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  • General Chemistry  (809)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (388)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1975-1979  (1,653)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1975  (1,653)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1975-1979  (1,653)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Current status of understanding quasi-permanent fields associated with earthquakes (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The basic concepts relating to displacement fields associated with earthquakes are described. Factors discussed include: understanding the geologic and tectonic setting, the discovery of fault creep, and an extended range of possible models of strain buildup. Problems in tectonic modeling reviewed relate to understanding (1) frictional heat generation on faults, (2) the character of stress and strain on faults below the depth of earthquakes, and (3) the predictability of major earthquakes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Res. Found. Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocea; 103-110
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  • 2
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    The geoid: Definition and determination (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The principles and problems relative to the determination of the geoid are outlined. Factors discussed include: gravity data requirements for a precise geoid; mean sea level; and satellite altimetry. It is indicated that geoid undulations can be determined on a global basis to plus or minus 3 m. Application of geoid information to oceanography and the determination of sea surface topography considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean; 69-77
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  • 3
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    OGO 3 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 3 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to these experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 4
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    OGO 2 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 2 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with a bibliography of papers pertaining to that experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 7 p
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  • 5
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    OGO 6 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 6 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 9 p
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  • 6
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    OGO 5 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 5 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 10 p
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  • 7
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    Overview of the OGO program (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The objectives and background, approach and mission profiles are discussed along with the configuration, and accomplishments of the program. The results of experiments for OGO 1,2,3, and 4 are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 27 p
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  • 8
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    OGO 4 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 4 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 9
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    Spacecraft and experiment characteristics with literature references (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 1 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to that experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 10
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    The earth's rotation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The state-of-the-art technology in the study of the three dimensional rotation of the earth about its center of mass is summarized. A survey of appropriate reference frames and problems involved in defining them is given along with an outline of the accuracy with which the earth's rotation can be measured relative to these frames. The various spectral features of changes in the axis orientation and spin rate of the solid earth and the physical mechanisms known or likely to effect and/or affect them are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Res. Found. Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean; 27-39
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  • 11
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    The colors of space (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Visual observations, as made by cosmonauts, of the earth's surface, physical processes occurring in the earth's atmosphere, and optical phenomena are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 51-56
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  • 12
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    Diurnal variations of odd nitrogen and ionic densities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere - Simultaneous solution of photochemical-diffusive equations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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  • 13
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    A relationship between synchronous-altitude electron fluxes and the auroral electrojet, appendix A (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous observations during four substorms are reported from the Lockheed auroral particle spectrometer on ATS-5 and the University of Alberta meridian magnetometer chain (Canada). During the four events studied, there was a good correlation between the magnitude of the trapped electron fluxes in the energy range from 1.8 to 53 keV and the magnitude of the electrojet current as measured by a station in the magnetometer chain at a latitude close to that expected for the ATS conjugate point. The Hall effect was studied and a model electrojet was constructed which gave a good absolute agreement between the two measured quantities. The results are consistent with the convection electric field remaining approximately constant during a substantial portion of each of the substorms studied. The temporal variations of the electrojet were apparently controlled by conductivity changes in the ionosphere as determined by the precipitating auroral electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Analysis of Data from the Lockheed Experiment on ATS-5; 24 p
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  • 14
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    Measurements of NH3 absorption coefficients with a C-13/O-16/2 laser (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of NH3 absorption coefficients are presented for several transitions of a C-13(O-16)2 laser for small concentrations of NH3(p less than 1 torr) for absorption lines broadened to 1 atm with N2. NH3 absorption coefficients were determined for laser transitions R(8)(920.2194 wavelengths/cm) to R(28)(933.8808 wavelengths/cm) of the 00 1 - (10 0,02 0)I band. The strongest absorption coefficient K = 36.09 + or - 1.43 per (atm-cm) was measured for the R(18) transition for the NH3 line, aQ(6,6), and is larger than has been found in any previous measurements with a CO2 laser. The dependence of K on total pressure was also obtained for select transitions, and the frequency separation between the R(18) laser transition and the neighboring NH3 line aQ(6,6) was determined to be 550 + or - 50 MHz. These results are significant for long path absorption monitoring of NH3 with CO2 lasers since the path length can be reduced by approximately 40% and for heterodyne detection of NH3 since the relative position of the laser transition to the NH3 absorption line is well within the bandpass of Hg-Cd-Te photomixers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 15
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    Thermal structure of the ionosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A brief review is presented of recent progress made toward gaining a more complete understanding of the thermal structure of the ionosphere. Important heat sources for the ionosphere are described, including the solar EUV flux, midlatitude interactions between the magnetosphere and ionosphere, electric-field enhancements at high latitudes, particle precipitation in the auroral oval, and polar-wind heating. Discrepancies between electron-temperature measurements by satellite probes and incoherent-backscatter techniques are noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 16
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    Ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling. I - Thermal plasma (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The complex interaction of the cold plasma of the plasmasphere and ionosphere with the hot plasma of the ring current and the plasma sheet is studied. It is seen that a coupling, probably through wave particle interactions, exists which seems to have a strong influence on the temperature of the plasma of the outer plasmasphere and on the detailed dynamics of the bulge region, especially the formation of detached plasma regions or plasma tails. Also, there is evidence that the outer plasmasphere may display very high temperatures, and that detached plasma regions are closely associated with ring current injections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysical and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 17
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    Radiation in the atmosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Questions of radiative transfer in realistic atmospheres are considered along with aspects related to radiative energy budgets and the solar constants, the radiative properties of atmosphere and surfaces, radiation instruments and measurements, and radiative interactions in dynamical systems. A number of special topics are discussed, taking into account remote sensing, air pollution, and the effect of turbulence on the propagation of light through the atmosphere. It is pointed out that numerous recent studies have been conducted of the properties and effects of atmospheric aerosols.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 18
