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  • Articles  (1,218)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 8-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulin ; Bone ; Calcium ; Resorption ; Orthophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration d'insuline cristallisée à des rats thyroparathyroidectomisés provoque une augmentation de la calcémie et de la phosphorémie. Le calcium plasmatique s'élève de façon linéaire entre 31 et 250 m Unités d'insuline/100 g de poids corporel. La courbe obtenue n'est guère différente de celle obtenue par extrait parathyroidien. L'administration simultanée d'insuline et d'extrait parathyroidien à des rats thyro-parathyroidectomisés agit sur la calcémie et la phosphorémie par un effet additif. Lorsque des os frontaux d'embryons de poulet sont cultivésin vitro en présence d'insuline cristallisée, le taux de résorption augmente. L'insuline augmente le taux de consommation en glucose des explants et induit une accumulation de citrate dans le milieu de culture. L'insuline stimule donc la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Plasmagehalt an Calcium und Phosphor bei thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten wurde durch die Verabreichung von kristallinem Insulin erhöht. Das Plasmacalcium verhielt sich zwischen 31 und 250 m Einheiten Insulin pro 100 g Körpergewicht linear. Die Steigung der erhaltenen Kurve ist nicht signifikant verschieden von derjenigen, die nach Parathyreoidea-Extrakt erhalten wird. Die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Insulin und Parathyreoidea-Extrakt von thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten hatte eine kumulative Wirkung auf den Gehalt von Calcium und Phosphor im Plasma. Wenn Stirnbeine von Kükenembryos mit kristallinem Insulinin vitro kultiviert wurden, erhöhte sich die Resorptionsrate. Das Insulin steigerte den Glucoseverbrauch der Explantate und verursachte eine Anreicherung von Citrat im Kulturmedium. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Insulin.
    Notes: Abstract the administration of crystalline insulin to thyroparathyroidectomized rats raised their calcium and phosphorus plasma levels. The plasma calcium gave a linear response between 31 and 250 mU of insulin/100 g body weight. The slope obtained is not significantly different from that obtained with parathyroid extract. The simultaneous administration of insulin and parathyroid extract to thyroparathyroidectomized rats affected the calcium and phosphorus plasma levels in an additive fashion. When chick embryo frontal bones were cultivatedin vitro with crystalline insulin the rate of resorption increased. Insulin increased the rate of glucose consumption by the explants and induced the accumulation of citrate in the culture medium. It is concluded that insulin stimulates bone resorption.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteopetrosis ; Diphosphonates ; Bone Resorption ; Mouse ; Calcium ; Tooth ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de doses quotidiennes, administrées depuis la naissance, de deux types de diphosphonates, à savoir l'éthane-1-hydroxyle-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) et le dichlorométhylène diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), sur la croissance et le squelette de souris a été étudié. Les diphosphonates freinent la croissance: les incisives ne font pas leur éruption ou elle est plus tardive. La calcémie est normale. L'administration de Cl2MDP à une dose quotidienne de 10 mg P/kg/jour provoque des modifications squelettiques identiques à celles des souris grises létales atteintes d'ostéopétrose et les animaux meurent après quatre semaines de traitement. Par rapport aux témoins, les souris traitées présentent des os plus étroits, plus denses et plus déformés: les cavités médullaires sont comblées avec de l'os calcifié et du cartilage. La quantité totale de calcium d'un animal n'est pas augmentée par traitement au diphosphonate, par rapport à un témoin de même âge. Chez les souris grises létales et celles traitées aux diphosphonates, la plupart des anomalies est secondaire à une résorption osseuse diminuée. Ces résultats sont commentés en fonction de l'emploi des diphosphonates au cours de remaniements osseux pathologiques augmentés et en fonction du rôle de la résorption osseuse dans le maintien de la calcémie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse erhielten von der Geburt an tägliche Dosen folgender zwei Diphosphonate: entweder Äthan-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonat (EHDP) oder Dichloromethylen-Diphosphonat (Cl2MDP). Es wurde deren Wirkung auf das Wachstum und das Skelet untersucht. Die Diphosphonate verlangsamten das Wachstum, die Schneidezähne brachen nicht oder erst später durch, aber die Höhe des Plasmacalciums blieb normal. Die Verabreichung von Cl2MDP in Dosen von 10 mg P/kg/Tag führt zu Skeletveränderungen, welche denjenigen der „grey-lethal” osteopetrotischen Mäuse gleichen. Die Tiere sterben nach einer Behandlungsdauer von etwa 4 Wochen. Verglichen mit normalen Mäusen von ungefähr gleichem Alter hatten die behandelten Mäuse kleinere, dichtere und mehr keulenförmige Knochen, und die Markhöhlen waren gefüllt mit verkalktem Knochen oder Knorpel. Die Gesamtcalciummenge im Skelet wurde durch die Diphosphonatbehandlung nicht erhöht; dies ergab sich aus einem Vergleich mit der bei normalen Mäusen desselben Alters gefundenen Menge. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß bei den „grey-lethal” und bei den Diphosphonat-behandelten Mäusen viele der Abnormalitäten als Folge der herabgesetzten Knochenresorption angesehen werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse werden einerseits im Hinblick auf den Gebrauch der Diphosphonate bei pathologischen Bedingungen eines erhöhten Knochenumbaus diskutiert; andererseits werden sie im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle der Knochenresorption bei der Erhaltung des Plasmacalcium-Spiegels besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of daily doses from birth of two diphosphonates, namely either ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), on the growth and the skeleton of mice has been studied. Diphosphonates slowed growth, the incisors did not erupt or erupted later, but the level of plasma calcium remained normal. The administration of Cl2MDP at a dose rate of 10 mg P/kg/day leads to skeletal changes that are similar to those observed in grey-lethal osteopetrotic mice, and the animals die after about four weeks of treatment. As compared with normal mice of similar age, treated mice had bones that were smaller, denser and more clubshaped, and the marrow cavities were filled with calcified bone or cartilage. The total amount of calcium in the carcass was not increased by diphosphonate treatment, as compared with the amount in normal mice of the same age. It is suggested that both in the grey-lethal and diphosphonate-treated mice many of the abnormalities are secondary to decreased bone resorption. The results are discussed with respect to the use of diphosphonates in pathological conditions of increased bone turnover and with respect to the role of bone resorption in the maintenance of plasma calcium levels.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ageing ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Muscle ; Fat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des mesures radiologiques de la masse minérale osseuse de la partie proximale du radius et l'épaisseur du muscle et du tissu graisseux sous-cutané de l'avant-bras ont été relevées chez l'homme et la femme adultes normaux. La masse minérale osseuse ne montre pas de modification significative jusqu'à 60 ans chez l'homme et 50 ans chez la femme, puis on observe une chute. L'épaisseur musculaire décroit, chez l'homme, à partir de 30 ans, alors que chez la femme on n'observe aucune modification significative avant 60 ans. Les corrélations entre ces variables diffèrent selon le sexe. Alors que la masse minérale et l'épaisseur musculaire varient positivement chez l'homme en fonction de l'âge, il n'y a pas de rapport significatif chez la femme, après 60 ans. Cependant, chez ces dernières, la masse osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané sont en corrélation nette après 60 ans, bien qu'aucun rapport significatif ne soit noté chez l'homme quel que soit le groupe d'âge. Chez des sujets ostéoporotiques, la masse minérale osseuse et l'épaisseur musculaire sont plus faibles chez les hommes par rapport à des sujets normaux du même âge. Chez des femmes ostéoporotiques, cependant, bien que la masse minérale osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané soient inférieures par rapport à des sujets normaux, l'épaisseur du muscle n'est pas modifiée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden bei gesunden erwachsenen Männern und Frauen radiologische Messungen der Knochenmineralmasse im proximalen Radius, der Dicke des Muskels und des subkutanen Fettes des Vorderarmes durch die ganze Altersspanne durchgeführt. Die Knochenmineralmasse zeigte keine signifikante Veränderung bis zum 60. Altersjahr bei den Männern und bis zum 50. Altersjahr bei den Frauen; dann jedoch sank sie ab. Die Muskeldicke nahm bei den Männern über 30 Jahren ab, bei den Frauen konnte jedoch eine signifikante Abnahme erst ab 60 Jahren festgestellt werden. Die Korrelation zwischen diesen beiden Werten war bei Männern und Frauen ebenfalls verschieden. Während bei den Männern Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke in jedem Alter meistens eine positive Korrelation zeigte, konnte bei den Frauen nach dem 60. Altersjahr keine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden. Bei den Frauen zeigten hingegen Knochenmasse und subkutanes Fett eine deutliche Korrelation in der Gruppe nach dem 60. Altersjahr, während bei den Männern in keiner Altersgruppe eine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden konnte. In einer osteoporotischen Gruppe waren Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke niedriger bei Männern, verglichen mit Kontrollen bei Gesunden desselben Alters. Bei weiblichen osteoporotischen Patienten hingegen zeigte die Muskeldicke keinen Unterschied, während Knochenmineralmasse und subkutanes Fett niedriger waren als bei Gesunden.
    Notes: Abstract Radiologic measurements of bone mineral mass in the proximal radius, muscle width and thickness of the subcutaneous fat of the forearm were studied in normal men and women throughout the adult age range. Bone mineral mass showed no significant change to age 60 in men and age 50 in women, but fell thereafter. Muscle width declined from age 30 in the male population, though no significant reduction was found in women before age 60. The correlations between these variables also differed between males and females. While bone mineral mass and muscle width tended, in males, to be positively correlated at all ages, in females no significant correlation was found after age 60. In females, however, bone mass and subcutaneous fat were distinctly correlated in the over 60 age group, though no significant correlation was found in males in any age group. In an osteoporotic group, bone mineral mass and muscle width were lower in male patients than in normals of similar age. In female osteoporotic patients, however, while bone mineral mass and subcutaneous fat were less than in normals, muscle width showed no difference.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 175-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Surface ; Calcium ; Exchange ; Adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une analyse mathématique de résultats autoradiographiques de l'absorption et de l'élimination du45Ca à la surface des os de lapin, de chien et de l'homme montre qu'un modèle de diffusion à la surface osseuse n'est pas valable. Les résultatsin vivo, par contre, sont compatibles avec un compartiment superficiel unique. Les résultatsin vitro peuvent être représentés, d'un autre côté, par une série de trois compartiments: celiu du milieu est identique avec le compartiment superficiel de la situationin vivo. Le temps de séjour du calcium dans ce compartiment peut être mis en rapport avec l'énergie de liaison de l'ion clacium, au niveau du côté superficiel d'un cristal d'apatite. Il semble que l'environnement des cristaux d'apatite, 1–4 μ sous la surface osseuse, soit identique à celui d'une solution aqueuse, les rendant susceptibles d'un échange rapide de calcium, mais cette possibilité est tellement réduite dans le volume osseux que le modèle de percolation proposé par Arnold et coll, parait indéfendable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mathematische Analyse von autoradiographischen Daten betreffend Aufnahme und Abgabe von45Ca an Knochenoberflächen beim Kaninchen, beim Hund und beim Menschen zeigte, daß ein Diffusionsmodell die Knochenoberfläche nicht überzeugend beschreibt. Hingegen werdenin vivo-Daten durch ein einziges Oberflächenkompartiment gut erfaßt. Diein vitro. Daten können andererseits durch eine Serie von drei Kompartimenten dargestellt werden; das mittlere dieser Kompartimente ist identisch mit dem Oberflächenkompartiment der Versuchein vivo. Die Verweildauer des Calciums in diesem Kompartiment kann zur Bindungsenergie eines Calciumions an der Oberfläche eines Apatitkristalls in Beziehung gebracht werden. Es wird daraus abgeleitet, daß die Umgebung der Apatitkristalle, die 1–4 μ unter der Knochenoberfläche liegen, derjenigen in wässeriger Lösung gleicht und sie dadurch für einen raschen Calciumaustausch zugänglich macht, da\ jedoch diese Zugänglichkeit innerhalb des Knochenvolumens derart drastisch reduziert wird, daß das Perkolationsmodell von Arnoldet al. nicht brauchbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical analysis of autoradiographic data for the uptake and release of45Ca at bone surfaces in rabbit, dog, and man showed that a diffusion model of bone surface is not tenable. Datain vivo are, instead, well represented by a single surface compartment. Thein vitro data, on the other hand, can be represented by a series of three compartments; the middle one of these compartment is identical with the surface compartment of thein vivo situation. The residence time of calcium in this compartment can be related to the binding energy of a calcium ion at a surface site on an apatite crystal. It is concluded that the environment of the apatite crystals 1–4 μ below bone surfaces is similar to that in aqueous solution, making them available for rapid exchange of calcium but that this availability is so drastically reduced within the volume of bone that the percolation model of Arnoldet al. is untenable.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Corticosteroids ; Hydrocortisone ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'hydrocortisone, administrée sous deux formes physiques différentes (solubles et cristallines), à une dose identique de 5 mg/kg/jour ont été étudiés sur l'os en croissance chez 52 lapins pendant 6 semaines. Les animaux sont divisés en 1) un groupe témoin, 2) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble et 3) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Les lapins traités à l'hydrocortisone soluble présentent quelques différences avec ceux traités à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Par rapport aux témoins, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble a augmenté plus faiblement de poids, présente moins de croissance osseuse longitudinale, montre un arrêt de l'ostéogenèse des surfaces et présente une augmentation de la résorption osseuse au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste. Cependant, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline a perdu de poids, ne présente pas de croissance osseuse longitudinale, ni d'apposition osseuse au niveau de toutes les surfaces, avec cependant une résorption osseuse marquée au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste, provoquant un amincissement net des corticales. Il semble que le facteur déterminant de cette action différente est l'élévation prolongée du cortisol plasmatique après injection d'hydrocortisone crystalline. Alors que d'autres aufeurs ont montré un rapport étroit médicament-dose, cette étude indique que la durée de l'action du médicament ou la fréquence de son administration par jour peut également être importante.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Hydrocortison auf den wachsenden Knochen wurde bei 52 Kaninchen untersucht. Das Hydrocortison wurde in zwei Formen (löslich und kristallin), bei gleicher Dosierung von 5 mg/kg/Tag, während 6 Wochen verabreicht. Die Tiere wurden in folgende Gruppen unterteilt: 1. Kontrollen; 2. mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere; 3. mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere. Die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelten Kaninchen wiesen nicht dieselben Veränderungen auf wie die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten. Im Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe zeigte die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Gruppe folgende Veränderungen: weniger Gewichtszunahme, weniger Wachstum der longitudinalen Knochen, leichte Unterdrücklung der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und leicht erhöhte Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche. Die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten Tiere jedoch zeigten: Gewichtsverlust, Stillstand des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums, Stillstand der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und deutliche Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche, welche zu dramatischer corticaler Verdünnung führte. Es wird vermutet, daß der ausschlaggebende Faktor in dieser unterschiedlichen Wirkung die anhaltende Erhöhung der Cortisolkonzentration im Plasma ist, welche auf die Injektion von kristallinem Hydrocortisol folgt. Während andere Forscher eine starke Dosisabhängigkeit gezeigt haben, deutet diese Untersuchung an, daß die Wirkungsdauer der Substanz oder die Häufigkeit ihrer Verabreichung pro Tag ebenso wichtig sein können.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of hydrocortisone on growing bone administered in two different physical forms (soluble and crystalline) in an identical dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for six weeks were studied in 52 growing rabbits. The animals were divided into (1) controls, (2) soluble hydrocortisone treated and (3) crystalline hydrocortisone treated. The rabbits treated with soluble hydrocortisone showed changes different from those given crystalline hydrocortisone. When compared with the control group, the soluble hydrocortisone treated group gained less weight, had less longitudinal bone growth, had some suppression of bone formation at all surfaces and had some increased bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface. However, the crystalline hydrocortisone treated group lost weight, ceased longitudinal bone growth, ceased bone formation at all surfaces and had marked bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface resulting in dramatic cortical thinning. It is believed that the determining factor in this differential effect is the prolonged elevation of plasma cortisol folloing injection of the crystalline hydrocortisone. While other investigators have shown a strong drug-dose relationship, this study indicates that the duration of action of the drug or the frequency of its administration per day may be equally important.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Analysis ; Osteon ; Bone ; Composition ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude microscopique de la composition du tissu osseux, réalisée initialement au niveau des ostéones, a été étendue à l'os lamellaire interstitiel périosté et aux ≪Mittellinien≫. Le phosphore, calcium, l'azote total, les mucopolysaccharides (sous forme d'hexosamines) et le collagène (sous forme d'hydroxyle-proline) ont été déterminés dans ce tissu au point de vue pondéral et volumétrique. Le calcium a également été déterminé dans les ostéones aux stades initial et final de la calcification. Malgré des rapports Ca/P sensiblement identiques, l'os lamellaire interstitiel périosté et les Mittellinien diffèrent en composition organique. L'os interstitiel a un contenu plus élevé en azote (absolu et par rapport au phosphore) et en hydroxyle-proline et azote non-collagénique que les Mittellinien. En étudiant les résultats sur la composition du tissu ostéoide, les ostéones à divers degrés de calcification et les structures décrites ci-dessus, on se rend compte de la composition variable du tissu osseux d'une plage à l'autre. D'après les résultats analytiques, il semble que dans tout processus de calcification rapide, des protéines non-collagéniques (probablement des protéoglycanes) sont présentes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Untersuchung der Zusammensetzung des Knochengewebes auf der Stufe mikroskopischer Strukturen, welche früher auf die Haversianischen Systeme begrenzt war, ist auf den interstitiellen Lamellenknochen des Periosts und auf die Mittellinien ausgedehnt worden. Phosphor, Calcium, Gesamtstickstoff, Mucopolysaccharide (als Hexosamine) und Kollagen (als Hydroxyprolin) wurden in diesen Materialien in bezug auf Gewicht und Volumen bestimmt. Calcium wurde auch in den Osteonen in der Anfangs- und Endphase der Verkalkung bestimmt. Trotz praktisch identischem Ca/P-Verhältnis unterscheiden sich interstitieller Lamellenknochen des Periosts und Mittellinien in ihrer organischen Zusammensetzung. Interstitieller Knochen hat einen höheren Gesamtstickstoffgehalt (absolut sowie auf Phosphorgehalt bezogen), ebenso mehr Hydroxyprolin und nicht-kollagenen Stockstoff als die Mittellinien. Eine Zusammenstellung von Daten über die Zusammensetzung des Osteoid-Gewebes, der Osteonen in verschiedenen Stadien der Verkalkung und der oben aufgeführten Strukturen zeigt, wie unterschiedlich die Zusammensetzung des Knochengewebes sogar von einer mikroskopischen Struktur zur angrenzenden sein kann. Es wurde versucht, aus den analytischen Daten eine allgemeine Regel betreffend den verkalkungsprozess zu erhalten, nämlich: Wo immer eine Verkalkung rasch stattfindet, sind nicht-kollagene Proteine (möglicherweise Proteoglycane) anwesend.
    Notes: Abstract A study of the composition of bone tissue at the level of microscopic structures, previously limited to the Haversian systems, has been extended to interstitial periosteal lamellar bone and to the “Mittellinien”. Phosphorus, calcium, total nitrogen, mucopolysaccharides (as hexosamines) and collagen (as hydroxyproline) were determined in these materials on both weight and volume basis. Calcium was also been determined in osteones at the initial and final stage of calcification. In spite of virtually identical Ca/P ratios, interstitial periosteal lamellar bone and Mittellinien differ in their organic composition. Interstitial bone has a higher total nitrogen content (both absolute and relative to phosphorus) as well as higher hydroxyproline and non-collagenous nitrogen than the Mittellinien. A compilation of data on the composition of osteoid tissue, osteones at different degrees of calcification and the above structures, shows how variable is the composition of bone tissue even from one microscopic structure to the one adjacent. Tentative indications of a general rule governing the process of calcification were obtained from the analytical data; namely that wherever calcification is taking place rapidly, non-collagenous proteins (possibly proteoglycans) are present.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Collagen ; Degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la poudre osseuse est décalcifiée et extraite à l'aide de l'E.D.T.A.0.5 M, puis d'un tampon de McIlvaine à pH 7.4. Trois fractions contenant de l'hydroxyproline ont été obtenues à partir de l'extrait de l'E.D.T.A., purifié par filtration sur gel. Ces 3 fractions sont considérées comme des produits de dégradation du collagène, étant donné leur analogie en composition en acides aminés. Le tampon de McIlvaine est fractionné par le sulfate d'ammonium. A partir de la fraction de saturation 0.3 M, après reconstitution avec l'ATP, un fragment de 700 Å de long est observé au microscope électronique. Une comparaison avec du collagène à segment espacé long semble indiquer que ce fragment est un produit de dégradation partielle de collagène et comprend environ un quart de la molécule collagénique de l'extrémité aminée terminale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Knochenpulver wurde mit 0.5 M EDTA entkalkt und anschließen mit McIlvaine-Puffer bei pH 7,4 extrahiert. Aus dem durch Gel-Filtrations-Chromatographie gereinigten EDTA-Extrakt konnten 3 Hydroxyprolin enthaltende Fraktionen gewonnen werden. Diese wurden wegen ihrer kollagenähnlichen Aminosäurenstruktur für Abbauprodukte des Kollagens gehalten. Der McIlvaine-Puffer-Extrakt wurde mittels Ammoniumsulfat fraktioniert. Nach Rekonstitution mit ATP wurde aus der zu 0.3 gesättigten Fraktion ein Fragment in der Länge von 700 Å entnommen und unter dem Elektronenmikroskop geprüft. Vergleiche mit „segment-longspacing collagen” ließen vermuten, daß es sich bei diesem Fragment um teilweise abgebautes Kollagen handelte, das aus ungefähr einem Viertel des Kollagenmoleküls mit der endständigen Aminogruppe besteht.
