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  • 1
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    Shielding against galactic cosmic rays (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-02
    Beschreibung: Ions of galactic origin are modified but not attenuated by the presence of shielding materials. Indeed, the number of particles and the absorbed energy behind most shield materials increases as a function of shield thickness. The modification of the galactic cosmic ray composition upon interaction with shielding is the only effective means of providing astronaut protection. This modification is intimately conntected with the shield transport porperties and is a strong function of shield composition. The systematic behavior of the shield properites in terms of microscopic energy absorption events will be discussed. The shield effectiveness is examined with respect to convectional protection practice and in terms of a biological endpoint: the efficiency for reduction of the probability of transformation of shielded C3H1OT1/2 mouse cells. The relative advantage of developing new shielding technologies is discussed in terms of a shield performance as related to biological effect and the resulting uncertainty in estimating astronaut risk.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2; p. (2)31-(2)36
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  • 2
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    Decay rate of the second radiation belt (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-02
    Beschreibung: Variations in the Earth's trapped (Van Allen) belts produced by solar flare particle events are not well understood. Few observations of increases in particle populations have been reported. This is particularly true for effects in low Earth orbit, where manned spaceflights are conducted. This paper reports the existence of a second proton belt and it's subsequent decay as measured by a tissue-equivalent proportional counter and a particle spectrometer on five Space Shuttle flights covering an eighteen-month period. The creation of this second belt is attributed to the injection of particles from a solar particle event which occurred at 2246 UT, March 22, 1991. Comparisons with observations onboard the Russian Mir space station and other unmanned satellites are made. Shuttle measurements and data from other spacecraft are used to determine that the e-folding time of the peak of the second proton belt. It was ten months. Proton populations in the second belt returned to values of quiescent times within eighteen months. The increase in absorbed dose attributed to protons in the second belt was approximately 20%. Passive dosimeter measurements were in good agreement with this value.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2; p. (2)151-158
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  • 3
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    Overview of nuclear fragementation models and needs (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-02
    Beschreibung: It has been known for some time that adequate assessment of spacecraft requirements and concomitant estimates of astronaut radiation exposures from galactic cosmic radiation requires accurate, quantitative methods for characterizing these radiation fields as they pass through thick absorbers. The main nuclear interaction processes involved are nuclear elastic an inelastic collisions, and nuclear breakup (fragmentation) and electromagnetic dissociation (EMD). Nuclear fragmenation and EMD are important because they alter the elemental and isotopic composition of the transported radiation fields. At present, there is no suitable accurate theory for predicting nuclear fragmentation cross sections for all collision pairs and energies of interest in space radiation protection. Typical cross-section differences between theory and experiment range from about 25 percent to a factor of two. The resulting errors in transported flux, for high linear energy transfer (LET) particles, are compared to these cross-sections errors. In this overview, theoretical models of heavy ion fragmentation currently used to generate input data bases for cosmic-ray transport and shielding codes are reviewed. Their shortcomings are discussed. Further actions needed to improve their accuracy and generality are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2; p. (2)59-(2)68
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  • 4
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    Near-Earth Radiation Environment Including Time Variations and Secondary Radiation; Meetings F2.6 and F2.7, COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 30th, Hamburg, Germany, July 11-21, 1994 (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-03-30
    Beschreibung: Both man and technological equipment must survive the near-earth space radiation environment, which can, under specific conditions, be extremely severe. This conference produced 17 papers on the dynamic space radiation environment covering: galactic, solar and trapped particles; nuclear fragmentation; nuclear interactions and transport theory; solar proton events; radiation shielding; and heavy ion fluences. Several papers present results from the recent SAMPEX mission.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2
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  • 5
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    Theoretical model of HZE particle fragmentation by hydrogen targets (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-02
    Beschreibung: The fragmenting of high energy, heavy ions (HZE particles) by hydrogen targets is an important, physical process in several areas of space radiation research. In this work quantum mechanical optical model methods for estimating cross sections for HZE particle fragmentation by hydrogen targets are presented. The cross sections are calculated using a modified abrasion-ablation collision formalism adapted from a nucleus-nucleus collision model. Elemental and isotopic production cross sections are estimated and compared with reported measurements for the breakup of neon, sulphur, and iron, nuclei at incident energies between 400 and 910 Mev/nucleon. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2; p. (2)109-(2)112
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  • 6
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    Light ion components of the galactic cosmic rays: Nuclear interactions and transport theory (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-02
    Beschreibung: Light nuclei are present in the primary galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and are produced in thick targets due to projectile or target fragmentation from both nucleon and heavy induced reactions. In the primary GCR, He-4 is the most abundant nucleus after H-1. However, there are also a substantial fluxes of H-2 and He-3. In this paper we describe theoretical models based on quantum multiple scattering theory for the description of light ion nuclear interactions. The energy dependence of the light ion fragmentation cross section is considered with comparisons of inclusive yields and secondary momentum distributions to experiments described. We also analyze the importance of a fast component of lights ions from proton and neutron induced target fragementation. These theoretical models have been incorporated into the cosmic ray transport code HZETRN and will be used to analyze the role of shielding materials in modulating the production and the energy spectrum of light ions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2; p. (2)77-(2)86
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  • 7
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    Galactic cosmic radiation model and its applications (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-02
    Beschreibung: A model for the differential energy spectra of galactic cosmic radiation as a function of solar activity is described. It is based on the standard diffusion-convection theory of solar modulation. Estimates of the modulation potential based on fitting this theory to observed spectral measurements from 1954 to 1989 are correlated to the Climax neutron counting rates and to the sunspot numbers at earlier times taking into account the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field at the time of observations. These regression lines then provide a method for predicting the modulation at later times. The results of this model are quantitatively compared to a similar Moscow State University (MSU) model. These model cosmic ray spectra are used to predict the linear energy transfer spectra, differential energy spectra of light (charge less than or = 2) ions, and single event upsets rates in memeory devices. These calculations are compared to observations made aboard the Space Shuttle.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2; p. (2)7-(2)17
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  • 8
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    Geomagnetic transmission disturbances and heavy-ion fluences observed in low Earth orbit during the solar energetic particle events of October 1989 (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-27
    Beschreibung: The large solar energetic particle (SEP) events and simultaneous large geomagnetic disturbances observed during October 1989 posed a significant, rapidly evolving space radiation hazard. Using data from the GOES-7, NOAA-10, IMP-8 and LDEF satellites, we determined the geomagnetic transmission, heavy ion fluences, mean Fe ionic charge state, and effective radiation hazard observed in low Earth orbit (LEO) for these SEPs. We modeled the geomagneitc transmission by tracing particles through the combination to the internal International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) and the Tsyganenko (1989) magnetospheric field models, extending the modeling to large geomagnetic disturbances. We used our results to assess the radiation hazard such very large SEP events would pose in the anticipated 52 deg inclination space station orbit.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2; p. (2)121-(2)125
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  • 9
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    LET spectra of trapped anomalous cosmic rays in low-Earth orbit (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Observations aboard Cosmos satelites discovered trapped anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs), tracked the variation in their intensity in 1986-1988, and measured their fluence, spectrum, and composition at solar minimum in the previous solar cycle. The MAST instrument aboard the SAMPEX satellite has observed trapped anomalous cosmic rays in the present solar cycle, confirmed the general features of the Cosmos data, and provided the first detailed observations of trapped ACRs. In this paper we apply theoretical modeling of trapped ACRs, which is shown to provide a reasonably good description of both the Cosmos and SAMPEX data, to calculate the integral linear-energy-transfer (LET) spectra due to trapped ACRs in typical low-Earth orbits. We compare these calculations with the LET spectra produced by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and non-trapped ACRs in order to assess the relative radiation hazard posed by trapped ACRs.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2; p. (2)47-(2)51
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  • 10
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    Who owns the moon? (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: It is stipulated that all of mankind owns the moon and that lunar exploration must be exclusively for peaceful purposes. In addition to the right to build stations on the moon, every country has the right to utilize the moon's natural resources. This includes: exploration, extraction, and processing of minerals and other natural resources, and their utilization and processing for local needs and possible also for export to earth.
