The final design would use a three-dimensional focal plane in order to perform background removal at the focal plane. Superior performance would be achieved along with reduced weight and power requirements. Unfortunately, this focal plane technology is still under development.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 91
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    Studies of lightning data in conjunction with geostationary satellite data (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Since January, work has been proceeding on the first phase of this project: the creation of an extensive real-time lightning data base accessible via the Space Science and Engineering Center McIdas system. The purpose of this endeavor is two-fold: to enhance the availability and ease of access to lightning data among the various networks, governmental and research agencies; and to test the feasiblity and desirability of such efforts in succeeding years. The final steps in the creation of the necessary communications links, hardware, and software are in the process of being completed. Operations ground rules for access among the various users have been discussed and are being refined. While the research planned for the last year of the project will rely for the most part on archived, quality-controlled data from the various networks, the real-time data will provide a valuable first-look at potentially interesting case studies. For this purpose, tools are being developed on McIdas for display and analysis of the data as they become available. In conjunction with concurrent GOES real-time imagery, strike locations can be plotted, gridded and contoured, or displayed in various statistical formats including frequency distributions, histograms, and scatter plots. The user may also perform these functions in relation to arbitrarily defined areas on the satellite image. By mid-May these preparations for the access and analysis of real-time lightning data are expected to be complete.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 92
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    Storm severity detection (RF) (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Atmospheric electrical emissions occurring in association with Hurricane Alicia were observed by two crossed baseline phase linear interferometers. The sensors were located in San Antonio, Texas, and at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, Alabama. An analysis of the data has indicated that the direction finding (DF) performance of the San Antonio site was extremely good while the DF performance at the MSFC site evidenced erratic behavior. A check of the data acquisition hardware revealed an intermitted problem in one of the radio receiver channels. Since the system has experienced several lightning strikes during the early spring of 1984, it was necessary to ship the entire rack of equipment back to SwRI for refurbishment. Analysis of the DF data from the interferometer site at San Antonio is being done. A limited subset of the MSFC data acquired during Hurricane Alicia has been found to be valid. These were data which satisfied the phase linearity criteria. Approximately 2,000 location estimates have been produced on the valid data. The results of the DF analysis and the location data are being correlated with the McIDAS data base at Marshall Space Flight Center, and with the radar summary data provided by the Hurricane Research Division using the National weather Service radar Facility at Galveston, Texas.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 93
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    Severe storm electricity (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: During FY-85, Researchers conducted a field program and analyzed data. The field program incorporated coordinated measurements made with a NASA U2. Results include the following: (1) ground truth measurements of lightning for comparison with those obtained by the U2; (2) analysis of dual-Doppler radar and dual-VHF lightning mapping data from a supercell storm; (3) analysis of synoptic conditions during three simultaneous storm systems on 13 May 1983 when unusually large numbers of positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) flashes occurred; (4) analysis of extremely low frequency (ELF) wave forms; and (5) an assessment of a cloud -ground strike location system using a combination of mobile laboratory and fixed-base TV video data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 5 p
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  • 94
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    Deep convection in mesoscale convective systems (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A study was undertaken to examine the evolution of radar echoes and lightning attending the convective storms in mesoscale convective systems (MCS) and the relationships between the spatial and temporal evolution of deep convection and the storm environment, precipitation, severe weather, and lightning. The total number of ground discharges ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 over the life cycle of the MCS with peak sustained rates (for up to 10 consecutive hours) in excess of 2000 per hour. The peak lightning activity occurs from 5 to 20 hours after the first storms and anywhere from 7 hours prior to 7 hours after the time of the maximum areal extent of the MCS for very similar synoptic environments. Thus, it appears that mesoscale and sub-synoptic scale mechanisms are responsible for these large temporal variation in lightning activity. In addition, we have found that the lightning rates in MCS's are not related to either the size or the duration of the MCS. Preliminary results suggest that the MCA's with embedded squall lines produce the greatest flash rates.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 95
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    Observational and theoretical studies of the evolving structure of baroclinic waves: Attractor dynamics of global weather systems (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Significant progress was made in developing a six-component dry model of mid-latitude baroclinic wave evolution, and a ten-component moist model. These models include representations of airflow over mountians and non-adiabatic processes. As a first step, the properties of a reduced, three component, baroclinic system are studied. The classical baroclinic stability criteria emerge as the properties of one of the three equilibria admitted, with the remaining two equilibria forming the attractor region for the observed weather activity. Passive tracer evolution in a baroclinic wave was studied. A model in which only constituents trapped within low atmospheric levels are considered, has been extended to include the possibility for fluxes into the upper levels of the atmosphere. The reported results for the lower levels achieved previously are shown to be qualitatively similar to those obtained by these new calculations in which the vertical flux constraint is removed. An extensive study of an 8-year record of global outgoing longwave radiation for the Northern Hemisphere reveals that blocking events exhibit only a weak signature of blocking highs, as measured by relatively low values of the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value of the observed long wave outgoing radiation. Though present in many cases, the signature is not a strongly distinctive feature of the blocking episodes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 96