    Notes: Abstract Bone powder was decalcified and extracted with 0.5 M EDTA and then with McIlvaine buffer at pH 7.4. From the EDTA extract, purified by gel filtration chromatography, three hydroxyproline-containing fractions were obtained which were considered to be degradation products of collagen because of their collagen-like amino-acid composition. The McIlvaine buffer extract was fractionated by ammonium sulfate. From the 0.3 saturation fraction, after reconstitution with ATP, a fragment 700 Å in length was observed with the electron microscope. Comparison with segment-long-spacing collagen suggested that this fragment was a partially-degraded product of collagen and consisted of approximately one quarter of the collagen molecule from the terminal-amino end.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Resorption ; Deer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des biopsies de côte, métacarpe et tibia sont prélevées chez des daims, cinq fois, pendant le cycle de croissance annuelle des andouillers. Les tissus sont étudiés par des méthodes histométriques ou densitométriques, suivies par l'analyse minérale à l'aide de la spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique. Peu de remaniement s'observe dans le tissu osseux pendant la période de repos, mais pendant la période de croissance maximale des andouillers en juin, le remaniement osseux interne atteint son maximum. La résorption la plus élevée de 22,99% s'observe dans les côtes: elles est de 13,10% dans le métacarpe et 10,37% dans le métatarse. A l'automne, à la fin de la croissance des andouillers, on note une diminution du remaniement qui atteint des valeurs voisines de celle de la période de repos. Au niveau des côtes, les valeurs les plus faibles de poids de cendre, par unité de volume, s'observent au milieu de la période de croissance des andouillers, mais aucune variation cyclique de ces valeurs n'est trouvée dans le métacarpe, le métatarse et le tibia. Le pourcentage de calcium, magnésium et phosphore dans la cendre d'os ne varie pas pendant le cycle de croissance de l'andouiller. Il ne semble donc pas y avoir de changement de composition osseuse pendant les periodes de remaniement élevé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden beim Wild in 5 Intervallen während des jährlichen Geweihwachstums-Cyclus folgende Biopsie-Proben entnommen: Rippe, Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia. Die Gewebe wurden entweder mit histometrischen Methoden oder mit densitometrischen Messungen untersucht, welche durch eine Mineralanalyse mittels Atom-Absorptions-Spektrophotometrie ergänzt wurden. Während der Ruheperiode des Geweihwachstums erfolgte wenig Knochenneubildung; während der Hauptgeweihwachstumszeit im Juni hingegen erreichte die Knochenneubildung einen Höhepunkt. Die höchste Resorption von 22,99% erfolgte in den Rippen, beim Metacarpus waren es 13,10% und beim Metatarsus 10,37%. Beim Stillstand des Geweihwachstums im Herbst sank auch die Knochenneubildung wieder auf das niedere Niveau ab, das vor dem Geweihwachstum festgestellt wurde. Bei den Rippen zeigten sich die niedrigsten Werte des Aschgewichts per Volumeneinheit in der Mitte des Geweihwachstums; aber bei Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia wurden für diese Werte keine cyclischen Veränderungen festgestellt. Der Prozentsatz von Calcium, Magnesium und Phosphor in der Knochenasche veränderte sich während des Geweihwaschstums-Cyclus nicht, was darauf hindeutet, daß die Zusammensetzung des Knochens während der Perioden erhöhter Neubildung gleich blieb.
    Notes: Abstract Biopsy samples of rib, metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia were obtained from deer at five intervals during the annual antler growth cycle. Tissues were examined by either histometric methods or by densitometric measurements followed by mineral analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Little remodelling occurred in bones during the period of antler quiescence, but during the peak of antler growth in June, internal bone remodelling reached a peak. The highest resorption of 22.99% occurred in ribs with lower levels of 13.10% for metacarpus and 10.37% for metatarsus. At the cessation of antler growth in the fall, remodelling again decreased to the low level found preceeding antler growth. In ribs lowest values of ash weight per unit volume occurred during the middle of antler growth but no cyclic variations were found for these values in metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia. Percentage of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in bone ash did not vary during the antler growth cycle indicating no change in bone composition during periods of high remodelling.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Glycosaminoglycans ; Extraction ; Epiphysis ; Cartilage ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des glycosaminoglycanes de zones au repos, sériées, hypertrophiques et calcifiées de la métaphyse épiphysaire et du cartilage du septum nasal ont été extraits à l'aide d'un solvant, 3 M GuCl, selon Sajdera et Hascall (1969), pour séparer les glycosaminoglycanes en une partie que l'on peut extraire et une partie qui reste liée au tissu. Le cartilage épiphysaire nécessite des temps d'extraction plus prolongés que le cartilage du septum nasal pour extraire des quantités similaires de glycosaminoglycanes acides suggérant une liaison plus étroite de ces derniers dans le tissu. Vers le front de calcification, les glycosaminoglycanes sont extraits plus facilement alors que dans la zone calcifiée pas plus de 30% ne peut être extrait. Des résultats obtenus par le procédé de microfractionnement CPC d'Antonopoulos et coll. (1964) indiquent une distribution similaire selon le poids moléculaire et/ou la densité de charge pour le chondroitine sulfate qui se laisse extraire ou non du cartilage du septum nasal et le chondroitine sulfate que l'on ne peut extraire du cartilage du septum nasal et des zones au repos et sériées de la métaphyse. Les glycosaminoglycanes des zones hypertrophiques et calcifiées que l'on ne peut extraire sont surtout de faible poids moléculaire et/ou leur densité de charge se compare au pool que l'on peut extraire. L'acide hyaluronique ne peut être extrait du septum nasal et des zones au repos, sériées et hypertrophiques avec des concentrations croissantes vers le front de calcification. Dans la zone calcifiée, un changement avec augmentation de l'acide hyaluronique que l'on peut extraire est noté. Ces résultats sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die sauren Glycosaminoglycane von ruhenden, säulenförmigen, hypertrophischen und verkalkten Zonen der Epiphysen-Wachstumsplatte und des Nasenseptum-Knorpels vom Kalb wurden mittels eines dissoziierenden Lösungsmittels, 3 M Guanidinchlorid, nach Sajdera und Hascall (1969) extrahiert, um die Glycosaminoglycane in einen extrahierbaren und einen unextrahierbaren Anteil — dieser bleibt ans Gewebe gebunden — zu trennen. Der Epiphysenknorpel beanspruchte längere Extraktionszeiten als der Nasenseptumknorpel, um vergleichbare Mengen saurer Glycosaminoglycane abzugeben. Dies deutet auf eine stärkere Bindung der Proteoglycane im Gewebe. Die Glycosaminoglycane ließen sich leichter aus dem Bereich der Verkalkungsfront extrahieren, während aus der verkalkten Zone nicht mehr als 30% extrahiert werden konnten. Die Resultate, die mit dem Cetylpyridinchlorid-Mikrofraktionierungsverfahren von Antonopouloset al. (1964) erhalten wurden, deuteten auf eine ähnliche Verteilung entsprechend dem Molekulargewicht und/oder der Ladungsdichte für extrahierbares und unextrahierbares Chondroitinsulfat im Nasenseptumknorpel und in ruhenden und säulenförmigen Zonen der Epiphysen-Wachstumsplatte. Die unextrahierbaren Glycosaminoglycane in hypertrophischen und verkalkten Zonen zeigten vorwiegend niederes Molekulargewicht und/oder niedere Ladungsdichte im Vergleich zum extrahierbaren Anteil. Die Hyaluronsäure ließ sich aus Nasenseptum und ruhenden, säulenförmigen und hypertrophischen Zonen nicht extrahieren und zeigte höhere Konzentrationen als in der Verkalkungsfront. In der verkalkten Zone erfolgte eine Verschiebung zu meist extrahierbarer Hyaluronsäure. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The acid glycosaminoglycans of resting, columnar, hypertrophic and calcified zones of calf epiphyseal growth plate and of nasal septum cartilage were extracted with a dissociative solvent, 3M GuCl, according to Sajdera and Hascall (1969), to separate the glycosaminoglycans into an extractable pool and an unextractable pool which remains bound within the tissue. Epiphyseal cartilage required longer extraction times than did nasal septum cartilage to extract comparable amounts of acid glycosaminoglycans suggesting a stronger binding of proteoglycans within the tissue. Towards the calcification front the glycosaminoglycans were extracted more easily while in calcified zone not more than 30% could be extracted. Data obtained by the CPC microfractionation procedure of Antonopouloset al. (1964) indicated similar distribution according to molecular weight and/or charge density for extractable and unextractable chondroitin sulphate in nasal septum cartilage and in resting and columnar zones of epiphyseal growth plate. Unextractable glycosaminoglycans in hypertrophic and calcified zones were of predominantly low molecular weight and/or charge density compared to the extractable pool. Hyaluronic acid was unextractable in nasal septum and in resting, columnar and hypertrophic zones with increasing concentrations towards the calcification front. In calcified zone a shift to mainly extractable hyaluronic acid occurred. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Sodium ; Rickets ; Vitamin D3 ; Exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les échanges du sodium au niveau d'os de poulet ont été étudiés chez des animaux témoins, rachitiques et reachitiques traités par vitamine D3. L'os reachitique présente une augmentation du contenu en eau, avec des échanges en sodium osseux identiques à ceux des témoins, de mêne âge. L'administration de vitamine D3 à des poulets rachitiques est suivie par une décroissance du contenu de l'os en eau et par une augmentation des échanges du sodium osseux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Natriumaustausch in Kükenknochen wurde bei Kontroll-und rachitischen Tieren sowie bei rachitischen, mit Vitamin D3 behandelten Tieren untersucht. Der rachitische Knochen, der einen erhöhten Wassergehalt aufweist, hat einen ähnlichen Natriumaustausch wie der Knochen gleichaltriger Kontrolltiere. Die Behandlung von rachitischen Küken mit Vitamin D3 bewirkte eine Abnahme des Wassergehaltes im Knochen und eine Zunahme des Natriumaustausches.
    Notes: Abstract Sodium exchange in chick bone has been studied on control, rachitic and rachitic treated with vitamin D3 animals. The rachitic bone, which shows increased water content, has similar bone exchange than that of their age control group. Vitamin D3 treatment of rachitic chicks was followed by a decrease in bone water content and increase in bone sodium exchange.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Age ; Pregnancy ; Lactation ; Bone ; Mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les fémora de rats jeunes et âgés sont comparés à l'aide de tests mécaniques en estimant leur capacité de résister à des stress physiologiques de grossesse et de lactation. Dans les deux groupes, on note une tendance de résistance plus élevée de l'os à la fin de la grossesse par rapport à des animaux vierges de même âge. Cet effet est plus net chez des animaux plus âgés. D'où les os des animaux plus âgés sont presque aussi résistals, à la fini de la lactation, que ceux d'animaux vierges du même âge, bien que les os soient résistants pendant la lactation. Les os d'animaux jeunes en lactation sont moins résistants que ceux d'animaux vierges du même âga. L'augmentation de la force d'animaux, après délivrance, est en rapport avec le poids plus élevé de ces animaux par rapport à des animaux vierges: la surface transversale des os d'animaux âgés, après délivrance, et le poids qu'ils supportent, sont en rapport direct avec le poids de l'animal à sa mort.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Femora von jüngeren und älteren Ratten wurden mittels mechanischer Tests miteinander in Bezug auf ihre Fähigkeit verglichen, der physiologischen Beanspruchung von Schwangerschaft und Lactation standzuhalten. In beiden Altersgruppen zeigte sich eine Tendenz der Knochen, am Ende der Schwangerschaft stärker zu sein als diejenigen von ungedeckten Tieren desselben Alters. Diese Wirkung war ausgeprägter in den älteren Tieren. Als Folge waren die Knochen der älteren Tiere am Ende der Lactation beinahe so stark wie diejenigen der ungedeckten Tiere deselben Alters, obwohl die Knochen während der Lactation schwächer wurden. Bei den jüngeren Tieren waren die Knochen am Ende der Lactation schwächer als diejenigen der ungedeckten Tiere. Möglicherweise hat die Zunahme der Knochenstärke nach der Schwangerschaft einen Zusammenhang mit dem höheren Gewicht dieser Tiere im Vergleich mit den ungedeckten Tieren; die Querschnittfläche der Knochen älterer postpartaler Tiere und die Last, die sie aushielten, hatten einen engen Zusammenhang mit dem Gewicht des Tieres bei dessen Tod.
    Notes: Abstract The femora of younger and older rats were compared, by means of mechanical tests, for their ability to withstand the physiological stresses of pregnancy and lactation. In both age groups there was a tendency for the bones at the end of pregnancy to be stronger than those of virgins of the same age. This effect was much more clearly marked in the older than in the younger animals. As a result, the bones of older animals were almost as strong, at the end of lactation, as those of virgins of the same, age, even though the bones became weaker during lactation. The bones of younger lactators were weaker than those of virgins of the same age. It is possible that the increase in strength of the postpartum animals is related to the greater weight of such animals compared with virgins; the cross-sectional area of the bones of the older postpartums, and the load they bore, had a high correlation with the weight of the animal at death.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Parathyroid ; Calcitonin ; Bone ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du fluor, de la parathormone et de la calcitonine sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux a été étudié en culture de tissu en utilisant des demi-calottes crâniennes de souris âgées de cinq jours. Les concentrations de fluor dans les cendres des calottes crâniennes de 0,007% (groupe peu fluoré), 0,041% (groupe moyennement fluoré) et 0,107% (groupe hautement fluoré) ont été obtenues en variant l'ingestion maternelle et post-natale en fluor. Le fluor inhibe la perte de calcium des os cultivés dans le milieu témoin et celui contenant la parathormone et favorise l'enrichissement en laccium des os cultivés dans un milieu contenant de la calcitonine. De l'os mort des groupes fortement et moyennement fluorés s'enrichit plus en calcium à partir du milieu de culture que les os du groupe pauvre en fluor. Le fluor semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux essentiellement par diminution de la solubilité minérale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Fluorid, Parathormon und Calcitonin auf den Calciumstoffwechsel im Knochen wurde in einem Knochenkultur-System untersucht, wobei Halbcalvarien von 5 Tage alten Mäusen verwendet wurden. Fluoridgehalte in der Asche der Halbcalvarien von 0,007% (Gruppe mit niedrigem Fluoridgehalt), 0,041% (Gruppe mit mittlerem Fluoridgehalt) und 0,1075 (Gruppe mit hohem Fluoridgehalt) wurden erhalten, indem die Fluorideinnahme der Mütter oder der Neugeborenen verändert wurde. Fluorid hemmte den Calciumverlust aus Knochen, welche im Kontrollmedium oder in Parathormon-enthaltenden Medien kultiviert worden waren, und es förderte die Calciumaufnahme von Knochen, welche in Calcitoninenthaltendem Medium kultiviert worden waren. Die toten Knochen der Gruppen mit mittlerem und hohem Fluoridgehalt nehmen mehr Calcium aus dem Kulturmedium auf als die Knochen der Gruppe mit niederem Fluorid. Fluorid scheint vor allem durch eine Herabsetzung der Mineral-Löslichkeit auf den Calciumstoffwechsel der Knochen zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fluoride, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on bone calcium metabolism was investigated in a bone culture system using half-calvaria of five-day old mice. Fluoride levels in the ash of half-calvaria of 0.007% (low fluoride group), 0.041% (moderate fluoride group), and 0.107% (high fluoride group) were achieved by varying the maternal and neonatal intake of fluoride. Fluoride inhibited the loss of calcium from bones cultured in control medium and parathyroid hormone-containing media, and promoted the uptake of calcium by bones cultured in medium containing calcitonin. Dead bones of the moderate and high fluoride groups took up more calcium from the culture medium than bones of the low fluoride group. Fluoride appears to exert its effect on bone calcium metabolism predominantly via a reduction in mineral solubility.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Organ Culture ; Inhibitor ; Mithramycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mithramycine, qui est un antibiotique bloquant le métabolisme de l'ARN, lié à l'ADN, possède des propriétés hypocalcémiquesin vivo. Cette action pourrait être en rapport avec une inhibition de la résorption osseuse. La résorption osseuse de cet antibiotique a été testéein vitro en utilisant des calottes craniennes de souris nouveau-nés. Il semble que la mithramycine, non seulement inhibe la résorption osseusein vitro, mais inhibe aussi la formation osseuse et se révèle cytotoxique à toutes le concentrati ons qui inhibent la résorption osseuse. L'efficacité de l'antibiotique comme inhibiteur de résorption parait liée au degré d'activité de résorption observée lorsqu'on l'introduit dans ce système. Des observations morphologiques posent le problème des anomalies provoquées par cet agent dans le processus normal de différenciation de cellules osseuses au cours de la formation du cartilage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mithramycin, ein Antibioticum, welches den DNS-abhängigen RNS-Stoffwechsel blockiert, wirktin vivo hypocalcämisch. Es wurde vermutet, daß diese Wirkung durch eine Hemmung der Knochenresorption erzielt wurde. Wir haben dieses Antibioticum auf seine Wirkungen auf die Knochenresorptionin vitro geprüft und verwendeten zu diesem Zwecke Schädeldächer von neugeborenen Mäusen. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält den Beweis, daß Mithramycin nicht nur die Knochenresorptionin vitro, sondern auch die Knochenbildung hemmt und daß es in allen Konzentrationen, welche die Resorptionshemmung bewirken, cytotoxisch ist. Die Wirksamkeit dieses Antibioticums als Resorptionshemmer scheint im Zusammenhang zu stehen mit dem Ausmaß der Knochenresorptions-Aktivität zum Zeitpunkt, da das Antibioticum in das System eingeführt wird. Morphologische Beobachtungen ließen auch die Frage aufkommen, ob Mithramycin Abnormalitäten im normalen Ablauf der Knochenzell-Verwandlungen, welche zur Bildung von Knorpel führen, verursachen könne oder nicht.
    Notes: Abstract Mithramycin, an antibiotic which blocks DNA-dependent RNA metabolism, has been demonstrated to be hypocalcaemicin vivo. It has been suggested that this effect is obtained by an inhibition of bone resorption. We have tested this antibiotic for its effects on bone resorptionin vitro using new-born mouse calvaria and this report presents evidence that mithramycin not only inhibits bone resorptionin vitro but also inhibits the formation of bone and is cytotoxic at all concentrations which appear to be effective at inhibiting resorption. The effectiveness of this antibiotic at inhibiting resorption appears to be related to the degree of bone resorption activity present when it is introduced to the system. Morphological observations also raised the question as to whether or not this agent may cause abnormalities in the normal processes of bone cell modulation resulting in the formation of cartilage.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 16-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Culture ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Sephadex ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cultures de monocouches cellulaires d'épiphyses fémorales distales d'embryons de veaux sont étudiées immédiatement après la première sub-culture, réalisée après culture primaire. L'examen au microscope optique classique montre des dépôts disséminés de matériel métachromatique: en microscopie électronique, de fines fibrilles, considérées comme des fibres de collagène, en voie de développement, ont été observées. La nature des sécrétions cellulaires a été étudiée à l'aide de précurseurs radioactifs, fractionnés sur Sephadex G200, ainsi qu'à l'aide de chromatographie par échange d'ions. La digestion enzymatique par hyaluronidase et chondroitinase AC et ABC, bactérienne et testiculaire, démontre que les cellules synthétisent 70% de glycosaminoglycanes sulfatés et 30% de glycosaminoglycanes non sulfatés. Parmi les glycosaminoglycanes, 70% sont constitués par du chondroitine-4-sulfate, 20% par du chondroitine-6-sulfate et le reste probablement par du keratane-sulfate. Les études avec des acides aminés marqués indiquent que les cellules synthétisent une protéine de poids moléculaire élevé, contenant de l'hydroxyleproline, ainsi qu'une protéine non-collagénique, mise en évidence par incorporation de tryptophane.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einschichtige Zellkulturen von der distalen Femurepiphyse von Kalbsembryonen wurden nach der ersten Subkultur untersucht, welche nach der Verschmelzung der primären Kulturen angesetzt wurde. Die lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung zeigte verstreute Ablagerungen von metachromatisch gefärbtem Material; bei der Elektronenmikroskopie wurden feine Fibrillen festgestellt, welche als Collagenvorstufe angesehen wurden. Nach einer Kultur von mehreren Tagen zeigte sich eine lacunäre Anordnung der Zellen. Die Beschaffenheit der Zellsekretionen wurde mittels radioaktiv markierten Verbindungen untersucht, welche auf Sephadex G200 und durch Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie fraktioniert wurden. Die enzymatische Verdauung mit bakterieller und testikulärer Hyaluronidase und Chondroitinase-AC und-ABC zeigte, daß die Zellen 70% sulfatierte und 30% nichtsulfatierte Glycosaminoglycane synthetisierten. Die sulfatierten Glycosaminoglycane enthielten 70% Chondroitin-4-Sulfat, 20% Chondroitin-6-Sulfat, und der Rest war wahrscheinlich Keratansulfat. Untersuchungen mit markierten Aminosäuren-Vorläufern deuteten darauf hin, daß die Zellen ein Hydroxyprolinhaltiges, hochmolekuläres Protein synthetisierten und dazu etwas Eiweiß, bei dem es sich auf Grund des Tryptophaneinbaues nicht um Collagen handeln kann.