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    Origin of cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Based on recent observations of the galactic gas and gamma ray distributions, the galactic cosmic ray distribution is deduced. This distribution is identical to that of supernova remnants (within experimental error), strongly supporting the hypothesis that most observed cosmic rays are produced by supernovas in our own galaxy. The average age of the cosmic ray sources is suggested, from the character of their distribution, to be about 30 million years.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; July 21
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  • 19
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    High-energy galactic gamma radiation from cosmic rays concentrated in spiral arms (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model for the emission of high-energy (exceeding 100 Mev) gamma-rays from the galactic disk has been developed and compared with recent SAS-2 observations. In the calculation, it is assumed that (1) the high energy galactic gamma-rays result primarily from the interaction of cosmic rays with galactic matter, (2) the cosmic-ray density is proportional to the matter density on the scale of galactic arms, and (3) the matter in the Galaxy is distributed in a spiral pattern consistent with density-wave theory and experimental data on the matter distribution that is available, including the 21-cm H I line emission, continuum emission from H II regions, and data currently being used to estimate the H2 density. The calculated galactic-longitude distribution of gamma rays is in good agreement with the SAS-2 observations in relative shape and absolute flux. As a corollary, the nonuniform cosmic-ray distribution of this model tends to support the galactic origin of the fraction of cosmic rays which is important in the production of high-energy photons. Modifications of the basic model show that the gamma-ray flux is relatively sensitive to large variations of the assumed distribution of molecular hydrogen in the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 1
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  • 20
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    Access of solar electrons to the polar regions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Riometric and forward-scatter radio-wave absorption measurements at high polar latitudes in both hemispheres are compared with absorption calculations based on satellite observations in the magnetosheath to determine whether a north-south asymmetry in the solar electron flux occurred during a polar-cap absorption (PCA) event. Detection of solar electrons in interplanetary space is shown to have occurred simultaneously with detection of HF radio-wave absorption, indicating that the initial stage of the PCA was due to the arrival of solar electrons. A north-south asymmetry is observed in the electron flux, and it is found that the flux precipitating over the South Pole did not exceed the mean unidirectional intensity of the electrons detected in space. The ratio between fluxes in the low and high polar latitude regions over Antarctica during a period of solar electron anisotropy is found to be comparable with that obtained during periods of isotropy. These results are shown to be consistent with the idea of an open magnetosphere and with the conclusion that an anisotropic solar electron flux may be rendered isotropic at the magnetopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; June 197
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  • 21
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    Temporal variations in the dawn and dusk midlatitude trough positions measured /Ariel 3, Ariel 4/ and modelled (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 22
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    Alkyl substituted cyclic ethers in 2,300 M yr old Transvaal algal stromatolite (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two cyclic ethers have been identified for the first time from insoluble polymer-like kerogen in a Precambrian rock by ozonolysis, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The ethers are 2-n-propyl-3-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2-n-propyltetrahydropyran. These compounds could prove to be the oldest indigenous biochemical fossils. The sample was obtained 750 m stratigraphically above the base of the Transvaal Sequence from an outcrop approximately 315 km north-east of Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 255; June 26
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  • 23
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    Identifications of the polar cap boundary and the auroral belt in the high-altitude magnetosphere - A model for field-aligned currents (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 24
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    Observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts with IMP-7 - Evidence for a single spectrum (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectral observations of nine recent cosmic gamma-ray bursts are reported. The average photon number spectra of all nine events are each consistent with a 150-keV exponential from 100 keV to about 400 keV, and a power law of index -2.5 from 400 keV to 1100 keV. The observations also indicate an event rate of 16 in 1972 and 1973, or 8 plus or minus 2 per year, higher than the 5 plus or minus 1 per year initially reported. This corresponds to an approximately 40 percent lower effective intensity threshold, attained by using more sensitive detectors in multiple-satellite coincidence.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Feb. 15
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  • 25
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    Standing waves at low Mach number laminar bow shocks (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Explorer 43 data were used to study 34 bow shock crossings observed from 5 to 16 earth radii upstream of the average bow shock location. Waves with periods of 6 to 130 s having amplitudes up to delta-B/B = 1 were detected. Wave polarization for the low-frequency waves is right-handed in relation to the average field direction when the observer moves from the upstream to downstream direction but is left-handed when the observer moves in the opposite sense. This fact identified the waves as standing whistler waves in the coordinate system of the shock. The waves are in agreement with collisionless low Mach number laminar shock theory. When the measured parameters were used to calculate theoretical wavelengths, the observed wave frequencies could be used to calculate velocities for the shock-wave coordinate system past the spacecraft; such velocities are mostly between 10 and 30 km/s. It is suggested that the higher-frequency propagating whistler waves may evolve from the standing whistler waves through a decay instability.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 26
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    Full non-linear treatment of the global thermospheric wind system. I - Mathematical method and analysis of forces. II - Results and comparison with observations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The equations of horizontal motion of the neutral atmosphere between 120 and 500 km are integrated with the inclusion of all nonlinear terms of the convective derivative and the viscous forces due to vertical and horizontal velocity gradients. Empirical models of the distribution of neutral and charged particles are assumed to be known. The model of velocities developed is a steady state model. In Part I the mathematical method used in the integration of the Navier-Stokes equations is described and the various forces are analyzed. Results of the method given in Part I are presented with comparison with previous calculations and observations of upper atmospheric winds. Conclusions are that nonlinear effects are only significant in the equatorial region, especially at solstice conditions and that nonlinear effects do not produce any superrotation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Feb. 197
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  • 27
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    Magnetic field depression at the earth's surface calculated from the relationship between the size of the magnetosphere and the Dst values (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Jan. 1
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  • 28
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    A Study of Ionospheric and atmospheric electric fields by means of balloon measurements near the southern polar cusp (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: . In the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3; 19 p
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  • 29
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    Exospheric temperature inferred from the Aeros-A neutral composition measurement (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The derivation of exospheric temperature from satellite drag measurements is based on an assumption of invariant conditions of the neutral atmosphere at 120 km. Since it has been established that atomic oxygen, which is usually the major neutral constituent in the region of drag measurements, is subject to considerable variability with season, latitude, and solar and geomagnetic activity in the altitude region of 120 km, its value as an indicator of exospheric temperature is questionable. Ogo 6 neutral mass spectrometer measurements revealed that molecular nitrogen is a better indicator of exospheric temperature, since it is not subject to changes caused by eddy mixing and is therefore relatively less variable near the turbopause. However, theoretical arguments show that argon, even though it is a minor constituent, is relatively less variable with respect to changes in eddy diffusion coefficient and hence a better indicator of exospheric temperature than O and N2. In this paper the relative merits of these gases for deriving exospheric temperature are investigated by using observational data from the Aeros-A Nate experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 1
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  • 30
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    Thirteenth-order orbital resonance on a Diademe 2 fragment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A strong thirteenth-order resonance has been observed in an analysis which is based on U.S. Navy tracking data regarding the slowly decaying orbit of a Diademe 2 fragment. The exact commensurability for the orbit occurred in late 1973. The major changes due to the resonance were over by late 1974. Approaches for a significant improvement of thirteenth-order geopotential terms are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 10
