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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (550)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (298)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1975-1979  (1,227)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1978  (1,227)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1975-1979  (1,227)
  • 1970-1974
Year
  • 1
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    Holography and LDV techniques, their status and use in airfoil research (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The measurement capabilities of laser velocimetry and holographic interferometry in transonic airfoil testing were demonstrated. Presented are representative results obtained with these two nonintrusive techniques on a 15.24 cm chord airfoil section. These results include the density field about the airfoil, flow angles in the inviscid flow and viscous flow properties including the turbulent Reynolds stresses. The accuracies of the density fields obtained by interferometry were verified from comparisons with surface pressure and laser velocimeter measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 589-599
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  • 2
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    Instrumentation, techniques and data reduction associated with airfoil testing programs at Wichita State University (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Two dimensional airfoil testing was conducted at the Wichita State University Beech Wind Tunnel for a number of years. The instrumentation developed and adapted during this period of testing for determination of flow fields along with traversing mechanisms for these probes are discussed. In addition, some of the techniques used to account for interference effects associated with the apparatus used for this two dimensional testing are presented. The application of a minicomputer to the data reduction and presentation is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 539-558
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  • 3
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    The Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) subsystem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The infrared radiation from the earth in two spectral bands during both day and night portions of the orbit is measured. Pictures of cloud cover, three dimensional mappings of cloud cover, temperature mappings of clouds, land, and ocean surface, cirrus cloud content, atmospheric contamination, and relative humidity are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide 247-262 (SEE N79-20148 11-12)
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  • 4
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    The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Ocean momentum and energy transfer parameters on a nearly all weather operational basis are obtained and used. The winds, water vapor, liquid water content, temperature, and mean cloud droplet size are derived from low altitude parameters.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 213-246
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  • 5
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    The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The CZCS is used to map chlorophyll concentration, sediment distribution, gelbstroffe concentration, and temperature of coastal waters and the open ocean. The data processing techniques used to enhance contrasts over the ocean and to remove the effect of the backscattered atmosphere are presented. The multi-channel scanning radiometer of CZCS is described. The content of water is determined primarily by the CZCS measurement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 19-32
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  • 6
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    DSN water vapor radiometer development: Recent work, 1978 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A water vapor radiometer (WVR) was developed that measures the atmospheric noise temperature at two different frequencies near 22 GHz. These noise temperature are used in empirical-theoretical equations that yield tropospheric range delay, in centimeters, through the atmosphere along the beam of the WVR. This range correction is then applied, as needed, to measurements concerning spacecraft range and to VLBI baseline determinations. The WVR design and calibration techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 129-135
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  • 7
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    Frequency selection and calibration of a water vapor radiometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The calibration coefficients of existing water vapor radiometers are dependent upon meteorology profiles. This is shown to be due mainly to incorrect frequency pairs. By properly selecting an optimum frequency pair, the dependency can be reduced to a relatively small amount which can be handily adjusted by surface measurement alone. Hence, a universal calibration equation is applicable to all environmental conditions - site, seasonal and diurnal variations. Optimum frequency pairs are systematically searched. Error analysis indicates that calibration for the water vapor phase delay accurate to less than 2 cm is possible at all elevation angles greater than 15 degrees.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 67-81
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  • 8
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    Estimate of procession and polar motion errors from planetary encounter station location solutions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Deep Space Station (DSS) location solutions based on two JPL planetary ephemerides, DE 84 and DE 96, at eight planetary encounters were used to obtain weighted least squares estimates of precession and polar motion errors. The solution for precession error in right ascension yields a value of 0.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.8 X 10 to the minus 6 power deg/year. This maps to a right ascension error of 1.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.4 X 10 to the minus 5 power deg at the first Voyager 1979 Jupiter encounter if the current JPL DSS location set is used. Solutions for precession and polar motion using station locations based on DE 84 agree well with the solution using station locations referenced to DE 96. The precession solution removes the apparent drift in station longitude and spin axis distance estimates, while the encounter polar motion solutions consistently decrease the scatter in station spin axis distance estimates.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 29-49
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  • 9
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    Preliminary design work on a DSN VLBI correlator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Deep Space Network is in the process of fielding high-density digital instrumentation recorders for support of the Pioneer Venus 1978 entry experiment and other related tasks. It has long been obvious that these recorders would also serve well as the recording medium for very long base interferometry (VLBI) experiments with relatively weak radio sources, provided that a suitable correlation processor for these tape recordings could be established. The overall design and current status of a VLBI correlator designed to mate with these tape recorders are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 90-98
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  • 10
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    Interpretation of observed cosmic microwave background radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Alfven and Mendis (1977) conclusion that dust grains in galaxies render the universe opaque to cosmic microwave background at a red shift ratio equal to 40 is challenged by a calculation of the opacity of galactic dust grains to the microwave background radiation from the time of decoupling at emission red shift ratio equal to 1500 to the present in the standard big bang model. In the present calculation, evolutionary effects on grain opacity and abundance are estimated. At wavelengths used in studying the microwave background, the optical depth of the grains is found to be 0.18 when the deceleration parameter equals 0.03, and 0.05 when the deceleration parameter equals 0.5. The results indicate that microwave background can provide information on an early dense phase of the universe.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 271; Feb. 2
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  • 11
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    Development of a drift-correction procedure for a photoelectric spectrometer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique has been developed to automatically correct for drifts in the radiometric sensitivity of the detector channels in a direct-reading emission spectrometer. The method utilizes a 1000 W tungsten-halogen reference lamp to illuminate the detectors through the same optical path as that traversed during the analysis of the sample. Detector channel responses to the light are compared to those for the same light intensity at the time of analytical calibration. This corrects for the drift. It is noted that with the exception of positioning the lamp, the procedure is fully automatic.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy; 32; Jan
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  • 12
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    Background of a shielded Ge(Li) spectrometer at balloon altitudes (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The background data obtained from an actively shielded Ge(Li) spectrometer flown on a balloon were analyzed and a preliminary model was developed to explain background features including the intensity and time profile of line emission. These features can be explained by a combination of secondary radiation originating in the CsI shield and atmospheric secondary radiation leaking through it.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 462-472
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  • 13
