ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (346)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (276)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (466)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969
  • 1945-1949
  • 1976  (466)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (466)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969
    • +
Year
  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Gamma rays, cosmic rays and galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Working primarily from the recent SAS-2 observations of galactic gamma rays, the relation of these observations to the large scale distribution of cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the galaxy is reviewed and reexamined. Starting with a discussion of production rates, the case for pion decay being the predominant production mechanism in the galactic disk above 100 MeV is reestablished and it is also pointed out that Compton gamma rays can be a significant source. To facilitate discussion, the concepts of four distinct galactic regions are defined, viz. the nebulodisk, ectodisk, radiodisk and exodisk. Bremsstrahlung and pion decay gamma rays are associated with the first two (primarily the first) regions, and Compton gamma rays and synchrotron radiation are associated with the latter two regions. On a large scale, the cosmic rays, interstellar gas (primarily H2 clouds in the inner galaxy) and gamma ray emissivity all peak in a region between 5 and 6 kpc from the galactic center. This correlation is related to correlation with other population I phenomena and is discussed in terms of the density wave concept of galactic structure. The singular nature of the HI distribution appears to follow the supernova remnant and pulsar distributions in the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 357-391
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The non-thermal radiation in the galaxy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The distribution of nonthermal emissivity with height z above the galactic plane is examined. The main result is that recent observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. The relationship between the nonthermal emissivity and the neutral gas is also studied. In several galaxies the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total HI content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 206-221
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Gamma rays and supernova explosions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The detection of gamma rays from supernovae will provide interesting tests of current theory. Some current ideas on the expected gamma ray flux, as modified by recent theoretical results are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 289-298
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    COS-B observations of localised sources of gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In October 1975 the high energy gamma ray flux from the Vela pulsar was measured by COS-B to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45A-51
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results, 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma-ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitude 310 and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315 deg, 330 deg, 345 deg, 0 deg, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with such galactic features and components as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 1-11C
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Extreme ultraviolet survey experiment MA-083 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A grazing incidence telescope sensitive to radiation in the 5- to 100-nanometer band was flown in the Apollo service module. On 10 nighttime revolutions, the command and service module was maneuvered to point the instrument at 30 different stellar targets for periods of 1 to 20 minutes, thus constituting the first sensitive search for extreme ultraviolet radiation from nonsolar sources. Several hours of supplementary data were also obtained during nighttime orbits when other experiments in the scientific instrument module bay were operating. Preliminary analysis of a small fraction of the total data indicates the definite detection of a strong source of extreme ultraviolet radiation during observations made during revolution 109. The source is located in Coma Berencies. The suggested optical identification is the white dwarf HZ 43. If this association is correct, the star has the highest temperature of any known white dwarf. Regardless of the optical identification, however, this object is the first nonsolar source to be detected in the extreme ultraviolet band.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cosmic X-ray observations with OSO-8 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The GSFC Cosmic X-ray Spectroscopy experiment aboard OSO-8 has operated successfully since launch providing spectral and temporal data on X-ray sources in tha energy range 2-60 keV. Analysis of quick look data shows a variety of spectral features, some stable, others variable, which will increase understanding of the nature of individual sources. In particular, observed emission and absorption features that can be attributed to iron will result in abundance measures of this important element in sources such as some X-ray binaries, the supernova remnant Cas A, and the nucleus of the galaxy Cen A.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 67-79
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cosmic ray propagation and containment (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The cosmic rays, an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, are considered along with their propagation and containment as a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic ray gas pressure comparable to the magnetic pressure, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic ray production rate. It is evident from the decay of Be(1c) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 320-340
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Low and medium energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Observation of 0.2-100 MeV diffuse gamma radiation emitted from the Galaxy can provide information on the intensities of 5-50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and 50 MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low-energy cosmic-rays in the inner Galaxy if the gamma-rays are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1-100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center. The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-83
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Crystal activation experiment MA-151 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crystal activation experiment consisted of two sample packages that were flown in the command module and returned to earth for analysis of the radioactivity induced in them during the flight. The objective of the experiment was to define the background caused by detector activation that interferes when gamma radiation is measured in the 0.02- to 10-megaelectronvolt range from earth orbit. Preliminary results show that the activation of the NaI(Tl) crystal was a factor of 3 below that from a similar measurement on Apollo 17. The identification of certain species and the level of activation observed show an important contribution from the interactions of thermal and energetic neutrons produced as secondaries in the spacecraft. That the activation was reduced by only a factor of 3 compared with the Apollo 17 experiment, despite the geomagnetically shielded orbit, possibly indicates more efficient secondary neutron production by the more energetic cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 10 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 11
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Gamma rays and large scale galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Many theoretical models were developed in an attempt to explain the spatial structure in the observed emission which results from interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the interstellar gas. The peaks in the observed distribution are remarkably well correlated with longitudes corresponding to tangential directions to known spiral arm features. Based on theoretical and experimental arguments, it is assumed that on the scale of galactic arms the cosmic rays are more intense where the mass of the gas to which they are coupled is greatest. Refining this model with the results of recent surveys of the interstellar gas, a good fit to the observations is obtained whether the cosmic rays are confined to the spiral arms in the disk or are more evenly confined as in a flat halo model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 341-354
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma ray energies show striking similarities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 52-64
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 13
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Preliminary Results from the European Space Agency's COS-B satellite for gamma-ray astronomy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV. Its objectives are to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive to X-rays of 2-12 Kev. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 23-38
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Soft X-ray observation experiment MA-048 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Soft X-ray Experiment was designed to observe celestial X-ray sources in the energy range from 0.1 to 10 kiloelectronvolts. The instrument that was used in the experiment obtained energy and fast timing data to characterize both the spectrum and the variability of known X-ray sources. Data were obtained on approximately 12 sources. During the mission, the instrument developed an intermittent high voltage discharge problem that resulted in the loss of approximately 75 percent of the anticipated data, including the scans intended for mapping of the low energy diffuse X-ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 11 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 15
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results. 2. Localized sources (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Gamma-ray emission was detected from the radio pulsars PSR1818-04 and PSR1747-46, in addition to the previously reported gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Since the Crab pulsar is the only one observed in the optical and X-ray bands, these gamma-ray observations suggest a uniquely gamma-ray phenomenon occurring in a fraction of the radio pulsars. Using distance estimates it is found that PSR1818-04 has a gamma-ray luminosity comparable to that of the Crab pulsar, while the luminosities of PSR1747-46 and the Vela pulsar are approximately an order of magnitude lower. This survey of SAS-2 data for pulsar correlations has also yielded upper limits to gamma-ray luminosity for 71 other radio pulsars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 12-22
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    COS-B observations of the high energy gamma radiation from the galactic disc (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: During the first months of operation, COS-B has observed galactic high energy gamma rays from the galactic disc. In the galactic center and Vela regions the disc emission distribution was measured. From these data the existence of a local ( 1 kpc) and a distant ( 3 kpc) emitting region is apparent in the general direction of the inner galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 39-44