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  • 31
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    Remote sensing of the ionospheric F layer by use of O I 6300-A and O I 1356-A observations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility of using airglow techniques for estimating the electron density and height of the F layer is studied on the basis of a simple relationship between the height of the F2 peak and the column emission rates of the O I 6300 A and O I 1356 A lines. The feasibility of this approach is confirmed by a numerical calculation of F2 peak heights and electron densities from simultaneous measurements of O I 6300 A and O I 1356 A obtained with earth-facing photometers carried by the Ogo 4 satellite. Good agreement is established with the F2 peak heights estimates from top-side and bottom-side ionospheric sounding.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 32
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    Local time variation of equatorial thermospheric composition determined by the San Marco 3 Nace (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of the Neutral Atmospheric Composition Experiment (Nace) on the Italian San Marco 3 satellite are analyzed. The analysis provides a comprehensive description of the daily variations in the densities of O, N2, Ar, and He in composition of the lower thermosphere, and also indicates that transport processes (possibly occurring elsewhere in the atmosphere) play an important part in the daily variation of the thermospheric composition at altitudes between 220 and 250 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 33
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    A calculation of auroral hiss with improved models for geoplasma and magnetic field (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Intensities of auroral hiss generated by the Cerenkov radiation process by electrons in the lower magnetosphere are calculated with respect to a realistic model of the earth's magnetosphere. In this calculation, the magnetic field is expressed by the Mead-Fairfield Model (1975), and a static model of the iono-magnetospheric plasma distribution is constructed with data accumulated by recent satellites (Alouette-I, -II, ISIS-I, OGO-4, -6 and Explorer 22). The energy range of hiss producing electrons and the frequency range of the calculated VLF are 100-200 keV, and 2-200 kHz, respectively. The higher rate of hiss occurrence in the daytime side, particularly in the soft electron precipitation zone in the morning sector, and the lesser occurrence of auroral hiss in night-time sectors must be due to the local time dependence of the energy spectra of precipitating electrons rather than the difference in the geomagnetic field and in the geoplasma distributions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; May 1975
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  • 34
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    Error enhancement in geomagnetic models derived from scalar data (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation conducted by Backus (1970) regarding the possible existence of two harmonic functions of certain characteristics in three-dimensional space is considered. The derivation of a model of the main geomagnetic field from scalar data is discussed along with a numerical simulation study. It is found that experimental discrepancies between vector field observations and the predictions of the model may have a mathematical origin, related to the work of Backus.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; May 1
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  • 35
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    Ionospheric effects of X-ray source Scorpius XR-1 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple two-ion model was employed to evaluate the ionospheric effects of various nocturnal ionization sources. The model was used to calculate the decay of the electron number density at 90 km with and without illumination by Scorpius XR-1 X rays. Reflection parameters for the determination of the effect of cosmic x-ray sources on radio wave propagation were also obtained. The results obtained in the investigation do not support the proposal made by Anathakrishnan and Ramanathan (1969) that the X-ray source in Scorpius XR-1 affects the nighttime lower ionosphere of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; May 1975
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  • 36
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    E.l.f./v.l.f. emissions observed on Ariel 4 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Ariel 4 satellite was designed to study wave-particle phenomena in the magnetosphere by measuring the electromagnetic wave fields over a wide frequency range and the fluxes and pitch angle distributions of energetic particles. We describe here the results of a preliminary study of the various v.l.f./e.l.f. electromagnetic wave phenomena which are observed. These include man-made signals from v.l.f. transmitters, impulsive noise originating in thunderstorms and emissions arising from magnetospheric energetic charged particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 37
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    15th order resonance terms using the decaying orbit of TETR-3 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Fifteenth-order commensurability of the orbit of TETR-3 (1971-83B) is studied. The study is designed to obtain good discrimination of 15th-order resonances through a better range of inclinations. The first low inclination orbit, 33 deg, is used for this purpose; it is very sensitive to the high degree terms which were rather poorly represented by previously analyzed orbits.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Mar. 197
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  • 38
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    Relation of variations in total magnetic field at high latitude with the parameters of the interplanetary magnetic field and with DP 2 fluctuations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Apr. 1
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  • 39
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    Silicon ions below 100 km - A case for SiO2/+/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation regarding the occurrence of Si ions is conducted, taking into account an unusual metal ion structure observed during a meteor shower event. Loss processes involving silicon oxides are considered in connection with a study of the reasons for the unique Si(+) distribution found. It is suggested that below 100 km Si(+) is rapidly depleted by two- and three-body reactions with molecular oxygen, forming SiO2(+) which then recombines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Mar. 197
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  • 40
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    Ion composition irregularities and ionosphere-plasmasphere coupling - Observations of a high latitude ion trough (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Apr. 197
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  • 41
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    Isolated cold plasma regions - Observations and their relation to possible production mechanisms (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Regions of enhanced cold plasma, isolated from the main plasmasphere along the Explorer 45 (53-A) orbit in the equatorial plane, have been detected by using the sheath-induced potentials seen by the electric field experiment. The occurrence of these regions has a strong correlation with negative enhancements of Dst, and their locations are primarily in the noon-dusk quadrant. The data support the concept that changes in large-scale convection play a dominant role in the formation of these regions. Plasma tails that are predicted from enhancements of large-scale convection electric fields in general define where these regions may be found. More localized processes are necessary to account for the exact configuration and structure seen in these regions and may eventually result in detachment from the main plasmasphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Mar. 1
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  • 42
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    Dynamics of Mid-latitude light ion trough and plasma tails (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Light ion trough measurements near midnight made by the Bennett RF ion mass spectrometer on Ogo 4 operating in the high-resolution mode reveal the existence of irregular structure on the low-latitude side of the mid-latitude trough. By using two different relations between the equatorial convection electric field, assumed to be spatially invariant and directed from dawn to dusk, and Kp, a model development was made of the outer plasmasphere. The model calculations produced multiple plasma tails that compare favorably with the observed thermal proton irregularities. The model development produces an outer plasmasphere boundary location that varies similarly to the observed minimum density point of the light ion trough. However, the measurements are not extensive enough to yield conclusive proof that one of the electric field models is better than the other.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Mar. 1
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  • 43
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    Ion effects on ionospheric electron resonance phenomena (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ion effects are often observed on topside-sounder-stimulated electron plasma wave phenomena and the present study is concerned with the spur effect relative to electron plasma resonance. A spur appears after a time delay corresponding to the proton gyroperiod and is observed mainly on the resonances at the electron plasma frequency and the harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. Proton spurs occur at the harmonic resonances only, when the electron plasma waves associated with these resonances are susceptible to the Harris instability and when the electromagnetic wave can be initiated by the sounder pulse. This instability results from a sounder-stimulated anisotropic electron velocity distribution. The observations suggest that energy is fed into the harmonics of the longitudinal plasma wave from the electromagnetic wave through wave-mode coupling. The observations were made during eight passes of the Alouette-2 satellite.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Feb. 197
