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  • SPACE RADIATION  (435)
  • BIOSCIENCES  (307)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (941)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1973  (941)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (941)
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
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    Auditory system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The physical correlations of hearing, i.e. the acoustic stimuli, are reported. The auditory system, consisting of external ear, middle ear, inner ear, organ of Corti, basilar membrane, hair cells, inner hair cells, outer hair cells, innervation of hair cells, and transducer mechanisms, is discussed. Both conductive and sensorineural hearing losses are also examined.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 667-691
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  • 2
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    Toxicology (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Oxygen toxicity is examined, including the effects of oxygen partial pressure variations on toxicity and oxygen effects on ozone and nitrogen dioxide toxicity. Toxicity of fuels and oxidizers, such as hydrazines, are reported. Carbon monoxide, spacecraft threshold limit values, emergency exposure limits, spacecraft contaminants, and water quality standards for space missions are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 455-487
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  • 3
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    The vestibular system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The end organs, central nervous system connections, and static and dynamic characteristics of the vestibular system are presented. Vestibular servation in man and vestibular side effect prevention from space missions involving artificial gravity generation are also considered. Vestibular models and design criteria for rotating space vehicles are appended.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 533-609
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  • 4
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    Vision (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Some data on human vision, important in present and projected space activities, are presented. Visual environment and performance and structure of the visual system are also considered. Visual perception during stress is included.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 611-665
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  • 5
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    Respiratory system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The general anatomy and function of the human respiratory system is summarized. Breathing movements, control of breathing, lung volumes and capacities, mechanical relations, and factors relevant to respiratory support and equipment design are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 489-531
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  • 6
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    Subjective and nystagmus reactions considered in relation to models of vestibular function (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Modelling will become increasingly important as more knowledge is accumulated, because it offers advantages in predicting reactions of individuals in a variety of situations, including novel aerospace environments, and in specifying a few parameters which should have considerable clinical significance. However, the need for continuing experimental crosschecks of these models has been illustrated by several sets of results which would not have been predicted by any existing models.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 211-219
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  • 7
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    Biocore experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 biological cosmic ray experiment to determine the effect of heavy cosmic ray particles on the brain and eyes is reported. The pocket mouse was selected as the biological specimen for the experiment. The radiation monitors, animal autopsy and animal processing are described, and the radiation effects on the scalp, retina, and viscera are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 8
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) onboard the Apollo 17 orbiting spacecraft was used to measure emissions from the lunar atmosphere. The UVS and calibration are discussed along with the lunar atmosphere observations and lunar albedo measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelimin. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 9
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    The nature of interplanetary heavy ions with 0.1 less than E less than 40 MeV/nucleon (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The populations of interplanetary particles were studied by examining the energy spectra in a cosmic ray detector placed in the shade, facing away from the sun. Suprathermal ions of solar origin, and low-energy galactic cosmic rays are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 10
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    Quiet time energy spectra of heavy nuclei from 20 to 400 keV/amu (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Glass track detectors were exposed to cosmic rays on the moon from December 11 to 13, 1972, during a period of relatively quiet sun activity as inferred from satellite proton counters. From 80 to 400 keV/amu, the differential flux of heavy cosmic ray nuclei decreases roughly as E to the -2nd power; this result together with the greater flux from the solar than the antisolar direction identify these nuclei as solar in origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 11
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    Artifacts produced during electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve in cats (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Evidence is presented to indicate that evoked potentials in the recurrent laryngeal, the cervical sympathetic, and the phrenic nerve, commonly reported as being elicited by vestibular nerve stimulation, may be due to stimulation of structures other than the vestibular nerve. Experiments carried out in decerebrated cats indicated that stimulation of the petrous bone and not that of the vestibular nerve is responsible for the genesis of evoked potentials in the recurrent laryngeal and the cervical sympathetic nerves. The phrenic response to electrical stimulation applied through bipolar straight electrodes appears to be the result of stimulation of the facial nerve in the facial canal by current spread along the petrous bone, since stimulation of the suspended facial nerve evoked potentials only in the phrenic nerve and not in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. These findings indicate that autonomic components of motion sickness represent the secondary reactions and not the primary responses to vestibular stimulation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 115-123