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 17
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Interstellar helium flow experiment MA-088 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Interstellar Helium Glow Experiment (MA-088) studied the motion of helium in the local interstellar medium as that medium passed through the solar system to determine several poorly known properties of the local interstellar gas. The instrument used was a photometer sensitive to two solar extreme ultraviolet spectral lines that are resonantly scattered by helium gas. The instrument surveyed the entire celestial sphere during a series of slow, rolling maneuvers by the Apollo spacecraft. The equipment operated properly, and usable data were obtained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 15 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Whence cometh /and goeth/ Jupiter's high energy electrons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Jupiter's decimetric emission is universally identified as synchrotron radiation from about 10 MeV electrons. These electrons radiate away their energy in a few months and hence must be continuously replaced. A theory in which electrons are injected at Jupiter's magnetopause and radially diffuse toward the planetary surface, gaining energy in the process is summarized. The radial diffusion coefficient in the inner magnetosphere is determined. This diffusion coefficient, which also holds for protons, is sufficiently small that the inner Galilean satellites can wipe out large fractions of the incoming proton and electron fluxes. The reduction of the proton flux is extremely important to the survival of the Pioneer experimental payloads.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Scintillating plastic fibers as light pipes for a cosmic ray hodoscope: Feasibility calculations and measured attenuation characteristics (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A candidate hodoscope uses arrays of scintillator fibers, followed by an image intensifier and imaging system such as that proposed for the X-ray shadowgraph. A literature search was performed to ascertain the experience of other workers with hodoscopes using this or similar principles. Calculations were performed to determine the feasibility of candidate systems and some laboratory experiments were performed to attempt to check these numbers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 45-58
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 20
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Local and large scale galactic gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of the gas-to-dust ratio suggests that interstellar reddening may provide an accurate way of assessing column densities in various directions in the Galaxy. A gamma ray intensity of 7.25 x 10 to the -5th E sub B-V photon/sq cm/s/sterad is predicted for regions of the Galaxy where the medium cosmic ray density is equal to that observed close to the sun. It is found that in the longitude range of about 0-180 degrees, the large scale cosmic ray distribution producing the gamma rays follows that of extreme population I stars put in evidence by giant H II regions, and that of molecular hydrogen traced by carbon monoxide emission. The gamma-ray production exhibits a maximum at R roughly equal to 5 kpc, and practically vanishes at R not less than 11 kpc, beyond the location of the outermost H II regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 50; 2, Ju; July 197
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 21
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Electrons in a closed galaxy model of cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers the consistency of positrons and electrons with a propagation model in which the cosmic rays are stopped by nuclear collisions or energy losses before they can escape from the Galaxy (the closed-galaxy model). The fact that no inconsistency is found between the predictions and the data implies that the protons which produce the positrons by nuclear reactions could have their origin in a large number of distant sources, as opposed to the heavier nuclei which in this model come from a more limited set of sources. The closed-galaxy model predicts steep electron and positron spectra at high energies. None of these are inconsistent with present measurements; but future measurements of the spectrum of high-energy positrons could provide a definite test for the model. The closed-galaxy model also predicts that the interstellar electron intensity below a few GeV is larger than that implied by other models. The consequence of this result is that electron bremsstrahlung is responsible for about 50% of the galactic gamma-ray emission at photon energies greater than 100 MeV
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 45; Nov. 197
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 22
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Large area ion chambers for a high energy cosmic ray experiment (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High resolution measurement of the iron group nuclei was performed with the intention of determining individual abundances in the cosmic ray flux at the earth of particles with z = 22 to 30. Of the three types of dE/dx detectors used in the experiment, pulse ion chambers, Cerenkov radiators and scintillators, the first has the best z resolution over a wide range of particle z and energy. The plastic scintillators define the particle acceptance cone of the telescope while the Cerenkov detector aids in rejection of low energy particle background and measurement of particle velocity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 1-44
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 23
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Measurement of the primary cosmic electron spectrum from 10 to about 250 GeV (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intensity and energy spectrum of primary cosmic electrons from 10 to about 250 GeV have been studied by using balloon-borne detectors. The detectors were large-area ionization calorimeters which sampled showering particles frequently and demonstrated an energy resolution of about 7% in calibration tests. On one of the flights a time-of-flight system and detectors to sample the lateral properties of showers were used to examine and to test background rejection. The results of the balloon flights from Alamogordo, N. Mex., in 1970 and Cape Girardeau, Mo., in 1972 indicated that the primary cosmic ray electron differential energy spectrum exhibits no change of slope in the energy range measured and is well represented by a power law. The results indicate that the cosmic electron spectrum is steeper than the cosmic ray proton spectrum. It is shown that these data are consistent with the leakage lifetime model for the propagation of cosmic electrons in the galaxy, although other more complex models cannot be excluded on the basis of these data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 24
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Solar modulation and a galactic origin for the anomalous component observed in low-energy cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The current theory of solar modulation can be used to argue that the cosmic-ray component at low energies, which is observed to have an anomalous composition, is not of galactic origin, i.e., it is not a component of the galactic cosmic-ray flux. The current theory predicts, from quite general considerations, that an unreasonably large intensity of cosmic rays, by many orders of magnitude, would be required in the interstellar medium to account for the observed fluxes. Conceivably, the current modulation theory could be modified so that only reasonable interstellar fluxes are predicted. One such modification involves an unusual scheme for particle diffusion in the interplanetary medium. Particles are assumed to diffuse not as a result of their own motion among small-scale irregularities in the magnetic field, but rather in a process in which they are trapped between time-varying constrictions in the large-scale field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 206; May 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 25
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Photonuclear interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and their astrophysical consequences (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented for detailed Monte Carlo calculations of the interaction histories of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei with intergalactic radiation fields, using improved estimates of these fields and empirical determinations of photonuclear cross sections, including multinuclear disintegrations for nuclei up to Fe-56. Intergalactic and galactic energy-loss rates and nucleon-loss rates for nuclei up to Fe-56 are also given. Astrophysical implications are discussed in terms of expected features in the cosmic-ray spectrum between 10 to the 18th and 10 to the 21st power eV for the universal and supercluster origin hypotheses. The results of these calculations indicate that ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays cannot be universal in origin regardless of whether they are protons or nuclei. Both the supercluster and galactic origin hypotheses, however, are possible regardless of nuclear composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; Apr. 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 26
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Three-dimensional interplanetary stream magnetism and energetic particle motion (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmic rays interact with mesoscale configurations of the interplanetary magnetic field. A technique is presented for calculating such configurations in the inner solar system, which are due to streams and source conditions near the sun, and maps of magnetic field are constructed for some plausible stream and source conditions. One effect of these mesoscale configurations on galactic cosmic rays is shown to be an out-of-the-ecliptic gradient drift sufficient to explain Forbush decreases. The effects on solar energetic particles include small polar drifts due to the field gradients and a possibly large modification of the time-intensity profiles and anisotropy characteristics due to the formation of mirror configurations in space. If a diffusion model is applicable to solar particles, the true diffusion coefficient will be masked by the effects of streams. A conceptual model which incorporates these ideas and those of several other models is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 27
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The interplanetary acceleration of energetic nucleons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Corotating proton and electron streams are the dominant type of low-energy (i.e., 0.1-10 MeV per nucleon) particle event observed at 1 AU. The radial dependence of these events has been studied between 1 and 4 AU using essentially identical low-energy detector systems on IMP-7, Pioneer-10, and Pioneer-11. It had been expected that at a given energy, the intensity of these streams would decrease rapidly with heliocentric distance due to the effects of interplanetary adiabatic deceleration. Instead, it is observed that from event to event, the intensity either remains roughly constant or increases significantly (more than an order of magnitude) between 1 and 4 AU. It appears that interplanetary acceleration processes are the most plausible explanation. Several possible acceleration models are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 28