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  • 44
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    A planetary radio astronomy discussion of the 1.55 cm microwave emission of the earth (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Using 1.55 cm observations of the earth made by the Electrically Scanned Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) experiment on Nimbus 5, the appearance of the earth from Venus is simulated. A single antenna unable to resolve the earth's disk would give a time-averaged disk temperature of 183 K. In one rotation, the disk temperature would vary from 194 K to 172 K. During the 1973 inferior conjunction, a radio telescope with 1 arc sec resolution would resolve most of the major surface features of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 24; Feb. 197
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  • 45
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    A global magnetic anomaly map (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A subset of Pogo satellite magnetometer data has been formed that is suitable for analysis of crustal magnetic anomalies. Through the use of a thirteenth-order field model fit to these data, magnetic residuals have been calculated over the world to latitude limits of plus or minus 50 deg. These residuals, averaged over 1-degree latitude-longitude blocks, represent a detailed global magnetic anomaly map derived solely from satellite data. The occurrence of these anomalies on all individual satellite passes independent of local time and their decay as altitude increases imply a definite internal origin. Their wavelength structure and their correlation with known tectonic features further suggest that these anomalies are primarily of geologic origin and have their sources in the lithosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 10
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  • 46
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    Adiabatic Hamiltonian of charged particle motion in a dipole field (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Hamiltonian for a dipole field is developed, and the result is expressed by an analytic approximation accurate to within about 1%. This allows extension of results derived for equatorial particles to particles with arbitrary pitch angles; in particular, it makes available even in the presence of electric fields orthogonal to the magnetic field a function K that is preserved by the bounce-averaged motion. This function provides at once the equations of drift paths in (alpha, beta) or of their projections onto the equatorial plane; the derivation of a pacing function that times the progress of particles along such drift paths is also described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 47
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    The motion of a proton in the equatorial magnetosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In a time-independent model of the magnetosphere including a dipole magnetic field, a convection electric field (deduced from polar orbit observations), and an electric field due to the earth's rotation, the motion of a proton in the equatorial plane is analyzed. By means of the Hamiltonian of the motion, three regimes of motion are identified. A method is then developed for determining for any given observation point which arrival energies correspond to trapped particles and which represent 'open' trajectories.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 48
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    A quantitative magnetospheric model derived from spacecraft magnetometer data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The model is derived by making least squares fits to magnetic field measurements from four Imp satellites. It includes four sets of coefficients, representing different degrees of magnetic disturbance as determined by the range of Kp values. The data are fit to a power series expansion in the solar magnetic coordinates and the solar wind-dipole tilt angle, and thus the effects of seasonal north-south asymmetries are contained. The expansion is divergence-free, but unlike the usual scalar potential expansion, the model contains a nonzero curl representing currents distributed within the magnetosphere. The latitude at the earth separating open polar cap field lines from field lines closing on the day side is about 5 deg lower than that determined by previous theoretically derived models. At times of high Kp, additional high-latitude field lines extend back into the tail. Near solstice, the separation latitude can be as low as 75 deg in the winter hemisphere. The average northward component of the external field is much smaller than that predicted by theoretical models; this finding indicates the important effects of distributed currents in the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 49
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    Mirroring in the Fokker-Planck coefficient for cosmic-ray pitch-angle scattering in homogeneous magnetic turbulence (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering, appropriate for cosmic rays in homogeneous stationary magnetic turbulence is computed without making any specific assumptions concerning the statistical symmetries of the random field. The Fokker-Planck coefficient obtained can be used to compute the parallel diffusion coefficient for high-energy cosmic rays propagating in the presence of strong turbulence, or for low-energy cosmic rays in the presence of weak turbulence. Because of the generality of magnetic turbulence allowed for in the analysis, special interplanetary magnetic field features, such as discontinuities or particular wave modes, can be included rigorously.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Feb. 1
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  • 50
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    Primary gamma-rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Within our Galaxy, cosmic rays can reveal their presence in interstellar space and probably in source regions by their interactions with interstellar matter which lead to gamma-rays with a very characteristic energy spectrum. From the study of the intensity of the high energy gamma radiation as a function of galactic longitude, it is already clear that cosmic rays are almost certainly not uniformly distributed in the Galaxy and are not concentrated in the center of the Galaxy. The galactic cosmic rays appear to be tied to galactic structural features, presumably by the galactic magnetic fields which are in turn held by the matter in the arm segments and the clouds. On the extra-galactic scale, it is now possible to say that cosmic rays are probably not at the density seen near the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 51
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    The equatorial helium ion trough and the geomagnetic anomaly (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The latitudinal characteristics of He+ in the equatorial region are compared with those of O+ and H+. These ions, in different altitude regions, exhibit certain features which are characteristics of the ionospheric geomagnetic anomaly. It is shown that the latitudinal distributions of these ions are related to their vertical distribution at the equator via their respective scale heights and the geomagnetic dipole geometry. To a first order, the positions of the latitudinal maxima of a given ion may be related to its peak altitude at the equator by a proposed expression.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Feb. 197
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  • 52
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    Solar activity and the motions of the upper atmosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A possible mechanism for the action of solar radiation on the motion of the upper atmosphere is considered that includes the time dependent interplanetary field contour line and its effect on zonal wind velocity. A strong correlation is reported between this induction mechanism and those indices of solar activity that characterize the magnetic fields of the solar plasma.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Phys. of the Sea and Atmosphere NASA-TT-F-16225; p 17-21
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  • 53
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    On the lidar determination of atmospheric transmittance (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A solution of the lidar equation is given with the aim of determining the attenuation coefficient of the atmosphere under conditions of the existence of a relation between it and the effective backscatter area. The errors of determining the attenuation coefficient from measurements of the echo signal power are analyzed. A proposed method of determining that coefficient by sounding with variable pulse lengths is examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 134-143
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  • 54
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    Theory of fluctuations of extended air showers (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the probability distribution functions of shower characteristics for primary protons at sea level. The calculation was based on the following model of the elementary event: the interaction paths are 90 g/sq cm for nucleons and 120 g/sq cm for pions. The nonelasticity coefficient for nucleons is uniformly distributed between 0.1 and 0.9, and for pions it is equal to 1. Isobaric pions are taken into account. The spectra of secondary particles were determined using Cocconi's approximation formula. The calculation for the nuclei was carried out on the assumption of a breakup of the nucleus into component nucleons. The mean number of particles and the variances of the distributions for electrons when the number of muons was fixed, and for muons when the number of electrons was fixed, were calculated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 394-397
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  • 55