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  • 12
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    Perception of the upright and susceptibility to motion sickness as functions of angle of tilt and angular velocity in off-vertical rotation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Motion sickness susceptibility of four normal subjects was measured in terms of duration of exposure necessary to evoke moderate malaise (MIIA) as a function of velocity in a chair rotated about a central axis tilted 10 deg with respect to gravitational upright. The subjects had little or no susceptibility to this type of rotation at 2.5 and 5.0 rpm, but with further increases in rate, the MIIA endpoint was always reached and with ever shorter test durations. Minimal provocative periods for all subjects were found at 15 or 20 rpm. Higher rotational rates dramatically reversed the vestibular stressor effect, and the subjects as a group tended to reach a plateau of relatively low susceptibility at 40 and 45 rpm. At these higher velocities, furthermore, the subjects essentially lost their sensation of being tilted off vertical. In the second half of the study, the effect of tilt angle was varied while the rotation rate was maintained at a constant 17.5 rpm. Two subjects were completely resistant to symptoms of motion sickness when rotated at 2.5 deg off vertical; with greater off-vertical angles, the susceptibility of all subjects increased sharply at first, then tapered off in a manner reflecting a Fechnerian function.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 99-103
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  • 13
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    Crew microbiology (DTO 71-19) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: States of microbial imbalance as a result of human altitude chamber confinement occurred, for the most part, only in those genera and species of bacteria, yeast, and fungi which are classified as transients and are not part of the true indigenous flora of the crewmembers. Inasmuch as no crew illness events occurred and only subtle changes in the indigenous flora were noted, it appears that confinement of 56-days in a Skylab simulated environment does not mediate toward shifts in bacterial populations which have obvious clinical significance.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 14
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    Use of Lorente de No's neuron circuit model for describing acceleratory nystagmus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of a previous metric analysis and an electronic simulation of acceleratory nystagmus are given. On this basis, a tentative mathematical model for describing acceleratory nystagmus is reported. The essential content of the model is Lorente de No's neuron circuit, to which the two-factor theory of excitation has been applied.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 263-272
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  • 15
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    Systems analysis of the vestibulo-ocular system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The vestibulo-ocular system is examined from the standpoint of system theory. The evolution of a mathematical model of the vestibulo-ocular system in an attempt to match more and more experimental data is followed step by step. The final model explains many characteristics of the eye movement in vestibularly induced nystagmus. The analysis of the dynamic behavior of the model at the different stages of its development is illustrated in time domain, mainly in a qualitative way.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 237-249
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  • 16
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    Use of Steinhausen's model for describing periodic Coriolis star nystagmus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Phase lag, maximal slow phase velocity, and beat frequency were measured in periodic Coriolis star nystagmus. The results have been described by Steinhausen's model of the semicircular canal system. Estimates of the biophysical constants have been obtained. It is concluded that this model is a good functional approximation for describing, and also for interpreting, the behavior of the system.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 251-262
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  • 17
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    On visual-vestibular interaction (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Experimental evidence is presented regarding visual vestibular interaction, and the results of three studies on the subject are briefly noted. An attempt to put together some of these observations with elementary notions of a visual vestibular interaction program is shown in the form of a flow chart representation of a possible model. This is a nonlinear model in which visual and vestibular influences are linearly weighted when they are in relative agreement but switch to the more believable one when they are in disagreement. A solution to the human space orientation problem is depicted by a schema for optimal subjective orientation based on several sensory modalities.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 205-210
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  • 18
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    Responses to rotating linear acceleration vectors considered in relation to a model of the otolith organs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Human subjects were exposed to a linear acceleration vector that rotated in the transverse plane of the skull without angular counterrotation. Lateral eye movements showed a sinusoidal change in slow phase velocity and an asymmetry or bias in the same direction as vector rotation. A model is developed that attributes the oculomotor response to otolithic mechanisms. It is suggested that the bias component is the manifestation of torsion of the statoconial plaque relative to the base of the utricular macula and that the sinusoidal component represents the translational oscillation of the statoconia. The model subsumes a hypothetical neural mechanism which allows x- and y-axis accelerations to be resolved. Derivation of equations of motion for the statoconial plaque in torsion and translation, which take into account forces acting in shear and normal to the macula, yield estimates of bias and sinusoidal components that are in qualitative agreement with the diverse experimental findings.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 221-236