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Evaluation of clad scintillating light pipes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Arrays of fibers made of scintillating material were used as position-sensitive detectors or hodoscopes for beam-finding at ion accelerators. Experiments were made with alpha's from an Am241 source incident upon one end of the fiber, the other end being viewed with a photomultiplier tube. The scintillation light was not detected in any of the fibers tested beyond about 5 cm. The effective useful lengths for detection of relativistic heavy ions were given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 59-63
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 29
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Significance of medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy in the study of cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper examines the medium-energy (about 10-30 MeV) galactic gamma-ray radiation from primary and secondary electrons and calculates the expected gamma-ray distribution for the specific model of Bignami et al. (1975) on the assumption that the cosmic rays are correlated with the matter on the scale of galactic arms. The energy spectrum typical of regions near the galactic center indicates a dramatic shift from a predominantly cosmic-ray nucleonic mechanism at higher energies to a cosmic-ray electron mechanism at the lower energies. This provides a most important and direct means of probing the cosmic-ray electrons as a function of galactic position by making gamma-ray observations in the few to 40 MeV energy range. Medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy is shown to be a valuable tool in galactic research.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 208; Aug. 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 30
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Advances in gamma-ray burst astronomy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper reviews the current status of observational research into the highly puzzling problem of cosmic gamma-ray bursts. Up to now there is no convincing temporal or spatial correlation with any known celestial processes or objects. The typical burst source strength is somewhere between 10 to the 26th power ergs and 10 to the 52nd power ergs. A list of 39 confirmed and 9 unconfirmed cosmic gamma-ray bursts observed by satellite is given, showing times of occurrence and in some cases, the size in erg per square centimeter. Several approaches to the problem of source object identification are discussed: (1) accumulation of observation statistics with their present poor resolution and research for correlative phenomena, (2) mapping out celestial source distributions with moderate resolution in order to search for galactic or other anisotropies in direction or to look for repeating source regions, and (3) very high-accuracy localization of the source directions of one or several bursts in order to pinpoint a tiny fraction of the celestial sphere for correlative radio, optical and X-ray studies. Planned future instrumentation for deep space probes and multiple-balloon studies is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 31
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A nonlinear theory of cosmic-ray pitch-angle diffusion in homogeneous magnetostatic turbulence (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A plasma strong turbulence, weak coupling, theory is applied to the problem of cosmic-ray pitch-angle scattering in magnetostatic turbulence. The theory used is a rigorous generalization of Weinstock's 'resonance broadening' theory and contains no ad hoc approximations. A detailed calculation is presented for a model of 'slab' turbulence with an exponential correlation function. The results agree well with numerical simulations. The rigidity dependence of the pitch-angle scattering coefficient differs from that found by previous researchers. The differences result from an inadequate treatment of particle trajectories near 90 deg pitch angle in earlier work.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 204; Mar. 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 32
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cosmic-ray positron and negatron spectra between 20 and 800 MeV measured in 1974 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The flux density of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons was measured by a balloon-borne spark chamber magnetic spectrometer in two flights in an attempt to study the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. The total electron flux was found to be about 0.03/cu m/s/sr/MeV between 70 and 800 MeV and to increase toward lower energies, while the positron flux decreased sharply toward lower energies from about 0.008/cu m/s/sr/MeV at 650 MeV and only upper limits were obtained for positrons below 200 MeV. At energies above 180 MeV, the spherically symmetrical Fokker-Planck equation with a diffusion coefficient proportional to the particle rigidity provided a reasonable fit to both positron and total electron data, while at energies below 180 MeV, the data were consistent with a continuation of the same diffusion coefficient and local source of electrons, or a change in the diffusion coefficient to a constant value.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 204; Mar. 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 33
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Ionising flux of cosmic background radiation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The indirect method of estimating the diffuse metagalactic flux of ionizing radiation proposed by Sunyaev (1969) is reconsidered in the light of further studies of the interaction of this radiation with galactic gas. An upper limit is derived for the intensity of the metagalactic background radiation to which the neutral interstellar medium is exposed. This limit on the ionizing radiation flux severely restricts the emission from a galactic corona containing gas in the temperature range 100,000 to 1,000,000 K. An upper limit of 10 to the 29.2 erg/sec/Hz is obtained for the mean luminosity radiated by a quasar in the energy band 40-170 eV. The 21-cm observations examined indicate that further than about 30 kpc from the center of the galaxy self-shielding by H II is possible only when the critical metagalactic ionizing flux is not exceeded.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Apr. 8
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 34
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Solar-cosmic-ray variability (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 81-86
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 35
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cosmic ray modulation in three dimensions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief critique of spherically symmetric conventional modulation theory is supplied. Estimates are made of the cosmic ray intensity at high solar latitudes. Direct evidence for significant off-ecliptic cosmic ray gradients is reviewed in support of the requirement for an off-ecliptic spacecraft mission. The possibility of measuring the galactic spectrum is discussed. The effect of interplanetary magnetic fields on cosmic ray motion is examined, and calculations (Fokker-Planck equation) are shown.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 210-230
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 36
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Modulation of trapped energetic electrons at 6.6 earth radii by the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energetic (energies greater than 1.6 and 3.9 MeV) trapped electron fluxes observed at the synchronous altitude during 1974 and 1975 by an experiment aboard ATS-6 exhibit a modulation in intensity which is correlated with the passage of sector-structure boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field past the earth. The electron fluxes reach equilibrium intensities during the time the magnetosphere is in a given IMF sector; these fluxes are highest in the fall for (+) sectors and highest in the spring for (-) sectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; May 1976
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 37
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The absorption of trapped particles by the inner satellites of Jupiter and the radial diffusion coefficient of particle transport (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The process of trapped particle absorption by the inner Jovian satellites is considered in detail taking into account both the particle and satellite motions in a magnetic dipole field which is displaced from the center of the planet and tilted with respect to the planetary rotation axis. An expression is derived for computing the sweeping time at a given satellite, defined as the time required for the satellite to sweep up a given fraction of the trapped particles within its sweeping region. By making use of the sweeping time and the radial diffusion equation of particle transport approximate expressions for the diffusion coefficient are derived. Measurements obtained by Pioneer 10 are then used to obtain estimates of the diffusion coefficient at the orbits of Io and Europa. We find that the diffusion coefficient is a function of energy and magnetic latitude for electrons in the energy range 0.7-14 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Mar. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 38
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A cosmic gamma-ray burst on 1975 May 14 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cosmic gamma-ray burst is described which was observed from a balloon with a double-scatter gamma-ray telescope. The observed burst had a rise time of about 0.15 sec, a duration of 0.11 sec, and variations on a time scale of 5 msec. The variations are shown to imply a maximum source dimension of 1500 km. The integral energy distribution of the burst is determined along with the total energy above 0.5 MeV. The direction of the source is found, with 90% confidence, to be limited to a circle with a radius of 25 deg centered at +39 deg galactic latitude and 40 deg galactic longitude. Two additional candidate bursts observed with the same telescope are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 39
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reanalysis of the Apollo cosmic gamma-ray spectrum in the 0.3 to 10 MeV energy region (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Additional data obtained from the Apollo-16 and -17 missions, together with collateral calculations on background radiation effects, have enabled an improved subtraction of unwanted backgrounds from the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray data previously reported from Apollo-15. As a result, the 1- to 10-MeV spectrum is lowered significantly and connects smoothly with recent data at other energies. The inflection reported previously is much less pronounced and has no more than a 1.5-sigma significance. Sky occultation by the Apollo-16 spacecraft shows the bulk of the 0.3- to 1-MeV radiation to be diffuse. The analysis of spurious backgrounds points to important improvements for future experiments designed for this spectral region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71150 , X-682-76-128
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 40