    Notes: Abstract Monolayer cell cultures from the distal femoral epiphyses of embryo calves were studied following the first subculture, which was carried out after confluence in primary culture. Light microscopic examination revealed scattered deposits of metachromatic-staining material; on electron microscopy fine fibrils considered to be developmental collagen were seen. After several days in culture lacuna-like patterns of cells were seen. The nature of the cell secretions were studied by radioactive precursors, which were fractionated on Sephadex G200 and by ion exchange chromatography. Enzyme digestion with bacterial and testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase-AC and-ABC revealed that the cells synthesized 70% sulphated, and 30% non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans 70% was chondroitin-4-sulphate, 20% chondroitin-6-sulphate, and the remainder probably keratansulphate. Studies were labelled amino acid precursors suggested that the cells synthesized a high-molecular weight protein containing hydroxyproline, as well as some non-collagenous protein, shown by tryptophan incorporation
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  • 15
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagenase ; Heparin ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La quantité de collagénase d'os de souris, obtenue dans un milieu de culture d'os, cultivéin vitro, est augmentée pas l'addition d'héparine à une concentration optimale d'environ 50 unités/ml de milieu de culture. Le sulfate de dextrane et le Treburon (un ester polysaccharide-sulfurique synthétique), qui sont voisins au point de vue chimique et structural à l'héparine, sont aussi efficaces que l'héparine pour augmenter la quantité de collagénase de l'os de souris, récupérée dans le milieu de culture. L'héparine, outre son action de stimulation de synthèse et/ou de libération de callogénase d'os de souris, augmente aussi l'activeté spicifique des préparations globales et purifiées de l'enzyme, dont l'activité est testée sur du collagène à l'état solide comme substrat. Aucune augmentation d'activité enzymatique n'est notée lorsque du collagène en solution est utilisé comme substrat. Le sulfate de dextrane est aussi effectif que l'héparine pour obtenir une augmentation de l'activité enzymatique, en utilisant le collagène solide comme substrat. Ni l'héparine ou le sulfate de dextrane augmente l'activité de la collagénase deClostridium histolyticum. Pour la première fois, une collagénase tissulaire purifiée dégrade et solubilise du collagène tissulaire non dénaturé et insoluble à 37° C. De plus, étant donné que cette action est nettement augmentée par l'addition d'héparine, il semble que cette dernière et des substances similaires peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la régulation de la dégradation collagénique pendant le remaniement des tissus collagéniquesin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Menge von Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase, die sich im Gewebezucht-Medium vonin vitro gezüchteten Knochen wiederfindet, konnte durch Zusatz von Heparinat in einer optimalen Konzentration von ungefähr 50 E/ml Medium erhöht werden. Dextransulfat und Treburon (ein synthetischer Polysaccharid-Sulfatester), welche strukturmäßig und chemisch dem Heparin nahestehen, wirkten sich auf die Erhöhung der im Gewebezucht-Medium zurückgewonnenen Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase im gleichen Maße aus wie Heparin. Nebst der stimulierenden Wirkung auf die Synthese und/oder die Freisetzung von Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase vermochte Heparin auch die spezifische Aktivität von ungereinigten und von gereinigten Enzympräparaten zu erhöhen, wenn für den Versuch Kollagen in fester Form als Substrat verwendet wurde. Mit gelöstem Kollagen als Substrat trat diese Wirkung dagegen nicht ein. Dextransulfat zeigte die gleiche Wirksamkeit wie Heparin, indem es die Enzymaktivität zu erhöhen vermochte, wenn Kollagen in fester Form als Substrat vorlag. Weder Heparin noch Dextransulfat erhöhten die Aktivität der Kollagenase ausClostridium histolyticum. Erstmals konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine gereinigte Gewebe-Kollagenase in der Lage ist, nicht-denaturiertes, unlösliches Gewebekollagen bei 37° sowohl abzubauen als auch aufzulösen. Da diese Wirkung durch Zusatz von Heparin noch deutlich erhöht werden konnte, läßt sich überdies vermuten, daß Heparin und heparinähnlichen Substanzen bei der Regulierung des Kollagen-Abbaues während der Umgestaltung von Kollagengewebein vivo eine wichtige Rolle zufällt.
    Notes: Abstract The amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium of bone culturedin vitro was increased by the addition of heparin at an optimal concentration of approximately 50 units/ml of tissue culture medium. Dextran sulfate and Treburon (a synthetic polysaccharide-sulfuric ester) which are structurally and chemically related to heparin were as effective as heparin in increasing the amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium. In addition to stimulating the synthesis and/or release of mouse bone collagenase, heparin was also found to increase the specific activity of both crude and purified preparations of the enzyme when assayed using collagen in the solid state as the substrate, but showed no enhancement of enzyme activity when assayed using collagen in solution as the substrate. Dextran sulfate was as effective as heparin in increasing the activity of the enzyme using collagen in the solid state as a substrate. Neither heparin or dextran sulfate enhanced the activity ofClostridium histolyticum collagenase. For the first time, a purified tissue collagenase has been shown to both degrade and solubilize undenatured, insoluble tissue collagen at 37°. Moreover, since this action was markedly enhanced by the addition of heparin, it suggests that heparin and similar substances may play an important role in the regulation of collagen degradation during the remodeling of collagenous tissuesin vivo.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Vitamin D ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux métabolites de la vitamine D3, le 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) et 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), stimulent la résorption osseuse dans deux systèmestests alors que la vitamine D3 est inactive. Ces substances sont testées a) en comparant directement leur action dans les explants osseux de calottes craniennes de sourisin vitro et b) en les injectant dans de jeunes souris et en mesurant le degré de résorptionin vitro, lorsque les explants sont réalisés 18 heures après l'injection. Dans les deux tests, le métabolite 1,25 est environ 100 fois plus puissant que 25-OHD3. La courbe dose-résponse de 1,25-(OH)2D3 indique que des doses au-dessus d'environ 0.2 ng/g de poids corporel sont capables d'induire une augmentation de la résorption osseuse chez de jeunes souris normales. Ces résultats montrent que 1,25-(OH)2D3 est une des substances connues les plus actives qui agit sur le métabolisme osseux. Le rôle possible de 1,25-(OH)2D3 sur la mobilisation normale du calcium osseux est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Anwendung zweier verschiedener Versuchsanordnungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß die beiden Vitamin D3-Metaboliten 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) und 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) als starke Stimulatoren der Knochenresorption wirken, während sich Vitamin D3 selbst inaktiv verhält. Diese Substanzen wurden folgendermaßen geprüft: a) durch direkten Vergleich ihrer Wirkung auf Knochenexplantate (Hälften von Mäusecalvarien)in vitro und b) indem die Metaboliten jungen Mäusen injiziert wurden und der Resorptionsgrad an Explantaten 18 Std nach Injektionin vitro gemessen wurde. Bei beiden Versuchsanordnungen war der 1,25-Metabolit etwa 100mal wirksamer als der 25-OHD3-Metabolit. Aus der Dosiswirkungskurve für 1,25-(OH)2D3 geht hervor, daß es möglich ist, mit Dosen über ca. 0,2 ng/g Körpergewicht bei normalen jungen Mäusen bereits eine erhöhte Knochenresorption auszulösen. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß 1,25-(OH)2D3 eine der wirksamsten bisher bekannten Substanzen ist, die auf den Knochenmetabolismus einwirken können. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle, die das 1,25-(OH)2D3 bei der normalen Freisetzung von Calcium aus dem Knochen spielt, besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Two metabolites of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) are potent stimulators of bone resorption in two test systems whereas vitamin D3 itself is inactive. These substances were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were made 18 hours atter the injection. In both tests the 1,25-metabolite was about 100 times more potent than 25-OHD3. The dose-response curve for 1,25-(OH)2D3 indicates that doses above about 0.2 ng/g body weight are capable of inducing an increase in bone resorption in normal young mice. These data show that 1,25-(OH)2D3 is one of the most potent substances known that affects bone metabolism. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the normal mobilization of calcium from bone.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bending ; Measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La courbure des tibias de chiens et de lapins a été étudiéein vivo. Une nouvelle méthode physique (avec une marge d'erreur inférieure à 1%) donne des valeurs de stabilité osseuse aisément reproductibles. Les résultats de rigidité de courbure, mesuréein vivo etin vitro, sont trés voisins lorsque les extrémités sont minces. Lorsqu'elles sont épaisses, des tissus mous sont présents dans la région à tester et différentes valeers de charges suivent la même courbure. Une formule pour compenser l'effet des tissus mous (peau, muscles et tendons) est proposée. La rigidité vraie de courbure est déterminée à l'aide des valeursin vivo sans devoir mesurer par la suite l'os mis à nu. La comparaison des mesures montrent que les valeurs obtenues à l'aide de la formule traduisent la rigidité vraie de courbure avec une marge d'erreurs de 0,3 à 10,5%. Une charge de 4700±719 g donne une rigidité vraie de courbure de 0,1 mm, d'une surface osseuse de 1,0 cm2.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Beugung von Hunde- und Kaninchen-Tibias wurdein vivo untersucht. Eine neue einfache physikalische Methode (Fehlergrenze weniger als 1%), welche reproduzierbare Werte der Knochenstabilität vermittelt, wurde dabei angewandt. Die Resultate der Beugungs-Steifheit, welchein vivo undin vitro gemessen wurde, zeigten nur dann fast identische Werte, wenn die Extremitäten dünn waren. Sobald dicke, weiche Stellen im gemessenen Bereich vorhanden waren, erfolgten bei der gleichen Beugung unterschiedliche Belastungswerte. Es wird eine Formel vorgeschlagen, die den Einfluß der weichen Stellen (Haut, Muskeln und Sehnen) korrigieren soll. Die richtige Beugungs-Steifheit wurde mit Hilfe derin vivo-Werte bestimmt, ohne daß nachher der freigelegte Knochen gemessen werden mußte. Vergleichende Messungen zeigten, daß die mit dieser Formel gefundenen Werte die richtige Beugungs-Steifheit mit einer Fehlergrenze zwischen 0,3 und 10,5% wiedergaben. Eine Belastung von 4700±710 g ergab die korrekte Beugungs-Steifheit von 0,1 mm in einem Knochenbereich von 1,0 cm2.
    Notes: Abstract The bending of the tibiae of dogs and rabbitsin vivo was studied. A new physical method (margin of errors less than 1%) which gives readily reproducible values of bone stability is reported. The results of bending stiffness, measuredin vivo andin vitro, were nearly identical only if the extremities were slim. If thick, soft parts in the measuring area were present, different loading values followed the same bending. A formula to correct the influence of the soft parts (skin, muscles and tendons) was proposed. The true bending stiffness was determined with the aid of thein vivo values without having to measure the exposed bone afterwards. Comparisons of measurements showed that the values found with the formula reflected the true bending stiffness in a range of errors between 0.3 and 10.5%. A load of 4700±710 g gave a true bending stiffness of 0.1 mm and of a bone area of 1.0 cm2.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Du calcium radioactif est administréper os à des rattes albinos, soumises pendant 6 mois à une alimentation contenant du sel calcique d'oxytétracycline (0.3 g/100 g de régime sec) et le métabolisme du calcium a été étudié. Les résultats indiquent que le porcentage d'absorption de calcium radioactif est environ similaire dans le groupe expérimental recevant l'oxytétracycline et le groupe témoin recevant la même alimentation sans tétracycline. Cependant le groupe, recevant l'antibiotique, consomme plus de nourriture, de telle sorte qu'avec le même pourcentage d'absorption et d'élimination, plus de calcium est retenu. Ce fait se traduit par des valeurs plus élevées de calcium stabilisé au niveau des carcasses et des poids plus élevés du fémur, mais la différence entre les deux groupes n'est pas significative.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Albinoratten erhielten radioaktives Calcium per os, nachdem sie 6 Monate lang mit einer Diät gefüttert worden waren, die das Calciumsalz von Oxytetracyclin (0,3 g/100g Trockennahrung) zusätzlich enthielt. Dann wurde der Calciumstoffwechsel untersucht. Die Resultate zeigten, daß die prozentuale Absorption von radioaktivem Calcium in der experimentellen Gruppe, welche Oxytetracyclin erhielt, und in der Kontrollgruppe, welche die gleiche Nahrung ohne das Antibioticum erhielt, etwa gleich war. Die Gruppe mit der Oxytetracyclindiät nahm jedoch mehr Futter zu sich, so daß bei gleichem Prozentsatz von Absorption und Ausscheidung mehr Calcium im Körper zurückgehalten wurde. Dies zeigte sich in höheren Konzentrationen des nicht radioaktiven Calciums im Skelet und in höherem Femurgewicht, aber der Unterschied zwischen den zwei Gruppen war nicht signifikant.
    Notes: Abstract Radioactive calcium was orally applied to female albino rats fed for 6 months on a diet supplemented with the calcium salt of oxytetracycline (0.3 g/100 g dry food) and calcium metabolism was investigated. The results show that the percentage absorption of radioactive calcium was approximately equal in the experimental group which received oxytetracycline and in the control group which ate the same food without the antibiotic. However, the group which received the oxytetracycline supplemented diet consumed more food, so that with the same percentage absorption and elimination more calcium was retained in the body. This was reflected in higher stable calcium values in the carcass and in higher femur weights, but the difference between two groups was not significant.
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  • 19
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bioelectric potentials ; Bone ; Negativity ; Cells ; viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des potentiels électriques sont enregistrés au niveau du tibia, au repos, d'un lapin anesthésié, et cela à l'aide d'électrodes d'argent/chlorure d'argent, reliées à des ponts salins et un voltmètre à haute impédance. Les potentiels enregistrés à partir des surfaces antérieures, médianes et latérales du tibia indiquent que le voltage de surface est constant autour de l'axe transversale de l'os, mais varie en rapport avec l'axe longitudinal. Les voltages sont indépendants des limites osseuses et points d'attaches musculaires. Ces potentiels bioélectriques varient peu après résection du nerf sciatique ou ligature de l'artère fémorale. Les potentiels décroissent nettement trente minutes après administration intra-artérielle de dinitrophénol ou iodoacétamide. Les potentiels chutent nettement dans un segment localisé du tibia, endommagé par application d'ultra-sons. La mort de l'animal provoque une chute lente de potentiel en rapport avec la perte graduelle de viabilité des cellules osseuses. Il semble que les potentiels de repos, observés à la surface de l'os non stressé, ne sont pas directement liés à la circulation sanguine ou la transmission neurale. Ces potentiels semblent plutôt liés à l'existence d'une population cellulaire osseuse active et chaque potentiel mesuré constitue la somme des forces électromotrices de toutes les cellules d'une région localisée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Am anaesthesierten Kaninchen wurden die Biopotentiale der unbelasteten Tibia gemessen. Dazu wurden Silber/Silberchlorid-Elektroden benützt, welche über Salzbrücken an ein Voltmeter mit hohem Eingangswiderstand angeschlossen waren. Die an der vorderen, seitlichen und hinteren Tibia-Oberfläche gemessenen Potentiale zeigten, daß die Oberflächenspannung an der Querachse eines Knochens konstant ist, jedoch in bezug zur Längsachse variiert. Die Spannungen waren nicht beeinflußt durch knochentopographische und Muskelansatz-Punkte. Nach Sciaticus-Durchtrennung oder Ligatur der Arterie femoralis änderten sich die bioelektrischen Potentiale nur wenig. Ein eindrücklicher Abfall der Potentiale wurde jedoch 30 min nach intraarterieller Verabreichung von Dinitrophenol oder Jodacetamied beobachtet. Ebenso stark fielen die Potentiale in einem umgrenzten Tibia-Segment ab, das durch Ultraschallbehandlung lädiert worden war. Beim Tod der Tiere wurde ein langsamer Abfall der Potentiale, entsprechend dem allmählichen Verlust an lebenden Knochenzellen, beobachtet. Auf Grund der mit dieser Studie gewonnenen Resultate kann vermutet werden, daß die im Gleichgewicht bleibenden Potentiale der unbelasteten Knochenoberfläche nicht direkt von der Durchblutung oder der nervösen Reizleitung abhängig sind. Es scheint eher, daß dafür eine intakte Knochenzell-Population vorliegen muß, wobei jedes aufgezeichnete Potential eine Summierung der elektromotorischen Kräfte aller Zellen einer bestimmten Region darstellt.
    Notes: Abstract Bioelectric potentials were recorded from the unstressed tibia in the anesthetized rabbit by means of silver/silver chloride electrodes connected to saline bridges and a high impedence voltmeter. Potentials recorded from the anterior, medial, and lateral surfaces of the tibia indicated that the surface voltage was constant around the transverse axis of a bone but varied in relation to its long axis. Voltages were independent of bony landmarks and points of muscle attachment. The bioelectric potentials changed little after sciatic nerve denervation or ligation of the femoral artery. The potentials decreased dramatically thirty minutes following the intra-arterial administration of dinitrophenol or iodoacetamide. Also, the potentials fell sharply in a localized segment of tibia injured through the application of ultrasound energy. Animal death brought about a slow decay of potential commensurate with the gradual loss of bone cell viability. The experimental evidence from this study suggests that the steady state potentials observed from the surface of unstressed bone are not directly dependent on blood flow or nerve transmission. Rather, such potentials are dependent on a functioning bone cell population, and each recorded potential represents a summation of the electromotive forces from all cells in a localized area.
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  • 20
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Apatite ; Hydroxide ; Carbonate ; Infrared
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de spectres infra-rouges montre que le minéral osseux de jeune rat et les apatites synthétiques, formés à des pH, force ionique et température physiologiques sont très déficients en ion OH; ces apatites biologiques et synthétiques présentent d'importants défauts internes de maille. En outre, une proportion significative des ions CO3 2- de mineral osseux de rat est structurée de façon lâche dans un environnement amorphe ou superficiel. Les ions carbonate dans l'os chauffé sous vide ou dans les apatites synthétiques formés à pH physiologique paraissent être situés dans des environnements locaux multiples. Le CO3 2- contenu dans ces structures peut se substituer dans des positions PO4 3- et (à un degré moindre) OH−, bien que des variations importantes de ou dans ces positions sont dues à des défauts de maille. Les carbonato-apatites, formés par transformation thermique (600o) de phosphates calciques amorphes et contenant 4–9% de CO3 2-, présentent surtout du CO3 2- dans des environnements OH−. Une recristallisation thermique des apatites biologiques et synthétiques, dans une atmosphère d'air, augmente le contenu en OH− et redispose les positions CO3 2-. Cependant, de telles formations bien cristallisées sont différentes des précurseurs apatitiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Infrarotspektroskopie ergab, daß sowohl natives Rattenknochenmineral als auch synthetische Apatite, welche bei physiologischem pH, Ionenstärke und Temperatur gebildet wurden, an Hydroxydionen stark defizient sind. Es ist ebenfalls ersichtlich, daß diese biologischen und synthetischen Apatitkristalle beträchtliche innere Verzerrungen aufweisen (Gitterdefekte). Weiterhin zeigt ein bedeutender Anteil der CO3 2--Ionen im Rattenknochenmineral eine lockere Struktur in amorpher Umgebung oder an der Oberfläche. In Vakuumerhitzem Knochen oder in synthetischen Apatit (mit physiologischem pH), welches in der Lösung gebildet wurde, scheinen sich die Carbonationen in verschiedenen Umgebungen zu finden. CO3 2- im Inneren dieser Stoffe kann in PO4 3--und (in viel kleineren Mengen) OH−-Positionen ausgetauscht werden, obwohl eine beträchtliche Abweichung von und innerhalb dieser Stellen wahrscheinlich auf Gitterdefekte zurückzuführen ist. Carbonat-Apatite, welche durch die thermische Umwandlung (600°C) von 4–9% CO3 2- enthaltendem amorphem Calciumphosphat gebildet wurden, zeigen in erster Linie in OH−-Umgebung CO3 2-. Die thermische Umkristallisierung von biologischen und synthetischen Apatiten in einer Luftatmosphäre erhöht den OH−-Gehalt und verteilt die CO3 2--Lokalisationen neu. Solche sehr schön kristallisierten Produkte spiegeln jedoch durchaus nicht ihre nativen Apatitvorbilder wider.
    Notes: Abstract Infrared spectral data indicate that both native rat bone mineral and synthetic apatites formed at physiological pH, ionic strength and temperature are extensively deficient in hydroxide ion content; the data also indicate that these biological and synthetic apatites contain considerable internal distortions (lattice defects). In addition, a significant portion of the CO3 2- ions in rat bone mineral is loosely-structured in either an amorphous or surface environment. Carbonate ions in vacuum-heated bone or solution-ripened synthetic (physiological pH) apatites appear to be in multiple local environments. Internal CO3 2- in these materials may be substituted in PO4 3- and (in much lesser amounts) OH− positions, although considerable deviation from or within these sites is probable due to lattice defects. Carbonateapatites produced by thermal conversion (600o) of amorphous calcium phosphates containing 4–9% CO3 2- exhibit CO3 2- mainly in OH− environments. Thermal recrystallization of biological and synthetic apatites in an air atmosphere increases OH− content and reorganizes CO3 2- locales. However, such extremely well-crystallized products are not at all representative of their native apatitic precursors.