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    Gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics: Future role of scintillation detectors (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The future role of conventional scintillation detector telescopes for line gamma-ray astronomy is discussed. Although the energy resolution of the germanium detectors now being used by several groups is clearly desirable, the larger effective areas and higher efficiencies available with scintillation detectors is advantageous for many observations. This is particularly true for those observations of astrophysical phenomena where significant line broadening is expected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 438-449
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  • 14
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    Gamma-ray line emission above 8 MeV (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectra of energetic nuclei within astrophysical sources may be determined by studying gamma-ray line emissions above 8 MeV. Excited states which can be produced by inelastic scattering, charge exchange, and spallation reactions in the abundant nuclear species were considered in order to identify nuclear lines which may contribute to the gamma spectrum. The cross sections for production of most high-energy states are sparsely measured. Those which were determined are comparable to the cross section for production of the 15.11 MeV level in C-12 with few exceptions. The branching ratios for gamma-ray and particle emission are, however, better known. Of those states considered, 44 measured branching ratios greater than 40% for emission of a gamma-ray with energy above 8 MeV. For twelve more states the branching ratios, although not yet determined, are expected to be small. The gamma-ray emission from other individual nuclear states is not likely to be as great as that that for the 15.11 MeV state in C-12.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 323-329
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  • 15
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    Galactic center iron line emission (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data from the Goddard Space Flight Center experiment on HEAO 1 were examined for galactic center iron line emission. Evidence for a 6.8 keV line from the summed flux within 10 deg longitude and 10 deg latitude of the galactic center was found; however, firm limits cannot be put on the intrinsic line width. If the line emission is diffuse and cosmic-ray-induced, the calculations of Bussard et al (1978) yield an upper limit to c-12 4.44 MeV line emission, which is not inconsistent with the results of Haymes et al (1975). Significant contributions to the iron line from discrete sources can not be ruled out.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 302-309
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  • 16
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    Planetary gamma-ray spectroscopy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The measured intensities of certain gamma rays of specific energies escaping from a planetary surface can be used to determine the abundances of a number of elements. The fluxes of the more intense gamma-ray lines emitted from 32 elements were calculated using current nuclear data and existing models for the source processes. The source strengths for neutron-capture reactions were modified from those previously used. The fluxes emitted form a surface of average lunar composition are reported for 292 gamma-ray lines. These theoretical fluxes were used elsewhere to convert the data from the Apollo gamma-ray spectrometers to elemental abundances and can be used with measurements from future missions to map the concentrations of a number of elements over a planet's surface. Detection sensitivities for these elements are examined and applications of gamma-ray spectroscopy for future orbiters to Mars and other solar-system objects are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 98-148
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  • 17
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    Use of remote sensing in facility siting (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Environmental parameters important to, and necessary for, an environment impact assessment in terms of site selection for an electric power plant are defined. Remote sensing techniques and/or instrumentation applicable to site evaluation are described. Problem areas are discussed and recommendations given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 303-309
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  • 18
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    Role of remote sensing in documenting land use as it affects the Bay and Bay use as it affects the land (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The remote sensing technology required for locating, identifying, and monitoring nonpoint, or diffuse, pollution caused by improper land use practices is discussed. Establishment of an information system to include all remote sensed data acquired on the Bay and to disseminate information to users is considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 311-313
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  • 19
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    Inferring nutrient loading of estuarine systems by remote sensing of aquatic vegetation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: THe use of remote sensing to record algal and vascular aquatic plant growths in estuarine waters is discussed. A technique is proposed that uses a combination of data to hierarchically classify watersheds with regard to severity of potential pollution. Specific nonpoint sources of nutrients in tributaries of the watershed are identified with lower altitude photography of vegetation and selected ground sampling. It is concluded that excessive growths of some aquatic plants may be related to nutrient pollution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 275-281
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  • 20
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    Remote sensing of water quality (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing from aircraft has been used to determine water content in areas such as the New York Bight. Extension of the techniques developed to satellite sensing of the Chesapeake Bay will begin in 1978 with the launch of Nimbus-G. Remote sensing offers a number of interesting possibilities for investigating a reasonably large body of water, such as the Chesapeake Bay, coupled with some disadvantages. The chief advantage of remote sensing is that it offers the opportunity to cover large areas in relatively short periods of time. Low altitude satellites traveling at about 7 km/s can cover the Chesapeake Bay in about 1 minute so that the entire Bay can be studied under almost identical conditions of solar illumination.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 141-148
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  • 21
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    LANDSAT and other sensor data for land-use planning in the Baltimore area (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Investigations of the current uses of the LANDSAT sensor data revealed that there were no successful uses of LANDSAT data in identifying specific urban uses other than densities of residential use, paved areas, and roof tops. Information was merged on developed land uses from the air photointerpretation and the land cover from the LANDSAT sensors. It was expected that this would give the most accurate results by taking results from each technique when they were best.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 33-35
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  • 22
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    The Chesapeake Bay Program: An opportunity to use an innovative monitoring technique (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The goal of this program is to develop a management system that will protect and preserve the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay by effectively managing its uses and resources. To achieve this goal, three major objectives must be accomplished: (1) Determine what units of government have management responsibility for the environmental quality of the Chesapeake Bay, also to define how such management responsibility can best be structured so that communications and coordination can be improved between the respective units of government, research, educational institutions, concerned groups, and individuals. (2) Assess the principal factors having an adverse impact on the environmental quality of the Chesapeake Bay. Following this assessment and review of ongoing research, direct and coordinate research and abatement programs that will most effectively address these factors, and (3) analyze all environmental sampling data now being collected on the Chesapeake Bay and suggest and undertake methods for improving this data collection, and to establish a continuing capability for collecting storing, analyzing, and disseminating these data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 11-15
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  • 23
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    Role of remote sensing in documenting living resources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Specific cases of known or potentially useful applications of remote sensing in assessing biological resources are discussed. It is concluded that the more usable remote sensing techniques relate to the measurement of population fluctuations in aquatic systems. Sensing of the flora and the fauna of the Bay is considered with emphasis on direct sensing of aquatic plant populations and of water quality. Recommendations for remote sensing projects are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 297-301
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  • 24
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    Work on power-plant (air) plumes involving remote sensing of SO2 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Acquisition of air quality and concurrent meteorological data was used for dispersion model development and plant siting needs of the Maryland power plants. One of the major instruments in these studies was the Barringer correlation spectrometer, a remote sensor, using atmospherically scattered sunlight that was used to measure the total amount of SO2 in a cross section of the plume. Correlation spectrometer and its role in this measurement program are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 239-247
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  • 25