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Computer subroutines for the estimation of nuclear reaction effects in proton-tissue-dose calculations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculational methods for estimation of dose from external proton exposure of arbitrary convex bodies are briefly reviewed. All the necessary information for the estimation of dose in soft tissue is presented. Special emphasis is placed on retaining the effects of nuclear reaction, especially in relation to the dose equivalent. Computer subroutines to evaluate all of the relevant functions are discussed. Nuclear reaction contributions for standard space radiations are in most cases found to be significant. Many of the existing computer programs for estimating dose in which nuclear reaction effects are neglected can be readily converted to include nuclear reaction effects by use of the subroutines described herein.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3388
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 41
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Prediction of the diffuse far infrared flux from the galactic plane (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A basic model and simple numerical relations useful for future far infrared studies of the galaxy are presented. Making use of recent CO and other galactic surveys, the diffuse far infrared flux distribution from the galactic plane as a function of galactic longitude alternate theta for 4 deg or = alternate theta or = 90 and the far infrared emissivity as a function of galactocentric distance is predicted. Future measurements of the galactic far infrared flux would yield valuable information on the physical properties and distribution of dust and molecular clouds in the galaxy, particularly the inner region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71125 , X-602-76-107
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 42
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei: 4z26 and .3E2 GeV/amu (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei in the charge range 5 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 26 have been derived from the response of an acrylic plastic Cerenkov detector. Data were obtained using a balloon borne detector and cover the energy range 320 is approximately less than e approximately less than 2200 MeV. amu. Spectra are derived from a formal deconvolution using the method of Lezniak (1975). Relative spectra of different elements are compared by observing charge ratios. Secondary primary ratios are observed to decrease with increasing energy, consistent with the effect previously observed at higher energy. Primary to primary ratios are constant for 6 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 26 and 14 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 26 but vary for 10 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 14. This data is found to be consistent with existing data where comparable and lends strong support ot the idea of two separate source populations contributing to the cosmic ray composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71133 , X-661-76-132
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 43
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Dependence of the charge exchange lifetimes on mirror latitude (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The dependence of the charge exchange lifetimes on the mirror latitude for ions mirroring off the geomagnetic equator was re-computed using the improved hydrogen distribution models. The Chamberlain model was used to define the spatial distribution of the neutral hydrogen environment through which the ring current ions traverse. The resultant dependence of the charge exchange lifetime on mirror latitude is best fitted by the approximation that contains the charge exchange lifetime for equatorial particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71126 , X-626-76-115
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 44
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    SAS-2 gamma-ray observations of PSR 1747-46 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations with the SAS-2 high energy ( 35 MeV) gamma-ray telescope show evidence of gamma-ray emission from the radio pulsar PSR 1747-46. When the arrival times of gamma-rays from the region of the pulsar were converted to pulsar phases using the radio period and period derivative, a single peak was found in the phase plot, with a Poisson probability of occurring by chance of .00008. Independently, the time-averaged data for the PSR 1747-46 region show an enhancement over the surrounding region of the sky at the same galactic latitude, with a Poisson probability of chance occurrence of less than .008. The probability that these results are chance is the product of these two probabilities times the number of radio pulsars examined (73). This overall probability is sufficiently small (.00005) to suggest an identification of a new gamma-ray pulsar. In the gamma-ray pulsar plot, the peak falls 0.16 + or - 0.03 period after the radio pulsar peak. This phase shift is, within uncertainties, the same as that observed between the single radio peak and the first of the two gamma-ray peaks seen in the phase plot for PSR-0833-45 (the Vela pulsar).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71121 , X-662-76-94
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 45
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Energetic particles of the outer regions of planetary magnetospheres (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High energy particles, with energies above those attainable by adiabatic or steady-state electric field acceleration, have been observed in and around the outer regions of planetary magnetospheres. Acceleration by large amplitude sporadic cross-tail electric fields over an order of magnitude greater than steady-state convection fields is proposed as a source of these particles. It is suggested that such explosive electric fields will occur intermittently in the vicinity of the tail neutral line in the expansive phase of substorms. Laboratory and satellite evidence are used to estimate this electric potential for substorms at earth; values of 500 kilovolts to 2 megavolts are calculated, in agreement with particle observations. It is further suggested that these particles, which have been accelerated in the night side magnetosphere, drift to the dayside on closed field lines, and under certain interplanetary conditions can escape to regions upstream of the bow shock.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146582 , JPL-TM-33-766
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 46
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A search of the SAS-2 data for pulsed gamma-ray emission from radio pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment were examined for pulsed emission from each of 75 radio pulsars which were viewed by the instrument and which have sufficiently well defined period and period derivative information from radio observations to allow for gamma ray periodicity searches. When gamma ray arrival times were converted to pulsar phase using the radio reference timing information, two pulsars, PSR 1747-46 and PSR 1818-04, showed positive effects, each with a probability less than 0.0001 of being a random fluctuation in the data for that pulsar. These are in addition to PSR 0531+21 and PSR 0833-45, previously reported. The results of this study suggest that gamma-ray astronomy has reached the detection threshold for gamma ray pulsars and that work in the near future should give important information on the nature of pulsars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71090 , X-662-76-51
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 47
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    On the Age of Cosmic Rays as Derived from the Abundance of Be-10 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isotopic composition of cosmic ray Be, B, C, and N was studied using a new range versus total light technique. Special emphasis was placed on the Be isotopes and in particular, on the radioactive isotope Be-10 due to its mean lifetime against decay. The experiment consisted of a thin trigger scintillator, an acrylic plastic Cerenkov detector and a spark chamber, followed by a totally active stack of 14 scintillation detectors. This stack of scintillators made possible the measurement of range, and also permitted the removal of interacting events by continuously monitoring their identities along their trajectories. The experiment was carried by balloon to atmospheric depths ranging from 3.5 to 5.0 g sq cm residual atmosphere for a total exposure time of 23 hr. Results indicate the survival of ( 55 + or -21) % of the Be-10 in the arriving cosmic rays; the data were interpreted using the leaky box model of cosmic ray propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71085 , X-660-76-54
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 48
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Hard X-ray imaging facility for space shuttle: A scientific and conceptual engineering study (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A shuttle-accommodated instrument for imaging hard X-rays in the study of nonthermal particles and high temperature particles in various solar and cosmic phenomena was defined and its feasibility demonstrated. The imaging system configuration is described as well as the electronics, aspect systems, mechanical and thermal properties and the ground support equipment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-156736
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 49
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    No new limit on the size distribution of gamma-ray bursts (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of a study (Carter et. al.) of gamma ray bursts using long duration balloon exposure are analyzed. Arguments are presented against the conclusion that the size spectrum extrapolates to a power law with index from -1.0 to -0.5, and that therefore the gamma ray bursts are of galactic origin. It is claimed that the data are consistent with an upper limit over 100 times that proposed, and that therefore no conclusion can be drawn from the measurements regarding the nature or origin of gamma ray bursts. The resulting upper limit to the rate of occurrence of small bursts lies above the -1.5 index power law extrapolation of the size spectrum of known events, i.e., greater than the rate expected from an infinitely extended source region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71205 , X-661-76-222
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 50
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Analysis of high resolution satellite data for cosmic gamma ray bursts (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Cosmic gamma ray bursts detected a germanium spectrometer on the low altitude satellite 1972-076B were surveyed. Several bursts with durations ranging from approximately 0.032 to 15 seconds were found and are tabulated. The frequency of occurrence/intensity distribution of these events was compared with the S to the -3/2 power curve of confirmed events. The longer duration events fall above the S to the -3/2 power curve of confirmed events, suggesting they are perhaps not all true cosmic gamma-ray bursts. The narrow duration events fall closely on the S to the -3/2 power curve. The survey also revealed several counting rate spikes, with durations comparable to confirmed gamma-ray bursts, which were shown to be of magnetospheric origin. Confirmation that energetic electrons were responsible for these bursts was achieved from analysis of all data from the complete payload of gamma-ray and energetic particle detectors on board the satellite. The analyses also revealed that the narrowness of the spikes was primarily spatial rather than temporal in character.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147982 , LMSC-D502690