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  • 19
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    Otolithic influences on extraocular and intraocular muscles (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Selective stimulation of utricular gravireceptors leads to gross activation of the bulbar reticular formation where a strong interaction with evoked spino-bulbo-spinal reflex activity occurs. The utricular neurons encountered by microelectrodes in the lateral vestibular nuclei show four types of elicited activity; two of these display an increased firing rate, and two exhibit pronounced inhibitory effects. Application of a stimulus of long duration and constant intensity to the utricle has shown that rapid adaptation of the peripheral receptors is a prominent feature. The effects of selective utricular stimulation upon eye movements, as recorded by the corneoretinal potential method, have been studied in experiments on cats and monkeys and it can be firmly stated that prolonged stimulation of the utricle can evoke strong primary nystagmus, followed by a secondary nystagmus at the cessation of stimulation. The action of utricular stimulation on ocular reflexes has been examined further, with particular attention to evoked pupillary reactions in both cats and monkeys: constriction during the fast phase of the brisk conjugate eye movement, and dilatation during the flow phase.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 195-201
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  • 20
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    Habituation of vestibular responses: An overview (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An historical survey of vestibular habituation experiments has been undertaken. Methodological problems are presented briefly, and the influence of arousal on vestibular responses is detailed. Data obtained from animals and from man are treated separately. At least for man, the term habituation may be better defined by a dynamic change in the form of vestibular responses than by a simple response reduction.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 157-193
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  • 21
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the vestibular end organs (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The vestibular end organs, after chemical fixation, were freeze dried, coated with gold and palladium, and studied in the scanning microscope. Scanning microscopy gives a good three dimensional view of the sensory areas and allows study of both gross anatomy and microstructures. Cross anatomical features of the structure of the ampullae are demonstrated. The form of the statoconia in different species of animals is shown. New aspects of the structure of the sensory hairs are revealed. The hair bundles in the central areas of the cristae and in the striola of the maculae differ structurally from the hair bundles at the periphery of the sensory regions. Furthermore, some hair bundles consisting of very short stereocilia were observed. The relationship between the cupula and the statoconial membrane to the epithelial surface is discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 145-156
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  • 22
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    Anti-motion-sickness therapy (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Neither alterations in environmental temperature nor moderate intake of alcohol was found to alter susceptibility to motion sickness in subjects exposed to rotation in the Pensacola slow rotation room. Scopolamine with d-amphetamine was found to be the most effective preparation for the prevention of motion sickness under the experimental conditions of the studies reported here. Promethazine in combination with d-amphetamine was in the same range of effectiveness. Drug actions suggest that acetylcholine and norepinephrine may be involved in motion sickness.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washinton Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 109-114
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  • 23
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    Theory of microwave and X-ray emission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The behaviour of the nonthermal electrons created at the impulsive phase of flares has been deduced from the microwave impulsive bursts and hard X-ray burst by many researchers. There is almost no doubt of the emission mechanisms that radio emissions are due to gyrosynchrotron emission and hard X-rays are collisional bremsstrahlung. However, there remain three controversial problems. One is whether the emission sources of the microwave impulsive burst and hard X-ray burst are common or not. Another is whether the injection of the nonthermal electrons into the source is impulsive or continuous. The other is the relation among the nonthermal electrons, soft X-rays, EUV flash, H-alpha kernels, and white light flares. These three problems are not independent of each other.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 179-187
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  • 24
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    Energetic particles as a source of flare energy (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The production of solar flares by the reservoir of energy generated by sunspot magnetic fields is discussed. Electrons play an important part in the flare process since high energy electrons are responsible for X-ray and radio emission. The energy required in the form of protons trapped in sunspot magnetic fields to produce large solar flares is analyzed. A trigger mechanism is described where the particles can be rapidly dumped into the chromosphere when fast electrons are produced by Coulomb collisions and through pion production by the highest energy protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 12-18
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  • 25
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    The ferrioxalate actinometry system of the microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The fluid actinometry portion of the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191) was designed for measurement of the solar energy that penetrates certain optical filter systems during exposure in space. Potassium ferrioxalate was used to measure energy at peak wavelengths of 254, 280, and 300 nanometers because of its high degree of sensitivity and its linear response to the middle ultraviolet regions.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 169-178