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    Determination of coupling coefficients at various zenith angles of the basis of the cosmic ray azimuth effect (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The value of EW asymmetry and coupling coefficients at different zenith angles were measured by means of a double coincidence crossed telescope which gives an opportunity to measure simultaneously the intensity of the cosmic ray hard component at zenith angles from 0 to 84 deg in opposite azimuths. The advantages of determining the coupling coefficients by the cosmic ray azimuth effect as compared to their measurement by the latitudinal effect are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 380-384
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  • 56
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    Study of cosmic ray motion in cosmic space near the earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data are presented on experimental installations developed in the cosmic ray variations laboratory in Kazgu (Alma-Ata). Various experiments on modelling the interaction of plasma with the geomagnetic field as well as the plasma distribution in quiet and disturbed fields are described. The characteristics of the meson supertelescope using scintillators (effective area, 10 sq m) for vertical alignments designed to study microvariations of the cosmic rays and their interrelation with magnetospheric fluctuations and the study of solar wind parameters are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 372-379
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  • 57
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    Distortion of the altitude dependence and energy spectrum of the neutron component near the earth's surface (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of the altitude distribution of slow (cadmium difference) and fast (supercadmium) neutrons from 2000 m down to sea level are given. The neutron energy spectrum is calculated by the cadmium ratio.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 361-365
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  • 58
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    Measurement of spectra and neutron fluxes on artificial earth satellites from the Cosmos series (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1966-1967 measurements were carried out at the altitudes of 200 to 400 km to determine the spectra and fluxes of fast neutrons inside the hermetically sealed artificial earth satellites of the Cosmos series. The detectors used were nuclear emulsions of the B9 and BR types and an emulsion of the P9 type, filled with Li and P. Spectra and fluxes of neutrons in the range of energies from thermal energies to 10 MeV are presented. Neutron doses are also estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 252-255
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  • 59
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    The possibility of using superconductive systems in the analysis of the composition of cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The experimental results on the use of superconductive systems onboard of spacecraft are described. To ensure low temperatures in the cryostat under weightlessness, helium was used at a pressure above the critical pressure. In flight, the temperature was controlled at six points, while the pressure and intensity of the magnetic field were controlled in the solenoids. The methodical test proved it possible to mount special installations on satellites, with extensive magnetic fields based on superconductive alloys, and particularly, low weights and low power consumption magnetic analyzers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 256-260
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  • 60
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    Measurement of proton spectra on satellites from the Cosmos series of artificial satellites (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1966-1967 measurements were performed at altitudes from 200 to 400 km to determine the fluxes and spectra of protons by means of nuclear emulsions of the BR-2 and Ya-2 types. The proton spectra within the range up to 8 BeV are presented. The spectra obtained are the basis for estimating radiation hazards.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 247-251
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  • 61
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    The study of cosmic rays on the proton artificial earth satellite (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigations were carried out with the space stations of the Proton series to study the physics of cosmic rays. The SEZ-13 device for the search of particles with a fractional electrical charge and the SEZ-11 device for the measurement of high energy electrons were mounted on the Proton-3 satellite. The mode of action of the SEZ-11 device differed from that of the SEZ-12 device used in the Proton-1 and Proton-2 satellites for similar purposes. Some of the results that were obtained are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 227-246
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  • 62
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    A study of cosmic rays on the artificial moon satellites Luna-11 and Luna-12 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the period from the end of August 1966 to January 1967 the primary cosmic radiation fluxes beyond the terrestrial magnetosphere were measured by means of the equipment mounted on the satellites Luna-11 and Luna-12. The altitude dependence of cosmic rays near the lunar surface as well as the intensity of protons and electrons of solar origin in the moon's vicinity were determined. The correlation of proton intensity with the parameters characterizing the solar and geomagnetic activities and the specific features of the angular distribution of the proton flux as revealed during measurements are given. Data on electron fluxes studied on September 1 and 8, 1966, when short term increases in the electron intensity were observed are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 206-226
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  • 63
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    Possible isotopic shifts with changes in the geomagnetic field (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The geomagnetic fields of the past geological epochs are studied on the basis of observations on the rock residual magnetization. This paper evaluates the shifts in the isotopic composition of the same elements in the rocks affected by cosmic rays. The possibility of using the shifts in the isotopic composition for revealing geomagnetic field inversions is discussed. Geomagnetic field inversion periods traced by the rock residual magnetization are in good agreement with the periods of the greatest qualitative changes in the animal world throughout the last 500 million years.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 164-169
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  • 64
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    Secular variations of L, B-coordinates (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The calculation results of L, B-coordinates for different years from 1957 to 1967 are given. Periodic calculations of the geomagnetic coordinates for different epochs are considered to be very urgent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 159-163
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  • 65
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    Calculations of the cosmic ray modulation in interplanetary space taking into account the possible dependence of the transport travel for the scattering of the particles and of the velocity of the solar winds on the angles they make with the helioequator plane: The case of isotropic diffusion (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The modulation of galactic cosmic rays is studied by the magnetic heterogeneities stream on the assumption that the diffusion coefficient is reduced whereas the solar wind velocity is increased with the growth of the angle between the sun's rotation axis and the direction of solar plasma motion. The stationary plane problem of isotropic diffusion is solved as it applies to two cases: (1) with due account of particle retardation by the antiphermium mechanism; and (2) without an account of the above mechanism. This problem is solved by the grid method in the polar coordinate system. The results of the calculations are followed by a discussion of the method of solution and of the errors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 170-205
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  • 66
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    Effect of threshold rigidity variations on the electron production rate in the atmosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Current systems formed during magnetic disturbances cause threshold energy variations of cosmic ray particles. The latter, in turn, are a source of electron production in the terrestrial atmosphere. The paper gives the calculations of the electron production rate with the count of threshold variations during magnetic disturbances.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 154-158
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  • 67
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    The effect of cosmic rays on thunderstorm electricity (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The inflow of charges of small ions, formed by cosmic rays, into thunderstorm cells is estimated on the basis of rocket measurements of ionic concentrations below 90 km. Out of the two processes that form the thunderstorm charge (generation and separation of charges), the former is supposed to be caused by cosmic rays, and the nature of separation is assumed to be the same as in other thunderstorm theories.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 145-147
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  • 68