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 51
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Observation of gamma rays with a 4.8 hour periodicity from CYG X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energetic (E35 MeV) Gamma rays were observed from Cyg X-3 with the SAS-2 Gamma ray telescope. They are modulated at the 4.8 sup h period observed in the X-ray and infrared regions, and within the statistical error are in phase with this emission. The flux above 100 MeV has an average value of (4.4 + or - 1.1)x 10 to the -6 power/sq cm/sec. If the distance to Cyg X-3 is 10 kpcs, this flux implies a luminosity of more than 10 to the 37th power ergs/s if the radiation is isotropic and about 10 to the 36th power ergs/s if the radiation is restricted to a cone of one steradian, as it might be in a pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71201 , X-662-76-204
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 52
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Use of thin ionization calorimeters for measurements of cosmic ray energy spectra (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The reliability of performing measurements of cosmic ray energy spectra with a thin ionization calorimeter was investigated. Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine whether energy response fluctuations would cause measured spectra to be different from the primary spectra. First, Gaussian distributions were assumed for the calorimeter energy resolutions. The second method employed a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of cascades from an isotropic flux of protons. The results show that as long as the energy resolution does not change significantly with energy, the spectral indices can be reliably determined even for sigma sub e/e = 50%. However, if the energy resolution is strongly energy dependent, the measured spectra do not reproduce the true spectra. Energy resolutions greatly improving with energy result in measured spectra that are too steep, while resolutions getting much worse with energy cause the measured spectra to be too flat.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71198 , X-661-76-221
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 53
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Spectral evolution of a long X-ray burst (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An X-ray burst-like event with a peak intensity 1 1/2 times that of the Crab and a decay time of approximately 100s was observed. Significant spectral changes occurred during the burst. The spectra were best fit by the black form with kT ranging from .87 keV to 2.3 keV. They suggest a source with smaller dimensions than a massive black hole. A weak source was observed after the burst with a 10 keV thermal spectrum and an indication of iron line emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71195 , X-661-76-206
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 54
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Preliminary analysis of the implications of natural radiations on geostationary operations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The natural radiations present at geostationary orbit are discussed. Low-level galactic cosmic rays are important for careers spending a year or more at geostationary altitude. Trapped radiation will on occasion require interruption of extravehicular activity (EVA). The spacesuit shield requirements are strongly affected by the number of interruptions allowed. EVA cannot proceed during a large solar event and maximum allowable doses are exceeded in a few hours unless a heavily shielded area is provided. A shelter of 10 g/sq cm with personal shielding for the eyes and testes would contain exposure to within the presently accepted exposure constraints. Since radiation levels can increase unexpectedly to serious levels, an onboard radiation monitoring system with rate and integration capabilities is required for both surface-dose and depth-dose monitoring.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-8290 , L-10951
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 55
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Gamma ray lines from interstellar grains (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The existence of very narrow (FWHM or approximately = 5 KeV) gamma ray line emission from interstellar grains is pointed out. The prime candidate for detection is the line at 6.129 Mev from O-16, but other very narrow lines could also be detected at 0.847, 1.369, 1.634, 1.779 and 2.313 Mev from Fe-56, Mg-24, Ne-20, Si-28 and N-14. Measurements of this line emission can provide information on the composition, size and spatial distribution of interstellar grains.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71191 , X-660-76-184
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 56
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The partially averaged field approach to cosmic ray diffusion (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The kinetic equation for particles interacting with turbulent fluctuations is derived by a new nonlinear technique which successfully corrects the difficulties associated with quasilinear theory. In this new method the effects of the fluctuations are evaluated along particle orbits which themselves include the effects of a statistically averaged subset of the possible configurations of the turbulence. The new method is illustrated by calculating the pitch angle diffusion coefficient D sub Mu Mu for particles interacting with slab model magnetic turbulence, i.e., magnetic fluctuations linearly polarized transverse to a mean magnetic field. Results are compared with those of quasilinear theory and also with those of Monte Carlo calculations. The major effect of the nonlinear treatment in this illustration is the determination of D sub Mu Mu in the vicinity of 90 deg pitch angles where quasilinear theory breaks down. The spatial diffusion coefficient parallel to a mean magnetic field is evaluated using D sub Mu Mu as calculated by this technique. It is argued that the partially averaged field method is not limited to small amplitude fluctuating fields and is hence not a perturbation theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71193 , X-602-76-175
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 57
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    X-radiation from clusters of galaxies: Spectral evidence for a hot evolved gas (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: OSO-8 observations of the X-ray flux in the range 2-60 keV from the Virgo, Perseus, and Coma Clusters provide strong evidence for the thermal origin of the radiation, including iron line emission. The data are adequately described by emission from an isothermal plasma with an iron abundance in near agreement with cosmic levels. A power law description is generally less acceptable and is ruled out in the case of Perseus. Implications on the origin of the cluster gas are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71189 , X-611-76-205
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 58
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Final SAS-2 gamma ray results on sources in the galactic anticenter region (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of SAS-2 high energy Gamma ray data from the direction of the galactic anticenter shows that this region is characterized by: a diffuse emission from the galactic plane which has a maximum along b=0 deg and an enhancement toward negative latitudes associated with Gould's Belt, a strong point source in the direction of the Crab nebula, and a second intense localized source near galactic coordinates 195 deg, +5 deg. Gamma ray emission from the Crab source is dominated by a pulsed flux from PSR 0531+21. The total flux above 100MeV is 3.7 + or - 0.8 million/sq cm s. The source near 195 deg, + 5 deg has a flux above 100 MeV of 4.3 + or - 0.9 million/sq cm s. Its spectrum appears flatter than that of the Crab. The diffuse galactic plane emission at negative lattitudes shows a general correlation with the local matter distribution associated with Gould's Belt. The calculated Gamma ray intensity agrees well with the SAS-2 observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71186 , X-662-76-198
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 59
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Influence of a solar proton event on stratospheric ozone (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ozone depletion in the stratosphere associated with the solar proton event of August 4, 1972, was observed with the backscattered ultraviolet experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite. An abrupt ozone decrease in the 75-80 deg N zone of about 0.002 atm-cm above 4 mb was observed to persist throughout the month of August. A decrease was noted in the 55-65 deg N zone on days 219 and 220, but recovery occurred on day 221. Thereafter, a more gradual decrease was observed. The equatorial zone also showed gradual decrease after day 218, but these were not uniquely distinguished from seasonal variations. The observed change in total ozone following the event was -0.003 atm-cm for the 75-80 deg N zone, corresponding to a 1.3 percent reduction in the 0.305 atm-cm zonal average, but within the 0.019 atm-cm standard deviation. Above the 10 mb surface in the 75-80 deg N zone however, a decrease of 0.004 atm-cm may be compared with a standard deviation of 0.001 atm-cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71173 , X-912-76-172
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 60
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Diffuse galactic gamma ray lines (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The origin and observability were studied of diffuse gamma ray line emission from the galaxy. It was found that such lines could be formed by nuclear excitation interactions of low energy cosmic rays with both interstellar gas and dust grains. The gamma ray emission lines from deexcitation of grain nuclei are sharp with Doppler widths of the order of 10 kev or less; the lines from gas nuclei are also relatively sharp with widths of the order of 100 kev for the most intense line; and the lines from cosmic ray nuclei are broad with widths of the order of several hundred kev. A detailed evaluation is presented of the production rate of the 4.44 Mev line for a variety of assumed cosmic ray spectra. Results are compared with reported galactic gamma ray line intensities and it is concluded that the measurements are consistent with a low energy cosmic ray density which increases toward the galactic center in proportion to the molecular gas density.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 264-288
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 61
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Infrared emission from the atmosphere above 200 km (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The infrared radiation over the range from 4 to 1000 microns from atoms and molecules in the earth's atmosphere, between 200 and 400 km, was calculated. Only zenith lines of sight were considered. The excitation of the atoms and molecules is due to collisions with other molecules and to absorption of radiation from the earth and sun. In some cases, the abundances of the molecules had to be estimated. The most important lines are the forbidden lines from atomic oxygen at 63.1 and 147 micron, and the vibration-rotation band of nitric oxide at 5.3 micron. These lines can have intensities as high as a few times 0.001 ergs/sq cm/sec/steradian at 200 km altitude. In addition, the vibration-rotation bands of NO(+) at 4.3 micron and CO at 4.7 micron and the pure rotation lines of NO and NO(+) could be detected by infrared telescopes in space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-8138 , A-6285