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  • 26
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    Effects of space environment on T-7 bacteriophage and spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Two strains of Bacillus subtilis were exposed to components of the ultraviolet spectrum in space. Both strains possess multiple genetic markers, and one of the strains is defective in the ability to repair ultraviolet damage. The T-7 bacteriophage of Escherichia coli was also exposed to selected wavelengths and energy levels of ultraviolet light in space. Preliminary findings do not reveal anomalies in survival rates. Data are not yet available on detailed genetic analyses.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 65-85
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  • 27
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    Background and general design of the microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) system (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Nine different species of organisms were exposed to space flight conditions during the Apollo 16 mission. Each test system was selected because it provided a quantitative method of evaluating some medically important phenomenon. The experiment design and each of the test systems are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 3-19
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  • 28
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    Infectivity and egg production of Nematospiroides dubius as affected by space flight and ultraviolet irradiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Nematospiroides dubius was tested to determine the infective potential of the third stage larvae and the egg-production and egg-viability rates of the resulting adults after they are exposed to space flight and solar ultraviolet irradiation. The results are indicative that space-flown larvae exposed to solar ultraviolet irradiation were rendered noninfective in C57 mice, whereas flight control larvae that received no solar ultraviolet irradiation matured at the same rate as the ground control larvae. However, depressed egg viability was evident in the flight control larvae.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 51-64
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  • 29
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    The high energy multicharged particle exposure of the microbial ecology evaluation device on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The high energy multicharged cosmic-ray-particle exposure of the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device package on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft was monitored using cellulose nitrate, Lexan polycarbonate, nuclear emulsion, and silver chloride crystal nuclear-track detectors. The results of the analysis of these detectors include the measured particle fluences, the linear energy transfer spectra, and the integral atomic number spectrum of stopping particle density. The linear energy transfer spectrum is used to compute the fractional cell loss in human kidney (T1) cells caused by heavy particles. Because the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device was better shielded, the high-energy multicharged particle exposure was less than that measured on the crew passive dosimeters.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 179-189
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  • 30
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    Thermoluminescent dosimetry for the Apollo 16 microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Lithium fluoride thermoluminescent chips were used to provide an integrated dose from the broad spectrum of ionizing radiation to the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191). The chips were positioned in the flight hardware to provide data on ionizing radiation within specific volume segments. A uniform radiation dose of 4.8 x 0.001 plus or minus 2 x 0.0001 joule/kg resulted.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 191-197
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  • 31
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    Effect of solar irradiation on extracellular enzymes of Aeromonas proteolytica (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The bacterium Aeromonas proteolytica was selected for studying the effects of solar irradiation on extracellular enzymes because it produces an endopeptidase that is capable of degrading proteins and a hemolysin that is active in lysing human erythrocytes. Possible alterations in the rate of enzyme production in response to the test conditions are currently underway and are not available for this preliminary report. Completed viability studies are indicative that little difference exists among the survival curves derived for cells exposed to various components of ultraviolet irradiation in space.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 137-151
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  • 32
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    Postflight analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis organisms exposed to space flight conditions (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Cultures of B. thuringiensis returned from space flight appeared to be normal to slightly affected adversely in their ability to produce three toxins that affect insects. In addition, it can be stated that B. thuringiensis spores are very resistant to ultraviolet irradiation at the individual wavelengths and energy levels previously described. Full sunlight, however, does have a detrimental effect on the viability of B. thuringiensis spores.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 105-120
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  • 33
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    Mycological studies housed in the Apollo 16 microbial ecology evaluation device (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Survival, death, and phenotype count have yielded variation in the number of fungi recovered from the controls and the flight exposed cuvettes during preliminary analysis of postflight first phase data. Also the preliminary analysis was indicative that fungi exposed to specific space flight conditions demonstrated variable survival rates and phenotype counts. Specific space flight conditions included full light space exposure for Chaetomium globosum, exposure at 300- and 254-nanometer wavelengths for Rhodotorula rubra, full light and 280-nanometer wavelength exposure for Trichophyton terrestre, and 254-nanometer wavelength exposure for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In general, phenotype counts for flight cuvettes and survival rates for control cuvettes were higher compared with the remaining cuvettes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 121-135