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    Lidar: A laser technique for remote sensing (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental airborne lidar systems proved to be useful for shallow water bathymetric measurements, and detection and identification of oil slicks and algae. Dye fluorescence applications using organic dyes was studied. The possibility of remotely inducing dye flourescence by means of pulsed lasers opens up several hydrospheric applications for measuring water currents, water temperature, and salinity. Aerosol measurements by lidar are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 249-265
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  • 26
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    Relationship of land use to water quality in the Chesapeake Bay region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Both the proportions of the various land use categories present on each watershed and the specific management practices in use in each category affect the quality of runoff waters, and the water quality of the Bay. Several permanent and portable stations on various Maryland Rivers collect volume-integrated water samples. All samples are analyzed for a series of nutrient, particulate, bacterial, herbicide, and heavy metal parameters. Each basin is mapped with respect to land use by the analysis of low-elevation aerial photos. Analyses are verified and adjusted by ground truth surveys. Data are processed and stored in the Smithsonian Institution data bank. Land use categories being investigated include forests/old fields, pastureland, row crops, residential areas, upland swamps, and tidal marshes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 177-187
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  • 27
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    Hydraulic model of the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preliminary planning for the formulation of the first year of hydraulic studies on the Chesapeake Bay model was recently completed. The primary purpose of this initial effort was to develop a study program that is both responsive to problems of immediate importance and at the same time ensure that from the very beginning of operation maximum economical use is made of the model. The formulation of this preliminary study plan involved an extensive analysis of the environmental, economic, and social aspects of a series of current problems in order to establish a priority listing of their importance. The study program that evolved is oriented towards the analysis of the effects of some of the works of man on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 111-121
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  • 28
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    Mission of a remote sensing center (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The establishment of a center for remote sensing was proposed to provide the following: (1) service, research, and education in the developing discipline of remote sensing; (2) effect multidisciplinary linkages between scientists and users of remote sensing and those who develop remote sensing techniques; and (3) strengthen and extend existing remote sensing capabilities into a cohesive program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 55-57
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  • 29
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    Remote sensing, geology, and land use (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The usefulness of a geologic map as a product in geological research was discussed, and the volution of the geologic map of Maryland was illustrated. Remote sensing methods that have the most immediate application to the earth science aspects of the Chesapeake Bay region are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 37-43
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  • 30
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    Operational programs in forest management and priority in the utilization of remote sensing (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A speech is given on operational remote sensing programs in forest management and the importance of remote sensing in forestry is emphasized. Forest service priorities in using remote sensing are outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 27-31
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  • 31
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    NCSL task force findings on feasible state uses of LANDSAT (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data needs for state natural resources programs, state capabilities for using satellite technology, and the existing remote sensing technology are reviewed. State programs in land use planning, wetlands management, coastal zone management, transportation planning, and forestry management are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the use of LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 333-344
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  • 32
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    Water quality and shellfish sanitation (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of remote sensing techniques for collecting bacteriological, physical, and chemical water quality data, locating point and nonpoint sources of pollution, and developing hydrological data was found to be valuable to the Maryland program if it could be produced effectively and rapidly with a minimum amount of ground corroboration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 267-268
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  • 33
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    Thermal discharges and their role in pending power plant regulatory decisions (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Federal and state laws require the imminent retrofit of offstream condenser cooling to the newer steam electric stations. Waiver can be granted based on sound experimental data, demonstrating that existing once-through cooling will not adversely affect aquatic ecosystems. Conventional methods for monitoring thermal plumes, and some remote sensing alternatives, are reviewed, using on going work at one Maryland power plant for illustration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 223-237
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    Application of a computerized environmental information system to master and sector planning (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A computerized composite mapping system developed as an aid in the land use decision making process is described. Emphasis is placed on consideration of the environment in urban planning. The presence of alluvium, shallow bedrock, surface water, and vegetation growth are among the environmental factors considered. An analysis of the Shady Grove Sector planning is presented as an example of the use of computerized composite mapping for long range planning.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Apppl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 359-371
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    Possible role of remote sensing for increasing public awareness of the Chesapeake Bay environment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Application of remote sensing techniques to the study of the Chesapeake Bay and the availability of the resulting information are discussed in terms of public awareness of the Chesapeake Bay, its total environment, and the need to protect that environment and to preserve the Bay. Recommendations given include: (1) continue the study of remote sensing technology and its use in the Chesapeake Bay region; (2) emphasize the importance of LANDSAT imagery to the evolution of remote sensing technological developments and the awareness of the environment and its changes; (3) increase dissemination of information of the environmental applications of remote sensing technology to the public; (4) design surveys of the Chesapeake Bay environment and its manmade changes; and (5) establish a coordinating regional institution to develop a management plan for the Chesapeake Bay.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 323-326
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  • 36
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    Role of remote sensing in Bay measurements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote measurements of a number of surface or near surface parameters for baseline definition and specialized studies, remote measurements of episodic events, and remote measurements of the Bay lithosphere are considered in terms of characterizing and understanding the ecology of the Chesapeake Bay. Geologic processes and features best suited for information enhancement by remote sensing methods are identified. These include: (1) rates of sedimentation in the Bay; (2) rates of erosion of Bay shorelines; (3) spatial distribution and geometry of aquifers; (4) mapping of Karst terrain (sinkholes); and (5) mapping of fracture patterns. Recommendations for studying problem areas identified are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 315-321
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    Contribution of remote sensing to understand the Bay as a system (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The natural resource management information system concept designed specifically for use with remote sensing is discussed in terms of understanding and studying the Chesapeake Bay as a total system. The Bay is defined as a system comprising the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the biosphere, that is the vertical profile encompassed by the systems and a two dimensional plane defining the total watershed of the Bay from the headwaters of its tributaries to a distance in the ocean defined by ten tidal cycles. The Chesapeake Bay system is assumed to be the ecosystem in the largest sense. Ecological partitioning, a methodology resulting from studies of land systems for partitioning the land into geobotanical landscape units, is included along with a breakdown of LANDSAT investigations according to subject area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 289-296
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    Eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The advantages and limitations of using remote sensing to acquire fast reliable data on the nutrient problem in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem are discussed. Pollution effects to phytoplankton blooms during late summer and early fall months are also considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 269-273
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  • 39