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 62
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cyg X-1: A return to the pre-1971 intensity level and a 5.6-day modulation (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ariel-5 all sky monitor data on Cyg X-1 X-ray intensity increase during 1975 are analyzed. Data cover rise, maximum, and decay variability of the constellation. Special attention was given to the failure of the increase to decay over the specified period of 5.6 days.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71073 , X-661-76-37
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 63
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays 4: Latitude dependent modulation (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A numerical method is outlined for solving the equation which describes the solar modulation of cosmic rays in models where interplanetary conditions can vary with heliocentric latitude. As an illustration of the use of this method, it is shown how variations in the modulation with latitude could produce the small radial gradients in the intensity that were observed from the Pioneers 10 and 11 spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71070 , X-660-76-27
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 64
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Support of selected X-ray studies to be performed using data from the Uhuru (SAS-A) satellite (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new measurement of the diffuse X-ray emission sets more stringent upper limits on the fluctuations of the background and on the number counts of X-ray sources with absolute value of b 20 deg than previous measurements. A random sample of background data from the Uhuru satellite gives a relative fluctuation in excess of statistics of 2.0% between 2.4 and 6.9 keV. The hypothesis that the relative fluctuation exceeds 2.9% can be rejected at the 90% confidence level. No discernable energy dependence is evident in the fluctuations in the pulse height data, when separated into three energy channels of nearly equal width from 1.8 to 10.0 keV. The probability distribution of fluctuations was convolved with the photon noise and cosmic ray background deviation (obtained from the earth-viewing data) to yield the differential source count distribution for high latitude sources. Results imply that a maximum of 160 sources could be between 1.7 and 5.1 x 10 to the -11 power ergs/sq cm/sec (1-3 Uhuru counts).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-145835
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 65
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cosmic-ray transport theory and out-of-the-ecliptic exploration (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The reasons for studying cosmic-ray transport theory are summarized and the fundamentally three-dimensional nature of the process is pointed out. It is shown that observations in the solar ecliptic plane cannot unambiguously test transport theories since the solutions to the transport equations depend critically on boundary conditions and variation of parameters such as diffusion tensor out of the ecliptic. Sample calculations (Fokker-Planck coefficient) are shown which illustrate the problem. It is concluded that out-of-the-ecliptic observations are essential to further test transport theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 188-209
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 66
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Electrons in a closed galaxy model of cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The consistency of positrons and electrons was studied using a propagation model in which the cosmic rays are stopped by nuclear collisions or energy losses before they can escape from the galaxy (the closed-galaxy model). The fact that no inconsistency was found between the predictions and the data implies that the protons which produce the positrons by nuclear reactions could have their origin in a large number of distant sources, as opposed to the heavier nuclei which in this model come from a more limited set of sources. The closed-galaxy model predicts steep electron and positron spectra at high energies. None of these are inconsistent with present measurements; but future measurements of the spectrum of high-energy positrons could provide a definite test for the model. The closed-galaxy model also predicts that the interstellar electron intensity below a few GeV is larger than that implied by other models. The consequence of this result is that electron bremsstrahlung is responsible for about 50% of the galactic gamma-ray emission at photon energies greater than 100 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71052 , X-660-76-19
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 67
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Ames collaborative study of cosmic ray neutrons (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of a collaborative study to define both the neutron flux and the spectrum more precisely and to develop a dosimetry package that can be flown quickly to altitude for solar flare events are described. Instrumentation and analysis techniques were used which were developed to measure accelerator-produced radiation. The instruments were flown in the Ames Research Center high altitude aircraft. Neutron instrumentation consisted of Bonner spheres with both active and passive detector elements, threshold detectors of both prompt-counter and activation-element types, a liquid scintillation spectrometer based on pulse-shape discrimination, and a moderated BF3 counter neutron monitor. In addition, charged particles were measured with a Reuter-Stokes ionization chamber system and dose equivalent with another instrument. Preliminary results from the first series of flights at 12.5 km (41,000 ft) are presented, including estimates of total neutron flux intensity and spectral shape and of the variation of intensity with altitude and geomagnetic latitude.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3329 , A-6139
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 68
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Astronomical polarization studies at radio and infrared wavelengths. Part 1: Gravitational deflection of polarized radiation (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The gravitational field is probed in a search for polarization dependence in the light bending. This involves searching for a splitting of a source image into orthogonal polarizations as the radiation passes through the solar gravitational field. This search was carried out using the techniques of very long and intermediate baseline interferometry, and by seeking a relative phase delay in orthogonal polarizations of microwaves passing through the solar gravitational field. In this last technique a change in the total polarization of the Helios 1 carrier wave was sought as the spacecraft passed behind the sun. No polarization splitting was detected.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-149215 , CRSR-646-PT-1
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 69
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Neutral hydrogen in the direction of the Small Magellatic Cloud and the limits of an extragalactic soft X-ray flux (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Previously reported X-ray data from the vicinity of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) have been reanalyzed using H I data from a more detailed and sensitive 21-cm survey of this region. The results support the previous conclusion: assuming that the interstellar material absorbs according to the cross sections of Brown and Gould (1970), at least 75 per cent of the observed 0.25-keV X-ray flux is of local origin. The corollary problem of placing a cosmologically useful upper limit on the extragalactic flux will be difficult to solve until the behavior of the local component is better understood; but if the local flux is isotropic, a 3-sigma upper limit of 240 photons per (sq cm s sr keV) at 0.25 keV may be placed on a flux originating beyond the SMC. Tables of H I column density are given for an area 30 deg by 30 deg about the SMC. The high-velocity component, presumably associated with the Magellanic Cloud system, and the galactic disk component are tabulated separately.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 209; Oct. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 70
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Consequences of a lifetime greater than 10 to the 7th power years for galactic cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The implications of recent determinations of the cosmic-ray lifetime are discussed. It is concluded that the observations are consistent with a 'dynamical halo' model in which cosmic rays are confined in an outward-moving galactic halo by self-generated hydromagnetic waves. Alternative models which do not incorporate a halo, but which have the cosmic rays propagate in regions of reduced density in the galactic disk, are also briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 208; Sept. 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 71
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    On the physical interpretation of the cosmic-ray transport equations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is pointed out that an earlier paper (Jokipii and Parker, 1967) had discussed in detail the question of the interpretation of the energy-change terms in the general equation for cosmic-ray transport in the solar wind, so that no need exists to reassess the physical interpretation, as urged by Gleeson and Webb (1974). The question concerns the expression for the adiabatic deceleration, which is 'replaced' by an expression for the mean rate of change of momentum of fast particles. It is pointed out that these two expressions represent two essentially different quantities. The adiabatic deceleration refers to the mean rate loss of kinetic energy of an individual particle as a result of the expansion of the gas and magnetic field of the wind. This parameter can in no way depend on the gradient of the fast particle density, as does the mean rate of change of momentum of the fast particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 208; Aug. 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 72
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Location of the source of magnetospheric energetic particle bursts by multispacecraft observations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During a magnetic substorm on Oct. 16, 1973 a number of magnetospheric bursts of energetic particles were observed simultaneously by IMP-6 and IMP-7 in the magnetotail. Detailed anisotropy measurements of 210 and 290 keV protons provide for the first time an indication of the location of the source of the energetic magnetospheric particles as well as evidence for its movement with speeds from 30 to more than 80 km/sec, in association with the intensification of the westward auroral electrojet during a magnetic bay at the station closest to the local time of the spacecraft (also local midnight). The observations indicate that energetic particles are accelerated to greater than 1.85 MeV in a moving and localized region in the geomagnetotail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Aug. 197
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 73