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    Effects of space vacuum and solar ultraviolet irradiation (254 nanometers) on the colony forming ability of Bacillus subtilis spores (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Bacillus subtilis spores are highly resistant to harsh environments. Therefore, in the Apollo 16 Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191), these spores were exposed to space vacuum or solar ultraviolet irradiation, or both, to estimate the change of survival for terrestrial organisms in space. The survival of the spores was determined in terms of colony-forming ability. Comparison of the flight results with results of simulation experiments on earth applying high vacuum or ultraviolet irradiation, or both, revealed no remarkable difference. Simultaneous exposure to both these space factors resulted in a synergistic effect (that is, an ultraviolet supersensitivity). Therefore, the change of survival in space is assumed to depend on the degree of protection against solar ultraviolet irradiation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 87-103
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  • 35
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    High Energy Phenomena on the Sun Symposium - summary and outlook (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: A brief summary of the symposium is presented along with an outlook for developments in solar physics.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 625-630
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  • 36
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    Regular pulsations from the solar corona (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Meter-wave pulsations observed at Culgoora are discussed. The characteristics of recorded pulsation events are summarized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 589-593
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  • 37
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    Modulation of solar cosmic rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Consideration is given to whether the modulation of low energy solar cosmic ray nuclei between the sun and earth can be so extreme that the fluxes observed at 1 AU imply (1) that the cosmic ray energy density in the solar atmosphere is comparable to the thermal energy density, and/or (2) that the cosmic ray intensity is sufficient in the solar atmosphere to produce detectable fluxes of secondary particles such as low energy positrons. It was found that such large modulation is compatible with observations, provided that the modulation occurrence is confined within a solar envelope lying within approximately 0.2 to 0.3 AU of the sun. There is, however, no compelling observational evidence to require that the modulation is this large.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 418-438
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  • 38
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    Decay time of type 3 solar bursts (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Type 3 solar bursts observed by OGO-5, below 600 kHz, were analyzed. Decay times were measured, and collisional decay times were computed for distances out to 1 AU. By fitting power functions to the computed and observed decay times, and using local plasma hypothesis, it was found that the ratio rho of computed observed values varies with heliocentric radial distance according to a power function rho = 3r to the 0.7th power, assuming fundamental emission, and rho = 2r to the 0.7th power, assuming second harmonic emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 537-539
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  • 39
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    Soft X-ray flare spectra (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Large solar flares produce intense soft X-ray emission, indicating the existence of high temperature plasmas that coexist in time with the plasmas responsible for the normally observed brightenings in H-alpha. The time behavior of the X-ray flux, as revealed, for example, by ion chamber detectors on the series of Solrad monitoring satellites, appears to roughly mimic the intensity-time behavior of the H-alpha flare, insofar as start times, times of maximum flux, and approximate decay times are concerned. In recent years, soft X-ray spectra of both active regions and solar flares have been obtained by instruments flown on spacecraft such as the Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) series. The disbursing elements used were Bragg crystals, and in the 8 Angstrom region the resolution is typically approximately 1200. This paper discusses the observed characteristics of X-ray flare spectra and spectroscopic diagnostics for determining electron temperatures, electron densities, and departures from ionization equilibrium within the soft X-ray emitting plasma.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 262-275
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  • 40
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    Theory of solar microwave bursts (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The theory of solar microwave bursts is discussed in terms of gyrosynchrotron emission and absorption in a magnetoactive plasma and other absorption processes by the background medium. Simplified formulas for all turnover frequencies are given. Above about 2 GHz the most likely absorption processes for large bursts are free-free absorption and gyrosynchrotron self-absorption. The former process is capable of producing flux densities which are flat or slowly varying functions of frequency. The latter process sets absolute upper limits on the intensities of microwave bursts, which at a given frequency, depend only on the magnetic field in the source region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 188-197
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  • 41
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    Fungi and bacteria (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Spacecraft equipment is usually protected from fungi and bacteria by incorporating a fungicide-bactericide in the material, by a fungicide-bactericide spray, or by reducing the relative humidity to a degree where growth will not take place. A unique method to protect delicate, expensive bearings in equipment was to maintain a pressure (with dry air or nitrogen) slightly above the outside atmosphere (few millibars) within the working parts of the equipment, thus preventing fungi from entering equipment.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 2 p