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    An overview of dredging operations in the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Maintenance of the Baltimore and the Newport News/Norfolk harbors as well as of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is accomplished by different dredging operations which depend on the amount and type of material to be moved, water depth, and location of disposal sites. Methods for determining the physical or chemical-biological interactive effects of these activities on the environment and on the shellfish and finfish industries on the Bay are discussed. The types of dredges used are classed according to their mode of operation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 209-215
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  • 40
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    Regional energetic coupling of man and his environment: Data requirements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An energy analysis methodology was developed to serve as a rational basis for evaluating alternative regional management/use schemes. Human and natural systems are coupled and can be interpreted, using a common base of energy-flow analysis to evaluate past, present, and future states of regional integrated systems in the coastal zone and to provide the capability for rational selection of alternative patterns of resource use. Energy flows (or flows of dollars or materials converted to energy equivalents) are believed to be the basic factor in the organizations of all types of systems. An analysis example is provided of an estuarine subsystem of the Chesapeake Bay, and tabular listings of regional data needs are given. Current remote sensing capabilities were used to provide some of the necessary information.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 157-175
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    Acoustic remote probing of the environment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Atmospheric acoustic probes located either at shore locations near the Chesapeake Bay or on large surface buoys could obtain profiles of wind velocity and turbulence and the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere. At or near the buoy locations, underwater probes located on the bottom could be used to profile current velocity, density, and turbulence and also to determine tide level, wave height, spectrum, and direction. The physical parameter profiles at these earth-surface stations could be used with surface observations by satellite. The most obvious use of data from such a network is to verify and calibrate models of energy exchange between the water of the Bay and the atmosphere.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 149-156
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    Diffuse gamma radiation (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for an investigation of the intensity, energy spectrum, and spatial distribution of the diffuse gamma radiation detected by SAS 2 away from the galactic plane in the energy range above 35 MeV. The gamma-ray data are compared with relevant data obtained at other wavelengths, including 21-cm emission, radio continuum radiation, and the limited UV and radio information on local molecular hydrogen. It is found that there are two quite distinct components to the diffuse radiation, one of which shows a good correlation with the galactic matter distribution and continuum radiation, while the other has a much steeper energy spectrum and appears to be isotropic at least on a coarse scale. The galactic component is interpreted in terms of its implications for both local and more distant regions of the Galaxy. The apparently isotropic radiation is discussed partly with regard to the constraints placed on possible models by the steep energy spectrum, the observed intensity, and an upper limit on the anisotropy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 222
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  • 43
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    High resolution spectroscopy from low altitude satellites (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The P 78 1 satellite to be placed in a synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of 550-660 km will carry two identical high resolution spectrometers each consisting of a single (approximately 85 cc) intrinsic germanium IGE detector. The payload also includes a pair of phoswitch scintillators, an array of CdTe detectors and several particle detectors, all of which are mounted on the wheel of the satellite. The intrinsic high purity IGE detectors receive cooling from two Stirling cycle refrigerators and facilitate the assembly of large and complex detector arrays planned for the next generation of high sensitivity instruments such as those planned for the gamma ray observatory. The major subsystems of the spectrometer are discussed as well as its capabilities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 529-540
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  • 44
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    Theory of the accretion column and cyclotron radiation in X ray pulsars (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The energetics of the decelerating matter in the accretion column of X-ray pulsars is considered, in particular the Coulomb process. A two zone model is presented to account for the continuum and cyclotron line emission, incorporating a fan-beam radiation scheme, which appears able to explain the observed properties.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 425-433
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  • 45
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    Cyclotron emission in neutron star magnetospheres (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Kinematic aspects of cyclotron emission in superstrong magnetic fields are reviewed to suggest characteristic features which might be useful in confirming the nature of the reported line feature near 50 keV in the spectrum of Her X-1. The role of the inverse process of cyclotron absorption is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 394-403
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  • 46
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    Measurements of 15.11-MeV gamma-ray flux produced in the reactions C-12(p, p')-C-12*(15.11 MeV) and O-16(p, p' alpha)-C-12*(15.11 MeV) (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The flux of 15.11 MeV gamma rays relative to the flux of 4.44 MeV gamma rays which are emitted from the corresponding states of C-12 are a sensitive measure of the spectrum of exciting particles in solar flares and other cosmic sources. Emission of 15.11 MeV gamma rays may result not only from the direct excitation of C-12 but also from the interaction O-16 (p,p' alpha) C-12* sup 15.11 MeV. Although the cross sections for the direct reaction was studied extensively, the cross section for the spallation interaction with O-16 is not reported in the literature. Preliminary measurements demonstrated the feasibility of measuring the production of 15.11 MeV gamma rays by proton interactions with O-16 using the University of Maryland cyclotron facility. For both carbon and oxygen targets the flux of 15.11 MeV gamma rays is being measured relative to the flux of 4.44 MeV gamma rays. The gamma ray emission from de-excitation of the giant dipole resonances is being measured.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 502-511
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  • 47
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    Capabilities of germanium detectors (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The gamma ray detection efficiency and energy resolution of germanium detectors is reviewed. A general sensitivity equation for gamma-ray detectors is presented and calculated sensitvity curves are shown for a large volume balloon-borne spectrometer using germanium detectors. Improvement anticipated from a planned satellite experiment using germanium detectors is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 450-461
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  • 48
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    Confidence about line features in Her X-1 spectrum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A balloon borne X-ray telescope was flown Aire-surl'Adour, France to search for pulsation of the X-ray source HER X1. The source was measured for about 3500 s relative exposure larger than 0.75 and features were detected at 57.5 plus or minus 7.5 keV and 135 plus or minus 10 keV in the spectrum. Data were reanalyzed in terms of possibility of gain shift encoder. The very strong dependence of the line features on such a shift is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 346-370
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  • 49
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    Gamma-ray lines from neutron stars as probes of fundamental physics (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The detection of gamma-ray lines produced at the surface of neutron stars will serve to test both the strong and gravitational interactions under conditions unavailable in terrestrial laboratories. Observation of a single redshifted gamma-ray line, combined with an estimate of the mass of the star will serve as a strong constraint on allowable equations of state of matter at supernuclear densities. Detection of two redshifted lines arising from different physical processes at the neutron star surface can provide a test of the strong principle of equivalence. Expected fluxes of nuclear gamma-ray lines from accreting neutron stars were calculated, including threshold, radiative transfer and redshift effects. The most promising probes of neutron star structure are the deuterium formation line and the positron annihilation line. Detection of sharp redshifted gamma-ray lines from X-ray sources such as Cyg X-1 would argue strongly in favor of a neutron star rather than black hole identification for the object.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 275-282
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    Remote in-situ elemental analysis systems for underwater application (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The systems approach, theoretical measurement calculations, and preliminary measurements to be used in monitoring and mapping pollutants (such as traces of heavy metals) in the Chesapeake Bay are discussed. A neutron gamma-ray method is under development for demonstrating the system. The excitation source to be used is a machine accelerator using a deuterium/tritium reaction to produce 14-MeV neutrons. The neutrons excite characteristic gamma ray emission from the neutron irradiated surface. The discrete line emission produced can be used to infer both qualitative and quantitative elemental composition. A data preprocessor will accumulate, digitize, store, format, and prepare the data for transmission which can be accomplished by telephone, microwave, and possibly satellite link to central processors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 217-221