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  • 21
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Proteoglycan ; Collagen ; Cartilage ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élimination de protéoglycans solubles de coupes de cartilage costal de boeuf, par extraction dans une solution de 4M d'hydrochlorure de guanidinium, permet de mettre en évidence des quantités abondantes de collagène dispersé et désagrégé dans la matrice. Les protéoglycanes, résistants à l'extraction, sont visibles sous forme de granules concentrés dans les régions périlacunaires. Les granulations plus importants des protéoglycanes semblent venir du chondrocyte. Dans la matrice, éloignée des chondrocytes, ces granules deviennent plus étroites. Un composant non granulaire “amorphe” masque les fibres de collagène, de telle sorte qu'elles sont difficilement visibles dans le cartilage intact.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die löslichen Proteoglycane wurden mittels Extraktion in 4 M Guanidinhydrochlorid aus Rippenknorpelschnitten des Rindes entfernt. Dies erlaubte die Sichtbarmachung von großen Mengen von verstreuten und auseinandergerissenen Collagen in der Matrix. Die Protoglycane, welche sich nicht extrahieren lassen, erscheinen als kleine, in den perilacunären Regionen konzentrierte Körnchen. Die großen Proteoglycan-Körner scheinen in den Chondrocyten zu entstehen. Sobald sie sich in die Matrix, außerhalb der Chondrocyten, verlagern, werden die Körner kleiner. Ein nicht-granulärer, „amorpher” Bestandteil verhüllt die Collagenfasern, so daß diese im intakten Knorpel nicht deutlich gesehen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 311-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Immunochemistry ; Serum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du sérum non chauffé normal de lapin et de rat stimule la résorption osseuse en culture de tissu. Cet effet est augmenté, lorsque le sérum est incubé avec un précipité antigène-anticorps. Du sérum chauffé avant traitement par le précipité antigène-anticorps n'a pas d'effet sur la résorption osseuse. La stimulation de la résorption osseuse par le sérum est associée à une apparition d'ostéoclastes. Ces résultats semblent indiquer l'existence d'un facteur sensible à la chaleur dans certains sérums, qui stimule la résorption osseuse. Il n'a pas pu être établi si ce facteur est un constituent du complément.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Unerhitztes, normales Serum von Kaninchen und Ratten regt die Knochenresorption in der Gewebekultur an. Diese Wirkung wird erhöht, wenn das Serum mit einem Antigen-Antikörper-Niederschlag inkubiert wurde. Serum, welches vor der Behandlung mit Antigen-Antikörper-Niederschlag erhitzt wurde, hatte keine Wirkung auf die Knochenresorption. Die Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Serum ging mit Osteoclastenbildung einher. Unsere Ergebnisse stimmen mit der Annahme überein, daß ein hitzelabiler Faktor in einigen Seren vorkommt, welcher die Knochenresorption anregt. Unsere Untersuchungen geben keinen Aufschluß darüber, ob dieser Faktor ein Bestandteil des Komplementes ist oder nicht.
    Notes: Abstract Unheated-normal rabbit and rat sera stimulate bone resorption in tissue culture. The magnitude of this effect is enhanced when the sera were incubated with an antigen-antibody precipitate. Sera heated prior to treatment with antigen-antibody precipitate had no effect on bone resorption. The stimulation of bone resorption by sera was associated with osteoclast formation. Our results are consistent with a heat labile factor in some sera which stimulates bone resorption. Whether this factor is a component of complement or not is not answered by our studies.
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  • 23
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 335-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Morphogenesis ; Calcification
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 73-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mineral ; Properties ; Deproteination ; Hydrazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode, utilisant 95% d'hydrazine, permet de déprotéiniser et de déshydrater légèrement l'os dans des conditions presqu'anhydres, avec une élévation de température modérée. Cette méthode ne provoque que des modifications chimiques mineures, sans altération des propriétés structurales de la phase minérale. Les résultats physico-chimiques démontrent que bien que les cristaux d'os de rat sont viosins de cristaux synthétiques témoins constitués dans des milieux, riches en carbonate plutôt qu'en hydroxyde, l'apatite osseux de rat ne parait pas analogue à des modèles cristallins connus ou imaginés. Des déterminations de bande infra-rouge CO 3 2− , réalisées à partir de spectre d'os total, semblent faussées par la présence de bandes d'absorption protéique. L'absorption d'HPO 4 2− est étudiée à l'aide de spectres infra-rouges de minéral osseux de jeunes rats. Des comparaisons détaillées en diffraction par raysons X d'os déprotéinisé de rats, avant et après hydrolyse, démontrent nettement la présence de phosphate de calcium amorphe. La microscopie électronique indique que de petits cristaux d'apatite dans l'os de rat sont susceptibles de contribuer au pool minéral amorphe en diffraction en rayons X. La microscopie électronique montre des plages de minéral osseux de rat où des cristaux d'apatite en forme de plaque, présentent une maille cristalline avec axe C malgré l'élimination de leur matrice fibreuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, wobei durch Anwendung von 95% Hydrazin ohne Wasserzugabe und mit nur geringem Erhitzen dem Knochen das gesamte Protein und ein kleiner Teil des Wassers entzogen wird. Diese Methode führte nur zu geringen chemischen Veränderungen und veränderte die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Mineralphase in keiner Weise. Physikochemische Daten wurden erbracht, welche zeigen, daß — obwohl die Kristalle von Rattenknochen den synthetischen Kontrollen (in Karbonat- und nicht hydroxydreichen Medien hergestellt) eher gleichen — Apatit aus Rattenknochen nicht auf sinnvolle Weise mittels bekannten oder postulierten Kristallmodellen interpretiert werden kann. CO 3 2− -Infrarotbandenzuteilungen, welche von Spektren aus dem Gesamtknochen gemacht wurden, geben wegen der Anwesenheit von Proteinabsorptionsbändern falsche Resultate. Die Absorption von HPO 4 2− wurde in den Infrarotspektren von Knochenmineral aus jungen Ratten beobachtet. Ein Vergleich der detaillierten Röntgendiffraktion von deproteinisiertem Rattenknochen vor und nach der Hydrolyse wies deutlich auf die Anwesenheit von amorphem Calciumphosphat hin. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte kleine Apatitkristalle im Rattenknochen, welche zum Gesamtmineralpool beitragen könnten, der bei der Röntgendiffraktion amorph ist. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte auch Gebiete im Rattenknochenmineral, wo plättchenartige Apatitkristalle eine deutlichec-Achsenorientierung beibehielten, obwohl ihre fibröse Matrix entfernt worden war.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described employing 95% hydrazine which completely deproteinates and slightly dehydrates bone under nearly anhydrous conditions with only moderate heating. This method induced only minor chemical changes and no alterations in structural properties of the mineral phase. Physicochemical data are presented demonstrating that although rat bone crystals more closely resemble synthetic controls made in carbonate-rather than hydroxide-rich media, rat bone apatite cannot be interpreted in terms of known or postulated crystal models in any meaningful fashion. CO 3 2− infrared band assignments made from spectra of whole bone are shown to be in error due to the presence of protein absorption bands. Absorotion of HPO 4 2− was observed in infrared spectra of young rat bone mineral. Detailed X-ray diffraction comparisons of deproteinated rat bone before and after hydrolysis clearly demonstrated the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate. Electron microscopy indicated that very small apatite crystals were present in rat bone which might also contribute to the overall mineral pool amorphous to X-ray diffraction. Electron microscopy also showed domains in rat bone mineral where plate-like apatite crystals maintained a netc-axis orientation despite the removal of their fibrous matrix.
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  • 25
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 197-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cortisone ; Metabolism ; Bone ; Thyroidectomy ; Calcitonin ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des lapins blancs néo-zélandais adultes sont répartis selon les groupes suivants: 1) témoin, sans traitement; 2) administration intramusculaire de 5 mg/kg de poids d'acétate de cortisone (CA); 3) thyroidectomie totale avec administration intramusculaire quotidienne de 25 μg de thyroxine; 4) thyroidectomie totale avec traitement à l'acétate de cortisone et de thyroxine, selon 2 et 3. Après 21, 28 et 35 jours de traitement, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux sont étudiés histologiquement, radiographiquement et par détermination du poids par unité devolume. Le calcium total, l'hydroxyproline et la rapport hexosamine-collagène sont déterminés dans les côtes, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux. La calcémie et la phosphorémie ont également été déterminées. Les animaux traités à la cortisone, non opérés ou thyroidectomisés, présentent une diminution de la masse osseuse: la diminution de tous les paramètres étudiés est surtout nette dans le groupe 4. Ces animaux étant surtout déficients en calcitonine, on peut penser que la décroissance de la masse osseuse est en rapport avec une telle déficience. Ces observations semblent indiquer que la calcitonine endogène contribue au maintien de la masse osseuse au cours des stades précoces d'hyperactivité surrénalienne, vraisemblablement induite par une hyperactivité de compensation de la parathyroide.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Erwachsene männliche weiße neuseeland-Kaninchen wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: 1) Kontrolle, keine Behandlung; 2) Cortison-Acetat (CA) 5 mg/kg Körpergewicht/Tag intramuskulär; 3) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit täglicher Ersatzgabe von 25 μg Thyroxin, i.m. wie bei Gruppe 2; 4) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit Thyroxingabe wie in Gruppe 3 und Ca-Gabe wie in Gruppe 2. Nach 21, 28 und 35 Behandlungstagen wurden die Femora und Wirbel histologisch, röntgenographisch und durch die Bestimmung des Gewichtes pro Volumeneinheit untersucht. Rippen, Femora und Wirbel wurden auf Gesamtcalcium, Hydroxyprolin und Hexosamin-Collagen-Verhältnis analysiert. Es wurden auch Serienbestimmungen von Calcium und anorganischem Phosphor im Serum gemacht. Cortisonbehandelte Tiere, mit oder ohne Thyreoidea, zeigten alle eine verminderte Knochenmasse, aber die Verminderung war in allen Parametern signifikanter in Gruppe 4. Da diese Tiere bekanntlich genügend Thyroxin aber einen Calcitoninmangel hatten, kann die verminderte Knochenmasse in der Gruppe 4 wahrscheinlich mit einer Calcitonin-Insuffizienz in Verbindung gebracht werden. Diese Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, daß endogenes CT zur Erhaltung der Knochenmasse in den Frühstadien der Nebennierenrinden-Hyperfunktion beiträgt, vermutlich indem es der Hyperaktivität der Parathyreoidea entgegenwirkt.
    Notes: Abstract Adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into the following groups: 1) control, no treatment; 2) cortisone acetate (CA) 5 mg/kg body weight/day intramuscularly; 3) total thyroidectomy with daily replacement of 25 μg thyroxine given intramuscularly as in Group 2; 4) total thyroidectomy with thyroxine replacement as above and CA treatment as in Group 2. After 21, 28, and 35 days of treatment, the femora and vertebral bodies were examined histologically, roentgenographically, and by determination of mass per unit volume. Ribs, femora and vertebral bodies were analyzed for total calcium, hydroxyproline, and hexosaminecollagen ratio. Serial determinations of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were also made. Cortisone-treated animals, intact or thyroidectomized, had decreased bone mass, but by all parameters the decrease was more significant in Group 4. Since these animals were known to be euthyroid but calcitonin-deficient, the decreased bone mass observed in Group 4 may be correlated with CT insufficiency. These observations suggest that endogenous CT contributes to the maintenance of bone mass in the early stages of hyperadrenocorticism, possibly by offsetting hyperactivity of the parathyroid gland.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Parathyroid ; Thyrocalcitonin ; Vitamin D ; Bone ; Calcium Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration deSolanum Malacoxylon (SM) provoque une augmentation transitoire du phosphate sérique et une diminution précoce du calcium sérique chez des rats témoins et thyro-parathyroidectomisés (TPTX). Les doses quotidiennes de SM provoquent une plus grande augmentation du calcium sérique chez les TPTX que chez les rats témoins et augmentent aussi de façon significative la calcium sérique chez des rats déficients en vitamine D. SM semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium et du phosphate sans passer par l'intermédiaire de parathormone, de la calcitonine ou de la vitamine D.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Verabreichung vonSolanum Malacoxylon (SM) bewirkte eine vorübergehende Erhöhung des Serumphosphates und eine frühe Abnahme des Serumcalciums in Kontroll- und thyroparathyreoidektomierten (TPTX) Ratten. Tägliche Gaben von SM führten zu einem größeren Anstieg von Serumcalcium in TPTX- als in Kontrollratten und bewirkten auch in Vitamin-D-Mangelratten eine signifikante Erhöhung des Serumcalciums. SM scheint unabhängig von Parathormon, Calcitonin oder Vitamin D auf den Calcium- und Phosphat-Stoffwechsel zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The administration ofSolanum malacoxylon (SM) produced a transient rise of serum phosphate and an early decrease of serum calcium in control and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. Daily doses of SM caused a greater increase of serum calcium in TPTX than in control rats and also raised serum calcium significantly in vitamin D deficient rats. SM appears to act on calcium and phosphate metabolism without mediation of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin or vitamin D.
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  • 27
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Bone ; Amorphous ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Hydrogen Bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'hydroxyapatite (HA) est préparé en mélangeant du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP), contenant du Cl comme oligo-élément, dans de l'eau distillée tamponnée à pH 7,4 par du Tris-HCl à 25, 37, 60, 80 et 100°. Un tel Ha contient moins de 1% (25°) à11% (100°) de Cl initialement contenu dans le précurseur ACP. Ces résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme principal de conservion consiste en une série de processus contrôlés par des vitesses de solubilité, permettant aux ions de s'échapper des ACP en voie de disolution avant le début de la nucléation de l'HA.In situ, le réarrangement de l'ACP n'explique pas la fuite ionique et ne semble pas responsable de la conversion. Le spectre infra-rouge de surface hautement spécifique d'HA, préparé à 25° et 37°, ne montre pas d'élongation OH ou des bandes OH équilibrées, alors que la surface spécifique inférieure de l'HA (60°, 80°, 100°) présente des bandes nettes de ces modes vibrationnels. Cet effet est atrribué à une liaison hydrogène de groupement OH structural à la surface de cristaux d'HA, présentant une monocouche d'eau fortement adsorbée à la surface de l'HA. Comme dans les autres systèmes, la formation de liaison hydrogene élimine probablement les bandes d'absorption OH, de telle sorte que seuls les groupements OH, situés à l'intérieur des cristaux, donnent des bandes OH nettes, non perturbées. Au fur et à mesure que la surface spécifique de l'HA diminue, l'effet d'élimination s'atténue par suite d'une décroissance concomittante du pourcentage de groupements OH superficiels. Ainsi peut s'expliquer l'absence de modes vibrationnels OH dans le spectre infra-rouge du minéral osseux, étant donné que l'apatite osseux a une surface spécifique identique à celle de l'HA synthétisé à 25° et 37°.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Hydroxyapatit (HA) wurde hergestellt, indem amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP), welches eingeschlossenes Cl als ein Tracer-Ion enthielt, in destilliertem Wasser, mit Tris-HCl auf pH 7,4 gepuffert, bei 25, 37, 60, 80 und 100° gerührt wurde. So hergestelltes HA enthielt bei 25° weniger als 1%, bei 100° 11% der Cl-Menge, welche ursprünglich im ACP eingeschlossen war. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß der Hauptmechanismus der Umwandlung eine Reihe von durch die Lösung hervorgerufenen Veränderungen ist, welche es den Ionen ermöglichen, aus dem sich auflösenden ACP auszutreten, bevor die HA-Nukleation einsetzt. In situ ist der Ionenaustritt aus dem umgebildeten ACP nicht möglich und ist wahrscheinlich bei der Umwandlung nicht beteiligt. Die Infrarotspektren von hochspezifischem Oberflächen-HA, welches bei 25° und 37° hergestellt worden war, zeigten keine OH-Dehnungs- oder Schwankungsstreifen, während weniger spezifisches Oberflächen-HA (60°, 80°, 100°) Scharfe Streifen von diesen Vibrationsarten zeigt. Diese Wirkung wird der Tatsache zugeschrieben, daß strukturelle OH-Gruppen auf der Oberfläche der HA-Kristalle mit der dort vorhandenen stark adsorbierten Wassermonolayer eine Wassersotffbindung eingehen. Wie in anderen Systemen verwischt die Wasserstoffbindung wahrscheinlich die OH-Absorptionsstreifen, so daß nur die OH-Gruppen im Inneren der Kristalle scharfe, unveränderte OH-Streifen liefern. Je mehr die spezifische Oberfläche des HA abnimmt, desto kleiner wird die verwischende Wirkung, denn der Prozentsatz der an der Oberfläche liegenden OH-Gruppen nimmt ebenfalls ab. Dies erklärt eventuell die beobachtete Abwesenheit von OH-Vibrationsarten im Infrarotspektrum von Knochenmineral, da Knochenapatit eine spezifische Oberfläche hat, die mit derjenigen von HA verglichen werden kann, welches bei 25° und 37° synthetisiert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by stirring amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which contained occluded Cl− as a tracer ion, in distilled water buffered to pH 7.4 by tris-HCl at 25, 37, 60, 80 and 100°. HA made in this manner contained from less than 1% (25°) to 11% (100°) of the amount originally occluded in the precursor ACP. These results suggest that the principal mechanism of conversion is a series of solution- mediated rate processes that enable ions to move away from the dissolving ACP before the onset of HA nucleation.In situ ACP rearrangement does not provide for ion escape and is probably not involved in the conversion. The infrared spectra of high specific surface HA prepared at 25° and 37° showed no OH stretching or OH librational bands, while the lower specific surface HA (60°, 80°, 100°) displayed sharp bands of these vibrational modes. This effect is attributed to hydrogen bonding of structural OH groups on the surface on HA crystals with the strongly adsorbed water monolayer present on HA. As in other systems, hydrogen bond formation probably smears out the OH absorption bands so that only OH groups in the crystal interior yield sharp, unperturbed OH bands. As the HA specific surface decreases, the smearing effect becomes minimal due to a concomitant decrease in the percentage of surface-located OH groups. This may explain the observed absence of OH vibrational modes in the infrared spectrum of bone mineral, since bone apatite has a specific surface comparable to that of HA synthesized at 25° and 37°.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Rabbit ; Sinuatrial node ; Sinuatrial ring bundle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells of the sinuatrial ring bundle are smaller than the ordinary myocardial cells; they have a regular outline and a large content of myofibrils exhibiting distinct H-bands and M-lines. Rudimentary T-tubules are found. The cells are connected by frequent nexus junctions, desmosomes and regions of interfibrillar contact, both on the well developed intercalated discs and at the periphery of the cells. The cells in the cauda of the sinus node, which extends alongside the crista terminalis together with the right branch of the sinuatrial ring bundle, are irregularly outlined and have a highly variable diameter (1–10 μm). They occur in clusters of closely packed cells. The content of myofibrils is sparse and the fibrils exhibit no M-lines and only weak H-bands. No T-tubules are found. The cells are not connected by intercalated discs and no nexus junctions are found. Both tissues contain unmyelinated nerves and nerve fibres. Varicosities with mitochondria and vesicles are found in close apposition to the muscle cells.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 461-477 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Acipenseridae ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurohypophysis of sexually mature male and female Acipenser güldenstädti Brandt and Acipenser stellatus Pallas was studied light and electron microscopically. The recessus hypophysei lined with ependymal cells of two main types, “narrow” and “wide”, are in the center of the neurohypophysial “roots”. Processes from both cell types run radially to the basement membrane of the connective tissue layers abutting on the hypophysial intermediate lobe. Protrusions penetrating deep into the recessus hypophyseus are found in the apical parts of the “wide” cells. Pituicytes are rare in the neurohypophysis. The ultrastructure of both ependymal cell types and of the pituicytes is described. Nonmyelinated “Gomori-positive” (peptidergic) neurosecretory A1 and A2 type fibres and their terminals containing elementary neurosecretory granules (1400–1800 Å and 1000–1400 Å respectively) are the main structural elements of the neurohypophysis. Some “dark” and single myelinated neurosecretory fibres have been found. The adrenergic fibres (type B) were described earlier (Polenov et al., 1972a). The structural peculiarities of the neurohypophysis are discussed in functional and comparative-morphological terms.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 567-582 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound Eye ; Apis mellifica ; Polarized light ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Ausrichtung der Rhabdome ist in der Bienenretina nicht konstant. 2. Die Anordnung der exzentrischen Zellen in der Bienenretina ist ebenfalls nicht konstant, und es läßt sich keine symmetrische Verteilung dieser Zellen nachweisen. 3. Die Morphologie der Retina wird im Hinblick auf die Orientierung der Honigbiene nach dem Polarisationsmuster des vom blauen Himmel reflektierten Lichtes diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. The orientation of the rhabdoms shows no regularity within the retina of the honeybee. 2. The arrangement of the eccentric cells is also irregular within the retina of the honeybee. 3. The morphology of the retina is discussed regarding the ability of the honeybees to orient according to the pattern of the polarization of light reflected from the blue sky.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Touch receptors ; Sense organs ; Monogenean ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral surface of the posterior sucker of Entobdella soleae, a monogenean skin parasite of the sole Solea solea, is covered with more than 800 papillae ranging in size from 2.5–19 μm in diameter. The papillae are penetrated by nerves which double over themselves to form a stack-like array of lamellae running parallel to the surface of the haptor. No cilia or associated structures are present within these presumed sense organs and the papillae have no opening to the exterior. The much larger sucker papillae of a related species, E. hippoglossi, have been shown to have a similar ultrastructure. The possibility that the papillae may be contact receptors or strain receptors, providing proprioceptive information assisting the coordination of the attachment organ, is discussed and the papillae are compared with vertebrate touch receptors.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 41-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Germ cells ; Xenopus ; Spermatogenesis ; Chromatoid body ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the male germ line in Xenopus laevis has been examined by electron microscopy. Findings have been compared to the parallel process in the female. Three structures unique to the germ line were found in both male and female cells: a fibrillar nuclear region free of DNA; largely proteinaceous masses of nuage material; and a chromatoid body. “Germ plasm” bodies of the egg and early embryo appear to represent a form of nuage material. The finding of a structure which can be identified as a chromatoid body in the female germ line is unique, as is its presence in sexually undifferentiated primordial germ cells. The chromatoid body in Xenopus, unlike that in mammals, does not persist in the spermatozoon. Instead, it dissociates into a series of coated vesicles during spermatogenesis. The chromosomal ultrastructure of meiotic prophase stages in Xenopus is similar in both sexes until diplotene, when male bivalents condense and enter meiotic metaphase instead of entering the extended lampbrush stage characteristic of the female. The multiple nucleoli present in gonia are lost at the onset of meiotic prophase, but no obvious mechanism for this process was observed.