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Galactic cosmic ray intensity from 1 to 9 A.U (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper is concerned with comparative observations of galactic cosmic ray intensity from 1 to 9 AU during the period April 1973-January 1976. The dominant intensity variation is found to be a coherent temporal one with a peak-to-peak amplitude of about 35% of the mean, while a further cyclic variation of about 8% peak-to-peak was found to have a 26-day period and is attributed to solar-corotating interplanetary magnetic field structures. Detailed time lag analysis of the intensity ratios for the two spacecraft yields a radial gradient of +2.0 (plus or minus 0.5) percent per AU, integral above a particle energy of 80 MeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Aug. 197
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 74
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Upper limits to the interstellar radiation field between 775 and 1050 A (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A 40-A resolution extreme-ultraviolet spectrometer, sensitive to radiation in the 775-1050 A band, was flown on a Black Brant VC rocket to measure the night sky brightness in this region of the electromagnetic spectrum. A weak signal above background was recorded in most channels as the spectrometer's field of view scanned the sky in the vicinity of the galactic plane from Monoceros to Andromeda. Because the earth's upper atmosphere may produce some radiation in this wavelength region, the possibility cannot be excluded that some or all of the observed signal is terrestrial in origin. However, observational upper limits can be established at the 95-per cent confidence level for the intensity of an extraterrestrial extreme ultraviolet background which ranges from 6 millionths erg/sq cm/s/sr/A at 1050 A to 4 ten-millionths erg/sq cm/s/sr/A at 775 A. These results are consistent with existing theoretical predictions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 207; July 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 75
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Simultaneous observations of low-energy electron precipitation and optical auroral arcs in the evening sector by the DMSP 32 satellite (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; June 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 76
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Transfer of X-rays through a spherically symmetric gas cloud (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Approximate solutions are presented for the transfer of radiation through spherically symmetric gas clouds surrounding a point source of X-rays. The approach is similar to that of Tarter and Salpeter (1969) except that heating by Compton scattering and the Auger effect is included. The temperature and ionization structure are sensitive to the source spectrum, and the solutions are not unique if soft X-rays are deficient. The emergent spectrum is rich in optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray emission lines. The radiation force due to photoelectric absorption of X-rays may exceed the force due to Compton scattering by a factor of order 10 for the radiation fields and densities likely to be encountered in galactic binary X-ray sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 206; June 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 77
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Isotopic and elemental composition of the anomalous low-energy cosmic-ray fluxes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; May 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 78
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Production of He, Ne, and Ar isotopes and U-236 in lunar materials by solar cosmic ray protons - Production rate calculations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Nov. 10
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 79
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Phenomenological model of nuclear primary air showers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of proton primary air showers is described in terms of a model based on a hadron core plus an electromagnetic cascade. The muon component is neglected. The model uses three parameters: a rate at which hadron core energy is converted into electromagnetic cascade energy and a two-parameter sea-level shower-age function. By assuming an interaction length for the primary nucleus, the model is extended to nuclear primaries. Both models are applied over the energy range from 10 to the 13th power to 10 to the 21st power eV. Both models describe the size and age structure (neglecting muons) from a depth of 342 to 2052 g/sq cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 14
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 80
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Al-26: A galactic source of gamma ray line emission (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is shown that Al26 is a very good candidate for producing a detectable gamma-ray line, and that this line is not only intense but also very narrow. By examining the chart of nuclides for other radioactive isotopes which could produce hiterto unnoticed gamma-ray lines following nucleosynthesis, it is found that for mass numbers less than 60, the isotopes Na22, Al26, K40, Ar42, Ti44, Sc46, Mn54, Co56, Co57, Co58, Co60 and Fe60 are the only ones with sufficiently long half lives (70) days to produce gamma rays in optically thin regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71262 , X-660-76-284
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 81
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Charged particle radiation environment for the Spacelab and other missions in low earth orbit, revision A (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The physical charged particle dose to be encountered in low earth orbit Spacelab missions is estimated for orbits of inclinations from e8.5 to 90 deg and altitudes from 200 to 800 km. The dose encountered is strongly altitude dependent, with a weaker dependence on inclination. Doses range from 0.007 rads/day at 28.5 deg and 200 km to 1.57 rads/day at 28.5 deg and 800 km behind a 5.0 g/sq cm shield. Geomagnetically trapped protons were the primary source of damage over most of the range of altitudes and inclinations, with galactic cosmic rays making a significant contribution at the lowest altitudes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73358
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 82
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The cosmic far-infrared background at high galactic latitudes (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Far-infrared background fluxes from various cosmic sources are predicted. These fluxes lie near the high frequency side of the blackbody radiation spectrum. These sources could account for a significant fraction of the background radiation at frequencies above 400 GHz which might be misinterpreted as a comptonization distortion of the blackbody radiation. Particular attention is paid to the possible contributions from external galaxies, rich clusters of galaxies and from galactic dust emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71254 , X-602-76-274
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 83
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Astronomical polarization studies at radio and infrared wavelengths. Part 2: Far infrared polarization of dust clouds (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Far infrared polarization of dust clouds is examined. The recently observed 10 micron polarization of the Orion Nebula and the Galactic Center suggests that far infrared polarization may be found in these objects. Estimates are made of the degree of far infrared polarization that may exist in the Orion Nebula. An attempt to observe far infrared polarization from the Orion Nebula was carried out.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-149216 , CRSR-647-PT-2
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 84
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Theory of the solar magnetic cycle wave in the diurnal variation of energetic cosmic rays - Physical basis of the anisotropy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 85
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Behavior of low-energy protons and alpha particles during a disturbed time period (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper presents observations of 130- to 1200-keV protons and 40- to 420-keV/nucleon alpha particles made on the earth-orbiting spacecraft Imp 8 and Imp 7 during an active solar period in September 1974, concentrating, in particular, on an energetic storm particle (ESP) event observed in association with an interplanetary shock wave on September 21. It is found that the observed variations in the proton-to-alpha particle ratios and spectral indices can be explained either by 'pileup' or by acceleration models of ESP events. Several instances of local acceleration of particles in the near-earth environment are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Apr. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 86
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A dynamic model for the time evolution of the modulated cosmic ray spectrum (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Mar. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 87
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cosmic ray scintillations. IV - The effects of non-field-aligned diffusion (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 88
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A quasi-linear kinetic equation for cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A kinetic equation for interplanetary cosmic rays is set up with the aid of weak-plasma-turbulence theory for an idealized radially symmetric model of the interplanetary magnetic field. As a starting point, this treatment invokes the Vlasov equation instead of the traditional Fokker-Planck equation. Quasi-linear theory is applied to obtain a momentum diffusion equation for the heliocentric frame of reference which describes the interaction of cosmic rays with convecting magnetic irregularities in the solar-wind plasma. Under restricted conditions, the well-known equation of solar modulation can be obtained from this kinetic equation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 89
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Light flash observations during Apollo-Soyuz (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A total of 82 visual events was reported by two dark-adapted astronauts during a 90-minute orbit at 225 km altitude. Silver chloride crystal events for that orbit totaled 69 stopping protons and alphas per sq cm and 304 heavy ions with stopping power of 150 MeV sq cm/g or greater. The frequency of visual observations near the geomagnetic poles corresponds to calculated abundances of ions with LET greater than 5 keV per micrometer in tissue. Nuclear collisions of fast protons on C, N, and O in the retina or the abundance of stopping protons can explain the low frequency of events in the SAA for this mission in comparison with the high frequency during Skylab IV at 443 km altitude.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: IAF PAPER 76-032 , International Astronautical Congress; Oct 10, 1976 - Oct 16, 1976; Anaheim, CA
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 90