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  • 42
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    Probabilities for the peak flux and fluence of energetic solar protons incident on interplanetary spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Energetic protons injected into interplanetary space in solar particle events can interfere with spacecraft operations and experiments and can cause permanent degradation of some components. For future long term interplanetary and planetary missions, techniques were developed which use solar particle event data from 1956 through 1970 to predict the probability of exceeding any value of peak proton intensity or mission proton fluence. Dependences on proton energy (near 10 to 100 MeV), heliocentric distance, and phase of the solar cycle are included. The techniques are described and applied to the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 mission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 37-44
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  • 43
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    Brain blood-flow changes during motion sickness (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The possibility of diminished blood flow in the brain is studied as one of the factors resulting from an increase in skeletal muscle blood volume concomitant with other characteristics of motion sickness. Thermistors are implanted in the thalamus of dogs and blood flow changes are recorded while they are subjected to sinusoidal movement on a two pole swing. Results of these initial steps in a proposed long term exploration of different areas of the brain are presented.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 105-107
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  • 44
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    Biostack experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 biostack experiment to establish the biological efficiency of individual heavy nuclei particles of galactic cosmic radiation are reported. The experiment theory, interaction of heavy nuclei particles with biologic matter, and the total dose of cosmic ionizing radiation are discussed along with the radiation effects of heavy nuclei on Artemia salina eggs, and Bacillus subtilis.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 45
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    Gamma ray spectrometer experiment, NaI(Tl) detector crystal activation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Preliminary results are presented of data on the extent of the cosmic ray-induced activity obtained by a sodium iodide thallium-activated crystal flown onboard the Apollo 17 command module. Qualitative identification is reported for the following: Na-24, I-123, I-124, I-125, I-126, and Xe-127.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 46
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    Measurements of heavy solar wind and higher energy solar particles during the Apollo 17 mission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The lunar surface cosmic ray experiment, consisting of sets of mica, glass, plastic, and metal foil detectors, was successfully deployed on the Apollo 17 mission. One set of detectors was exposed directly to sunlight and another set was placed in shade. Preliminary scanning of the mica detectors shows the expected registration of heavy solar wind ions in the sample exposed directly to the sun. The initial results indicate a depletion of very-heavy solar wind ions. The effect is probably not real but is caused by scanning inefficiencies. Despite the lack of any pronounced solar activity, energetic heavy particles with energies extending to 1 MeV/nucleon were observed. Equal track densities of approximately 6000 tracks/cm sq 0.5 microns in length were measured in mica samples exposed in both sunlight and shade.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 47
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    Environmental noise experiment (DTO 71-22) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Only general conclusions can be reached of the effect of Skylab simulation chamber noise on the crewmen. Two crewmen experienced a small hearing decrement in-chamber, but there was no pattern as to the ear and frequency affected. Temporary hearing threshold shifts were observed in all three crewmen postchamber. These postchamber threshold shifts were perhaps the most significant finding of the study. However, no lasting detrimental effects on the crew's hearing were found.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 8 p
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  • 48
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    Sleep-monitoring, experiment M133 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab sleep-monitoring experiment simulated the timelines and environment expected during a 56-day Skylab mission. Two crewmembers utilized the data acquisition and analysis hardware, and their sleep characteristics were studied in an online fashion during a number of all night recording sessions. Comparison of the results of online automatic analysis with those of postmission visual data analysis was favorable, confirming the feasibility of obtaining reliable objective information concerning sleep characteristics during the Skylab missions. One crewmember exhibited definite changes in certain sleep characteristics (e.g., increased sleep latency, increased time Awake during first third of night, and decreased total sleep time) during the mission.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 21 p
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  • 49
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    Metabolic activity, experiment M171 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab metabolic activity experiment determines if man's metabolic effectiveness in doing mechanical work is progressively altered by a simulated Skylab environment, including environmental factors such as slightly increased pCO2. This test identified several hardware/procedural anomalies. The most important of these were: (1) the metabolic analyzer measured carbon dioxide production and expired water too high; (2) the ergometer load module failed under continuous high workload conditions; (3) a higher than desirable number of erroneous blood pressure measurements were recorded; (4) vital capacity measurements were unreliable; and (5) anticipated crew personal exercise needs to be more structured.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 15 p
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  • 50