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 319-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadal wall ; Holothuroidea (Leptosynapta clarki) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The holothurian testes (as well as ovary) consists of three layers arranged concentrically around a central lumen which contains developing germ cells. The outer coelomic layer measuring 6 μ in thickness contains ciliated squamous epithelial cells, smooth muscle processes, nerve tracts, and occasional pigment cells. Interior to the outer layer is a haemal sinus measuring about 3 μ and consisting of haemal fluid composed of collagenous fibers and electron dense particles. Coelomocytes are embedded in this extracellular fluid matrix. The inner germinal layer, measuring 9 μ at the thickest regions consists of germinal cells, squamous epithelial cells, and coelomocytes. Occasional coelomocytes within the haemal sinus and germinal layer of the testicular wall contain spermatids enclosed within cytoplasmic vacuoles, suggesting phagocytosis as one of their cellular functions.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglion ; Granule-containing cells ; Synapses ; Three-dimensional analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of 4 granule-containing cells, in a cluster within the rat superior cervical ganglion, was studied by a serial sampling technique for electron microscopy. The result shows that all the 4 cells receive one, or three afferent synaptic boutons from the preganglionic fibers impinging upon their somata, and a somatic efferent synapse exists at two locations on each soma of the 2 of these cells. The postsynaptic element of the efferent synapse is observed to be represented by non-vesiculated and vesiculated segments of dendrites, soma and a possible axon collateral of the adrenergic principal neuron of the ganglion. There is a remarkably constant development of the attachment plaque between the granule-containing cells themselves, representing 1.7–2.3% of surface area for each cell. The surface area exposed to the extracellular space (covered only by a basal lamina) varies from 0.1 to 2.3% of the total perikaryal surface of the 4 cells. A tendency is noted that those cells without efferent synapses possess a more extensive area exposed to extracellular space than those forming somatic efferent synapse to the postganglionic elements.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 469-478 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microsporida ; Nosema apis ; Developing spore ; Freeze-etching ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mature spore possesses a thick spore coat and a particle-bearing spore membrane. The highly laminated polaroplast membranes are located at the anterior pole of the spore. Close to its base, the polar filament is surrounded by the polaroplast membrane. The polar filament runs spirally towards the posterior pole of the spore. A large portion of the polar filament is arranged in two layers. A similar arrangement was also observed in immature spores and in the sporoblast stage, although it was not so orderly arranged in the latter. The developing polaroplast membrane was observed in the immature spore, but not in the sporoblast. The sporoblast wall is much thinner than the spore coat, but has the same texture. Endoplasmic reticulum is the most prominent cytoplasmic organelle in the developing stages of Nosema apis. Porous nuclear envelopes are also observed in developing stages. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the formation of the polar filament, polaroplast and spore coat, and the function of the spore membrane, are discussed.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 89-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Larva ; Hemichordate ; Ultrastructure ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eyespots of tornariae of enteropneusts (Ptychodera flava from Hawaiian waters and an unknown species from southern California) were studied by electron microscopy. An ocellus is composed of two types of cells: sensory and supportive. The former is characterized by a bulbous cilium (with 9+2 axoneme) at its distal end, one or sometimes two arrays of microvilli from its sides below the cilium, and a basal axon. The latter features large, clear vesicles which presumably contained the reddish-orange pigment seen in the ocellus of a living larva. Five-day old tornariae of P. flava are positively phototactic. Both cilium and microvilli may function as photoreceptors. The tornarian ocellus studied is compared with eyespots of other invertebrates, and the evolutionary significance of its putative photoreceptors is discussed.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Pituicytes ; Organotypic culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes of adult rats have been explanted and organ-cultured for 5–10 days. While perivascular cells and neurosecretory fibers undergo a progressive degeneration, scattered pituicyte-like cells are observed mostly associated with each other in number of two or three cells for group. Cultured pituicytes are quite similar to in vivo pituicytes except for some particular features as the shape of the nucleus and the number of dense bodies. Furthermore they share with the in vivo pituicytes the phagocytic capacity which appears even increased as far as neurosecretory fibers are concerned. Finally, degenerating pituicytes and free lipid droplets are observed in the intercellular spaces: the significance of these facts is discussed and tentatively interpreted. The organotypic culture of the neural lobe seems to represent an experimental model useful to obtain a relatively pure population of pituicytes.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 117-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Intra-mesogleal nervous system ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural evidence is given of the occurrence of nervous elements in the mesoglea of Ctenophores based on the presence of the typical synapses of this phylum. In Beroids, nervous fibers from the ectodermal nerve-net cross the epithelial basal membrane and run through the mesoglea; they are devoid of any ensheathing cell. These neurites build highly differentiated synapses upon the muscles and upon peculiar cells, tentatively named mesenchymal cells. In Cydippids, nerve fibers and nerve cell-bodies have been observed in the mesoglea of the tentacles. The mesogleal core of each tentacle contains mesenchymal cells and a thick strand of neurons and neurites, forming a kind of elongated ganglion. Neurites of either the axial neurones or the epithelial nerve-net neurones form numerous radial nerve strands across the tentacular muscles. Interneural, neuro-muscular and neuro-mesenchymal junctions are very frequent in the tentacle. As far as the organization of the mesoglea is concerned, the Ctenophora thus appear closer to Turbellaria than to Cnidaria.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 387-407 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Urodela ; Yolk-formation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oogenesis was studied in adult Triturus vulgaris (Urodela) with the electron microscope. The oocytes investigated ranged between 50 μm and 1600 μm in diameter. Two types of yolk platelet formation were found. Since both types involve the incorporation of high numbers of pinocytotic vesicles they are believed to be of an extraoocytic origin. On the basis of the order of their appearance they were named primary and secondary yolk. Five different types of vesicles were found, which participate in a variety of activities, such as yolk formation and the formation of the Golgi apparatus. They originate from four different sources, namely the nuclear membrane, the cytoplasm in connection with ribosome-like particles, the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane through pinocytosis. The results obtained were discussed especially with respect to differences found between the anura and the urodela, such as the presence or absence of cortical granules or equivalent structures.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Membranes ; Exocytosis ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Posterior pituitary glands from normal rats, and rats which had been deprived of water for varying periods, were examined by the freeze-fracture method. This technique reveals large areas of the nerve cell membrane. Images consistent with exocytosis as the mechanism of release of the neurohypophysial hormones were observed. These modifications were most numerous after the rat had been starved of water for 2 days. In normal rats, the large number of neurosecretory granules within the nerve fibres caused a bulging of the nerve cell membrane. The “bulges” disappeared 2 days after removal of drinking water. Regions of the membrane displaying “bulges” were characterised by the absence of the typical membrane-associated particles. It is postulated that the close proximity of the neurosecretory granules to the nerve cell membrane may result in rapid fusion of the neurosecretory granules on stimulation of the gland. The change in properties of the nerve cell membrane overlying the neurosecretory granules, as suggested by the loss of membrane-associated particles, may represent a change in the structure of the membrane to a form which is more favourable for fusion.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 213-227 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory pore ; Crustacea ; Natantia ; Chemoreceptor ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation ultrastructurale du pore sensoriel de plusieurs espèces de Natantia révèle un complexe double. Un premier organe, le pore sensoriel principal, comprend une assise de cellules de soutien encadrant les parties distales de corps de cellules sensorielles. Ces cellules sensorielles portent des segments externes ciliaires qui se divisent dans une cavité sous-cuticulaire aplatie. En regard, la cuticule est amincie et comporte des micropores en forme de cratère et disposés par paires. A côté du pore sensoriel principal, un deuxième organe, le pore sensoriel latéral, est de taille plus réduite et est plus difficile à observer. Sous une invagination digitée de l'épicuticule, existe une cavité de forme complexe où s'épanouissent les segments externes ciliaires d'un faisceau de cellules sensorielles. Le pore sensoriel principal et le pore sensoriel latéral ont une ultrastructure de chémorécepteur.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural observation of the sensory pore of several species of Natantia reveals a twofold organ. A main sensory pore (M.S.P.) comprises a layer of supporting cells which encapsulate the terminal region of sensory cell bodies. These sensory cells include two ciliary processes dividing into a flat sub-cuticular cavity. The cuticle opposite is thin and perforated with crater-like paired micropores. Next to the main sensory pore, a second organ, the lateral sensory pore (L.S.P.), is smaller and more difficult to observe. A complex-shaped cavity underlies a contorted epicuticular invagination. Ciliary outer segments, belonging to a bundle of sensory cells, branch out in this cavity. M.S.P. and L.S.P. appear to be chemoreceptors.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 435-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindles ; Intrafusal fibre types ; Development ; Deefferentation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle spindles of limb muscles were deefferented in neonatal rats by sectioning ventral roots or by removal of the lumbosacral spinal cord. Ten to 56 days after the operation, muscle spindles were examined in the medial gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. The differentiation of muscle spindles was not affected by deefferentation. The number of spindles in the investigated muscles was not reduced. Intrafusal fibres increased in number from two at birth to four per spindle on the average, as in normal muscles. The characteristic ultrastructural distinctions of nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres developed as under normal conditions. However, intrafusal fibres atrophied slowly after fusimotor denervation, their polar zones becoming reduced in diameter by about 25% in comparison with control fibre diameters. Spindle capsules, on the other hand, increased in size and attained diameters comparable with normal spindles, appearing even somewhat distended. As intrafusal fibres degenerate after complete denervation at birth (Zelená, 1957), but differentiate in the absence of fusimotor innervation, it can be concluded that sensory nerve terminals induce and support their development. It is assumed that the morphogenetic influence of sensory terminals is mediated by release and uptake of a trophic substance at the synaptic junction. The occurrence of light and dense core vesicles in the sensory terminals and of coated invaginations and vesicles at both the axonal and plasma membrane speak in favour of such a possibility.
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  • 43
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    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Pekin Duck ; Testosterone ; Seasonal cycle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure des cellules de Leydig et des cellules de Sertoli du testicule du Canard Pékin a été étudiée au cours de la phase printanière du cycle sexuel, soit de janvier à juillet. Parallèlement on a effectué chez les mêemes animaux la recherche histochimique de la Δ5-3 β-hydroxystéroïdedeshydrogénase (Δ5-3 β-HSDH) ainsi que le dosage, par chromatographie en phase gazeuse des stéroïdes androgènes dans le plasma veineux périphérique et dans le testicule. Les cellules de Leydig du Canard possèdent les organites cytoplasmiques spécifiques des cellules stéroïdogènes (reticulum lisse, mitochondries à crêtes tubulaires) ainsi que d'autres structures souvent rencontrées dans ce type cellulaire (microfilaments, vacuoles, granules denses). Les cellules de Sertoli contiennent un reticulum agranulaire moins développé que celui des cellules de Leydig et, très rarement, des mitochondries à crêtes tubulaires. Ces divers organites cytoplasmiques subissent un cycle saisonnier. La différenciation du reticulum lisse et des crêtes mitochondriales tubulaires commence en janvier et atteint son optimum en mars. Leur régression s'amorce en avril; d'abord accompagnée de structures dégénératives transitoires; elle conduit à la dispartion totale de ces organites en mait. Aucun indice de nécrose n'est observé dans ces cellules. Histochimiquement, une activité Δ5-3 β-HSDH est présente dans les cellules de Leydig et, à un degré moindre, dans les tubes séminifères. Son intensité varie au cours du cycle. La confrontation de l'étude morphologique avec les résultats des dosages hormonaux montre qu'il existe une bonne corrélation entre le développement puis la régression du reticulum lisse et des crêtes tubulaires des mitochondries ainsi que des critères histochimiques de la Δ5-3 β-HSDH d'une part et l'évolution de la testostérone plasmatique et testiculaire d'autre part. De plus on observe une augmentation du rapport testostérone/Δ4-androstènedione testiculaire parallèlement au développement des organites cytoplasmiques. Ces organites semblent donc bien impliqués dans la synthèse et la sécrétion de la testostérone chez le Canard.
    Notes: Summary Leydig and Sertoli cells of the testis of the Pekin duck were studied ultrastructurally during the spring phase of the sexual cycle, from January to July. Simultaneously, in the same animals, Δ5-3 β-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase (Δ5-3 β-HSDH) activity was ascertained histochemically and androgenic steroids of the plasma and testes were assayed by gas-liquid chromatography. The Leydig cells of the duck possess cytoplasmic organelles specific to steroidogenic cells (smooth reticulum, tubular mitochondria) as well as other structures often found in this cell type (microfilaments, vacuoles, denses bodies). The Sertoli cells contain an agranular reticulum that is less developed than that of the Leydig cells, and rarely show mitochondria with tubular cristae. These various cytoplasmic organelles undergo a seasonal cycle. The differentiation of the smooth reticulum and the mitochondrial tubular cristae begins in January and reaches a maximum in March. They begin to regress in April, at first with transitory degenerative structures, and then by total disappearance of these organelles by May. No indication of necrosis is observed in the cells. Histochemically Δ5-3 β-HSDH activity is present in the Leydig cells, and to a slightly lesser degree in the seminiferous tubules. The intensity varies during the cycle. The comparison of the results of the morphological study with the hormone assays shows that a good correlation exists with the development and regression of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and tubular cristae in the mitochondria, as well as the histochemical criteria of the Δ5-3 β-HSDH on one hand, and the levels of plasma and testicular testosterone on the other hand. In addition there is an increase in the ratio of testicular testosterone to Δ4-androstenedione which parallels the development of the cytoplasmic organelles. These organelles thus seem to be implicated in the synthesis and secretion of testosterone in the duck.
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 453-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lacrimal gland ; Rat ; Duct system ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duct system of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland consists of intercalated ducts, interlobular ducts and excretory ducts. The morphological changes from one type of duct to the next are gradual. At the light microscopical level this consists of a change from a bilaminar epithelium in the intercalated ducts to an epithelium, consisting of approximately three layers — which may be pseudostratified — in the excretory ducts. The basal layer of the intercalated ducts consists of myoepithelial cells, whereas the inner epithelial cells may have both a secretory and an electrolyte transporting function. The interlobular duct epithelium contains many cells with deep infoldings of the basolateral plasma membranes and associated mitochondria, suggesting a similar function to the striated duct epithelium in salivary glands. Numerous basal cells in this epithelium have tentatively been interpreted as unusual myoepithelial cells. Nerve terminals have been observed in the ductal epithelium.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 475-487 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteal cells ; Luteinization ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hyrax possess luteal cells with many ultrastructural features similar to those described in other mammalian species. The process of luteinization is gradual. Cells with increasing amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum become predominant in the developing gland. The luteal cells of Procavia and Heterohyrax show many ultrastructural similarities. In both species the corpus luteum persists throughout pregnancy.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 557-567 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thrombocytes ; Thrombosthenin ; ATP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of glycerol extracted thrombocyte models was studied before and after incubation with ATP and under the influence of Salyrgan as inhibitor of contraction. The contractile system of the thrombocytes—thrombosthenin—consists of a spatial network of 50 Å wide thrombosthenin A and 100–120 Å wide thrombosthenin M filaments. At rest, the contractile system is arranged in a marginal zone. The ATP-induced contraction led to a concentric condensation of the network which resulted in a central cluster of cell organelles and at a later stage, disruption of the plasma membrane and release of the thrombocyte granules. All these changes which also occur during the formation of the hemostatic plug in vivo are therefore attributed to the reaction of the contractile protein.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Granular vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative evaluation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to characterize different sub-zones in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence, quantitative ultrastructural parameters were applied to brains fixed in aldehyde-osmium tetroxide. The palisade zone has been subdivided in 4 successive sub-zones. Increasing numbers of granular vesicles (GV), especially those smaller than 110 nm, are observed from dorsal to ventral sub-zones. There also are more GV per unit area of nervous tissue in the perivascular than in the more dorsal sub-zones. The individual nerve profiles exhibit a larger size in the perivascular layer than in the more dorsal areas, whereas the number and size of nerve profiles devoid of vesicles diminish from dorsal to ventral. As a consequence more GV occur in the perivascular nerve profiles. In the GV containing nerve profiles the concentration of GV is, however, constant in the different sub-zones. A fluctuating size of the preterminal and terminal parts of the nerve fibres is suggested.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 121-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cheliceral gland ; Opiliones ; Enveloping cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Nemastoma dentigerum Canestrini besitzt als sekundäres männliches Geschlechtsmerkmal eine Apophyse auf dem ersten Chelicerenglied, die eine Drüse enthält. 2. Die einzelnen Drüsenzellen schließen sich jeweils zu Dreiergruppen zusammen, deren distales Ende immer von 3 Hüllzellen umfaßt wird. Diese 6 Zellen bilden eine funktionelle Einheit innerhalb des komplexen Drüsenorgans. Jede Drüsenzelle gliedert sich in 3 Abschnitte: 1. in den basalen kernhaltigen Teil, 2. in den mittleren sehr langen Drüsenzellschlauch und 3. in den distalen Kopf mit Mikrovilli-Becher. 3. An der Sekretion beteiligen sich 2 Zelltypen: die 3 Drüsenzellen und die innere Hüllzelle (H1). Das Sekret beider Zelltypen gelangt in ein gemeinsames Reservoir, das von H1 gebildet wird, und von dort durch Hämolymphdruck in den gewinkelten Cuticulin-Ausführkanal und auf die Außenseite der Apophyse. 4. Die Hüllzellen werden mit den 3 Hüllzellen der Haarsensillen von Insekten und Arachniden verglichen. Für H1 läßt sich eine gemeinsame Aufgabe nachweisen. Die beiden anderen Hüllzellen (H2 und H3) nehmen bei beiden Organen unterschiedliche Aufgaben wahr: Abscheidung von Haar und Balg (Haarsensillen) bzw. überwiegend Stützfunktion (Chelicerendrüse).
    Notes: Summary 1. Nemastoma dentigerum Canestrini possesses as a secondary male sex character an apophysis on the first member of chelicerae. The apophysis contains a gland. 2. The single gland cells always join as groups of three cells whose apices are embraced by three enveloping cells. These six cells operate as a unit within a complex gland organ. Every gland cell is divided into three parts: 1. a basal section containing the nucleus; 2. a central very long section of the gland cell tube, and 3. an apex of the gland cell with a cavity containing microvilli. 3. Two types of cells of a gland unit secrete: the gland cells proper and the inner enveloping cell (H1). Secretion of both types of cells flows in a common reservoir surrounded by H1 and further through the bent channel to the surface of the apophysis by pressure of hemolymph. 4. The enveloping cells are compared with those of hair sensilla of insects and arachnids. A common function of H1 in both organs is pointed out. Central (H2) and outer enveloping cell (H3) work in a different way: secretion of hair and follicle (hair sensilla) and probably only supporting function (cheliceral gland).
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 541-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscles ; Insects ; Extracellular substance ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Stroma von Aorta und Retrocerebralkomplex sowie von verschiedenen Muskeln (Oberschenkel-, Mitteldarm-, Speicheldrüsen-, Samenleiter- und Eileitermuskeln), jedoch nicht im Stroma der Flugmuskulatur und des Herzschlauches, kommt eine fibrillär strukturierte Substanz (X-Substanz) von außerordentlich hoher Elektronendichte vor. In der Aorta, wo die größten Mengen an X-Substanz gefunden wurden, tritt besonders in den Muskelzellen älterer Tiere im Sarcoplasma und an der Plasmamembran eine körnige Substanz mittlerer Elektronendichte auf, welche auf Grund morphologischer Ähnlichkeit als Z-Material gedeutet wurde. Offenbar entsteht die X-Substanz, die in ihrer typischen Erscheinungsform nur extrazellulär beobachtet wurde, aus diesem Material. Da alte Tiere mehr X-Substanz aufweisen als jüngere, scheint es sich um die Abscheidung eines Altersprodukts zu handeln. Herkunft und Aussehen lassen ein langkettiges Protein vermuten. Muskeln, in denen X-Substanz vorkommt, enthalten auch viele Axone mit Neurosekreten; jedoch lassen sich bislang keine näheren Beziehungen zwischen diesen beiden Faktoren herstellen. Die X-Substanz wird offensichtlich vom Stroma weitertransportiert und wahrscheinlich von Blutzellen aufgenommen.