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 177-184
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  • 11
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    Possibility of using sources of vacuum ultraviolet irradiation to solve problems of space material science (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: An urgent problem in space materials science is simulating the interaction of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) of solar emission with solids in space conditions, that is, producing a light source with a distribution that approximates the distribution of solar energy. Information is presented on the distribution of the energy flux of VUV of solar radiation. Requirements that must be satisfied by the VUV source used for space materials science are formulated, and a critical evaluation is given of the possibilities of using existing sources for space materials science. From this evaluation it was established that none of the sources of VUV satisfies the specific requirements imposed on the simulator of solar radiation. A solution to the problem was found to be in the development of a new type of source based on exciting a supersonic gas jet flowing into vacuum with a sense electron beam. A description of this gas-jet source, along with its spectral and operation characteristics, is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 102-123
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  • 12
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    Effect of small flares in the neutral component of secondary cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The results are presented of an investigation of the effect of small flares, scale divisions 1 and 1(+), in the neutron component of secondary cosmic radiation from the data of neutron supermonitors at the stations of Kiev, Bukhta Tiksi, and Deep River. It is shown that flares of scale divisions 1 and 1(+) are accompanied by an effect in the neutron component amounting to about 0.4%. A mechanism is presented for calculating the outflow of particles accelerated in small flares, owing to diffusion across the magnetic field of a trap.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 77-85
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  • 13
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    Analysis of the nature of excessive cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at altitudes 250-500km, from Kosmos-225 satellite data (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Results are presented from a study of the region of anomalous cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at the altitudes 250-500 km, using data measurements taken on the Kosmos-225 satellite (14-29 June 1968). The existence of a stable intensity anomaly discovered in the experiments on the second and third Soviet spacecraft-satellites is confirmed. The total vector of the geomagnetic field at different altitudes was compared with isoline maps. An altitude profile of the South Atlantic anomaly of radiation intensity was obtained, using data from the same instrument. The nature of the anomalies in cosmic radiation intensity over the regions of negative magnetic anomalies is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 86-94
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  • 14
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    Acceleration of solar cosmic rays during chromospheric flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Using the Fokker-Planck equation, an examination is made of the acceleration of charged particles by fluctuational electric fields caused by the propagation of intense radio emission in the long-wave range. Correlation functions of electric fields near the boundary of plasma instability were computed. The interaction of charged particles with these fields is examined. It is shown that due to the interaction of particles with fluctuational fields, solar cosmic rays can be accelerated to energies of E=100 to 1000 MeV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 69-76
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  • 15
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    Chromospheric flares and sudden commencements of geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: A catalogue of flare activity was compiled during 1957-1967 (the solar activity cycle). By comparing all reliable SC during this period with chromospheric flares, the following conclusions are drawn; (1) There is no statistically significant correlation between SC and chromospheric flares. (2) The assumption that a shock wave propagates throughout the entire hemisphere is unjustified and contradicts the fact of recurrence of SC. (3) A statistically significant correlation was established between SC and chromospheric flares, that is, a relationship between a SC and the moment that a flare active region transits the Central Meridian. (4) SC are caused by shock waves or tangential discontinuities formed at the western boundary of the quasisteady directed corpuscular flux or at the boundary between sectors.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 61-68
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  • 16
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    Rigidity spectrum of z greater than or equal to 3 cosmic-ray nuclei in the range 4-285 GV and a search for cosmic antimatter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A measurement, using the magnetic emulsion spectrometer system, of the differential rigidity spectrum of Z greater than or equal to 3 nuclei of the galactic cosmic radiation is presented. The system was flown on Aug. 22, 1969, from Palestine, Texas. The instrument floated above 125,000 feet for eight hours. The data in the rigidity range 8-285 GV can be represented by a power-law spectrum in rigidity, J(rho) = A rho to the minus gamma power, with the exponent gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.10. The spectrum in the range 15-285 GV is also described by the same exponent, gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.25. The data below 8 GV cannot be described by the same power law without invoking solar modulation. A set of nonunique parameters for modulation are given. Upper limit for the fraction of antimatter in the rigidity range 4-125 GV is .005 with 95% confidence limit.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 17
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma ray line flux as a function of longitude is examined. It is shown that the gamma ray emissivity varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. This enhancement is accounted for in part by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4 to 5 kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the galaxy on the assumption that only an increased cosmic ray flux is responsible for the observed emission. Cosmic ray nucleons, cosmic ray electrons, and ionized hydrogen gas were found to have a strikingly similar distribution in the galaxy according to both the observational data and the theoretical model discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 241-248
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  • 18
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    Observations of discrete gamma ray sources with SAS-2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Compact gamma ray sources centered on the Crab nebula and the Vela X supernova remnant are considered. An excess in the galactic radiation was observed in both regions. Data indicate that a large fraction of this flux is pulsed. The excess from the Vela region could reflect either a large-scale galactic feature, such as a superposition of spiral arm segments, or it could be associated with the Vela supernova remnant. Low-energy gamma ray bursts were observed in the SAS-2 anticoincidence shielding.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 273-277
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  • 19
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    Cosmic electrons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The published literature on cosmic electrons is summarized. The primary and secondary sources of cosmic electrons are discussed, and the propagation of the electrons in the interstellar medium is studied with respect to energy loss mechanisms, age distributions, and spectral modifications during flight. Various portions of the electron and positron spectra are then considered in relation to problems of astrophysics. New information is presented on such topics as the origin of low-energy positrons, the decay kinematics of the pi-mu-e process, the application of age distributions for nuclear cosmic rays to cosmic electrons, and the possibility of nonidentical sources for cosmic electrons and protons.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 20