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    Mineral balance, experiment M071 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Concern for the long term metabolic consequences of weightless flight was the basis for the conception of the Skylab medical experiment to measure mineral balance. Proper interpretation of obtained data that diminished atmospheric pressure has no appreciable effect, or at least no protective effect, on calcium metabolism. The absence of changes in calcium metabolism indicates that a stable baseline observation has been made for Skylab as far as the effects of atmosphere or calcium metabolism are concerned.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 51
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    Lower body negative pressure, experiment M092 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Evaluation of orthostatic intolerance has been achieved by the use of lower body negative pressure (LBNP). The LBNP technique, though independent of gravity, simulates its effect by exposing the legs and the lower abdomen to reduced ambient pressures. This LBNP experiment, conducted during the 56-day simulation of the Skylab environment, was designed to supply baseline information on cardiovascular responses to periodic orthostatic stress. Impaired orthostatic tolerance, manifested by the increased heart rate, diminished systolic and pulse pressure, and increased tendency to syncope in the upright position, or during LBNP, was not observed in this experiment.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 52
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    Vestibular mechanisms underlying certain problems in a rotating spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Vestibular side effects are discussed with the aid of a conceptual framework based on an analysis of vestibular input-output relations. These side effects tend to fall into two main categories: (1) Reflex phenomena, and (2) motion sickness, a delayed epiphenomenon. Although the symptomatology of motion sickness is similar wherever experienced, both the eliciting stimuli and the opportunity to adapt may differ in different motion environments. These differences not only are exemplified when motion sickness is compared in a weightless and in a rotating environment, but they also point to important differences in the problem of preventing (or treating) motion sickness in these two very different environments.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 35-39
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  • 53
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    Red blood cell metabolism (M114), part D (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Statistically significant differences were found between Skylab simulation crews and controls for glycolytic enzymes. The absence of simultaneous controls for the pre- and postchamber analyses leaves the significance of the findings in the crew during these periods indeterminate.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 2 p
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  • 54
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    Special hematologic effects (M115), part E (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: All routine hematological measurements for the Skylab simulation test were within normal astronaut population limits for the CDR, SPT, and PLT, with one exception: A significant lymphopenia was observed in the PLT during the post test period, possibly the reflection of increased adrenal corticoid secretion. No ultrastructural red cell membrane abnormalities were observed in any of the subjects, nor were any red corpuscle morphological abnormalities noted. Slight elevations in the PLT's red corpuscular potassium were observed in the younger corpuscles after chamber entrance and again upon egress. This probably represents newly released young red cells from hematopoietic tissue. Flame photometric analyses confirm the fact that potassium is indeed higher in the younger cells of all subjects examined.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 55
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    Investigation of man's immune system (M112), part B (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Fifty-six days of residence in a Skylab-type environment produce essentially no change in the reactivity of the human immune system, as typified by the rate of RNA or DNA synthesis in small lymphocytes. The one point of divergence between the Skylab simulation crew and previous Apollo crews, a marked depression in synthesis rates on the fourteenth day after the chamber study, may be due to some technical difficulty in the experiment. Lymphocyte morphology changes paralleled functional changes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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    Hematology/immunology (M110 series) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The hematology/immunology experiments in the Skylab mission study various aspects of the red blood cell, including its metabolism and life span, and blood volume changes under zero gravity conditions to determine the precise mechanism of the transient changes which have been seen on the relatively brief missions of the past.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 5 p
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  • 57
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    The role of perilymph in the response of the semicircular canals to angular acceleration (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A new model for the response of the semicircular canals to angular motion is postulated. This model is based on evidence that the bony canal is not compartmentalized and assumes that the ampulla wall is highly flexible. It is shown that the perilymph induces a cupula displacement far greater than that produced by the endolymph alone. The predicted dynamic behavior of the canals on the basis of this model is found to be consistent with experimental observations.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 135-141
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  • 58
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    The vestibular system of the owl (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Five owls were given vestibular examinations, and two of them were sacrificed to provide serial histological sections of the temporal bones. The owls exhibited a curious variability in the postrotatory head nystagmus following abrupt deceleration; sometimes a brisk nystagnus with direction opposite to that appropriate to the stimulus would occur promptly after deceleration. It was found also that owls can exhibit a remarkable head stability during angular movement of the body about any axis passing through the skull. The vestibular apparatus in the owl is larger than in man, and a prominent crista neglecta is present. The tectorial membrane, the cupula, and the otolithic membranes of the utricle, saccule, and lagena are all attached to surfaces in addition to the surfaces hearing hair cells. These attachments are very substantial in the utricular otolithic membrane and in the cupula.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 127-132