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    LANDSAT sensors (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: LANDSAT 1, launched in July 1972, and LANDSAT 2, launched in January 1975, are equipped with a similar complement of sensors. Each spacecraft has both a return beam vidicon camera system and a multispectral scanner for acquiring high resolution multispectral data of the Earth's surface on a global basis. A description is given of these imaging systems and the primary sensors on the LANDSAT 1 and 2 spacecraft.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 123-140
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    On measuring the state of the bay (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The requirements necessary to establish a comprehensive data base for the Chesapeake Bay are discussed. Three essential questions were addressed: (1) which entities should be measured; (2) how close together should measurements be made in space and time; and (3) what should be done with the data. Possible answers to the questions were evaluated in relation to existing technology, cost effectiveness, and potential uses of the data base.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 87-101
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  • 53
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    The Chesapeake Bay: A challenge to the remote sensing community (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of remote sensing in studying, monitoring, and understanding the Chesapeake Bay was examined. References to multispectral scanning, laser techniques, infrared microwave, and radar were made. These aspects were then analyzed with multidimensional models, digital analysis, and holographic projections.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 49-54
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    Activities of the US Geological Survey in Applications of Remote Sensing in the Chesapeake Bay Region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The application of remote sensing in the Chesapeake Bay region has been a central concern of three project activities of the U.S. Geological Survey: two are developmental, and one is operational. The two developmental activities were experiments in land-use and land-cover inventory and change detection using remotely sensed data from aircraft and from the LANDSAT and Skylab satellites. One of these is CARETS (Central Atlantic Regional Ecological Test Site). The other developmental task is the Census Cities Experiment in Urban Change Detection. The present major concern is an operational land-use and land-cover data-analysis program, including a supporting geographical information system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 25-26
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    Maryland Automated Geographic Information System (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A computer based system designed for storing geographic data in a consistent and coordinated manner is described. The data are stored, retrieved, and analyzed using a 400 km sq/acre cell. Stored information can be displayed on computer maps in a manner similar to standard map graphics. The data bank contains various information for performing land use analysis in a variety of areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 45-47
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    Present status of LANDSAT remote sensing (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The state-of-the-practice of satellite remote sensing is examined. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing to improve information gathering practices. Impediments to adopting this technology and opportunities to overcome these impediments are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 21-23
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    The Chesapeake Bay: Our regional resource (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The contents are presented of a speech given by the Hon. Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. on the value of the Chesapeake Bay as a resource and the need to protect its environmental quality.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 5-10
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    Development of 1366 K /2000 F/ strain sensor and biaxial strain transducer for use to 1033 K /1400 F/ (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Infra-red measurements of stratospheric composition. I - The balloon instrument and water vapour measurements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design and construction of a balloon-borne instrument for remote-sensing of stratospheric composition is described. Thermal emission from the constituents is detected and the spectral selectivity of the instrument is tailored to a specific gas by the use of a cell of the same gas in the optical path of the radiometer. The pressure of the gas in the cell is cycled and the resultant transmission function is shown to be highly selective to radiation from the same gas in the atmosphere. The first flight of the instrument and the retrieval of a water vapour profile in the range 15-40 km is described.
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    A comparison of satellite sensor bands for vegetation monitoring (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first four Landsat-D thematic mapper sensor bands were evaluated and compared to the RBV and MSS sensors from Landsats-1, -2, and -3; Colvocoresses' proposed 'operational Landsat' three-band system; and the French SPOT three-band system by using simulation/integration techniques and in situ collected spectral reflectance data. Sensors were evaluated with regard to their ability to discriminate vegetation biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and leaf water content. The thematic mapper and SPOT bands were found to be superior in a spectral resolution context to the other three sensor systems for vegetational applications. Significant improvements are expected for most vegetational analyses from Landsat-D thematic mapper and SPOT imagery over MSS and RBV imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Nov. 197
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    Experimental determination of partition coefficients for Rb, Sr, and Ba between alkali feldspar and silicate liquid (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
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    Imaging radar observations of Askja Caldera, Iceland (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 'blind' test involving interpretation of computer-enhanced like- and cross-polarized radar images is used to evaluate the surface roughness of Askja Caldera, a large volcanic complex in central Iceland. The 'blind' test differs from earlier analyses of radar observations in that computer-processes images and both qualitative and quantitative analyses are used. Attention is given to photogeologic examination and subsequent survey-type field observations, along with aerial photography during the field trip. The results indicate that the 'blind' test of radar interpretation of the Askja volcanic area can be considered suitable within the framework of limitations of radar data considered explicitly from the onset. The limitations of the radar techniques can be eliminated by using oblique-viewing conditions to remove geometric distortions and slope effects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Nov. 197
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    Detected noise levels guide radiometer design (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey of component demands and design techniques for radiometers is presented. The design of a typical radiometer is traced from the antenna through the video and data-collection stages. Key design equations are given. An example is considered that shows how IF amplifier gain must be chosen to mask video noise. The influence of front-end losses on back-end design is studied.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: MicroWaves; 17; Sept
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  • 64
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    Visualization of relaminarizing flows (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The experiments described in the present paper provided conclusive evidence for the feasibility of achieving reverse transition by several different mechanisms. Turbulent-to-laminar transition in water was visualized by injection of purple and green dyes. Air flows were visualized by colored schlieren photography.
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    Relative abundance of antiprotons and antihelium in the primary cosmic radiation (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports measurement of the antiproton-to-proton and antihelium-to-helium ratios in the 4-100 GeV/c range. A superconducting magnet spectrophotometer obtained the data during a balloon flight in May 1976. The upper limit value for the antiproton ratio is 0.0005 in the 4.2-12.5 GeV/c range. This value is only slightly higher than the expected value for a leaky box-model and nearly equal to the value expected in the Peter-Westergard model. It is suggested that this upper limit value rules out the closed galaxy model. Upper limit values for the antihelium ratio are 0.000058 in the 4-10 GeV/c range; less than 0.0001 in the 4-33 GeV/c range; and less than 0.01 in the 33-100 GeV/c range. The interpretation of the raw data is explained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 274; July 13
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    Coded aperture imaging with uniformly redundant arrays (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses uniformly redundant arrays (URA) as applied to coded aperture imaging. The URA system offers the high-transmission characteristics of random arrays as well as a flat sidelobe advantage. The high-transmission yields the imaging of very low-intensity sources and the flat sidelobes provide the suppression of inherent noise which obscures low-contrast sources. Simulations have shown that the URA with shot and background noise produces a better reconstructed object than random arrays without shot or background noise. The URA also offers an arrangement which involves a mosaic of basic URA patterns forming a circular correlation of the object on the picture plane. Thus the information needed to reconstruct the object is contained in an area equal to that of the basic aperture pattern. This smaller required detector is important in applications including X-ray astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Feb. 1