    Notes: Summary A fibrous substance (X substance) of exceptionally high electron density is found in the stroma of aorta, retrocerebral complex, and several muscles (leg, midgut, salivary glands, vas deferens and oviduct), but not in the stroma of flight muscles and heart. The aorta, where the largest amount of X substance occurs, shows within the muscle cells, especially of older animals, a granular substance of moderate electron density in the sarcoplasm and adjacent to the plasma membrane. On account of its morphological similarity this material is considered as Z material. The X substance, which in its typical appearance was seen only extracellularly, seems to be derived from this granular Z material. Since old animals show more X substance than younger ones, it appears to be an aging product. Its origin and appearance point to a protein with long chain structure. Muscles containing much X substance show many neurosecretory fibers. However, no tangible relationship between these two parameters has been established. The X substance is evidently transported by the stroma and probably taken up by hemocytes.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protozoa ; Bacteria ; Association ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Cyclidium, including the cilia, kinetosomes, pellicle, microtubules and kinetodesmal fibers is similar to that recorded for other ciliates. Of special interest is the attachment of rod-shaped bacteria within the longitudinally directed shallow surface folds of the protozoan. Both the bacteria and the surface of Cyclidium seem to possess an outer coating of a sticky substance which upon contact holds the bacteria to the protozoan. The bacteria appear to be attached by only a relatively small area of their surfaces. A dense substance appears within the alveolus of the pellicle at the regions of the attachment of the bacteria. The association of the organisms is probably a temporary one, and it is unknown whether either organism is benefited or harmed by the association. The position of the mitochondria in Cyclidium is unusual in that they all lie flattened against the inner membrane of the pellicle, usually in a position directly opposite to that of the attachment of the bacteria to the surface, thus being separated from the bacteria by only the outer cell membrane and the pellicle. Whether or not this close topographical relationship is of significance is unknown.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 351-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral giant cells ; Dorsal giant fibres ; Earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der segmental angeordneten Somata der dorsalen Riesenfasern im Bauchmark des Regenwurms Lumbricus terrestris L. (Günther, 1969) wird beschrieben und mit der Struktur anderer Neuronen von Vertebraten und Evertebraten verglichen. Die paarigen lateralen Riesenzellen (LRZ) sind im Gegensatz zu der unpaaren medianen Riesenzelle (MRZ) häufig multipolare Neuronen, die bis zu vier Faserfortsätze aufweisen können. Das perikaryale Cytoplasma zeigt helle und dunkle Areale. Organellen und andere Zelleinschlüsse finden sich ganz überwiegend in den dunklen osmiophilen Zonen und lassen regelmäßig eine bestimmte Anordnung erkennen. So ist häufig eine ringförmige Verteilung von Golgi-Feldern um den gelappten Kern vorhanden. Mitochondrien sind häufig in einem typischen „Axonhügel-Komplex“ angeordnet. Freie Ribosomen dominieren gegenüber membrangebundenen. Diese Neuronen sind reich an Glykogen, das oftmals ausgedehnte Felder einnimmt. Vereinzelt weisen die LRZ Faser-Soma-Synapsen auf.
    Notes: Summary The structure of the segmentally arranged somata of the dorsal giant fibres Günther, 1969) in the ventral nerve cord of the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris L., is described. These neurones are compared with other neurones of invertebrates and vertebrates. The paired lateral giant cells (LGC) are often multipolar in contrast to the single unipolar median giant cell (MGC). Up to four fibres originate from each LGC. The dotted appearance of both these neurones (clear and dark perikaryal areas) is due to the regular distribution of osmiophilic strands of cytoplasm containing the majority of organells and other inclusions (e.g. endoplasmatic reticulum and ribosomes). The majority of ribosomes are not associated with membranes but are found scattered freely in the cytoplasm. A typical “axon hillock” with an accumulation of mitochondria is often found. The cells show large deposits of glycogen. Some of the LGC-somata have synaptic contacts.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 239-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Gastropoda ; Oocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oocyten von Viviparus contectus gehören zu den kleinsten, bei Mollusken bekannten Oocyten und enthalten nur wenig Dotter. Nach licht- und elektronen-mikroskopischen Untersuchungen kann die Oogenese in drei Stadien eingeteilt werden. Oocyten des ersten Stadiums zeichnen sich durch das Vorkommen extrem polymorpher Kerne, durch annulate lamellae und schüsselförmige Mitochondrien aus. Große, konzentrisch geschichtete Systeme des granulären endoplasmatischen Retikulums und ein gut entwickelter Golgi-Apparat sind typisch für Oocyten des zweiten, prävitellogenetischen Stadiums. Oocyten dieses Stadiums enthalten außerdem große Nukleolen und andere Kerneinschlüsse unbekannter Funktion, deren Ultrastruktur beschrieben wird. Diese Einschlüsse werden mit dem sog. Binnenkörper der Insekten verglichen. Oocyten des dritten Stadiums, der Vitellogenese, enthalten zahlreiche paraplasmatische Einschlüsse wie dense bodies, Multivesikulärkörper und polymorphe Cytosomen, Fetttropfen und Glykogen. Dense bodies, Multivesikulärkörper und polymorphe Cytosomen enthalten Massen eines Ferritin-ähnlichen Eisenproteins und saure Phosphatasen. Das endoplasmatische Retikulum und der Golgi-Apparat sind an der Dottersynthese beteiligt. Die extrem geringe Größe der Oocyten und ihr Mangel an Dotter dürfte mit der Viviparie der Tiere in Zusammenhang stehen. Da die Eiweißdrüse und Drüsenzellen des Oviduktes große Mengen sekundären Dotters liefern, ist zu vermuten, daß die Oocyte mit ihrer niedrigen Transkriptionskapazität zusätzlich mit nur wenigen wichtigen Substanzen wie lytische Enzyme für den Beginn der Embryogenese und Eisenprotein ausgestattet wird. Viele Oocyten degenerieren im Ovar. Die mit der Degeneration einhergehenden Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur werden beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary The oocytes of Viviparus contectus belong to the smallest oocytes known in molluscs and contain relatively small amounts of yolk. As shown by light- and electron microscopy, oogenesis can be divided into three stages. Oocytes of the first stage are characterised by the occurrence of extremely polymorphic nuclei, of annulate lamellae and cup-like mitochondria. Large systems of rough endoplasmic reticulum, arranged concentrically and a well developed Golgi apparatus are typical for oocytes of the second, the previtellogenetic stage. Oocytes of this stage also contain large nucleoli and other nuclear inclusions of unknown function, whose ultrastructure is described. These inclusions may be compared with the so called “Binnenkörper” of insects. Oocytes of the third stage, the vitellogenesis, contain a large amount of paraplasmic inclusions such as dense bodies, multivesicular bodies and polymorphic cytosomes, fatty yolk droplets and glycogen. Dense bodies, multivesicular bodies and polymorphic cytosomes contain masses of a ferritin-like iron protein and acid phosphatases. It is supposed that the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus are engaged in yolk production. The extremely small size of the oocytes and their lack in yolk should be seen in connection with the vivipary of the animals. As there are large amounts of secondary yolk provided by the albumen gland and glandular cells of the oviduct, it is supposed that the oocyte having a low transcription capacity needs to be supplied, in addition, with only few essential substances such as lytic enzymes for the early stages of embryogenesis and iron protein. Many oocytes usually degenerate inside the ovary. The changes in ultrastructure during the degeneration are described.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 315-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Frog ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory mucosa of frog has been studied at an ultrastructural level to confirm previous light microscope observations in regard to the presence, in the sensory epithelium, of nerve fibres not belonging to the first cranial nerve proper. It has been observed that both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres are present in the lamina propria and that eventually these fibres terminate inside the epithelium. Unmyelinated fibres usually contain dark core vesicles and similar content is seen in their intraepithelium terminals. Terminals containing only clear vesicles are also observed in the epithelium and they are believed to represent the terminals of the myelinated fibres. The significance of these ultrastructural findings is discussed in view of their functional meaning.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 475-488 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptogenesis ; Spinal cord ; Chick embryo ; Coated vesicles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptogenesis was studied in 3, 4, 5 and 8 day embryos. A small number of synapses were located in the marginal zone near the motor region in 3–4 day embryos. At 5 days the number of synapses increased and synapses were also found within the motor region. At 8 days there was a large increase in the total number of synapses and most were found within the motor region. At this stage, for the first time, many knobs contained flattened synaptic vesicles. Synapses on the perikarya were rarely but occasionally observed both at the 5 and 8 day stages. A few synapses were located in the marginal zone near dorsal root entry at the 5 day stage and the number increased by the 8 day stage. Although this sequence of synaptic development resembles that found in the monkey fetus, differences in behavioral development between these two species indicate that descriptive relationships between synaptic and behavioral development must be made cautiously. Furthermore, evidence is presented which indicates that the junctional specialization is the first sign of a developing synapse and that coated vesicles, possibly derived from the Golgi apparatus, which are fused to the neural plasmalemma may be related to the initial formation of the junctional specialization.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary Gland ; Rat ; Somatotropin ; Cellular Response ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response of somatotrophs to large doses of purified bovine growth hormone was examined in uninephrectomized rats drinking 1% sodium chloride in an attempt to prolong the action of the hormone. Growth hormone produced a triphasic response in the ultrastructure of somatotrophs. Uninephrectomy and salt alone induced no changes in somatotrophs as compared to unoperated animals consuming tap water. In the first phase (3 days) the cross sectional area of the cell increased, the size of the largest granule per cell as well as the number of granules per cell increased significantly. All these parameters then reached control level after 7 days of injections during a second phase. Suppression of somatotrophs by exogenous growth hormone was evident by 16 days (third phase) when the area of the cell, the size of the largest secretory granule as well as the number of granules per cell all decreased significantly. Somatotrophs apparently did not react to suppression by a lysosomal mechanism inasmuch as no increase in the number of lysosome-derived structures was seen even at 16 days.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 545-560 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland (Rabbit) ; Light and dark pinealocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rabbit pineal gland a cortex and a medulla can be distinguished, based on the distribution pattern of two cell types. The medulla consists of so-called light and dark pinealocytes, whereas in the cortex only light ones occur. The cytological distinction between the two cell types is principally due to the exclusive presence of abundant pigment granules in the dark pinealocytes. The light pinealocytes have long offshoots. Their club-shaped terminals are crowded with smooth endoplasmic reticulum from which grey vesicles are pinched off. In the medulla, these offshoots run for the most part into the direction of blood vessels to terminate in close topographical relationship with dark pinealocytes which are mainly arranged around these vessels. The ultrastructure of both the light and the dark pinealocytes is described.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insecta Tysanura Machilida ; Protrusible (coxal) vesicles ; Water absorption ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les Machilides présentent une série de vésicules abdominales paires, sous forme de sacs exsertiles capables d'absorber l'eau d'un film liquide. Les coupes histologiques montrent qu'une partie de la paroi de ces vésicules est faite d'un épithélium particulier revêtu d'une intima cuticulaire plus épaisse que celle de l'épithelium banal. La microscopie électronique permet de préciser la structure des cellules absorbantes qui sont caractérisés essentiellement par des microvillosités apicales et de profondes invaginations de la membrane plasmique basale associées à des mitochondries allongées. Une comparison est faite avec d'autres types de cellules absorbantes connues chez les Arthropodes, notamment dans le rectum. Grâce à leurs vésicules abdominales, les Thysanoures possèdent des organes originaux jouant un rôle important dans l'équilibre hydrique de ces insectes.
    Notes: Summary The Machilida are endowed with several abdominal vesicles which are protrusible sacs capable of absorbing water from the substrate surface. Histology shows that a part of their outer wall consists of a particular epithelium covered by a cuticular intima, which is thicker than the intima of the common epithelium. The absorbing cells are electronmicroscopically characterized by apical microvilli and deep infoldings of the basal plasma membrane which are associated with mitochondria. A comparison is drawn with other types of absorbing cells already known, especially with those in the rectum of insects. Thanks to their abdominal vesicles, the Thysanura possess unique organs which play an important role in the control of their water balance.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 183-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensilla ; Olfaction ; Dictyoptera (insect) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les organes sensoriels du scape et du pédicelle sont essentiellement propriocepteurs. Le fouet est très riche en chimiorécepteurs (plus de 100000) mais chez Periplaneta et Blatta, on observe un net dimorphisme sexuel qui n'existe pas chez Blaberus. La relation entre un tel dimorphisme et la perception des phéromones sexuelles est discutée. L'ultrastructure des trois principaux types de sensilles est décrite: Ce sont des grandes soies gustatives et mécanoréceptrices, des petites soies olfactives à paroi mince et percée de pores et de tubules qui sont innervées par un ou deux neurones, des petites soies olfactives à paroi épaisse et striée qui contiennent toujours quatre neurones. L'étude électrophysiologique préliminaire confirme les résultats ci dessus en ce qui concerne le rôle des sensilles: La phéromone grégaire peut être perçue au niveau de certaines petites soies olfactives striées.
    Notes: Summary The antennae of cockroaches were studied with both scanning and transmission electron microscope. The sense organs of the scape and pedicel are essentially proprioceptors. The chemoreceptors are very numerous on the flagellum (more than 100000) but in the case of Periplaneta and Blatta, a significant sexuel dimorphism is noticed. Such a dimorphism does not exist in Blaberus and its relation with the perception of the sexual attractants is discussed. Three principal sense organs of Blaberus are described: big thick walled hairs with gustatory and mechanoreceptive function; thin walled olfactory hairs with pore-tubules innervated by one or two neurons; thick walled grooved hairs with four neurons and olfactory function. Special attention was given to the secretory aspect of the accessory cells in the olfactory sensilla. A preliminary electrophysiological investigation confirms the above mentioned functional interpretations. The gregarious pheromone seems to be perceived by some little thick walled grooved hairs.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis interstitial cells ; Boar ; Postnatal development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Ontogenese der Hodenzwischenzellen des Schweins nimmt einen wellenförmigen Verlauf und läßt sich in 4 Phasen unterteilen. In der frühpostnatalen Proliferationsphase wandeln sich spindelförmige Zellen in polygonale Leydigzellen um. Dabei beginnt an einem Zellpol die Ausbildung des glatten endoplasmatischen Retikulums. Dieses Organell nimmt in der weiteren Entwicklung einen großen Teil des Zelleibes ein und bildet unregelmäßige Vesikel und konzentrisch geschichtete Zisternen. Es erfolgt eine Vermehrung der Mitochondrien, in ihnen entwickeln sich Tubuli. In der Phase der präpubertären Hypertrophie erreichen die Leydigzellen ihre größten Durchmesser (ca. 30 μm) und sind möglicherweise zu einer Steroidhormonproduktion befähigt. Da das glatte endoplasmatische Retikulum vornehmlich in der Zellperipherie, die übrigen Organellen bevorzugt im Zentrum liegen, sind die Zwischenzellen deutlich zoniert. Die Phase der präpubertären Regression ist durch ausgeprägte Zelldegeneration und Größenabnahme der überlebenden Zellen gekennzeichnet. In der Phase der pubertären Proliferation nehmen die Zwischenzellen erneut an Größe zu. Parallel hierzu vermehren sich Mitochondrien und glattes endoplasmatisches Retikulum. Beide Proliferationsphasen innerhalb der postnatalen Ontogenese werden durch das Auftreten zahlreicher Cytoplasmafilamente eingeleitet, deren Menge sich danach wieder verringert. Unabhängig von dem wellenförmigen Verlauf der Zwischenzellentwicklung ist die Ausbildung von Lysosomen, Microbodies, Mikrovilli, typischen Zellhaften und in der Zellperipherie gelegenen Polyribosomen. Die Leydigzellen sind von einer basalmembranähnlichen Struktur umgeben. Die Mitochondrien enthalten zu allen Zeiten durch elektronendichtes Material verkittete Tubuli.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of porcine testicular interstitial cells proceeds in a wave-like manner and may be divided into four periods. In the period of early postnatal proliferation fusiform intertubular cells change into polygonal Leydig cells. This process starts with formation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in one of the cell poles. Later the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant and consists of irregular vesicles and concentrically arranged cisterns. Mitochondria increase in number and develop tubular cristae. In the period of prepubertal hypertrophy Leydig cells reach maximal size (approx. 30 μm) and possibly may be capable of androgen biosynthesis. The cells of this period exhibit two different zones, since the smooth endoplasmic reticulum prefers the periphery, the other organelles, however, occupy the central region of the cells. The period of prepubertal regression is characterized by cellular degeneration and diminuation of the surviving interstitial cells. In the period of pubertal proliferation an increase of Leydig cell size is accompanied by multiplication of mitochondria and development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Both periods of proliferation are initiated by appearance of numerous cytoplasmic filaments which subsequently decrease in number. Interstitial cells of all periods studied exhibit the following features: They possess lysosomes, microbodies, polyribosomes, microvilli and are surrounded by a kind of basement membrane. Cell connections appear as tight junctions and desmosome-like structures. The mitochondria contain closely packed tubules joined by electron dense material.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous tissue ; Specific structures ; Nematosomes ; Neurofilaments ; Neurotubules ; Three-dimensional filamentous network ; E-PTA Stain ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After the staining of nervous tissue with phosphotungstic acid in absolute ethanol (E-PTA), a selective opacification occurs at certain specific sites, while other structures, especially the plasma and intra-cellular membranes, remain electron-lucent. Among those selectively stained sites, our studies have been focussed on: (1) The dense synaptic material consisting of several presynaptic clumps, termed projections, an intrasynaptic dense line and a subsynaptic web from which fine fibrillar wisps extend into the surrounding ground substance; (2) Neurofilaments and neurotubules, the surface of which is bristled by numerous side-arms; (3) A microfilamentous network intertwines the neurotubules, the neurofilaments and the mitochondria in the dendrites and axon, and is also connected to the E-PTA dense undercoating delineating the inner aspect of the plasma membrane and to the fine wisps emanating from the subsynaptic web. A three-dimensional microfilamentous latticework is thus formed in the nerve cell processes; (4) Dense cytoplasmic inclusions, termed nematosomes, which are usually located in the ground substance of the perikaryon among or in the vicinity of clusters of ribosomes. Tiny microfilaments emanate from the peripheral strands of these bodies. The presence of basic residues in the chains of structural proteins of which consist the subsynaptic web and the nematosome is plausible, since the specificity of the E-PTA staining procedure for the detection of basic residues has previously been put forth. The occurrence of a three-dimensional microfilamentous network in the nerve cell processes led us to hypothesize that it plays a role in translocation of materials. It may provide the motive force for the axoplasmic transport, for instance, with the neurotubules, as well as, plausibly, with the neurofilaments, serving as attachment sites and guideways.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 569-586 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish (Macropodus opercularis) ; Muscle Origin ; Myofilaments ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel der Muskulatur von Macropoden wird gezeigt, wie sich aus undifferenzierten Zellen ein Verband gleichartig differenzierter Zellen aufbaut. Einkernige Praemyoblasten ohne Myofilamente bilden sich zu mehrkernigen Myoblasten um. In diesen erscheinen die ersten Myofilamente in streng geordneter Weise: parallel zur Zellmembran und in deren Nähe entstehen Myofilamente unterschiedlicher Länge, wobei Aktin und Myosin etwa gleichzeitig auftreten. Das Z-Scheiben-Material konnte in sehr frühen Stadien erkannt werden. Polysomen stehen in enger räumlicher Beziehung zu den sich ausbildenden Myofilamenten. Vorwiegend in der Zellperipherie entwickeln sich die Myofibrillen aus sog. „crude sarcomeres“. Sie zeigen noch nicht die charakteristische Einteilung in A-und I-Bänder. Im Verlauf der weiteren Entwicklung richten sich die Z-Scheiben parallel zueinander aus und die A- und I- sowie H- und M-Bänder erscheinen in ihrer definitiven Form. Ein Dickenwachstum des Muskels kann dadurch entstehen, daß noch vorhandene Praemyoblasten sich in charakteristischer Form ausdifferenzieren und den Muskel durch Apposition von Myofibrillen marginal verstärken.