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    Solar particles /observations, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The major features of the propagation of flare particles in the interplanetary medium are discussed in terms of the classic well-behaved flare having unique impulsive injection and a smooth time profile. Topics include flare events, their frequency of occurrence, development of a typical event, energy spectra, proton and electron types, charge and isotopic composition, solar flares and particle accelerations, radio and X-ray observations, the Fermi mechanism, the betatron mechanism, acceleration models, plasma instabilities, two-stage acceleration, propagation mechanisms, the anisotropic stage, the diffusive stage, and the convection and energy loss stage.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 21
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    Sweet's mechanism in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Sweet (1956, 1958) proposed a mechanism for the rapid, steady-state dissipation of a magnetic field in a resistive plasma. It is shown that Sweet's mechanism operates in the interplanetary medium near 1 AU in structures which Burlaga and Ness (1968) have identified and called D-sheets. The basic equations are considered of a specific mathematical model provided by Parker (1963) for the case of antiparallel fields and incompressible flow. The theoretical conclusions are related to interplanetary observations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; Aug. 1
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  • 22
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the gamma-ray intensity in the longitude region less than or equal to 30 deg. These data, when unfolded, imply that the low-energy (1 to 10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. It is further shown that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4- to 5-kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the Galaxy.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 23
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    Origin of QSO absorption lines (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Consideration of the origin of the absorption lines in QSOs with observed absolute redshifts much less than the empirical values. As a possible alternative to the plasmoid mechanism for decreasing the relatively large possible macroscopic or bulk motions in QSO clouds, it is shown that certain large relative bulk motions in QSO clouds can be dissipated without the presence of strong magnetic fields and without large adiabatic expansions. The essence of the argument is that a cloud with convergent internal velocities can coalesce inelastically, because the internal kinetic energy can be dissipated and radiated away. There are thus indications that observed QSO absorption clouds may have their origin in clouds with internal velocities which are convergent.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 250; July 26
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  • 24
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    478-keV and 431-keV line emissions from alpha-alpha reactions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 25
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    1.0 arc second structure on the sun at 3.71 cm wavelength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 26
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    Ionization equilibrium in soft X-ray-emitting solar flares (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Studies of the 1.9-A line produced by highly ionized iron during a solar flare indicate that this emission occurs under conditions approaching a steady-state ionization equilibrium. Time-dependent and steady-state ionization equilibrium values are used for calculation of 1.9 A line fluxes per unit flare emission. The results are compared with those obtained by observations of some four solar flares, showing that the calculations from time-dependent equilibrium values approximate the observed line flux values with the same accuracy as the calculations from steady-state equilibrium values only when the electron densities are equal to or greater than 10 billion per cu cm.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 27
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    Solar longitude dependence of some characteristics of type III radio bursts from metric to hectometric wavelengths (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Using the observed data for metric and hectometric type III radio bursts, the dependence of burst characteristics on the solar longitude has been examined over a wide frequency range. It is found that there exists and east-west asymmetry for the extension of metric type III bursts into the hectometric wavelength range. In particular, hectometric bursts are rarely observed for solar flares associated with metric bursts east of 60 E solar longitude. Furthermore, for east longitudes, the low-frequency radio observations show a large dispersion in drift time interval.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 28
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    On helium-like 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in solar flare spectra (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Expected wavelengths and intensities are computed for 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in helium-like ions of the abundant elements from oxygen to iron under coronal conditions. Probable observations of some of these lines in the spectra of solar flares are discussed, and attention is called to a possible reversal of singlet and triplet intensities as compared to laboratory observations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 29
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    The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: For the case of homogeneous, isotropic magnetic field fluctuations, it is shown that most theories which are based on the quasi-linear and adiabatic approximations yield the same integral for the Fokker-Planck coefficient for the pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays. For example, despite apparent differences, the theories due to Jokipii and to Klimas and Sandri yield the same integral. It is also shown, however, that this integral in most cases has been evaluated incorrectly in the past. For small pitch angles, the errors in previous evaluations are fortuitously of minor importance. For large pitch angles, however, these errors become more significant; and for pitch angles of 90 deg, the actual Fokker-Planck coefficient contains a delta function which has been overlooked in the past. The implications of these corrections on the possibility of relating cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients to observed properties of the interplanetary magnetic field are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 30
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    Empirical solar proton model for orbiting spacecraft applications (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An empirical model for energetic solar proton fluxes is presented. With this model the effects of such protons on geocentric space missions, to be flown during the next solar active period (1977-1983), and with orbits involving partial magnetospheric shielding, may be estimated. A synoptic background review is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the model's use, errors, uncertainties, and limitations, including sample calculations which demonstrate the application of specific or general project missions. Finally, for circular trajectories, percentage exposure maps are presented, depicting fractional mission times spent outside particular L shells as functions of orbit altitude and inclination.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; July 197
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  • 31
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    Solar proton fluences for 1977-1983 space missions (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The probability with which any given solar proton fluence level will be exceeded during a space mission is computed for mission to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). This probability is a function of fluence level, proton energy threshold, and mission duration. Calculations are based on 1966-1972 data only. In estimating mission fluences, a distinction is made between ordinary and anomalously large events. Probable numbers of each type of event are estimated from Burrell's extension of Poisson statistics. Fluences of all anomalously large events are assumed to have a spectrum given by the August 1972 event, while fluences of the ordinary events are assumed to obey a log normal distribution.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; June 197
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  • 32
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    Mariner Venus/Mercury '73 - A strategy of cost control (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The Mariner Venus/Mercury '73 project kept within its originally established goals for schedule, performance, and cost. Underlying this development success was the availability of the Mariner technology. But meeting the goals demanded management determination, planning, and discipline to make optimum use of state-of-the-art technology. The present work points out management approaches and techniques that kept schedules and controlled costs, the intent being to stimulate thought about how to do the same with future spacecraft and payloads.