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    Crop water-stress assessment using an airborne thermal scanner (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An airborne thermal scanner was used to measure the temperature of a wheat crop canopy in Phoenix, Arizona. The results indicate that canopy temperatures acquired about an hour and a half past solar noon were well correlated with presunrise plant water tension, a parameter directly related to plant growth and development. Pseudo-colored thermal images reading directly in stress degree days, a unit indicative of crop irrigation needs and yield potential, were produced. The aircraft data showed significant within-field canopy temperature variability, indicating the superiority of the synoptic view provided by aircraft over localized ground measurements. The standard deviation between airborne and ground-acquired canopy temperatures was 2 C or less.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Jan. 197
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    The ISEE-C gamma ray burst spectrometer (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The technical properties, operation, and expected sensitivity are discussed for an experiment intended to search for narrow lines in the spectra of gamma ray bursts during the ISEE-C mission. At the heart of the experiment is a radiatively cooled germanium solid state photon detector. The instrumentation is capable of storing the entire spectrum of all but the largest bursts in the energy range 0.05-6.5 MeV. In addition, it analyzes the signals from two CsI detectors in two other experiments on the spacecraft and records event time histories from these to a few millisecond accuracy. A background mode permits spectral analysis during quiet times and will allow the determination of physically interesting upper limits for narrow lines in the diffuse gamma ray background radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 516-528
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    VLBI-laser intercomparison project (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The VLBI-laser intercomparison system for assessing geodetic measurements is described. The primary objective of the DSN VLBI-laser intercomparison project is the accurate measurement of baseline vectors, both length and direction, between established geodetic benchmarks. A second objective is the intercomparison between both satellite and lunar laser ranging techniques with VLBI.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 87-91
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  • 70
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    The excitation of electronic transverse energy levels in an intense magnetic field (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of the X-ray pulsar Hercules X-1 show a line emission feature at about 60 keV, which has been interpreted as the fundamental electron cyclotron line in a magnetic field of around six trillion gauss. In this interpretation, the line radiation results from transitions between transverse energy levels, which are quantized by the field. The expected line luminosity from the excitation of these levels by protons which are falling into the polar cap of a neutron star are calculated. They are assumed to attain kinetic energies up to around 200 MeV, the gravitational potential energy at the surface. The cross sections for high energy Coulomb encounters between small pitch angle protons and electrons in a strong field are measured and used to calculate the energy loss rate of the infalling protons. This rate, together with the rate of elastic nuclear proton collisions, is then used to calculate the number of line photons an infalling proton can be expected to produce, directly or indirectly. The results are applied to Hercules X-1.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ma Ray Spectry. In Astrophys.; p 404-417
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    Cyclotron lines from Her X-1 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data obtained during four balloon flight observations of hard X-ray emission from Her X-1 provide strong support for the existence of a spectral line feature at 54 keV to 58 keV, while the existence of a second harmonic is uncomfirmed. Because it is difficult to explain the observed feature by a second continuum spectrum or by atomic or nuclear processes, an interpretation in terms of a cyclotron line seems likely. There are two possibilities. There may be a cyclotron absorption feature at approximately 42 keV, and a possible second one at approximately 80 keV. In particular there may be a rather broad absorption feature between the spectral break (25 keV) and approximately 40 keV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 331-345
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    Gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics: Solar gamma ray astronomy on solar maximum mission (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The SMM gamma ray experiment and the important scientific capabilities of the instrument are discussed. The flare size detectable as a function of spectrum integration time was studied. A preliminary estimate indicates that a solar gamma ray line at 4.4 MeV one-fifth the intensity of that believed to have been emitted on 4 August 1972 can be detected in approximately 1000 sec with a confidence level of 99%.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 558-574
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  • 73
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    Search for broad gamma ray lines with the UCR double Compton scatter telescope (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The operation of a double scatter telescope and the evaluation of data obtained during a 24 hour balloon flight are discussed. An increase in gamma rays was observed as the galactic anti-center crossed the aperature of the telescope. Searches for lines from p(n,gamma)d at 2.2 MeV, C-12* at 4.4 MeV and on -16* at 6.1 MeV and for other lines broadened or redshifted are being conducted to identify the processes responsible for the production of celestial gamma rays. Two upper limits for lines in the angalactic anti-center direction at 4.4 MeV and 6.1 MeV are 6 and 4 x 10 to the minus 4 power gamma/sq cm-s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 217-222
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  • 74
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    Nuclear gamma rays from stellar flares (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Solar flare observations are consistent with the phenomenological description that a loop of magnetic flux is convected to the surface of the star and twisted. The resulting inductive current parallel to the field is dissipated at an enhanced rate throughout the field volume by current limiting instabilities. The steady state balance between joule heating and thermal conduction along the field lines of force to the denser, cooler surface establishes a temperature distribution. The expansion of heated and ionized surface layers leads to a pressure balance and hence predictable density and X-ray emission measure. The current limitation instabilities result observationally in the parallel current being transferred to run-away ions that reach a kinetic energy of some finite fraction of the inductive potential drop. The nuclear excitation gamma rays produced by such a run-away ion current are calculated for a white dwarf flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 149-167
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  • 75
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    Mechanisms and sites for astrophysical gamma ray line production (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The production of gamma ray lines and estimates of line fluxes resulting from nuclear deexcitations, positron annihilation, and electron capture at various astrophysical sites are discussed. Supernova and nova explosions synthesize long-lived radioactive isotopes and eject them into space where they produce observable gamma ray lines by decaying into excited levels of daughter nuclei or by emitting positrons. Energetic charged particles in the interstellar medium, in supernova remants, in solar or stellar flares, and possibly in the vicinity of compact objects, produce gamma-ray lines by inelastic collisions which either excite nuclear levels or produce positrons and neutrons. Energetic particles can result from acceleration in time-varying magnetic fields (solar flares) or from gravitational accretion onto neutron stars and black holes. Electromagnetic processes in the strong magnetic fields of pulsars can produce positron-electron pairs, with line emission resulting from positron annihilation. Deexcitations of quantized states in strong magnetic fields can also produce lines.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 7-41
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  • 76
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    The transfer of cyclotron lines through the magnetospheric shell of Hercules X-1 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Cyclotron emission from a strong magnetic field, has been proposed to identify line feature observed in the hard X-ray spectrum of the neutron star Hercules X-1. If this interpretation is indeed correct, and if the model wherein the 1.24 second hard X-ray pulse is due to the occultation of a more isotropic X-ray flux by an opaque magnetospheric shell is accepted then these observations can be used to place strict limits on the total source luminosity of the cyclotron emission. The observational fate of cyclotron line photons that have emerged from the region near the neutron star surface, but have yet to encounter an opaque shell at the magnetosphere is discussed. It is shown that if a narrow line is incident on such a shell, then a residual narrow feature can emerge from the shell.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 418-424
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  • 77