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The specific light output of cesium iodide crystals (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Large area ion chambers for a high energy cosmic ray experiment, scintillating plastic fibers as light pipes for a cosmic ray hodoscope, and an evaluation of clad scintillating light pipes were considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-150267 , UAH-RR-200
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 91
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Worst-case space radiation environments for geocentric missions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Worst-case possible annual radiation fluences of energetic charged particles in the terrestrial space environment, and the resultant depth-dose distributions in aluminum, were calculated in order to establish absolute upper limits to the radiation exposure of spacecraft in geocentric orbits. The results are a concise set of data intended to aid in the determination of the feasibility of a particular mission. The data may further serve as guidelines in the evaluation of standard spacecraft components. Calculations were performed for each significant particle species populating or visiting the magnetosphere, on the basis of volume occupied by or accessible to the respective species. Thus, magnetospheric space was divided into five distinct regions using the magnetic shell parameter L, which gives the approximate geocentric distance (in earth radii) of a field line's equatorial intersect.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71272 , X-601-76-294 , IEEE Ann. Conf. on Nucl. and Space Radiation Effects; Dec 01, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 92
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Angular sensitivities of scintillator slab configurations for location of gamma ray bursts (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Thin flat scintillator slabs are a useful means of measuring the angular location of gamma ray fluxes of astronomical interest. A statistical estimate of position error was made of two scintillator systems suitable for gamma ray burst location from a balloon or satellite platform. A single rotating scintillator with associated flux monitor is compared with a pair of stationary orthogonal scintillators. Position error for a strong burst is of the order of a few arcmin if systematic errors are ignored.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144237
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 93
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Characteristics of cosmic X-ray bursts observed with the OGO-5 satellite (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of 11 cosmic X-ray bursts made with the solar X-ray spectrometer aboard OGO 5 are presented. Their identification as cosmic events is based on good time coincidence with observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts reported in the literature. The OGO-5 experiment is most sensitive to cosmic X-ray sources located in the sunward hemisphere. When this condition was satisfied and the OGO-5 experiment was operating normally, almost every cosmic gamma-ray burst reported by other observers was detected at X-ray energies of at least 32 keV. In three events the spectrum was observed down to about 10 keV. Two intense events were observed with 0.288-s time resolution, and large time variations were observed to occur in times not exceeding 0.3 s. Evidence is found that most cosmic gamma-ray bursts have photon spectra extending down to about 10 keV. The origin of these cosmic events in processes similar to those believed to occur in solar flares is briefly examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 210; Dec. 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 94
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Detection of nuclear gamma rays from Centaurus A (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are reported for an observation of nuclear gamma rays in the energy range between 0.033 and 12.25 MeV from Centaurus A using a balloon-borne actively collimated NaI(Tl) crystal scintillation counter. The observing procedure is outlined, no systematic errors are found in the data, and power-law fits to the source's energy spectrum are attempted. A power law of approximately 0.86E to the -1.9 power photon/sq cm/sec per keV is shown to give an acceptable fit to the continuum, and the detection of two gamma-ray lines at 1.6 and 4.5 MeV, respectively, is discussed. It is found that the low-energy gamma-ray luminosity of Cen A is 9.4 by 10 to the 43rd power erg/sec for a distance of 5 Mpc and that Cen A is apparently variable in low-energy gamma radiation. It is suggested that the broad feature detected at 1.6 MeV may be due to three blended lines (possibly excited Ne-20, Mg-24, and Si-28), the 4.5-MeV line is most likely due to deexcitation of excited C-12, and the nuclear excitation results from either cosmic-ray bombardment of Cen A's interstellar medium or nucleosynthesis within the source.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 210; Dec. 15
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 95
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Discovery of X-ray bursts from two sources in Aquila (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two X-ray burst sources have been discovered in Aquila with the aid of the SAS 3 X-ray Observatory; MXB 1906 + 00 and Aql MXB. The present paper reports on source positions, spectra, time structure, and burst energy. Five bursts were detected from MXB 1906 + 00, and the data are shown to be consistent with the assumption that there was a burst about every 8.9 hr. A comparison of raw counting data for three bursts indicates that the bursts were detected in the energy range from 1.3 to 19 keV and that the spectrum softened during burst decay. The spectrum of the one burst observed from Aql MXB is found not to soften during burst decay. It is suggested that MXB 1906 + 00 and the previously known 'steady' source A 1905 + 00 are very likely to be the same source and that the ratio of time-averaged 'steady' luminosity to time-averaged burst luminosity would be approximately 80.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 177
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 96
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Discovery of X-ray bursts from several sources near the galactic centre (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Three X-ray burst sources have been discovered within approximately 0.5 deg of the Galactic center. All bursts from this region show a low-energy cutoff near 3 keV. The bursts from MXB 1743-29 show distinct double and triple peaks; the time interval between bursts from this source was about 1.46 day. The intervals between bursts from MXB 1742-29 and MXB 1743-28 were approximately 0.55 day and 10 min respectively. Steady emission from this collection of burst sources could account for most of the flux from the apparently extended X-ray source GCX (3U 1743-29).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 177
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 97
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Evidence for interplanetary acceleration of nucleons in corotating interaction regions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of protons and helium in the energy range 0.5-2 MeV per nucleon on IMP-8 (at 1 AU) and Pioneer-10 and Pioneer-11 (between 1 and 8 AU) have revealed a correlation which develops beyond about 2.5 AU between the positions of double peaks in recurring proton intensity increases and the leading and trailing edges of recurring regions of fast solar wind streams and enhanced magnetic field. From these correlations and the study of energy spectra and the proton-to-helium abundance ratios, it is concluded that there is local acceleration of nucleons, probably near the boundary regions where shocks are observed, even if the nucleons are injected initially at the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 210; Dec. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 98
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cosmic-ray gradients from Pioneer-10 and Pioneer-11 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper reports Pioneer 10 and 11 observations of the variation with heliocentric distance of the intensity of cosmic-ray protons, alpha particles, and high-Z nuclei with kinetic energies of at least 480 MeV/nucleon as well as cosmic-ray electrons with energies exceeding 6 MeV. The observations were with three-channel Cerenkov counters at distances between 1.02 and 4.66 AU while the spacecraft traveled from earth to Jupiter. During the 4.5-month observation period, all the counting rates rose steadily, except when they were modified by solar events, Forbush decreases, and Jovian electron events. Two methods are employed to determine the cosmic-ray integral intensity gradient for the observation period from simultaneous data obtained by the two spacecraft; effects of solar particles, Forbush decreases, and Jovian electrons are eliminated in various ways. A radial gradient of 0.15 + or - 2.3% per AU is determined, which is considered to be consistent with zero. Theoretical gradients are computed, and the observed values are found to be an order of magnitude below the expected values. Several reasons for the discrepancy are suggested.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 210; Dec. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 99
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Quiet-time increases of low-energy electrons - The Jovian origin (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: With a detector on board the OGO-5 satellite, the flux and energy spectrum of electrons in the 10-200-MeV range has been continuously measured from 1968 to 1971. Sudden increases in intensity by factors of up to 300% have been observed during solar quiet times. It is shown that these increases are nearly independent of energy up to about 25 MeV and disappear rapidly above that energy. The frequency of the increases peaks every 13 months at a time following the crossing by earth of the interplanetary magnetic-field line which passes the vicinity of the planet Jupiter. Most of the increases occur in a period of 3 to 5 months following this crossing and often appear to be 27 days apart. A Jovian origin for these electrons and their mode of transport to the inner solar system are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 209; Nov. 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 100
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The O(3P) and N(4S) density measurement at 225 km by ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence in the Apollo-Soyuz test project (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The densities of O(3P) and N(4S) at 225 km were determined during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project by a resonance absorption/fluorescence technique in which OI and NI line radiation produced and collimated on board the Apollo was reflected from the Soyuz back to the Apollo for spectral analysis. The two spacecraft maneuvered so that a range of observation angles of plus or minus 15 deg with respect to the normal to the orbital velocity vector was scanned. The measurements were made at night on two consecutive orbits at spacecraft separations of 150 and 500 m. The resulting relative counting rates as function of observation angle were compared to calculated values to determine the oxygen value. This value agrees with mass spectrometric measurements made under similar conditions. The nitrogen value is in good agreement with other measurements and suggests a smaller diurnal variation than is predicted by present models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74340 , MA-059
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...