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    Possibility of controlling the earth's negative charge and the unitary variation of its electric field by cosmic rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dependence of the atmospheric conductivity upon the cosmic ray intensity, the possibility of charge generation in thunderstorms by cosmic rays, the dependence of the troposphere electricity on the stratosphere, the relationship between the unitary variation of the earth's electric field intensity and that of cosmic ray intensity (daily, yearly and 11-year latitudinal dependence of both values), deny first, the exceptional role of the tropospheric processes in maintaining the terrestrial charge and unitary variation, and, second, compel one to consider the cause mentioned above to be the result of the influence of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 148-153
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  • 69
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    Comparison of the results of simultaneous cosmic ray measurements in the stratosphere at the Olenia and Apatity stations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of regular measurements of the cosmic ray intensity in the stratosphere obtained by high latitudinal stations during September-December 1966 are compared. The present paper estimates the agreement between the results obtained by closely located stations by means of various radiosondes. The assumption about the substantial contribution of auroral X-ray radiation to the fluctuation of the radiosonde counting rate at high altitudes is confirmed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 138-141
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  • 70
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    Altitudinal, diurnal and latitudinal dependences for ionic concentrations formed by corpuscular fluxes in the stratosphere and mesosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: On the basis of over 15 rocket measurements of ionic concentrations below 80 km, the height, daily and latitudinal dependences between positive ionic concentrations and cosmic ray intensity below 60 km as well as between ionic concentrations and corpuscular streams within the 60-80 km altitude range are compared. It is shown that ionic concentration and cosmic ray intensity below 60 km at night are likely to be interrelated, in conformity with Chapman's theory of the simple layer. In daytime, all phenomena are aggravated by photodetachment and ion exchange reactions with the participation of ozone. Between 60-80 km, besides ordinary cosmic rays, there must exist an additional corpuscular stream.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 142-144
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  • 71
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    Atmospheric effects and sidereal-diurnal variations in extended air showers (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations are presented on the variations of extended air shower intensity with an average power of 1.4 x 10,000 and 1.4 x 100,000 particles at sea level. The effect of disintegrating particles and the essential role of cascades formed above the lower third of the atmosphere are examined. However, the authors failed to discover anisotropy of initial particles with an energy of 10 to the 14th power to 10 to the 15th power eV with an accuracy of up to 0.1%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 133-137
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  • 72
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    The cosmic ray burst on 28 January 1967 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The solar cosmic ray flare which took place on January 28, 1967, is analyzed. Energy responses and the diffusion coefficient are determined. Periodic variations of the cosmic rays with an amplitude of 0.10 to 0.20% and a period of 35 to 40 min are discovered during the decrease phase of the flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 120-124
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  • 73
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    Solar activity and cosmic rays in the period 1963-1965 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The interrelation between the intensity of cosmic rays and various indices of solar activity during January 1963 to June 1965 is studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 112-119
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  • 74
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    The relation between the chemical composition of solar cosmic rays and the duration spectrum of radiosplashes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The comparison of durations of the centimeter and meter components of the radiosplashes corresponding to the chromospheric flares with the known chemical composition of the radiated nuclei has shown a greater duration of the centimeter component for the splashes wherein protons are dominating, and vice versa. A conclusion is made about the interrelation of heavy nucleus emission and the processes which occur in the upper layers of the solar corona.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 106-111
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  • 75
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    Energy spectrum of galactic electrons in the energy range 2 x 10 to the 10 power - 2 x 10 to the 11th power eV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New experimental data on the energy spectrum of galactic electrons up to the energies approximately 2 x 10 to the 11th power eV were obtained in the summer of 1967 by a scintillation telescope lifted to the stratosphere at 32 km. The geometrical factor of the telescope was 1200 sq cm steradians, i.e., three times as great as the geometrical factor of previously employed installations. The results confirm previous measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 102-105
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  • 76
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    Theory of cosmic ray variations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The initial anisotropic and isotropic spaces of solar cosmic ray spreading in interplanetary space are compared with the results of direct observations in the region adjacent to the earth's orbit and with the results of explorations of the eleven-year and twenty-seven-day variations of the cosmic rays in more distant regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NA; p 1-101
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  • 77
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    Balloon borne experiments to measure horizontal and vertical electric fields at stratospheric altitudes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3; 28 p
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  • 78
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    Diurnal variations in the thermosphere. I - Theoretical formulation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A nonlinear perturbation theory is formulated for the solution of the multicomponent equations of energy, mass, and momentum conservation in the atmosphere. The theory is three-dimensional and includes the effects of heat conduction and advection, viscosity, ion drag, and diffusion. The theory is described as a superposition of mathematical modes obtained by expanding the physical quantities into vector and spherical harmonics. The coupling between the various modes, both linear and nonlinear, is included. The theory provides a basis for the treatment of the thermosphere and its interaction with the lower atmosphere, where 'mode coupling' is most important. As an example, a comparison is presented between one-dimensional and three-dimensional calculations of the fundamental mode of the diurnal component in the thermosphere. Coupling between the lowest modes is considered to describe the physical conditions of the lower thermosphere where inertia and Coriolis forces become dominant over the ion-drag and viscous forces. In this region, the latitude structures of the temperature, wind field, and diffusively controlled oxygen are shown to change significantly.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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  • 79
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    ATS-5 observations of plasma sheet particles before the expansion-phase onset, appendix C. (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Behavior of the plasma sheet around its earthward edge during substorms was studied by using high resolution (every 2.6 sec) measurements of proton and electron fluxes by ATS-5. In the injection region near midnight the flux increase at the expansion-phase onset is shown to lag behind the onset of the low-latitude positive bay by several minutes. Depending upon the case, before the above increase (1) the flux stays at a constant level, (2) it gradually increases for some tens of minutes, or (3) it briefly drops to a low level. Difference in the position of the satellite relative to the earthward edge and to the high-latitude boundary of the plasma sheet is suggested as a cause of the above difference in flux variations during the growth phase of substorms. Magnetograms and tables (data) are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Analysis of Data from the Lockheed Experiment on ATS-5; 25 p
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  • 80
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    Superconducting magnets for space flight (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The operating principle and application of superconducting magnetic spectrometers for cosmic ray analysis are described. Magnetic spectrometer experiments are thought to be possible in the areas of charge composition and its possible energy dependence, isotopic separation up to several GeV/n, electrons and positrons energy spectra, galactic secondary antiprotons, searches for primordial antimatter, searches for substructure in energy spectra, and gamma ray astronomy. Operational problems associated with the magnets are discussed, and a possible shuttle payload is also described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Res. Goals for Cosmic-Ray Astrophys. in the 1980's; p 91-96
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  • 81
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    Winter bulge and diurnal variations in hydrogen inferred from AE-C composition measurements (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In situ mass spectrometric measurements of ion and neutral particle thermospheric compositions have been used to infer the latitudinal and diurnal variations of thermospheric atomic hydrogen for solstice conditions. Local time-dependent and local time-independent components of the observed hydrogen distribution were separated on the basis of a model generated by expanding the log of neutral hydrogen concentration in terms of spherical harmonics. Results are compared with analogous data on N2 concentration; the comparison reveals an anticorrelation between gas temperature and hydrogen concentration. The slope of this anticorrelation line represents the 'zero flux condition' from the exosphere theory of Hodges (1973), thus further bearing out the conclusion that exospheric flow is the dominant process governing the global distribution of hydrogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Sept