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    Low energy gamma ray observations with the MPI-Compton telescope (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Although the evaluation of data from the first balloon-flight of a large area Compton telescope is incomplete, two preliminary results are discussed. From the measured background spectrum at float altitude, the sensitivity of the telescope for the detection of cosmic gamma ray lines is estimated. The energy spectra is determined for an enhanced gamma ray flux observed from the direction of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. A schematic drawing of the telescope is presented and discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 207-216
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  • 78
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    Detection of 511 keV positron annihilation radiation from the galactic center direction (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A balloon-borne gamma ray telescope with an approximately 130 cu cm high purity germanium detector was flown over Australia to detect sharp spectral features from the galactic center direction. A 511 keV positron annihilation line was observed at a flux level of (1.21 plus or minus 0.22) x (10/cu cm) photons/sec/sp cm. Suggestive evidence for the detection of the three-photon positronium continuum is presented. The possible origin of the positrons is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 169-189
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  • 79
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    Design criteria for reflection polarizers and analyzers in the vacuum ultraviolet (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Reflection polarizers and analyzers for the extreme UV spectral region are discussed. The conditions for optimum polarization are presented, and the polarization characteristics of a number of metal coatings, including gold and some of the platinum metals, are given. The performance of three- and four-mirror polarizers, using these metal coatings, is discussed. The properties required of a polarization analyzer are presented, and the performance of single and three- and four-reflection analyzers are discussed in terms of the optical properties of coating materials that might be useful for analyzers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Apr. 15
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  • 80
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    Upconversion of broadband infrared spectra (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experimental device successfully upconverts IR radiation in the 3.2-5.0 micron wavelength range simultaneously to visible light at 0.80-0.88 microns, while preserving frequency coding and is thus applicable to IR spectroscopy. The 1.8-micron bandwidth of IR radiation that is upconverted without temperature or phase match tuning is the largest yet reported. The over-all system quantum efficiency of the upconverter/spectrometer system is 0.01% and could be improved to 0.4%.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Apr. 15
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  • 81
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    A 10 micron laser heterodyne spectrometer for remote detection of trace gases (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy provides a means of measuring the intensity profiles of individual rotation-vibration spectral lines with high sensitivity. Considerable effort has been expended on optimizing these instruments for remote measurements of gases in planetary atmospheres with the result that present-generation spectrometers are beginning to provide new and startling results on the planets. The fundamental principles of laser heterodyne spectroscopy are discussed. Detailed considerations of the optical design and the electronic design of the spectral-line receiver are given. Representative results obtained with this spectrometer are discussed, including precision frequency measurements of NH3 (nu-2) lines, detection of auroral emission from Jupiter, and measurements of terrestrial O3 and CO2.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 17; Jan
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  • 82
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    Computer simulation of the velocity diffusion of cosmic rays (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Monte Carlo simulation experiments have been performed in order to study the velocity diffusion of charged particles in a static turbulent magnetic field. By following orbits of particles moving in a large ensemble of random magnetic field realizations with suitably chosen statistical properties, a pitch-angle diffusion coefficient is derived. Results are presented for a variety of particle rigidities and rms random field strengths and compared with the predictions of standard quasi-linear theory and the nonlinear partially averaged field theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 21; Mar. 197
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  • 83
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    Ultraviolet spectrophotometer for measuring columnar atmospheric ozone from aircraft (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UVS) to measure downward solar fluxes from an aircraft or other high altitude platform is described. The UVS uses an ultraviolet diffuser to obtain large angular response with no aiming requirement, a twelve-position filter wheel with narrow (2-nm) and broad (20-nm) bandpass filters, and an ultraviolet photodiode. The columnar atmospheric ozone above the UVS (aircraft) is calculated from the ratios of the measured ultraviolet fluxes. Comparison with some Dobson station measurements gives agreement to 2%. Some UVS measured ozone profiles over the Pacific Ocean for November 1976 are shown to illustrate the instrument's performance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; May 15
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  • 84
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    A spectroradiometer for airborne remote sensing (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A remote sensing system for use in light aircraft is discussed with attention to its applications in measuring geologic zones of alteration, vegetation canopies, and the spectral properties of water bodies. A parallel electro-optical input spectroradiometer configuration with 500 channels operating in the 400-1100 nm region is described. A resolution of 18 meters square from an altitude of 600 m at 200 kmh is obtained with 4-digit spectral radiance data at 2.5 spectra/sec on a 9-track tape in computer compatible format.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Apr. 197
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  • 85
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    Acceleration of protons at 32 Jovian radii in the outer magnetosphere of Jupiter (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A rapid ten-fold increase of proton flux was observed at 32 Jovian radii in Jupiter's outer magnetosphere. The total event lasted about 30 minutes and was composed of many individual events. Both before and after the event, proton flux was similar to the low-flux level found between crossings of the magnetic equator. Measurements of angular distributions and the time histories of proton and alpha particle channels at different energies indicate that the flux increase is caused by local acceleration. It is suggested that the average particle population in the outer magnetosphere is caused by a state of dynamic equilibrium between acceleration and loss processes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Mar. 1
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  • 86
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    Comparison between photographic and photoelectric measurements of the solar aureole almucantar radiance (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; July 1
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  • 87
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    Partially averaged field approach to cosmic ray diffusion (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new nonlinear technique is used to derive the kinetic equation for particles interacting with turbulent fluctuations. Difficulties associated with quasi-linear theory are avoided. The new method evaluates the effects of the fluctuations along particle orbits which themselves include the effects of a statistically averaged subset of the possible configuration of the turbulence. As an illustration, the pitch-angle diffusion coefficient is calculated for particles interacting with 'slab model' magnetic turbulence, i.e., magnetic fluctuations linearly polarized transverse to a mean magnetic field. The pitch-angle diffusion coefficient is determined in the vicinity of 90-deg pitch angles where quasi-linear theory breaks down. The spatial diffusion coefficient parallel to a mean magnetic field is evaluated by use of the calculated pitch-angle diffusion coefficient. It is suggested that the partially averaged field method is not limited to small amplitude fluctuating fields and hence is not a perturbation theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 21; Mar. 197
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  • 88
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    Electronic heterodyne recording and processing of optical holograms using phase modulated reference waves (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of a phase-modulated reference wave for the electronic heterodyne recording and processing of a hologram is described. Heterodyne recording is used to eliminate the self-interference terms of a hologram and to create a Leith-Upatnieks hologram with coaxial object and reference waves. Phase modulation is also shown to be the foundation of a multiple-view hologram system. When combined with hologram scale transformations, heterodyne recording is the key to general optical processing. Spatial filtering is treated as an example.
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    Effects of accumulated film layers on the accuracy of quartz film thickness monitors (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of accumulation layers on the accuracy of quartz thin-film thickness monitors is evaluated. Use of an expanded plane wave ultrasonic propagation theory correctly accounts for observed experimental data. The magnitude of the maximum errors calculated for simply reversing the order of a series of aluminum gold deposits is on the order of 5%. If one totally neglects intervening layers, multiple film propagation and nonlinearity can produce errors greater than 50%.