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 12; June 197
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  • 33
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    The anomalous abundance of cosmic-ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei at low energies (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Recent measurements using the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic-ray telescope on the Pioneer 10 spacecraft have revealed an anomalous spectrum of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei relative to other nuclei such as He and C, in the energy range 3-30 MeV per nucleon. The intensity of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei is enhanced by a factor of up to 20 relative to their abundance in galactic or solar cosmic rays. It is argued that this is most likely a new extrasolar component of cosmic rays.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Feb. 1
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  • 34
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    An upper limit on soft X-ray pulsations from the pulsar PSR 0833-45 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The Vela pulsar PSR 0833-45, located in the Vela X nebula, has the second shortest period of any of the known radio pulsars. Soft X-ray observations are described which place an upper limit of 0.3% on the pulsed fraction of the Vela pulsar relative to the flux from the entire Vela X Nebula, in the 0.5- to 1.0-keV energy band. The present results are about a factor of 7 below the value of 2% measured by Harnden and Gorenstein (1973) for the pulsed fraction relative to the flux from the Vela X Nebula.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 189; May 1
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  • 35
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    The helium component of solar wind velocity streams (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Systematic variations of the properties of the helium constituent of the solar wind in the velocity streams are described. It is found that the helium abundance varies by about a factor of 2 as the stream is crossed. The velocity of the helium differs from that of the hydrogen by a few kilometers per second throughout much of the stream structure. This velocity difference is greatest immediately after the proton density peak passes, the helium velocity being typically 20 km/sec faster than the protons at that position in the stream. A sharp dip in the helium to proton temperature ratio is centered on the proton density peak. Although it appears reasonable that at least the velocity and temperature effects are due to the dynamic interactions of the two streams, it is not yet clear exactly what physical processes are directly involved in producing the effects described here.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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  • 36
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    Effects of heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The effects of the reduction in the thermal conductivity due to heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind are examined. Large enhancements of heavy ions in the corona appear to be necessary to give appreciable changes in the thermal gradient of the electrons. These enhancements, if they should occur, may contribute to the understanding of some low values of solar wind temperature measurements at 1 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 1
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  • 37
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    Some effects of diffusion on the flow of ions in the solar wind (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The contribution of diffusive effects to the near equality of flow velocities of H+ and heavier ions of the solar wind at 1 AU is examined. Frictional drag on heavy ions from average solar wind fluxes of H+ appears to make an appreciable contribution to equalizing velocities. The frictional drag on H+ due to the presence of heavy ions may make an appreciable contribution to equalizing flow velocities, since compensating increases in coronal temperatures may be required in order to give solar wind velocities for H+. However, rather large enhancements of heavy ions near the sun appear to be required. If appreciable enhancements of heavy ions extend beyond about 2.5 solar radii, significant increases in heavy ion temperatures above H+ temperatures may be produced. This temperature difference may contribute to equalizing flow velocities and may contribute to the explanation of measured temperature differences at 1 AU between H+ and He++.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 38
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    Some measurements of the attenuation of solar radiation during BOMEX (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Measurements of the upward and downward flux of solar radiation in two broad wavelength bands defined by glass filters were made at height between about 300 and 12,000 m in the neighborhood of Barbados during the BOMEX experiment in the summer of 1969. These were examined on selected occasions, apparently cloudless, to determine the attenuation (absorption and upward scattering) that could not be attributed to atmospheric gases and must be considered to be caused by particles. Total particle absorption between the lowest and highest flight levels was found to be of order 5%, and upward scatter of order 1% of the incident radiation. Unexplained attenuation above the highest level was of order 2%. The attenuation attributed to particles was approximately the same magnitude as the geometrical cross section deduced by direct particle sampling on the same flights.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 13; Mar. 197
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  • 39
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    Cosmic far ultraviolet background (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The expected intensities of various possible components of the far ultraviolet background are discussed. It is concluded that existing results do not place interesting constraints on the density of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Current techniques and instrumentation for far ultraviolet astronomy are, however, sufficient to achieve vastly improved limits. New observations are required to determine whether the IGM can be detected in the far ultraviolet or whether the extragalactic component of the background is masked by radiation with a more local origin.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 247; Feb. 22
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  • 40
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    Coherent scattering of cosmic neutrinos (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: It is shown that cosmic neutrino scattering can be non-negligible when coherence effects previously neglected are taken into account. The coherent neutrino scattering cross section is derived and the neutrino index of refraction evaluated. As an example of coherent neutrino scattering, a detector using critical reflection is described which in principle can detect the low energy cosmic neutrino background allowed by the measured cosmological red shift.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 37; 1, De; Dec. 197
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  • 41
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    Search for optical emission from cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Long-exposure films are available for both times and regions of sky for several cosmic gamma-ray bursts. A visual magnitude of no more than 6 was set for optical emission from the well-observed May 14, 1972, event. The corresponding lower limit for the ratio of X-ray to optical energy flux in the burst is greater than 100. This may restrict solar-flare analogy models for the burst sources.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 42
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    The origin of the diffuse background gamma radiation (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Recent observations provided evidence for diffuse background gamma radiation extending to energies beyond 100 MeV, and evidence of isotropy and implied cosmological origin. Significant features in the spectrum of this background radiation were observed which provide evidence for its origin in nuclear processes in the early stages of big-bang cosmology, and connect these processes with the galaxy formation theory. A test of the theory is in future observations of the background radiation in the 100 MeK to 100 GeV energy range which are made with large orbiting spark-chamber satellite detectors. The theoretical interpretations of present data, their connection with baryon-symmetric cosmology and galaxy formation theory, and the need for future observations are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 147-156
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  • 43
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    Progress in gamma ray burst astronomy (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Spectral observations on nine of the eleven known cosmic gamma ray bursts detected from IMP-7 from late 1972 through 1973 are reported. All nine events were found to have average spectra ranging from 100 to 1100 keV. The hypothesis of a single greater than 100 keV average event spectrum for all gamma ray bursts (inferred from IMP-6 observations) was investigated. In addition to the mutual consistency of these 14 IMP events, all independently reported average event spectra fit the IMP-7 common spectrum. This observed lack of variability of the average event spectrum suggests that the production mechanism is tied to more rigidly fixed source parameters than most celestial or solar hard X-ray phenomena. Other characteristics of gamma ray bursts events, are discussed: a high-energy spectral tail with power-law index -2.5, a rising size spectrum from the earlier event rate, and a hint of clustering of event occurrence in time.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 37-45
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  • 44
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    Specialist conference: Propellant pressing (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: APL Bull. of the 20th Interagency Solid Propulsion Meeting, Vol. 4; p 427-437
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  • 45
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    Gamma radiation from the Crab Nebula above 35 MeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 251; Oct. 4