    Notes: Summary During ontogenesis of the fish, Macropodus opercularis, uninucleated praemyoblasts without any myofilaments fuse to form multinucleated myoblasts. Within the myoblasts, parallelly and longitudinally arranged myofilaments of different lengths appear close to the cell membrane and in close relation to polysomes. Actin and myosin are detectable in the filamentous form at approximately the same time. This process of sarcomere differentiation starts from so-called “crude sarcomeres” lacking the characteristic arrangement in A-and I-bands. Subsequently, Z-disks are arranged parallel to each other, and A- and I-bands as well as H- and M-bands appear in their definite forms. There are indications that the muscle fibre grows in thickness by additional fusions with still existing praemyoblasts and marginal apposition of further myofibrils.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 447-458 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus allatum ; Oncopeltus fasciatus ; Larvae ; Imagines ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The ultrastructure of the corpora allata of last larval instars and adults of Oncopeltus was studied. The unpaired gland undergoes submicroscopic alterations and shows signs of degradation in old animals. The organ is partly covered and penetrated by corpus cardiacum tissue. Axons with different types of neurosecretory granules form synaptoid contacts with the corpus allatum cells. 2. “Dark” and “light” gland cells can be differentiated on account of the degree of electron density. The former predominate during the last larval stage and in the young imago, the latter in mature males and females. It is highly probable that the “light” cells are the active (i.e. hormone producing) ones and the “dark” cells the inactive ones. 3. The active cells are characterized by rough endoplasmatic reticulum (often in whorls), small amounts of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum and many multivesicular bodies. Abundant free ribosomes, a not particularly well developed Golgi apparatus, dense bodies, and cytolysomes are present in active and inactive cells. 4. The nuclei contain one to four prominent and variously shaped nucleoli, which show differences between adult males and females with respect to their location in the nucleus. 5. The corpus allatum cells of Oncopeltus are obviously engaged in extensive protein synthesis. Tangible structural indications for the manufacture of juvenile hormone were not observed. Possible sites of hormone release are discussed.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid ; Secretory cycle ; Winter frog ; Ultrastructure ; Pituitary homoimplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Parathyroid glands of winter frogs (Rana pipiens) were compared by light and electron microscopy with those of winter frogs homoimplanted with pituitary glands. Serum calcium levels of untreated and pituitary-implanted animals were compared also. Forty-eight hours after pituitary implantation, serum calcium is elevated from a mean winter value of 6.2 mg % to 9.3 mg % and, morphologically, the parathyroid gland appears to be stimulated with respect to secretory activity. Compared with parathyroids of untreated winter frogs, intercellular spaces are diminished after pituitary implantation and glandular parenchyma is composed of cells with closely apposed plasma membranes thrown into interdigitating folds. Dense core vesicles are present in the cytoplasm and, together with microtubules, are encountered near plasma membranes. Golgi lamellae contain electron dense material and exhibit budding of dense core vesicles. Neither myelinated multivesicular bodies, presumably cytolysosomes degrading unneeded parathormone and organelles, nor focal dilatations with myelination of Golgi lamellae are encountered in parathyroid cells of pituitary implanted frogs. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria do not undergo marked changes in distribution or abundance after pituitary implantation, indicating that the synthetic aspects of the secretory process are little altered in untreated and treated animals. It is suggested that in addition to Ca++ a pituitary factor is involved in the seasonal changes in amphibian parathyroid structure and function.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Fish ; Starvation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of 16 weeks total starvation on the ultrastructure of the red and white myotomal muscles of the crucian carp (Carassius Carassius) has been investigated. In the white fibres the amount of myofibrillar material fell from 89.6% to 70.7% of the total fibre volume whilst in the red fibres the fall was from 72.2% to 70.3%. The sarcoplasmic reticulum appeared to have become swollen during starvation in both fibre types. In the white fibres the terminal cisternae of some triads seem to have fused. The volume of the red fibres occupied by mitochondria was reduced from 16.2 % to 5.9 %. The concentration of mitochondria in the white fibres was too low to detect any quantitative changes. A marked reduction in the amount of euchromatin material was observed in most white fibre nuclei and many red fibre nuclei. Many of the ultrastructural changes noted in the present study can be correlated with biochemical changes known to occur in the red and white myotomal muscles of fish during starvation.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 11-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Prosobranchia (Littorina) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The filiform spermatozoon of Littorina contains a conical acrosome positioned anteriorly to the nucleus. The nucleus is essentially a tube of condensed chromatin surrounding the flagellar shaft and only the apical third is covered by a nuclear envelope. A structure resembling a basal body, which is either a modified proximal centriole, or a derivative of the distal centriole, terminates in a basal plate at the tip of the nucleus. Distally it gives rise to the nine outer flagellar doublets, which are continuous with the outer fibres of the distal centriole located 0.26 μ behind the “basal body”. Thus the “basal body” and distal centriole are lined up with each other and the axis of the flagellum. A supernumerary tubule connects the outer arm of the A subfibre of doublet 5 with the “basal body”. The flagellar shaft extends from the apex of the nucleus to the tip of the tail. In the mitochondrial region the plasmalemma fuses with the outer mitochondrial sheath to form a series of pores that connect the mitochondria directly with the external environment. A distinct joint separates the mitochondrial and tail regions enabling the tail to beat perpendicularly to the main flagellar axis. The last section of this paper is given to a discussion of sperm motility in the light of these structural observations.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dense core vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Mollusc ; Nervous system ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of the cerebro-visceral connectives of Anodonta cygnea shows numerous long rows of dense core vesicles within the smaller axons of the connectives. These vesicles are often linked together by bridges of electron-dense material reinforced by one or more “arms”. The use of the tilting stage on the electron microscope, which allows the bridges to be examined from different angles, confirms the presence of these vesicular connections. Sub-cellular fractionation of the cerebro-visceral connectives was carried out to study the nature of these bridged dense core vesicles. In the negatively stained vesicle fraction two or more dense core vesicles are joined in a row by connections similar to the vesicular bridges of the intact connective. In the fixed vesicle fraction, many of the dense core vesicles are connected by bridges but long rows of bridged vesicles are not seen. The functional significance of the vesicular bridges is discussed. Preliminary findings of this work have been reported previously (McLaughlin and Howes, 1973).
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CSF contacting axons ; Ependymal synapses ; Pineal organ ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Lumen des Pinealorgans können frei verlaufende, nackte Axone (Durchmesser 2000–7000 Å) beobachtet werden. Ihr Axoplasma enthält Mikrotubuli, Mitochondrien, synaptische (Durchmesser 350–450 Å) und granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser 500–1500 Å). Bei Pleurodeles waltlii bilden die im Lumen des Pinealorgans verlaufenden Axone Synapsen auf der freien, apikalen Oberfläche der pinealen Ependymzellen. In den innervierten Ependymzellen kommen neben sonstigen Zytoplasmabestandteilen Myeloidkörper und Anhäufungen von Glykogengranula vor. Die Axone verlaufen am Innen- und Außenglied der Pinealozyten vorbei, können diese berühren, bilden aber dort keine Synapsen. Die auf den pinealen Ependymzellen nachgewiesenen Synapsen beweisen eine neuronale Kontrolle dieser Gliaelemente. Die Nervenfasern des pinealen Lumens wurden mit bekannten Liquorkontaktaxonen verglichen. Sie ähneln einander in ihrer Ultrastruktur und ihren synaptischen Verbindungen. Aus diesem Grunde und da bei den Amphibien das pineale Lumen mit dem 3. Ventrikel kommuniziert, werden die Axone des pinealen Lumens als Liquorkontaktaxone und als Glied des sogenannten Liquorkontakt-Axonsystems des Gehirns angesehen. Ferner wurden die pinealen Liquorkontaktaxone mit folgenden Nervenfasern und Endigungen verglichen, die im pinealen Gewebe vorkommen: 1) Axone, die große, granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser 1300–1500 Å) enthalten und an den Dendriten von Nervenzellen endigen, welche zwischen den basalen Fortsätzen der Pinealozyten liegen; 2) Pinealozytenfortsätze, die synaptische Bänder enthalten und ebenfalls an diesen Neuronen Synapsen bilden; 3) die neurohormonalen, synaptischen Semidesmosomen von Pinealozytenfortsätzen an der Lamina basalis, die die bindegewebigen Räume der Pia mater vom eigentlichen Nervengewebe des Pinealorgans begrenzt: 4) die perivasalen, autonomen Nervenfasern der pialen Septen. Obwohl granulierte Vesikel verschiedener Durchmesser in allen diesen Terminalen vorhanden sind, stellten wir die größte, morphologische Ähnlichkeit zwischen den pinealen Liquorkontaktaxonen und denjenigen Nervenfasern fest, die große, granulierte Vesikel aufweisen und an den pinealen Neuronen axo-dendritische Synapsen bilden. Eine ähnliche Natur und Herkunft beider Axone werden angenommen.
    Notes: Summary Free-running, naked axons (diameter 2000 to 7000 Å) can be found in the lumen of the pineal organ. Their axoplasm contains microtubules, mitochondria as well as synaptic (diameter 350 to 450 Å) and granulated vesicles (diameter 500 to 1500 Å). In Pleurodeles waltlii, the axons in the pineal lumen form synapses on the free, apical surface of the pineal ependyma which is supplied with microvilli. In addition to usual cytoplasmic elements the innervated ependymal cells contain myeloid bodies and accumulations of glycogen granules. Without forming synapses these axons pass by and occasionally contact the inner and/or outer segments of the pinealocytes. The synapses found on the pineal ependymal cells furnish evidence of a neuronal control of these glial elements. The nerve fibers of the pineal lumen are being compared with known CSF contacting axons; they resemble one another in their ultrastructure and synaptic connections. Therefore and since in amphibians the pineal lumen communicates with the 3rd ventricle, the axons of the pineal lumen are considered to represent CSF contacting axons and to belong to the so-called CSF contacting axon system of the brain. In addition, the pineal CSF contacting axons are being compared with the following nerve fibers and terminals found in the pineal tissue: 1) axons containing large, granulated vesicles (diameter 1300 to 1500 Å) and terminating on the dendrites of nerve cells situated among the basal processes of the pinealocytes; 2) the synaptic ribbons-containing pinealocyte processes forming likewise synapses on the nerve cells; 3) the neurohormonal, synaptic semidesmosomes of pinealocytic processes on the lamina basalis separating the connective tissue spaces of the pia mater from the proper nervous tissue of the pineal organ; 4) the perivasal, autonomic nerve fibers of the pial septa. Though granulated vesicles of various diameters are present in all these terminals the greatest morphological similarity is found between the pineal CSF contacting axons and those nerve fibers containing large, granulated vesicles and forming axo-dendritic synapses on the pineal nerve cells. A similar nature and origin of both axons are suggested.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 191-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus infundibularis ventralis ; Hypothalamus ; Rana esculenta ; Gonadotropin releasing factor ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural evidence has been obtained for several nerve cells in the middle and posterior hypothalamus of Rana esculenta, which may be classified as neurosecretory cells. These cells belong to the nucleus infundibularis ventralis, being homologous to the nucleus infundibularis of higher vertebrates. According to the type of dense-core vesicles, two categories of neurosecretory cells were identified in the NIV, type Y and type Z cells. The morphology of these cells and the diameter of their dense-core vesicles suggests a peptidergic nature of the secretory product. Both cell types appeared as bipolar, liquor-contacting neurons, innervated by aminergic axons. The effects of castration and testosterone treatment on the Y cells of the NIV, as well as their localization in the caudal hypothalamus, suggest these cells to be involved in the regulation of the gonadotropic activity of the pars distalis. The presence in the zona externa of the median eminence of axon terminals containing the “Y type dense-core vesicles” is indicative of the release of their secretory product into the portal vessels.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Mouse, rat ; Pars intermedia, rostral zone ; Corticotrophic cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary In the mouse, the rostral zone of the pars intermedia is almost exclusively composed of typical corticotrophic cells. They are located around and even within the neural stalk, at the level of transition between stalk and neural lobe. In the rat, the corticotrophic cells of the rostral zone are found in scattered islets among the MSH producing cells, and also in the neural lobe. In both the rat and mouse, these cells are in direct contact with various types of nerve terminals. Synaptoid contacts with aminergic and neurosecretory nerve fibers are observed. Furthermore they are also closely related to the hypophysial portal vessels. Following adrenalectomy, the cells located in the neurohypophysis always react more intensely than tose in the rostral zone. The functional significance of these corticotrophic cells which are subject to both humoral and neural regulation remains as yet hypothetical. Their participation in neurogenic stress response seems probable.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder (frog) ; Epithelial cells ; Osmotic pressure ; Oxytocin ; Water permeability ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frog urinary bladder undergoes a marked increase in its water permeability when incubated in hypertonic media. Many similarities are found between this effect and the hydrosmotic action of antidiuretic hormone. The ultrastructural modifications of the epithelium observed under the influence of serosal hypertonicity (the intercellular spaces are dilated while the tight junctions remain closed) lead us to assume that the pathways of water movement across the epithelium could be the same in this case and in hydrosmotic response to the hormone. In contrast, when the mucosal medium is made hypertonic, the ultrastructure is differently altered: the intercellular spaces are closed, the tight junctions show small vesicles and numerous large vacuoles appearing in the cytoplasm.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 349-354 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear paracrystalline inclusions ; kidney ; Proximal tubule cells ; Canine ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des inclusions intranucléaires paracristallines ont été mises en évidence dans les tubes proximaux de reins de chien. Ces inclusions sont constituées par une répétition régulière d'unités élémentaires microtubulaires de 85±15 Å de diamètre avec une périodicité de 120±20 Å. Elles ne sont jamais en contact ni avec le nucléole ni avec la membrane nucléaire. L'étude histochimique montre qu'il s'agit d'inclusions de nature protéique. Ces inclusions ont été observées à la fois dans les reins greffés (autogreffes) après conservation dans un perfusat artificiel (selon «Collins» ou «Perfudex») pendant 24 heures à 0°C et dans les reins normaux. N'étant jamais rencontrées au niveau de cellules rénales lésées, il ne semble pas que ces inclusions expriment une dégénérescence cellulaire.
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of intranuclear paracrystalline inclusions in proximal tubules of the canine kidney is described. These inclusions are composed of a regular repetition of microtubular elementary units of 85±15 Å thickness with a periodicity of 120±20 Å. They have no contact with the nucleolus or the nuclear membrane. Histochemical findings suggest that these inclusions may be proteinaceous. They are both observed in grafted kidneys (autografts) after conservation during 24 hours at 0°C in a synthetic solution (according to “Collins” or “Perfudex”) and in normal kidneys. There were no signs of degeneration in cells containing such inclusions; therefore, the possibility that these structures are of degenerative nature seems less probable.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 489-502 
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    Keywords: Chemoreceptor ; Crustacea ; Dendrite ; Cilia ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the aesthetasc hairs ofParagrapsus gaimardii differs slightly from that of other decapods described. Each outer flagellum bears from 160 to 170 aesthetascs each of which is innervated by approximately 130 bipolar sensory neurons. Distally the dendrite from each neuron bears two cilia at a ciliary junction. Each ciliary junction lies within an extracellular space and is situated below the base of the aesthetascs. The cilia have a 9+0 structure in their basal region. Just distally this structure becomes disorganized, the A- and B-subfibres separate and the dendrites increase in diameter. There is evidence for the branching of the cilia resulting in approximately 500 sensory endings per aesthetasc. No cellular processes are present in the distal 3/4 of the aesthetasc lumen. No pores were found in the aesthetasc walls which are “spongy” in appearance and permeable to crystal violet along the distal 3/4 of their length. The environmental significance of the “spongy” wall and the possible function of the cilia in early transmission of stimulus energy are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 523-544 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Mink ; Lutein cells ; Plasma progesterone ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the lutein cells in the mink throughout pregnancy and the regression periodpost partum is described. To correlate the fine structure with the changes in the peripheral plasma progesterone levels, the concentrations of progesterone were measured by a rapid competitive protein-binding assay. Even during the delay period (e.g. as long the plasma progesterone levels remain at the basal level, 〈8ng/ml), the lutein cells in the mink exhibit structural criteria of functional activity. However, the increase in progesterone secretion is accompanied by some morphological transformations, characterized by the presence of more and more small dense homogenous bodies in the cytoplasm, which become irregular and scalloped during the stage with maximum release of progesterone. At this stage the agranular endoplasmic reticulum is often cisternal or vesicular. During the decline of the progesterone levels, typical and moderate electron-dense lipid droplets are found increasingly more within the lutein cells. The expanded agranular ER is now more sparse, while the granular ER becomes more pronounced, often forming parallel arrays. During this phase the mitochondria become elongated, dumb-bell, or cup shaped. After parturition the corpora lutea consist of cells in various stages of degeneration. At day 14post partum only a few lutein cells are still identifiable. Evidently the observed morphological changes take place in the lutein cells during the life span of corpora lutea. This feature lends further support to the concept that the mink lutein cells are steroid-producing cells and furthermore, that the corpora lutea may be the main sites of gestagen production during pregnancy.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 445-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cecum, Colon ; Mouse ; Glycocalyx ; Intestinal microorganisms ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the cecal epithelium of the mouse resembles that of more distal parts of the colon. A brief discussion is presented of the possible significance of apical cytoplasmic granules to the glycocalyx and of the close association of microorganisms with the lining epithelium.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 459-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Sockeye salmon ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the secretory cells of the adenohypophysis of juvenile sockeye salmon was investigated. Pituitary glands were collected from immature fish transferred experimentally to sea water and subsequently returned to fresh water. The rostral pars distalis contained three cell types: ACTH cells, prolactin cells, and non-secretory cells. The prolactin and non-secretory cells were joined together in the form of follicles by desmosomes and they both had cilia and microvilli projecting into the follicle lumen. Various follicular structures such as lumen, multivesicular structures, and peripheral basement membrane are discussed as possible sites of prolactin cell granule release. The columnar ACTH cells were found at the junction of the rostral pars distalis and the neurohypophysis. The cytoplasmic granules in these cells were characteristically separated from their limiting membrane by a clear space. Multivesicular structures were also found in association with this cell type. The caudal pars distalis also contained three cell types: one acidophil (putative somatotrop) and two basophils (putative thyrotrops and gonadotrops), all of which were similar to those described in adult fish. The pars intermedia contained only one cell type. They appeared to be active cells and were characterized by containing membrane-bounded granules similar to those found in the ACTH cells. Changes in ambient salinity had no apparent effect on any cell type described.
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 525-537 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lutein cells ; Guinea pig ; Sexual cycle ; Pregnancy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstructur der Luteinzellen des Meerschweinchens während Schwangerschaft (15., 35., 45., 50., 55., 63. und 2 Tage nach der Geburt) und Zyklus (9, 14, 16, 20 Tage nach der Ovulation) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In den aktiven Luteinzellen kann man konzentrisch um die Lipoidtropfen angeordnete Strukturen des agranulären endoplasmatischen Retikulum beobachten, die später durch Membranstrukturen des granulären endoplasmatischen Retikulum ersetzt werden. Die Mitochondrien sind rund und enthalten tubuläre Innenstrukturen, die Lipoidtropfen sind elektronenoptisch dicht. Während der Rückbildung des Corpus luteum setzt sich das endoplasmatische Retikulum aus ungeordneten Vesikeln und Tubuli zusammen, die Mitochondrien sind länglich oder verzweigt, die Lipoidtropfen elektronenoptisch hell. Die Bedeutung dieser feinstrukturellen Veränderungen in der Luteinzelle wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the lutein cells in guinea pigs corpora lutea of pregnancy (15th, 35th, 45th, 50th, 55th, 63th day and 2 days after birth) and during oestrous cycle (9, 14, 16, 20 days after ovulation) is described. During the active phase of the corpus luteum the formation of concentric whorls of agranular endoplasmic reticulum around lipid droplets is observed, but later the granular endoplasmic reticulum increases. In this stadium the mitochondria are round with tubulous cristae and the lipid droplets are increased in density. During the involution of the corpus luteum the endoplasmic reticulum does not form concentric whorls, the mitochondria are elongated, polymorphic, the lipid droplets have lower electron density. These ultrastructural changes in the lutein cells are discussed concerning the role of the cell organelles in the steroid synthesis.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 439-451 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic neurons ; Axon retraction ; Guanethidine ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasa deferentia of rats chronically treated with high doses of guanethidine sulphate (30 or 60 mg/Kg/day i.p.) were examined using electron microscopic, fluorescence histochemical and pharmacological techniques. Counts of the axon population in segments of the proximal (urethral) end of the vas deferens showed a reduction to approximately 55% and 35% in the number of axon profiles after treatment for one week with the two dose levels respectively. In the same period only a few cell bodies in the hypogastric ganglion (from which most of the adrenergic innervation of the vas deferens arises) reached the stage of terminal degeneration. Although many axons showed some abnormalities, the number of axons observed in terminal stages of degeneration in treated tissue did not exceed, at any stage examined, the very small numbers observed in control tissue. Organ bath studies showed that the contractile response to transmural stimulation was lost fastest at the distal (epididymal) end of the treated vas deferens. These results have led to the conclusion that, in contrast to the degeneration of adrenergic axons produced by surgery or 6-hydroxydopamine, the sympathectomy produced by guanethidinein vivo involves theretraction of adrenergic axons prior to complete degeneration of the cell bodies.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 501-515 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence (Rat) ; Granular vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative evaluation
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    Notes: Summary A quantitative evaluation has been made of the sizes of neuronal granular vesicles (GV) in different (sub-)zones of the rat median eminence. On the basis of the frequency distribution of the mean sizes of the GV in the individual nerve profiles, at least 4 tentative categories of nerve profiles may be distinguished. However, available data do not permit characterization of nerve fibre categories in terms of neurohormone and/or neurotransmitter storage. From dorsal to ventral the palisade zone shows a decrease in mean size of GV; furthermore, the relative number of nerve profiles characterized by small GV (mean size smaller than 112 nm) increases. In contrast, the GV in the zona granulosa, that part of the external zone of the median eminence ventral to the palisade zone, are of relatively large size. Qualitative observations indicate that the zona granulosa may be regarded as an area for both storage and release of biologically active substances.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 513-520 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus infundibularis dorsalis ; Hypothalamus ; Xenopus laevis ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) of the toad Xenopus laevis is described. The nucleus is paired and located in the caudal hypothalamus, dorso-laterally of the caudal end of the paraventricular organ (PVO), and bordering the dorsal wall of the recessus mamillaris. Two cell types can be identified. They are both bipolar and contain dense-core vesicles. Their apical processes protrude into the lumen of the recessus mamillaris, and therefore they are considered liquor-contacting neurons. Because of the Falck-positivity of these cells (Terlou and Ploemacher, 1973) it is assumed that the densecore vesicles contain monoamines. Both cell types probably are sensory cells, although the possibility of their being secretory active as well, cannot be excluded.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 201-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Mouse ; Ontogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les fibres nerveuses renfermant des vésicules granuleuses et des vésicules de type synaptique apparaissent dans l'éminence médiane de foetus de 14 jours. Dés le 18è jour foetal, de véritables terminaisons nerveuses sont au contact des capillaires du plexus intercalaire, constituant une charnière neurohémale. Les anses intrainfundibulaires commencent à pénétrer dans l'éminence médiane à la naissance mais ce n'est que chez des souris de 5 jours qu'elles deviennent très nombreuses. — Nous discuterons sur des critères morphologiques, de la possibilité d'un contrôle hypothalamique sur l'adénohypophyse avant la naissance.