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  • 90
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    Effect of the Mott cross section on the determination of the charge of ultraheavy cosmic rays from emulsion tracks (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Energy deposition due to secondary electrons is calculated as a function of distance from the axis of the track of a heavy ion. The calculation incorporates the empirical formulas of Kobetich and Katz (1968) for delta-ray energy dissipation. Both the Mott and Born-approximation expressions for the delta-ray energy distributions are used, and the results are compared. The energy deposition projected along a line perpendicular to the track is also calculated. These results are used to estimate the effect that the use of the Mott cross section would have in the interpretation of photometric measurements on emulsion tracks of trans-iron cosmic-ray particles. It is shown that the use of 50 keV as a characteristic track-formation electron energy to estimate the effect of the Mott cross section systematically overestimates charge as derived from emulsions for Z greater than 20.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 18
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  • 91
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    Stratospheric trace gas sampling with chemical absorption filters (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent interest in stratospheric chemistry, sparked in part by the suggested roles of atomic chlorine (Cl) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the catalytic destruction of ozone (O3), has made sampling and measurement of trace constituents above the tropopause highly desirable. An ongoing research program in the In Situ Studies Project at the National Center for Atmospheric Research carries out aircraft and balloon-borne stratospheric chemical sampling at regular intervals by using chemically impregnated filters to collect particles and reactive gases.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atmospheric Technology; Spring 1
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  • 92
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    Improved apparatus for trapped radical and other studies down to 1.5 K (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A Dewar system and associated equipment for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of trapped free radicals and other optical or irradiation experiments are described. The apparatus is capable of reaching a temperature of 1.5 K and transporting on the order of 20 W per K temperature gradient; its principal advantages are for use at pumped cryogen temperatures and for experiments with large heat inputs. Two versions of the apparatus are discussed, one of which is designed for EPR in a rectangular cavity operating in a TE(102) mode and another in which EPR is performed in a cylindrical microwave cavity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Dec. 197
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  • 93
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    X-ray reflectometer for optical efficiency and scatter measurements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An instrument has been developed to determine the reflection efficiency and scatter characteristics of optical samples at X-ray wavelengths from 1.5 to 113 A. The reflectometer operates in an oil-free vacuum chamber and measures the reflection efficiency and scatter characteristics as a function of the angle of incidence. The reflection efficiency is given for 8.34-A radiation incident on a fused silica sample finished to a flatness of one-tenth of a wavelength. The experimental reflection efficiency is compared with the theoretical data. The scatter curves are given for the direct X-ray beam and for the beam reflected from the fused silica sample at an angle of incidence of 50 arcmin. The full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) resolution of the instrument is approximately 13 arcsec, as determined by a least-squares smoothing of the experimental data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Dec. 197
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  • 94
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    Remote sensing of surface soil moisture (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The unique thermal and dielectric properties of water afford two possibilities for remotely sensing the moisture content in the surface layer of the soil. Observations of the diurnal range of surface temperature, the microwave brightness temperature (emissivity) and radar backscatter of the soil have shown correlations of up to 0.9 with the moisture in the surface layer (about 5 cm thick). The microwave techniques appear to maintain their sensitivity to moisture variations in the presence of a crop canopy. Observations of microwave brightness temperature from satellite platforms have qualitatively confirmed this sensitivity for a wide range of conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 95
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    An evaluation of electrochemical concentration cell sonde measurements of atmospheric ozone (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Using Dobson spectrophotometer measurements of total ozone as a comparison, an analysis of the Electrochemical Concentration Cell (ECC) ozonesonde's measurement accuracy is presented. Days of conjunctive ECC-Dobson observations (from 1970 to 1976 at Wallops Flight Center) provide a set of 123 pairs of total ozone values. Sample set statistics are generated with means and standard deviations of total ozone values and differences being noted. An in-depth study of factors such as time differences between associated observations, integration techniques used, assumptions used in calculating residual ozone and other possible sources of errors are examined. Short-period changes in total ozone using Dobson data during the observational period are also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; Oct. 197
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  • 96
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    Phase insensitive acoustoelectric transducer (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Conventional ultrasonic transducers transform acoustic waves into electrical signals preserving phase and amplitude information. When the acoustic wavelength is significantly smaller than the transducer diameter, severe phase modulation of the electrical signal can occur. This results in anomalous attenuation measurements, background noise in nondestructive evaluation, and in general complicates data interpretation. This article describes and evaluates a phase-insensitive transducer based on the acoustoelectric effect. Theory of operation of the acoustoelectric transducer (AET) is discussed, and some optimization procedures outlined for its use. Directivity data for the AET are contrasted with a conventional piezoelectric transducer. In addition, transmission scanning data of phantom flaws in metal plates are presented for both transducers and demonstrate a significant improvement in resolution with the AET.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 64
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  • 97
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    Gamma-ray astronomy and the origin of cosmic rays (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent observations of cosmic gamma radiation are reviewed. It is shown that this radiation consists of an extragalactic background as well as a bright band of galactic radiation lying in the plane of the Milky Way and produced primarily by cosmic-ray collisions with interstellar gas atoms. The galactic gamma radiation is divided into a near component apparently associated with Gould's belt and a far component originating about 15,000 light years away and narrowly confined to the galactic plane. A Great Galactic Ring is identified which is 35,000 light years in diameter and in which most galactic cosmic rays are produced and supernovae and pulsars are concentrated. The physical mechanisms responsible for the production of most of the cosmic gamma rays in the Galaxy are examined, and the origin of galactic cosmic rays is considered. It is concluded that the cosmic rays are produced either in supernova explosions or in the pulsars they leave behind
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: American Scientist; 66; Sept-Oct
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  • 98
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    Extending the field of view of KD/asterisk/P electrooptic modulators (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of KD(asterisk)P as a polarization rotator has been limited to small field of view instruments. To investigate this limitation, the index ellipsoid is used to describe the optical properties of KD(asterisk)P and to calculate the retardance and fast axis as a function of the angle of incidence and voltage. Computed converging light patterns are then compared with observed intensity patterns formed by KD(asterisk)P. Finally, computed intensity patterns are used to demonstrate how the field of view of KD(asterisk)P can be increased when properly aligned with a positive uniaxial crystal.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Sept. 15
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  • 99
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    Ice sheet topography by satellite altimetry (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The measured time between the transmission and rzturn of 13.9 GHz radar pulses from the GEOS 3 satellite (at a mean altitude of 844.5 km and an inclination of 114 deg 52 min) is used to determine the thickness of the Greenland ice cap, with an accuracy in surface elevation on the order of 2 m. Attention is given to changes in ice thickness as an indicator of climatic change in general, and change in mean sea level in particular. Each elevation data point obtained by the satellite represents an average along 0.67 km of ground track, and three-dimensional maps are presented to illustrate the data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Nature; 274; Aug. 10
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  • 100
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    The cosmic gamma-ray background from the annihilation of primordial stable neutral heavy leptons (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectra and intensities of gamma radiation from (1) a homogeneous cosmic lepton background (2) a possible lepton halo around the Galaxy, and (3) integrated background radiation from possible lepton halos around other galaxies and from rich galaxy clusters are examined. Heavy-lepton annihilation radiation from the halos of other galaxies accounts for at most 0.005 of the background intensity, and the radiation from rich clusters account for at most 0.00005 of the background intensity. It is suggested that lepton annihilation fluxes from a galactic halo would be confused with cosmic-ray produced radiation and would therefore be difficult to observe. Radiation from a homogeneous cosmological lepton background might account for approximately 0.0001 of the observed cosmic gamma ray background. Energy spectrum and isotropy are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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