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  • 46
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    Cosmic rays - Astronomy with energetic particles (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: All nuclei in the periodic table of the elements, as well as electrons and positrons, are present in the stream of cosmic-ray particles. The cosmic-ray particles constitute the only sample of matter from outside the solar system which reaches the earth. Some of the most accurate knowledge of the extrasolar-element abundance distribution is based on the study of these particles. Observational data concerning the cosmic rays are discussed along with cosmic-ray sources, questions of particle interactions and propagation, the electron spectrum, and the significance of the positron component. The directions of cosmic ray research in the immediate future are also considered, giving attention to some fundamental questions which have not yet been answered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Physics Today; 27; Oct. 197
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  • 47
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    The abundances of nuclei in the cosmic radiation (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The relative abundances are treated as a consequence of processes in cosmic ray transport occurring during passage of the radiation through interstellar material at high velocity. Some of the subjects mentioned are nuclear fragmentation and the production of secondary nuclei, nuclear reactions, energy loss and nuclear decay, ionization, the range-energy relation and propagation variables, capture and loss of electrons, the propagation of nuclei, the transport equation, equilibrium solutions, energy-dependent path length distribution, exponential path length distributions, discrete spectra, sources, supernovae, and the origin of the abundances. The connection between the space-time features of the sources, the material traversed, and the effects of magnetic fields is established by describing the particle-field interaction as a diffusive or random-walk process.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 48
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    High energy particles and quanta in astrophysics (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-07
    Beschreibung: The various subdisciplines of high-energy astrophysics are surveyed in a series of articles which attempt to give an overall view of the subject as a whole by emphasizing the basic physics common to all fields in which high-energy particles and quanta play a role. Successive chapters cover cosmic ray experimental observations, the abundances of nuclei in the cosmic radiation, cosmic electrons, solar modulation, solar particles (observation, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium), radio astronomy, galactic X-ray sources, the cosmic X-ray background, and gamma ray astronomy. Individual items are announced in this issue.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 49
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    Cosmic ray experimental observations (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The current experimental situation in cosmic ray studies is discussed, with special emphasis on the development of new detector systems. Topics covered are the techniques for particle identification, energy measurements, gas Cerenkov counters, magnet spectrometers, ionization spectrometers, track detectors, nuclear emulsions, multiparameter analysis using arrays of detectors, the Goddard ionization spectrometer, charge spectra, relative abundances, isotope composition, antinuclei in cosmic rays, electrons, the measurement of cosmic ray arrival directions, and the prehistory of cosmic rays.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 50
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    A discussion of interplanetary postshock flows with two examples (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Plasma and magnetometer observations of two types of flare-associated shock flows are described and compared with present models. One type represents a class of flows in which the shock is followed by a stream and separated from it by a region in which density, temperature, and speed decrease monotonically. Neither the blast wave model nor the two-stage model, in which the stream and the shock are attributed to the same flare, can quantitatively describe this class. The other type is characterized by a complex region between the shock and the following stream, which has many discontinuities and fluctuations but in which there is no increase in helium concentration. This class of event is not describable in terms of the conventional pictures presented, for example, by Hundhausen (1972). These two types of flow can be distinguished by using ground magnetograms, since the first type shows no sudden impulses following the shock, whereas the second type shows many.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 51
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    Possible evidence for structured acceleration of cosmic rays on a galactic scale from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the region below 30 deg. These data, as unfolded here, imply that the low-energy (1-10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with the radial distance from the galactic center and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region for radial distances between 4 and 5 kpc. We further show that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by Fermi acceleration and compression caused by a hydrodynamic shock driven by the expanding gas in the 3-kpc arm and invoked in some versions of galactic structure theory.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 188; Mar. 1
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  • 52
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    Multitopic load chart for the design office subdivison (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The methods of development, designation and application of the charts under multitopic conditions are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: Technol. for the Production of Space Equipment (NASA-TT-F-15766); p 15-20
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  • 53
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    Organization of operations with respect to checking drawings (drawing checking procedure) (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: One of the basic conditions of high quality manufacture of instruments is the error free developed design documentation. A procedure is described for organizing the design check of the drawings.
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: Technol. for the Production of Space Equipment (NASA-TT-F-15766); p 21-24
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  • 54
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    PERT simulation of experimental design work (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The basic principles of constructing the models and rules for their application in the development of PERT charts are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: Technol. for the Production of Space Equipment (NASA-TT-F-15766); p 11-14
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  • 55
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    Characteristic features of determining the labor input and estimated cost of the development and manufacture of equipment (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The difficulties in obtaining exact calculation data for the labor input and estimated cost are noted. The method of calculating the labor cost of the design work using the provisional normative indexes with respect to individual forms of operations is proposed. Values of certain coefficients recommended for use in the practical calculations of the labor input for the development of new scientific equipment for space research are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: Technol. for the Production of Space Equipment (NASA-TT-F-15766); p 3-10
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  • 56
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    Solar flux and its variations (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Current knowledge of the electromagnetic solar spectrum and radiant energy output for conditions of quiet and active sun is summarized. Discussed are temporal behavior and occurrence of solar phenomena such as active regions, calcium plages and flares, X-rays, UV and other energetic emissions, and their relationships to 11- and 22-year solar cycles.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 143-187
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  • 57
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    A possible correlation between maxima of the far ultraviolet solar irradiance and central meridian passages of solar magnetic sector boundaries (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Satellite observations of the sun over almost five years have shown that principally two UV active longitudes have persisted over a significant portion. A comparison between the position of solar magnetic sector boundaries and UV enhancements of the sun indicates that the UV maxima tend to occur near the times when a solar sector boundary is near central meridian. An estimate of the magnitude of the variable UV solar energy input into the atmosphere resulting from the rotation of active solar longitudes is that for wavelengths less than 175 nm and down to H. Lyman-alpha it exceeds the annual variation, whereas at longer wavelengths it is less. The total observed peak-to-peak variation in the UV irradiance from 120 to 300 nm over a solar rotation is typically at least 230 ergs/sq cms.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 116-121
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    The particle background observed by the X-ray detectors onboard Copernicus (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The design and characteristics of low energy detectors on the Copernicus satellite are described. The functions of the sensors in obtaining data on the particle background. The procedure for processing the data obtained by the satellite is examined. The most significant positive deviations are caused by known weak X-ray sources in the field of view. In addition to small systemic effects, occasional random effects where the count rate increases suddenly and decreases within a few frames are analyzed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