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  • 82
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    Growth of metric noise continuum storms and its relation to the source of microwave S-emissions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The relationship between metric noise continuum storms and the S-component of solar microwave emissions is examined by considering the properties of a solar active region and its relation to LF radio burst emissions observed by IMP 6. It is noted that the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric frequencies or less is usually preceded by the appearance of an S-emission source, which is formed in complex sunspot groups such as beta-gamma and gamma types. A model for the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric and decametric frequencies is proposed in which the development of relationships between emissions is closely connected to the growth of magnetic-field lines above associated sunspot groups into complex configurations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Sept
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  • 83
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    Protons as the prime contributors to storm time ring current (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Following a large sudden commencement on June 17, 1972, a large magnetic storm evolved, with a well-developed main phase and recovery phase. Explorer 45 (S3-A), with its apogee near 16 hours local time in June, measured the equatorial particle populations and magnetic field throughout this period. By use of data obtained during the symmetric recovery phase it is shown that through a series of self-consistent calculations, the measured protons, with energies from 1 to 872 keV, can account for almost all of the observed ring current magnetic effects within the limits of experimental uncertainties. This enables us to set an upper limit to the heavy ion contribution to the storm time ring current of a few percent of the proton contribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 1
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  • 84
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    In situ measurements of plasma drift velocity and enhanced NO/+/ in the auroral electrojet by the Bennett spectrometer on AE-C (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of ion composition and plasma drift velocity by the Bennett mass spectrometer on the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite reveal a direct correlation between enhancements in NO(+) concentration and ion drift velocity in the southern auroral oval. Low altitude (137 to 250 km) data obtained between 1700 and 2400 hr magnetic local time on October 22, 1974, reveal a region of westward plasma flow at velocities up to 1.3 km/s between 62 and 68 deg invariant latitude, with corresponding NO(+) enhancements of up to a factor of 20. A narrow region of reverse flow at about 0.9 km/s was also measured. These drift observations are consistent with convective flow patterns derived from electric field measurements, and their correlation with NO(+) appears to support the suggestion that NO(+) enhancements would be expected in regions of drift owing to the dependence on ion energy of the reaction O(+) + N2 yields NO(+) + N.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; June 197
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  • 85
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    Observations of low energy gamma-ray bursts with SAS-2 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present paper reports on the low-energy gamma-ray bursts observed by the plastic scintillator anticoincidence dome of the Small Astronomy Satellite-2 (SAS-2) gamma-ray telescope. SAS-2 detected two events observed by other satellites and discovered one which was subsequently confirmed by other satellite observations. Two events seen by other satellites were not detected by SAS-2, probably due to earth occultation. The event detection threshold for SAS-2 was almost two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Vela satellites.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 255; May 15
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  • 86
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    Source mechanism for terrestrial kilometric radiation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intense electromagnetic radiation of near earth origin, observed by the OGO, IMP, and Hawkeye satellites, can be explained in terms of plasma oscillations near the upper hybrid frequency which are stimulated in the high latitude regions at distances within 5 earth radii. The wave energy is converted from the longitudinal electrostatic mode to the transverse electromagnetic mode as it travels in the slightly inhomogeneous magnetosphere, and it is reflected at the point where the wave frequency equals the local electron plasma frequency. Peak emission region occurs near 2 earth radii. The original plasma oscillations are generated in the turbulent plasma produced by precipitating electrons associated with discrete auroral arcs. The mechanism has possible applications to studies of the irregular structure of the magnetospheric thermal plasma and to models for the decametric radiation from Jupiter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Feb. 197
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  • 87
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    Substorm-injected protons and electrons and the injection boundary model (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of observations of substorm-associated enhancements of proton and electron fluxes: (1) makes a strong case for the existence of a boundary limiting the regional particle injection associated with substorms, (2) supports the hypothesis that the injection process is almost instantaneous (less than approximately 5 min), and (3) indicates that the injection takes place within a large region extending at least several earth radii tailward of the injection boundary. The injection boundary model is superior to others in that it simultaneously explains: (1) the drift and energy dispersion of substorm-injected protons between 1 and 30 keV, (2) the relative behavior of protons with 81 deg and 27 deg pitch angles, (3) the absence of observed electrons below 30 keV, and (4) the time dispersion of impulsively injected electrons seen outside the plasmapause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 88
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    Magnetospheric mapping with a quantitative geomagnetic field model (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Mapping the magnetosphere on a dipole geomagnetic field model by projecting field and particle observations onto the model is described. High-latitude field lines are traced between the earth's surface and their intersection with either the equatorial plane or a cross section of the geomagnetic tail, and data from low-altitude orbiting satellites are projected along field lines to the outer magnetosphere. This procedure is analyzed, and the resultant mappings are illustrated. Extension of field lines into the geomagnetic tail and low-altitude determination of the polar cap and cusp are presented. It is noted that while there is good agreement among the various data, more particle measurements are necessary to clear up statistical uncertainties and to facilitate comparison of statistical models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 89
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    A radio picture of the earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique called passive microwave remote sensing can be used to obtain a new view of the planet earth by means of radio telescopes carried aboard artificial satellites. An important relationship between the observed radio brightness temperature and the surface conditions provides the basis for the new technique. A radio image is presented of the entire earth on the basis of Nimbus microwave-image data taken January 12-16, 1973.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 49; Jan. 197
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  • 90
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    A simulation experiment of photochemical reactions in the mesosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An ionospheric simulation experiment has been performed in a large vacuum chamber. The chamber is filled with NO and other gases including N2, O2, CO2, NH3 and H2O in the pressure range of 0.01 torr. A lamp which produces photons at 1236- and 1165-A by means of microwave discharge in krypton is utilized as an ionization source. In addition to 30+ large quantities of the water cluster ions 55+, H3O(+).(H2O)2, 73+, H3O(+).(H2O)3 and 91+, H3O(+).(H2O)4 were observed when nitric oxide and water were present. This closely approximates the condition of the terrestrial D region. After long periods of UV irradiation 74+ and 104+ ions grow in intensity. These ions are tentatively identified as NO(+).N2O and NO(+).NO.N2O. In addition the series 18+, 36+, 54+, and 72+ is detected which can be labeled NH4(+), NH4(+).(H2O), NH4(+).(H2O)2 and NH4(+).(H2O)3. These same species of ions are observed with the introduction of ammonia into the chamber. Presumably both N2O and NH3 are products of the photolysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity; 27; 6, 19; 1975
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  • 91