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    Application of satellite data to tropic/subtropic moisture coupling (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective is to develop analysis tools for use of satellite data to interpret synoptic-scale systems in data-void regions. Interim goals are to: (1) quantify the synoptic information content of satellite data; and (2) utilize these data in the diagnosis of moisture bursts in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Researchers developed and implemented a statistical procedure for using TIROS N microwave data to infer infrared channel data for overcast conditions; they used the same procedure for deducing full TIROS N channel radiance profiles from NOAA 5 VTPR channel data over regions where the TIROS N data are missing. An empirical orthogonal function analysis of twice-daily channel radiance fields over the tropical eastern Pacific was completed. The vertically oriented eigenfunctions were interpreted in terms of typical meteorological events. The horizontal distribution of the eigenfunction amplitudes relates these meteorological signals to moisture bursts. A pair of moisture burst climatologies is complete: one of four years using infrared imagery (including the highly anomalous 1982 to 83 cold season); the other implementing 850 to 200 mb wind analyses in conjunction with GOES imagery. A number of different evaluations of the synoptic evolution of moisture fields (enhanced infrared imagery, moisture channel data, FGGE humidity analysis, and in situ station and sounding observations) are compared. All have limitations; all can be utilized together; all together are still less than adequate in the tropical Pacific.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 97
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    Dynamics and energetics of the South Pacific Convergence Zone during FGGE SOP-1 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The major research objectives are to diagnose the physical processes responsible for the maintenance of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and to examine the role of the SPCZ in the large-scale circulation patterns of the Southern Hemisphere. To accomplish these objectives researchers used several data sources which include: a modified set of Level III-b upper air analyses, originally produced by ECMWF (Vincent, 1982); subjectively analyzed surface analyses for the South Pacific based on island station reports (Vincent, 1985); outgoing longwave radiation values supplied to us by NOAA/NESDIS; and equivalent black body temperatures and precipitation rates derived by Robertson. In the past year researchers found that wave number four plays an inportant role in the Southern Hemisphere tropics during the 15-day period when the sPCZ was a dominant feature, particularly with regard to the baroclinic conversion of potential to kinetic energy (Huang and Vincent, 1985). The convectively-active SPCZ area was found to make a significant contribution to this conversion process; thus, it appears that baroclinic effects and latent heating are important in maintaining the SPCZ. Recently efforts concentrated on two research tasks, an examination of cyclone activity within the SPCZ (Kann, 1985; Vincent, 1985; Vincent and Kann, 1985) and a study of the heat and moisture budgets in the South Pacific (Miller, et al., 1985). It was found that cyclonic disturbances occurred with regularity in the Zone from 10 to 17 January.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 3 p
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  • 98
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    Utilization of satellite cloud information to diagnose the energy state and transformations in extratropical cyclones (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An important component of the research was a continuing investigation of the impact of latent release on extratropical cyclone development. Previous efforts to accomplish this task have focused on the energy balance and the vertical motion field of an intense winter extratropical cyclone over the United States. During this fiscal year researchers turned their attention to a more fundamental diagnostic variable, the height tendency. Central to this effort is the use of a modified form of the quasi-geostrophic height tendency equation, in which geostrophic wind components have been replaced by observed winds and a latent heat release term has been added. This methodology was adopted to produce a simple diagnostic model which retains the essential mechanisms of quasi-geostrophic theory but more faithfully describes observed wave development when the Rossby Number approaches and exceeds 0.5. Results to date indicate that the new model yields height tendencies that are superior to those obtained from the quasi-geostrophic formulation and are sufficiently close to the observed tendencies to be a useful tool for diagnosing the principle large-scale forcing mechanisms in th e700-300 mb layer. Of the three forcing terms included in the new model, vortity advection is in general dominant. The most persistent challenge to this dominance is made by the thermal advection. On the whole, latent heat release plays a secondary role. Finally, during the rapid intensification observed for this cyclone, all three processes complement each other in forcing height falls.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
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  • 99
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    Variation objective analyses for cyclone studies (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objectives were to: (1) develop an objective analysis technique that will maximize the information content of data available from diverse sources, with particular emphasis on the incorporation of observations from satellites with those from more traditional immersion techniques; and (2) to develop a diagnosis of the state of the synoptic scale atmosphere on a much finer scale over a much broader region than is presently possible to permit studies of the interactions and energy transfers between global, synoptic and regional scale atmospheric processes. The variational objective analysis model consists of the two horizontal momentum equations, the hydrostatic equation, and the integrated continuity equation for a dry hydrostatic atmosphere. Preliminary tests of the model with the SESMAE I data set are underway for 12 GMT 10 April 1979. At this stage of purpose of the analysis is not the diagnosis of atmospheric structures but rather the validation of the model. Model runs for rawinsonde data and with the precision modulus weights set to force most of the adjustment of the wind field to the mass field have produced 90 to 95 percent reductions in the imbalance of the initial data after only 4-cycles through the Euler-Lagrange equations. Sensitivity tests for linear stability of the 11 Euler-Lagrange equations that make up the VASP Model 1 indicate that there will be a lower limit to the scales of motion that can be resolved by this method. Linear stability criteria are violated where there is large horizontal wind shear near the upper tropospheric jet.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 4 p
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  • 100
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    Space systems requirements definition (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The compilation of Scientific Data Requirements (SDRs) were based on discussions with a representative cross section of the scientific community and a selected survey of the extensive literature dealing with the measurement of CO2-induced climatic changes. This approach resulted in a baseline set of SDRs to determine what could be accomplished with space-based sensors. Twenty-three SDRs emerged as the basis for the investigation of space systems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: System Study of the Utilization of Space for Carbon Dioxide Research; p 112
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