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  • 59
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    Geomagnetic background events observed by Uhuru (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Problems due to sporadic background events observed by Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite - A) do not compromise the study of discrete X-ray sources. Nevertheless, direct particle effects and auroral type X-ray events in the atmosphere may occasionally occur. Therefore, even on the geomagnetic equator, an experiment must be prepared to recognize and eliminate such events when the ultimate level of sensitivity is desired. The test equipment contained in the satellite and the orbital mechanics of Small Astronomy Satellite - A are described. The sporadic events which were observed by the satellite are analyzed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron. Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 18 p
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  • 60
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    Electron contamination in a mid-latitude soft X-ray astronomy experiment during an intense magnetic storm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A large area X-ray sky survey payload was launched from White Sands Missile Range (106 deg W 32 deg N) on 1 Nov. 1972 at 0530 hours U.T. The launch time coincided with intense geomagnetic activity (3 hour K sub p index = 8) following a solar flare. The data have been analyzed to determine possible contamination of X-ray data by large fluxes of low energy electrons that can precipitate down to low altitudes during magnetic storms. There is clear evidence in the data for low energy electrons of 10 - 50 keV contributing appreciably at about 200 km altitude in the 1 - 10 keV X-ray energy channels of the proportional counters used for the X-ray observations. The McIlwain parameters L and B for this altitude at White Sands are 1.25 and 0.46G, respectively.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 21 p
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  • 61
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    AE-LEE measurements at low and mid latitude (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Shortly after the Low Energy Electron Experiment (LEE) on the Atmosphere Explorer-C was turned on following launch, an unexpected phenomenon was encountered at mid-latitudes, a counting rate was acquired with one maximum per roll. Recent analysis shows that these counting rates occur when the detectors are looking in the ram direction of the spacecraft and the spacecraft is near perigee, and are indeed not due to properly analyzed charged particles. After showing the probable cause of these counting rates, some upper limits to true fluxes at low altitudes in the energy range 200 eV to 25 keV from the LEE experiment are shown. OGO-4 data taken at mid-latitudes are included.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 14 p
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  • 62
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    Quasitrapped electrons in the low L region. Preliminary results of a rocket observation on 22 January 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Suprathermal electrons in the energy range 5 - 100 keV were measured with thin-window proportional counters on board a sounding rocket. The flux of the electrons was found to increase with altitude in the range .100 - 550 km, corresponding to L = 1.15 - 1.22, the angular distribution to be peaked in the direction perpendicular to the geomagnetic line of force, and the energy to be represented by a power law.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
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  • 63
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    Government-Industry Data Exchange Program (GIDEP) (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The Government-Industry Data Exchange Program (GIDEP) was originated in 1959 by the Army, Navy, and Air Force Ballistic Missile Agencies. Known at that time as IDEP--Interservice Data Exchange Program--its intent was to eliminate duplicate testing of parts and components by disseminating pertinent test data among Department of Defense contractors and various government agencies. In 1966 both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Canadian Military Electronics Standards Agency (CAMESA) recognized the value of the data provided by the program and became participants. Today, GIDEP provides the interchange of specialized technical data to all the military services, participating government contractors and numerous government agencies such as the Atomic Energy Commission, Federal Aviation Administration, Defense Supply Agency, and the Small Business Administration.
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 166-170
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  • 64
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    Application of describing functions for evaluation of space shuttle landing aid display concepts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: AF Inst. of Technol. Proc. of the 10th Ann. Conf. on Manual Control; p 677-703
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  • 65
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    Future terminal air traffic management concepts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: AF Inst. of Technol. Proc. of the 10th Ann. Conf. on Manual Control; p 477-501
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  • 66
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    Simulator evaluation of three situation and guidance displays for V/STOL zero-zero landings (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: AF Inst. of Technol. Proc. of the 10th Ann. Conf. on Manual Control; p 439-465
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  • 67
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    Decision behavior with changing signal strength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: AF Inst. of Technol. Proc. of the 10th Ann. Conf. on Manual Control; p 1-38
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  • 68
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    An evaluation of a predictor used with two different aircraft map display orientations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: AF Inst. of Technol. Proc. of the 10th Ann. Conf. on Manual Control; p 397-426
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  • 69
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    Digitally controlled transient waveform testing: Alternative method to slow sine sweep (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull. No. 44, Part 3; p 1-5
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  • 70
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    Observation and explanation of a 0.3% sunward radial streaming of 1 to 5 GV cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A high-energy proton telescope on board the HEOS-1 satellite obtained quiet-time anisotropy data between December 1968 and April 1970. Analysis of the data showed an integral radial streaming component towards the sun of 0.3% for particles of rigidity greater than 1 GV. This value is not explicable in terms of any experimental defect, the effect of the earth's magnetosphere or energy loss effects under spherical symmetry in the solar cavity. An explanation in terms of a falling off ecliptic gradient in cosmic ray density most affecting the 1-5 GV range would seem to be the most compelling.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 39; Nov. 197
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  • 71
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    Physics of solar cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A review of the historical development of solar cosmic ray research is presented and details concerning the solar atmosphere, the interplanetary space, and solar activity are considered, giving attention to solar-atmosphere structure, problems of radiative transfer, questions of solar magnetism, solar wind, and interplanetary plasmas. Solar flares and associated phenomena are discussed along with the generation of solar cosmic ray events, the mechanism of solar flares, the acceleration process of solar cosmic rays, the propagation of solar cosmic rays, and relations between the flow of energetic protons and solar active regions. Questions regarding the origin theory of cosmic rays are also explored, taking into account the solar origin theory and problems of flare stars.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 72
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    SAS-2 observations of celestial diffuse gamma radiation above 30 MeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The small astronomy satellite, SAS-2, used a 32-deck magnetic core digitized spark chamber to study gamma rays with energies above 30 MeV. Data for four regions of the sky away from the galactic plane were analyzed. These regions show a finite, diffuse flux of gamma rays with a steep energy spectrum, and the flux is uniform over all the regions. Represented by a power law, the differential energy spectrum shows an index of 2.5 + or - 0.4. The steep SAS-2 spectrum and the lower energy data are reasonably consistent with a neutral pion gamma-ray spectrum which was red-shifted (such as that proposed by some cosmological theories). It is concluded that the diffuse celestial gamma ray spectrum observed presents the possibility of cosmological studies and possible evidence for a residual cosmic ray density, and supports the galactic superclusters of matter and antimatter remaining from baryon-symmetric big bang.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 83-88
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  • 73
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    Solar modulation (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The important aspects of solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays are outlined. The conditions in the interplanetary medium that affect the modulation are summarized, and equations are developed to describe the behavior of cosmic rays in the solar system, including the effects of diffusion, convection, and energy loss due to adiabatic deceleration in the expanding solar wind. The particle diffusion coefficient is determined from the power spectra of interplanetary magnetic field irregularities. After some solutions for the modulation equations have been derived, the probable forms of the unmodulated cosmic ray spectra are discussed. Other topics include solar cycle variations, energy loss effects, anisotrophies, and gradients.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 74