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    Exospheric hydrogen above St-Santin /France/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The temperature and hydrogen concentration of the exosphere was determined using incoherent scatter measurements performed above St. Santin from 1969 to 1972. The hydrogen concentration was deduced from measurements of the number density of positive hydrogen and oxygen ions. A statistical analysis is given of the hydrogen concentration as a function of the exospheric temperature and the diurnal variation of the hydrogen concentration is investigated for a few selected days of good quality observation. The data averaged with respect to the exospheric temperature without consideration of the local time exhibits a distribution consistent with a constant effective Jeans escape flux of about 9 x 10 to the 7 cu cm/s. The local time variation exhibits a maximum to minimum concentration ratio of at least 3.5.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Annales de Geophysique; 31; Oct
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  • 92
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    Cosmic-ray composition measurements with high-energy ionization spectrometers (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Element abundances of cosmic rays for elements Li through Si with energy above 0.8 GeV/amu were measured on a balloon-borne instrument containing a total absorption ionization spectrometer. Statistical techniques were used to analyze the five measurements of each particle to determine its charge and energy. The technique allows a determination of systematic errors to be made. Corrections for Landau fluctuations, spark-chamber inefficiency, and background particles were included. Comparison with other published results is made. There are differences in the shapes of the differential spectra determined from measurements using different techniques, and our intensities still lie somewhat below those of other workers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 12
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  • 93
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    Cosmic ray antiproton and positron production in the interstellar medium (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We have calculated the energy spectra of cosmic ray secondary antiprotons and positrons using the latest available data on inclusive reactions. Using the measured positron spectrum, we have found that the amount of matter traversed by the cosmic rays in the few GeV region to be 4.7 (+ or - 1.5) g/sq cm of interstellar hydrogen. The computed antiproton to proton ratio is about .0004 for energies 5-10 GeV. This is sufficient to make observations of antiprotons feasible from balloon flights. We have also pointed out the type of information that can be obtained if accurate information of the spectra of these two components becomes available.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 37; Oct. 197
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  • 94
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    Photography and photometry of the near infrared OH airglow (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The instruments employed in the investigation were modified for aircraft use primarily by automating the repetitive measurements and incorporating image intensifier tubes to reduce exposure times. The instruments include a 35-mm camera, an absolutely calibrated photometer, and a 16-mm movie camera. The data obtained will be used in a study of the variation of parallax emission heights with geographical location, and the relationship of OH patch or stripe size to emission height.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 257; Oct. 23
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  • 95
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    Drift-free magnetic geometries in adiabatic motion (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: There exist magnetic fields in which particles bouncing between mirror points experience no net first-order guiding center drift. In such fields, even though the instantaneous gradient and curvature drifts are not zero, their total effect integrated over any bounce period vanishes, so that particles merely wobble back and forth around fixed field lines. A class of two-dimensional drift-free fields, somewhat resembling the configuration found in the geomagnetic tail, is described; several proofs of the drift-free property are given, including some that suggest that the property of vanishing net drift might extend to nonadiabatic orbits. A general criterion for identifying drift-free fields is developed, and a case of motion in a nearly drift-free field is also investigated. The theory is applied to the plasma sheet in the earth's magnetotail, and observational evidence is presented suggesting that the magnetic field there indeed approaches a drift-free configuration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Nov. 1
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  • 96
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    Interpretation of the pulsed gamma-ray emission from Vela (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model is proposed for the Vela pulsar in which the radio emission originates near the surface of the neutron star while the pulsed gamma-ray emission is produced by synchrotron radiation near the speed-of-light cylinder. This model can explain the energy flux, double pulse structure, and phase shift (with respect to the radio) of the gamma-ray emission, and offers approximate quantitative predictions for other X- and gamma-ray fluxes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 97
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    The SAR arc event observed during the December 1971 magnetic storm (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations from five separate experiments on the Isis 2 spacecraft are used to study the atmosphere/ionosphere during the magnetic storm of December 16-20, 1971. The data are most complete in the midlatitude region, permitting a study of the SAR arc (subauroral red arc) which developed during the night of December 17-18. Ion composition and temperature, electron temperature, electron-density height profiles from the spacecraft to the F region, and the intensity of the 6300-A oxygen emission are all presented for the region of interest. It is found that the H(+) concentration had sharp gradients near the SAR arc and that the plasma temperature was significantly enhanced over typical nighttime values, reaching nearly 7000 K at 1400 km on the field line which intersected the arc. A system of time-dependent equations for atmospheric/ionospheric composition and temperature is solved using boundary conditions which were selected so that the solutions are in agreement with the observations. From these solutions, an assessment is made of the influence of (1) the efflux of plasma from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere, (2) the decrease in O/N2 at the turbopause, (3) the increase in the loss coefficient as a result of an increase in the vibrational temperature of N2, and (4) the conduction of thermal energy into the ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Dec. 1
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  • 98
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    Experimental hypervelocity impact into quartz sand - Distribution and shock metamorphism of ejecta (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented for vertical impacts of 0.3-g cylindrical plastic projectiles into noncohesive quartz sand in which vertical and horizontal reference strate were employed by using layers of colored sand. The impacts were performed at velocities of 5.9-6.9 km/sec with a vertical gun ballistic range. The craters, 30-33 cm in diameter, reveal a radial decay of the ejecta mass per unit area with a power of -2.8 to -3.5. Material displaced from the upper 15% of the crater depth d is represented within the whole ejecta blanked, material from deeper than 28% of d is deposited inside 2 crater radii, and no material from deeper than 33% of d was ejected beyond the crater rim. Shock-metamorphosed particles (glassy agglutinates, cataclastic breccias, and comminuted quartz) amount to some 4% of the total displaced mass and indicate progressive zones of decay of shock intensity from a peak pressure of 300 kbar. The shock-metamorphosed particles and the shock-induced change in the grain size distribution of ejected samples have close analogies to the basic characteristics of the lunar regolith. Possible applications to regolith formation and to ejecta formations of large-scale impact craters are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 10
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  • 99
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    Deterioration and modification of the biosphere leading to irreversible climatic change of the global ecosystem (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The level, intensity, nature and impact of man's activities upon weather and climatic changes are explored. It is shown that industrialization leads to increased CO2 levels, atmospheric dust content and land surfaces changes. This in turn causes global climatic interactions which results in a general cooling trend. Global cooperation is advocated to stem environmental degradation and weather pattern interruption by the use of corrective mechanisms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Future Environment; 25 p
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  • 100
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    Coordinated ATS-5 electron flux and simultaneous auroral observations, appendix B (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: All Sky Cameras (ASCA) magnetosphere observations were made at the field line conjugate of the ATS-5 Satellite. The magnetosphere region examined was L=5 to L=11. The correlation of the auroras observed by the ASCA's and the magnetospheric trapped fluxes was studied. It is shown that auroral forms are not simply correlated with the synchronous altitude electron fluxes. The presence of hot plasma at the ATS-5 satellite is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the occurrence of local auroras. On quiet days the hot plasma does not penetrate into the magnetosphere far enough to reach the ATS-5 orbit. Under these conditions no auroras are observed at the field line conjugate, but auroras are usually observed on higher latitude field lines. On more disturbed days, auroral arcs are observed at lower latitudes when the plasma sheet penetrates into the ATS-5 orbit. Significant qualitative correlation between the ASCA data and the trapped fluxes was observed when a local plasma injection event occurred near ATS-5. Magnetograms are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Analysis of Data from the Lockheed Experiment on ATS-5; 44 p
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