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibers containing granular vesicles and vesicles closely resembling synaptic vesicles appear in the median eminence of 14 days old mouse fetuses. At 18th fetal day true nerve endings have been observed which are located close to the capillaries of the superficial plexus forming a neurovascular link. The capillary loops penetrate into the median eminence at the time of parturition but only in 5 days old mice they can be observed more frequently. — On the basis of the morphological observations presented the question is discussed whether the hypothalamus can influence pituitary hormone secretion before birth.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Gill ; Gammarus oceanicus ; Salinity acclimation ; Ultrastructure ; Mitochondria
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    Notes: Summary Acclimation to low salinity induces changes in the ultrastructure of the gill cells of the marine euryhaline amphipod, Gammarus oceanicus. The gills are composed of a single cell type. In 100% artificial sea water, these cells contain moderate numbers of mitochondria which are randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. The plasma membrane is extensively invaginated at the apical, lateral, and basal surfaces. Acclimation to 20% artificial sea water induces a further invagination at the apical cell membrane to form an elaborate apical labyrinth. The extracellular spaces between the folds in the basal cell membrane dilate to 1500 Å or more. Mitochondria are more abundant and in many cells they undergo a change in conformation. The mitochondria are crowded into thin leaflets of cytoplasm between the dilated basal invaginations or into the narrow space between apical and basal cell membranes. Consequently, they lie in close contact with the plasma membrane over much of their surface.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 361-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Saline-treatment ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Neural lobes from rats which had been allowed to drink hypertonic saline for five days were examined electron microscopically and by bioassay of oxytocin levels. The profound changes in the ultrastructure were examined and the reversal of these changes in morphology was followed until the hormone levels returned to normal. The recovery of the gland as measured by the two parameters of structure and hormone content indicated that the morphological recovery apparently preceded the hormone level recovery, a factor which might be explained by continued release of hormone during the period of recovery.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 345-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Accessory sex organs ; Male rat ; Prostate ; Seminal vesicles ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic, comparative study of the accessory sex organs of the adult male rat was carried out after intra-aortic perfusion of the pelvic organs with glutaraldehyde. It has been revealed that although the epithelial cells of the different lobes of the prostate have many features in common, it is also apparent that the cell type of the various lobes have specific ultrastructural characteristics of its own, which morphologically distinguish it from the cell type of the other lobes. I.e.: the different lobes may be identified by their specific ultrastructural feature. It is also striking that the lobes, two-by-two, have so many morphological features in common that they may be divided in 3 subgroups. Based on the appearance of amount and localisation of the different organelles, the cells of the lateral lobe and the seminal vesicle are so alike that they morphologically may be classified as one group. Similarly, the coagulating gland and the dorsal lobe form another group, while the ventral lobe as a single form a third group. The few biochemical data from the different lobes which are accessible, seem suggestive to support this subgrouping. Since the various prostate lobes and the seminal vesicles have their homologies in man, further investigation both morphologically and biochemically should be concentrated upon the different groups instead of the single lobe. The study, which describes the different lobes and cell types in detail also show structures which have not been demonstrated within the prostatic epithelium before.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 223-250 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Nerve-net, Nervous concentration ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A subectodermal nerve-net is demonstrated in ten species of Ctenophores by means of either Methylene Blue vital staining or silver impregnation. There is no evidence of subendodermal nerve-net. The ectodermal nerve-net displays a characteristic polygonal pattern which is thought to result from morphogenetic events. Both bipolar and tripolar neurones occur. Three types of concentrations of nervous tissue are described: a) a high accumulation of nervous perikarya at the aboral sensory pole; b) a noticeable densification of the net along the eight meridional ciliary strands of every species, and around the lips of Beroidea; c) in the Cydippids Pleurobrachia and Hormiphora two thick strands of fibers and neurones interconnecting the aboral organ and the tentacles: the tentacular nerves. Ultrastructural evidence is given for the presence of nervous elements under and amidst ectodermal epithelial cells. Three features allow the recognition and characterization of neurites and neurones: a) numerous clear and/or granulated vesicles; b) microtubules in variable amounts; c) frequent and highly differentiated synaptic contacts. The very peculiar arrangement of the presynaptic elements is observed in all the species of Ctenophores so far studied. These synaptic contacts suggest chemical transmission in the nerve-net. On the basis of ultrastructural evidence the author refutes the nervous nature previously attributed to the ciliated cells of the meridional grooves. A parallel is drawn between nervous systems of Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental enamel ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Crystallography
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thin sections of rat incisor enamel were studied with the electron microscope. Fringe patterns having repeat periods in the range 3.1–8.2 Å were seen in individual enamel crystals. These images were interpreted as representing the resolution of corresponding planes in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice. The lattice spacings and interplanar angles were identified by comparing the observations with available data derived from X-ray diffraction analysis.
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    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Pars distalis ; Lizard ; Gonadotropic cell ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Five categories of granulated cells were distinguished by their ultrastructural features, and quantitative analyses were made of the pars distalis cells in normal and castrated lizards. The gonadotropin-producing cell was identified on the basis of its uniform distribution in the gland as well as from cytological changes resulting from castration. The secretory granules of the gonadotropic cell vary in size (100–500 mμ) and density, and lipid bodies are commonly present. Following castration, the endoplasmic reticulum proliferates, forming many small, rough-surfaced, dilated cisternae which do not coalesce greatly as in other vertebrate species. Degranulation is accompanied by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mitochondria and by the appearance in the cytoplasm of conspicuous clusters of microfilaments. The designated gonadotropic cell was the only class of secretory cell showing consistent changes following three weeks of castration. In addition to the uniformly distributed gonadotrope cell, two secretory cells occur mainly in the rostral half of the gland, and two in the caudal half. Tentative identification of the cell types is discussed in the light of available information on the localization of the hormones in the pars distalis of this species.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Smooth muscle ; Hamster ; Gerbil ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Smooth muscle-like cells are present in thecae externae, corpora lutea, and interstitial tissue of hamsters and gerbils. The smooth muscle-like cells, as examined by electron microscopy, are fusiform with central nuclei; the cytoplasm contains numerous myofilaments, dense bodies, micropinocytotic vesicles, and dense accumulations of glycogen-like particles. In addition to the smooth muscle-like cells, fibroblasts and cells that have characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle are located in the thecae externae of both species. There is no ultrastructural evidence of innervation in the theca folliculi, corpora lutea, or interstitial tissue of either species. A possible function for the smooth muscle-like cells is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 77-89 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intercellular junctions ; Neonatal liver ; Mouse ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours du passage de la vie foetale à la vie postnatale, on note, dans le foie de souris, l'apparition d'associations jonctions-organites cellulaires. Celles-ci cont de deux types: associations desmosomes-organites et associations nexus-organites. 1.Associations nexus-organites. Le long de la «gap junction» sont étroitement accolés, uni ou bilatéralement, divers organites: mitochondrie(s), subsurface cisterna(e), peroxysome(s) ou lysosome. Ces associations n'apparaissent qu'entre le 21ème jour de la gestation et le ler jour post-natal, période à partir de laquelle ils disparaissent au profit d'associations desmosomes-organites cellulaires. Un nouveau type de structure s'associe dans le foie aux membranes plasmatiques: il s'agit des saccules ergastoplasmatiques ou subsurface cisternae. 2.Associations desmosomes-organites. Dans ces complexes, les tonofilaments desmosomiques entrent étroitement en contact avec la paroi des organites cellulaires associés: mitochondrie ou peroxysome. Déjà présents au 13ème jour de la gestation, ces structures s'observent plus fréquemment à partir du ler jour post-natal. La signification de ces associations reste à déterminer, d'autant plus que leur présence a déjà été signalée dans de trés nombreux tissus. Quelques hypothèses sont présentées.
    Notes: Summary During the transition between the fetal and postnatal periods associations between cell junctions and cell organelles appear in the liver of the mouse. These associations are of two types: desmosome-organelle and nexus-organelle. 1.Nexus-Organelles Association. Unilaterally or bilaterally, various organelles — mitochondria, cysternae, microbodies or lysosomes — adhere tightly along the gap. These associations appear only between the 21st day of gestation and the first postnatal day. Thereafter they gradually disappear and are replaced by desmosome-organelle associations. Another type of structure — ergastoplasmic saccules or cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum — become associated with the cell membrane. 2.Desmosome-Organelle Associations. In these complexes the desmosomal microfilaments are in close contact with membranes of the associated organelles — mitochondria or peroxysomes. The associations, which exist as early as the 13th day of gestation increase after the first postnatal day. The significance of these associations remains to be ascertained, especially since they occur in many other tissues. A few hypotheses are presented.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fat body ; Housefly ; Aging ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fat body of the adult housefly is composed of two types of cells, the lipid-and glycogen-rich fat body cells and the oenocytes. A comparison of the fine structure of the abdominal fat body in 4-day old and 31–35 day old male houseflies indicated an increase in lipid and a decrease in glycogen content in the fat body cells of old flies. Oenocytes of old flies exhibit deteriorative alterations with an accumulation of secondary lysosomes. Both fat body cells and oenocytes in senile flies are ingested by hemocytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 217-234 
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    Keywords: Tentacles ; Electra pilosa ; Nerves ; Bielschowsky technique ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le trajet des grands nerfs de la couronne tentaculaire et la structure du collier nerveux péripharyngien dont ils se détachent, ont été précisés chez Electra pilosa par des imprégnations argentiques in toto selon la technique de Bielschowsky et par une étude d'ultrastructure. Chaque tentacule est innervé par quatre faisceaux nerveux, dépourvus d'envelope gliale, qui courent entre l'épithélium et l'assise collagène qui délimite le canal tentaculaire interne; trois sont rassemblés sous les trois rangées cellulaires épithéliales de l'arête orale du tentacule et le quatrième est médian-dorsal. Les cellules épithéliales orales-latérales, par leur forme pédonculée, par la densité de leur cytoplasme, par leur cil unique et par leur relation topographique et cytologique avec les nerfs tentaculaires sous-jacents, présentent des adaptations structurales telles qu'il parait probable qu'elles assurent une fonction tactile. L'examen du collier péripharyngien montre son caractère organisé et la complexité des connexions qui coordonnent l'ensemble des tentacules et relient le lophophore à d'autres secteurs de l'innervation.
    Notes: Summary The pathway of the tentacle nerves and the organisation of the peripharyngial nervous belt from which they arise, have been studied in Electra pilosa by silver stained whole mounts (Bielschowsky technique), and by ultrastructural investigation. Each tentacle is innervated by four nervous fascicles without any differentiated glial sheath, running between the epithelium and the collagen layer which surrounds the muscles and the peritoneal cells in the internal tentacle canal. Three nerves are gathered underneath the three rows of epithelial cells forming the oral edge of the tentacle. The fourth nerve is in medio-dorsal location. The oral epithelial cells show such ultrastructural adaptations in their general shape, in the density of their cytoplasm, in their ciliary apparatus reduced to a single cilium and in their close topographical and cytological relationship with the underlying tentacle nerves that it seems most probable they have a tactile function. The analysis of the pattern of the peripharyngial nervous belt shows a precise organisation and the intrication of the connections which coordinate the tentacles and link the lophophore set to other pathways of general innervation.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 103-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tubal ova ; Pig ; Mitochondria ; Annulate lamellae ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unfertilized ova of the pig are characterized by the first polar body situated in the perivitelline space. The metaphase chromosomes of the ova are found free in a cortical area, predominantly inhabited by the spindle fibers. Mitochondria show morphological changes in the form of swelling of their matrices. Frequently, the membranes of the individual cristae mitochondriales meet each other, forming meeting points, at regular intervals. The endoplasmic reticulum increases in quantity when compared with that of the pig follicular oocytes (Norberg, 1972b). The Golgi complexes are sparse and scattered. Occasionally, remnants of the end bulbs of the corona radiata cell processes occur below the surface membrane of the ova. Usually, the sperm-penetrated ova contain the first and the second polar body within the perivitelline space. Intranuclear annulate lamellae are observed within the male and female pronucleoplasm, and of particular interest are extended linear structures in one of the pronuclei. These structures may be considered as precursor stage in the formation of the intranuclear annulate lamellae. The parapronuclear cytoplasm is rich in organelles, especially the cytoplasmic annulate lamellae. In contrast to the scarcity of Golgi complexes in the unfertilized ova, many newly formed Golgi vesicles and lamellae reappear in the pronuclear stage. The zona pellucida displays ultrastructural changes following sperm penetration of the ova.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 145-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Alewife ; Salinity ; Release of hormones ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the alewife the orohypophyseal duct, a remnant of Rathke's pouch, persists in adults as a tube passing from the rostral pars distalis to the pharyngeal region. Its lumen is not open to the buccal cavity. The prolactin cells are situated around the bifurcations of this duct in the rostral pars distalis. Contents from prolactin cells, such as granules, nuclei, mitochondria and Golgi structures were found in these bifurcations. These contents were indistinguishable from those of intact prolactin cells. Evidence of actual release into the duct was often noted. At the presumptive point of release, the cells lining the lumen separate and the contents, probably of an entire prolactin cell, are extruded. The cilia usually found at the point of extrusion arise from prolactin cells. The prolactin cells of freshwater fish were more heavily granulated than those from a marine environment. Prolactin cells of fish entering freshwater streams were not heavily granulated but showed evidence of increased activity. Granule size was not affected by salinity. The ACTH cells are arranged in bands along branches of the neurohypophysis in the rostral pars distalis. No differences in ACTH cells from fish of different salinities were noted.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 171-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Teleost ; Albula vulpes ; Flagella ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La jeune spermatide possède un noyau arrondi, un diplosome proche de la membrane cellulaire auquel sont associées des formations paracentriolaires; une mitochondrie unique est disposée entre le diplosome et le noyau. Au cours de l'évolution de la spermatide, le noyau s'allonge latéralement, son grand axe étant perpendiculaire à l'axe flagellaire; la mitochondrie migre à l'extrémité latérale du noyau; le centriole distal donne un flagelle de type 9+0; le centriole proximal se prolonge le long du noyau puis sort de la cellule sous la forme d'un pseudo-flagelle. Le prolongement centriolaire est constitué de triplets classiques et de doublets d'un type particulier que nous avons appelés «doublets A–C». Les auteurs signalent la similitude des spermatozoïdes de cet Elopiforme avec les spermatozoïdes d'Anguilliformes ce qui serait en faveur de la proposition de Greenwood et al. de rassembler ces téléostéens dans le super-ordre des Elopomorphes.
    Notes: Summary The early spermatid possesses a round nucleus and a diplosome which is close to the cellular membrane and with which paracentriolar formations are associated; a sole mitochondrion is located between the diplosome and the nucleus. During the spermatid evolution, the nucleus is laterally elongated, its main axis being perpendicular to the flagellar axis; the mitochondrion migrates towards the lateral end of the nucleus; the distal centriole is extended along the nucleus, then leaves the cell as a pseudoflagellum. This centriolar extension is made up of regular triplets and of a particular type of doublets that we have called “A–C doublets“. The authors call attention to the similarity between the spermatozoa of this Elopiforme and the spermatozoa of the Anguilliformes. This observation favours Greenwood et al.'s proposition, to place these teleost into the super-order of Elopomorpha.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Rat ; Development ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the pars tuberalis was studied in the rat fetus from 13 days of gestation to 6 weeks after birth. After the closure of Rathke's pouch, the pars tuberalis anlage is clearly distinguishable from the anlagen of the partes intermedia and distalis. It comprises the entire basal portion of the adenohypophysial anlage; the limit between the anlagen of the pars tuberalis and the pars distalis is defined by Atwell's recess, i.e. the pathway taken by the hypophysial vessels coming from the vascular plexus of the median eminence. At 14 days the pars tuberalis cells are characterized by the presence of glycogen which persists in the adult. Their secretory differentiation (elaboration of granules with a diameter of 100–120 nm) is obvious at 15 days of gestation. It therefore, clearly precedes that of the other hypophysial cell types. Its functional differentiation takes place well before its adhesion to the primary vascular plexus of the portal system. Cystic formations appear just before birth in the pars tuberalis, much later than those of the pars distalis. These observations on the development of the pars tuberalis, together with previous observations on the adult PT in various species, showing that the specific glandular cells of the pars tuberalis are cytologically different from all known adenohypophysial cell types, seem to indicate a specific endocrine function of this lobe.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 439-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trout ; Gills ; Lamellae ; Chloride cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron micrographs of gill tissue from rainbow trout fixed with 50% glutaraldehyde revealed the presence of microridges on surfaces of epithelial cells of the secondary lamellae. These microridges vary in length from 1 to 7 μ, with a mean height of 0.75 μ. Calculations show that they increase the total lamellar epithelial surface area approximately 2.5 fold. Mucus secreting cells are present on the body of the filament and on secondary lamellae. Chloride cells are located primarily in the interlamellae filamental epithelium and on the basal area of lamellae. Extensions of the chloride cell epithelium are microvillous in nature and their height is only slightly greater than that of the microridges of typical lamellar epithelial cells. A reduction in number or complete absence of microvilli on chloride cells appeared to be related to degenerative changes in these cells observed in transmission electron micrographs. Non secretory interlamellae filamental epithelial cells have microridges of very attenuated lengths.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 207-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Rat ; Six bouton types ; Strio-nigral projection ; Bouton degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The normal ultrastructure of rat substantia nigra was investigated. Special attention was paid to the different types of boutons, and the mode of termination of the striatonigral connection was examined. Two different types of nigra neurons with deep nuclear membrane indentations were observed. The synaptic organization of rat substantia nigra is very complex. Six types of boutons, with many characteristics, could be differentiated: pleomorphicvesicle boutons (40%), elongated-vesicle boutons (10%), small-round-vesicle boutons (10%), large-round-vesicle boutons (20%), “clear-terminal” (15%) and dense-core-vesicle boutons (about 5%). Vesicle-containing dendrites were observed entering dendro-dendritic synapses. One to four days after large unilateral striatal lesions were made, a great number of degenerating boutons were seen in the ipsilateral substantia nigra, while the contra-lateral substantia nigra was entirely free of degeneration. The newly defined pleomorphic-vesicle boutons were found almost exclusively in the process of degeneration. The neuronal origin of the other bouton types is discussed.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 281-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Bird ; Pecten oculi ; Capillaries ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pecten oculi of the sparrow consists of capillaries, pigment cells and a superficial membrane. Because of the loose structure of the first two components broad intercellular spaces occur in the pecten. The capillary wall consists of endothelial cells and a perivascular membrane. The bodies of the endothelial cells are flattened, while the plasmalemma of both their surfaces (basal and luminal) is strongly folded and forms numerous microfolds with an average thickness of 700 Å. The height of the inner microfolds is 1.4–1.8 μm, the outer microfolds measure 1.3–1.6 μm. They lie densely packed side by side and are separated by recesses of the capillary lumen ca. 500 Å wide. Due to this the surface of the endothelial cell is increased by approximately 20-fold. The adjoining endothelial cells abut or overlap with margins, and are joined by the zonulae adherentes. Pigment cells form numerous processes and microvilli. Some rest on the capillary walls, while others penetrate the superficial membrane of the pecten or fill the intercellular spaces.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Crayfish ; Synapse ; Degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuromuscular junctions, muscle fibers, and intramuscular nerve branches in crayfish opener muscles denervated for periods up to 368 days were examined with the electron microscope. The majority of the denervated muscles responded to stimulation of the isolated distal part of the motor axon with electrical activity and contractions. The neuromuscular junctions and muscle fibers appeared normal in such preparations: synapses and synaptic vesicles were present in the nerve terminals, and the organization of filaments and tubules in the muscle fibers was not distinguishable from that in normal muscles. In some preparations denervated for a long time, and in others denervated by tying the motor axon close to the muscle, the motor axons showed physiological and morphological evidence of degeneration. Synapses, when present in such preparations, showed few synaptic vesicles, which were often clumped. Muscle fibers showed signs of degeneration. These observations suggest that isolated distal motor axon segments can remain alive for at least a year, retaining normal structure. As long as the motor axon is viable, the muscle remains normal in appearance, but if the axon degenerates, the muscle becomes abnormal. A trophic interdependence between nerve and muscle is probably involved.
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  • 99
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 140 (1973), S. 119-133 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Pyroantimonate precipitate indicates that the epithelium of the proximal tubule is the only segment of the tubular nephron of the fresh water lamprey where large accumlations of cations are distributed. Unusually large amounts of reaction product are located within the lateral intercellular spaces and within vesicles closely associated with the plasma membrane at the lateral and basal surfaces. This technique suggests the continuity of these vesicles with the plasma membrane and alludes to the possibility of an endomembranous system of vesicles and the intercellular spaces as vehicles for ion transport. Lateral intercellular spaces of proximal tubules of lower vertebrates may play a different role in kidney function that their counterparts in higher vertebrates.Osmium-zinc iodide has a specificity for certain cells within the proximal, intermediate, and distal segments, but no structural differences are noted when these cells are compared to unstained cells. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum remains unstained in the distal segment but the stain has a strong affinity for elements of the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and the nuclear envelope of all cell types. This technique does not suggest a structural or functional similarity between cells of the distal segment and the chloride cells of the gills of teleosts.
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  • 100
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 140 (1973), S. 135-151 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical analysis of the forebrain and midbrain of Anelytropsis, Dibamus and feyliniids reveals structural similarities with those of skinks and snakes. Skinks and feyliniids are probably derived from a common ancestral stock. This is suggested by mutual reduction of several telencephalic nuclei, by similar trends in the development of the dorsal thalamus, and by similarities in the lamination of their optic tecta. Anelytropsis, Dibamus, feyliniids and snakes show interdigitation of the periventricular gray zones of the optic tectum and enlargement of lamina 7 of the posterior colliculus. Of these three taxa, Dibamus is most similar to burrowing snakes and many of its brain characters are intermediate between skinks and burrowing snakes. These similarities may suggest common ancestry between Dibamus and snakes rather than parallelism.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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