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    Pioneer 10 observations of the solar wind interaction with Jupiter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Detailed analysis of the Pioneer 10 plasma analyzer experiment flight data during the Jupiter flyby in late November and early December 1973 has been performed. The observations show that the interaction of Jupiter's magnetic field with the solar wind is similar in many ways to that at earth, but the scale size is over 100 times larger. Jupiter is found to have a detached standing bow shock wave of high Alfven Mach number. Like the earth, Jupiter has a prominent magnetopause that deflects the magnetosheath plasma and excludes its direct entry into the Jovian magnetosphere. Unlike that of the earth, the sunward hemisphere of Jupiter's outer magnetosphere is found to be highly inflated with thermal plasma and a high-beta region that is highly responsive to changes in solar wind dynamic pressure.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 75
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    The cosmic X-ray background (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: After a phenomenological description of the diffuse X-ray sky the various mechanisms of X-ray generation are discussed. These include radiation by high-energy particles in their interactions with magnetic fields, ambient electromagnetic waves, and interstellar grains and radiation from subrelativistic suprathermal charged particles in collisions with ambient gas. The generation of X-rays by plasmas through thermal electron-ion interactions is noted. The incidence of X-ray emission inside the Galaxy is first examined; then the extragalactic isotropic background is analyzed in the framework of modern cosmology. Interpretations of the X-ray background based on discrete sources as well as metagalactic cosmic rays are reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 76
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    Energetic particles in the Jovian magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Detail account of the Pioneer 10 encounter with Jupiter as viewed by the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic ray experiment. Flux time histories of electrons and protons are given over a wide energy band. These show a marked variation with magnetic latitude. Significant removal of low-energy protons by Io is apparent in the inner magnetosphere (less than or equal to 6 Jovian radii). Proton and electron energy spectra are given at various Jovicentric distances. The electron spectra are remarkably hard and constant in slope in the 0.12 to 8.0-MeV interval, the electron spectral index having a value of 1.5 to 2.0 in the region outside 25 Jovian radii. Proton spectra are shown to transform from a power law with indices in the 3 to 4.2 range to more nearly exponential forms in the inner regions (less than or equal to 40 Jovian radii). Extensive data are presented on the angular distributions of protons and electrons at various locations in the Jovicentric magnetosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 77
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    Relative abundances of positrons and antiprotons in the primary cosmic ray flux (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Observations on the ratio of positrons to the electron-positron sum made in the 5 to 50 GeV range by Buffington et al. (1974) are used to put an upper limit on the ratio of antiprotons to protons at various energies. The calculation of the latter ratio is based on detailed measurements of the cross section of antiproton production up to intersecting storage ring energies.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 251; Sept. 13
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  • 78
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    The unique cosmic-ray history of the Malakal chondrite (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Cosmogenic radionuclides, including Na-22, Al-26, and Mn-54, were measured in a sample of the recently-fallen Malakal hypersthene chondrite. The high Al-26 activity, 79 plus or minus 2 dpm/kg, greatly exceeds the levels expected from elemental production rates, shielding considerations, or comparisons with other ordinary chondrites, and can only be explained by exposure to a uniquely high cosmic-ray flux. Calculations including noble gas, H-3, and Mn-53 data from other laboratories require a two-stage irradiation. Malakal's most probable history is: exposure in excess of 4 m.y. to an effective cosmic-ray flux approximately three times that experienced by other chondrites, an orbit change (very possibly caused by a collision), and a final period of about 2 m.y. during which it was exposed to a normal cosmic-ray flux.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 22; 3, Ju; June 197
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  • 79
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    SAS-2 observations of the high-energy gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 80
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    Energetic particles from the sun (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Discussion of solar cosmic ray phenomena and related topics from the solar physical point of view. Since solar cosmic rays are usually produced by solar flares, it is necessary to understand the processes and mechanism of solar flares, especially the so-called proton flares, in order to understand the acceleration mechanism of solar cosmic rays and their behavior in both the solar atmosphere and interplanetary space. For this reason, a detailed discussion is given of various phenomena associated with solar flares, proton flare characteristics, and the mechanism of solar flares. Since the discovery of solar cosmic rays by Forbush, the interplanetary space has been thought of as a medium in which solar cosmic rays propagate. The propagation of solar cosmic rays in this space is therefore discussed briefly by referring to the observed magnetic properties of this space. Finally, some problems related to the physics of galactic cosmic rays are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science; 28; June 197
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  • 81
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    An interpretation of the observed oxygen and nitrogen enhancements in low-energy cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The possibility is suggested that the enhancement of cosmic-ray oxygen and nitrogen observed at about 10 MeV per nucleon could result from neutral interstellar particles that are swept into the solar cavity by the motion of the sun through the interstellar medium. These particles are subsequently ionized and accelerated. It is pointed out that this mechanism imposes no severe requirements either on the number of particles that have to be accelerated or on the energy that has to be removed from the solar wind to perform this acceleration.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 190; May 15
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  • 82
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    Observations of the infrared radiation from the nuclei of NGC 1068 and NGC 4151 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Data resulting from monitoring the flux of radiation at 11 microns from NGC 1068 and NGC 4151 are presented. There is some evidence for changes of flux of 50% on a time scale of approximately 100 days from NGC 4151. This evidence is suggestive but not compelling. Limits are set on the possible change of the 11-micron flux from NGC 1068. The energy distribution of radiation from NGC 1068 between 8 and 13 microns has been shown to have no spectral features within the accuracy and resolution of our measurement. This is in contrast to energy distributions observed from galactic sources in which the source of energy is generally interpreted as thermal reradiation from grains.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 15
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  • 83
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    Measurement of the positron-electron ratio in the primary cosmic rays from 5 to 50 GeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Res. in the Space Sci., vol. 1, no. 3,; 4 p
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  • 84
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    On the possibility of a geocoronal contribution to the celestial soft X-ray background (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The possibility is investigated that a significant fraction of the X-ray background in the energy range from 0.2 to 0.28 keV originates in the geocorona through bremsstrahlung. It is concluded that the geocoronal flux must be substantial at some times and the possibility exists that an observable geocoronal background exists at all times. The existing data on the soft X-ray background is found to be compatible with the hypothesis of a geocoronal component.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Sept
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  • 85
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    Interplanetary MeV electrons of Jovian origin (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Observation of low-energy (0.2- to 8-MeV) electron increases observed in interplanetary space on Pioneer 10 as it approached within 1 AU of Jupiter. These discrete bursts or increases were typically several hundred times the normal quiet-time electron flux and became much more frequent with decreasing distance to Jupiter, the result being the quasi-continuous presence of large fluxes of these electrons in interplanetary space. In view of the likely origin of these electrons at Jupiter and the similarity of these increases to quiet-time electron increases previously observed at earth, the temporal presence of the quiet-time increases has been reexamined. It is found that these increases have a 13-month periodicity, indicating a Jovian origin for the events near the earth as well. It is noted that the integrated flux from quiet-time increase electrons at 1 AU is comparable to the integrated ambient electron flux itself.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 86
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    Charge composition of cosmic rays between 4 and 100 GV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Balloon-flight measurements were used to determine ratios of cosmic-ray L nuclei (charge Z ranging from 3 to 5) to M nuclei (Z ranging from 6 to 8) and of VH nuclei (Z from 20 to 27) to M nuclei using a magnetic spectrometer. The purpose of the measurements was to establish whether both ratios vary with rigidity as this would provide evidence for more than one basic acceleration mechanism. The results provide no indication that the VH spectrum is steeper than the M spectrum.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 249; June 28
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  • 87
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    Solar-flare emission lines in the range from 66 to 171 A; 2sr 2pk - 2s/r-1/ 2p/k+1/ transitions in highly ionized iron (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: New emission lines found in several flare spectra obtained with the Goddard grating spectrometer on the OSO-5 satellite, in 1969, have been listed by wavelength and relative intensity. These new lines, including several as strong as normal quiet-sun lines, are extremely variable in intensity and have been assigned mainly to transitions of the type 2sr 2pk - 2s(r-1) 2p(k+1) in iron ions up to Fe XXIII.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 88
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    Satellite observations of type III solar radio bursts at low frequencies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Type III solar radio bursts have been observed from 10 MHz to 10 kHz by satellite experiments above the terrestrial plasmasphere. Solar radio emission in this frequency range results from excitation of the interplanetary plasma by energetic particles propagating outward along open field lines over distances from 5 earth radii to at least 1 AU from the sun. This review summarizes the morphology, characteristics, and analysis of individual as well as storms of bursts. Substantial evidence is available to show that the radio emission is observed at the second harmonic instead of the fundamental of the plasma frequency. This brings the density scale derived by radio observations into better agreement with direct solar wind density measurements at 1 AU and relaxes the requirement for type III propagation along large density-enhanced regions. This density scale with the measured direction of arrival of the radio burst allows the trajectory of the exciter path to be determined from 10 earth radii to 1 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Science Reviews; 16; June-Jul
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  • 89
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    Absorption of trapped particles by Jupiter's moons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Inclusion of absorption effects of the four innermost moons in the radial transport equations for electrons and protons in Jupiter's magnetosphere. It is found that the phase space density n at 2 Jupiter radii for electrons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg is reduced by a factor of 42,000 when lunar absorption is included in the calculation. For protons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg the corresponding reduction factor is 2,300,000. The effect of the satellites becomes progressively weaker for both electrons and protons as equatorial pitch angles of 90 deg are approached, because the likelihood of impacting a satellite becomes progressively smaller. The large density decreases found at the orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede result in corresponding particle flux decreases that should be observed by spacecraft making particle measurements in Jupiter's magnetosphere. The characteristic signature of satellite absorption should be a downward-pointing vertex in the flux versus radius curve at the L value corresponding to each satellite.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
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  • 90
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    Dense solar wind cloud geometries deduced from comparisons of radio signal delay and in situ plasma measurements (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The geometries of dense solar wind clouds are estimated by comparing single-location measurements of the solar wind plasma with the average of the electron density obtained by radio signal delay measurements along a radio path between earth and interplanetary spacecraft. Several of these geometries agree with the current theoretical spatial models of flare-induced shock waves. A new class of spatially limited structures that contain regions with densities greater than any observed in the broad clouds is identified. The extent of a cloud was found to be approximately inversely proportional to its density.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
    Format: text
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  • 91
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    Absorption of infrared radiation by electrons in the field of a neutral hydrogen atom (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An analytical expression for the absorption coefficient is developed from a relationship between the cross-section for inverse bremsstrahlung absorption and the cross-section for electron-atom momentum transfer; it is accurate for those photon frequencies v and temperatures such that hv/kT is small. The determination of the absorption of infrared radiation by free-free transitions of the negative hydrogen ion has been extended to higher temperatures. A simple analytical expression for the absorption coefficient has been derived.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 1
    Format: text
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  • 92
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    Laser-plasma spectra of highly ionized fluorine (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Lines between 11.3 and 17.2 A of lithium-like, helium-like, and hydrogen-like fluorine have been observed in spectra of laser-produced plasmas. These lines include nine members of the Lyman series of F IX; eight members of the principal series of F VIII; and satellite lines arising from doubly excited configurations of F VII and F VIII. Similar satellite lines of the abundant solar elements have been identified in soft X-ray spectra of solar flares. A wavelength list of fluorine lines is given, and physical conditions in the plasma are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 15
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
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    Direct observations in the dusk hours of the characteristics of the storm time ring current particles during the beginning of magnetic storms (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
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    Spatial distribution of soft X-ray and EUV emission associated with a chromospheric flare of importance 1B on August 2, 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 34; Feb. 197
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
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    Determining an optimal set of research experiments (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Description of a procedure for optimal selection of research experiments to be performed aboard the Space Shuttle. The procedure is designed to provide the study team with a credible approach to their task. The procedure is characterized as methodologically sound and based on assumptions which reasonably approximate the real conditions. The data-gathering techniques proposed are accepted by scientifically trained personnel.
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management; EM-21; Feb. 197
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
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    Jupiter radiation belt electrons and their effects on sensitive electronics (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Data on the electron environment trapped at Jupiter, tests performed to simulate the effects of electrons on Mariner, Jupiter-Saturn 1977 sensitive parts, and test results from those simulations, are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 15 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 97
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    Radiation effects (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The effects of cosmic radiation and radiation from solar flares on space probe functions are investigated. Long life batteries for probe use were also investigated.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 20 p
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
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    Teleoperator equations of motion (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Materialart: NASA-CR-150043 , SR-S-30
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
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    Neutron propagation and 2.2 MeV gamma-ray line production in the solar atmosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The 2.2 MeV gamma ray line intensity from the sun was calculated using a Monte Carlo method for neutron propagation in the solar atmosphere. Detailed results are provided on the total gamma ray yield per neutron and on the time profile of the 2.2 MeV line from an instantaneous and monoenergetic neutron source. The parameters which have the most significant effects on the line intensity are the energies of the neutrons, the position of the neutron source on the sun, and the abundance of He-3 in the photosphere. For an isotropic neutron source which is not too close to the limb of the sun, the gamma ray yield is between about 0.02 to 0.2 photons per neutron, provided that the neutron energies are in the range 1 to 100 MeV and the ratio He-3/H is less than about .00005.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-70568 , X-660-74-5
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Modification of one man life raft (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A one man inflatable life raft is described. The raft has an inflatable tube perimetrically bounding the occupant receiving space with a flexible floor member. A zippered opening in the floor allows entry and facilitates the use of a constant diameter tube. An airtight fabric bulkhead divides the peripheral tube longitudinally into inflatable tube sections, where if either tube section were punctured, the bulkhead would move into the punctured section to substitute for the punctured wall portion and maintain the inflatable volume of the tube. The floor member is attached to the central portion of the tube wall so that either side of the raft can be the up side.
    Schlagwort(e): GENERAL
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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