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  • 59
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    Medical operations: Crew surgeon's report (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: To assure the safety and well being of the Skylab environment simulation crewmembers it was necessary to develop a medical safety plan with emergency procedures. All medical and nonmedical test and operations personnel, except those specifically exempted, were required to meet the medical standards and proficiency levels as established. Implemented programs included health care of the test crew and their families, occupational medical services for chamber operating personnel, clinical laboratory support and hypobaric and other emergency support.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 15 p
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  • 60
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    Effects of SMEAT on the oral health of crewmen (DTO 71-2) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The oral health status of three astronauts was monitored before, during and after a 56-day simulation of the Skylab mission. Laboratory and clinical parameters which are considered to be ultimately related to dental impairments were evaluated. The most notable changes were observed in increased counts of mycoplasma and S. mutans, decreased counts of enteric bacilli, decreased saliva flow rates, increased secretory IgA and salivary lysozyme levels, and increased clinical scores of dental plaque, calculus and inflammation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 61
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    Bioassay of body fluids, experiment M073 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Body fluids were assayed in this experiment to demonstrate changes which might have occurred during the 56-day chamber study in fluid and electrolyte balance, in regulation of calcium metabolism, in overall physiological and emotional adaptation to the environment, and in regulation of metabolic processes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 14 p
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  • 62
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    Bone mineral measurement, experiment M078 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Measurement tests revealed few deviations from baseline bone mineral measurements after 56 days in a Skylab-type environment. No mineral change was observed in the right radius. One individual, however, showed a possible mineral loss in the left os calcis and another gained mineral in the right ulna. The cause of the gain is unclear but may be attributable to the heavy exercise routines engaged in by the crewmember in question. Equipment problems were identified during the experiment and rectified.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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    Blood volume and red cell life span (M113), part C (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Prechamber, in-chamber, and postchamber blood samples taken from Skylab simulation crewmembers did not indicate significant shortening of the red cell life span during the mission. This does not suggest that the space simulation environment could not be associated with red cell enzyme changes. It does show that any changes in enzymes were not sufficiently great to significantly shorten red cell survival. There was no evidence of bone marrow erythropoetic suppression nor was there any evidence of increased red cell destruction.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 4 p
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  • 64
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    Cytogenetic studies of the blood (M111), part A (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The cytogenetic study of the crew appears to indicate that Skylab-type environmental conditions have no deleterious effect upon chromosomal material. The findings are, however, less clear-cut than might be desired, due in large measure to confounding of the experimental design by the administration of isotope injections for the purposes of other experiments and to the lack of control subjects.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 3 p
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  • 65
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    Program organization (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab medical experiments altitude test plan is outlined. Described are the scope and objectives of the program, the management system under which it would be conducted, requirements for configuration of the test facility, test control documentation, data processing, and detailed test objectives.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 5 p
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  • 66
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    Introduction (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The objective of the Skylab medical experiment altitude test was to provide a nearly full scale simulation of a 56-day Skylab mission for studying physiological changes produced in man by the long term exposure to space conditions. Evaluated in the altitude chamber tests were human cardiovascular/hemodynamic responses, musculoskeletal/metabolic effects, endocrine/electrode factors, and neurophysiological indices.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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    A storm of type 3 bursts observed by RAE-1 in August 1968 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Curves of the number of type 3 bursts as a function of time are presented for six fixed frequencies (2.8, 1.65, 1.31, 0.995, 0.700, and 0.54 MHz). The curves peak at approximately 0500 UT August 20, 1968, and are symmetrical on both sides. Sakurai (1971) has shown that this time correlates well with the CMP of the McMath Region 9597. The maximum rate of bursts is approximately 150 per hour at the higher frequency of 2.8 MHz. Over 20,000 bursts were counted during the 15-day period from August 13 to August 27 when the active region was visible to the earth. A least-squares normal curve has been fitted to the observational data and calculations of variance and standard deviation are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 552-557
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  • 68
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    Flare-induced MHD disturbances in the corona - Moreton waves and type 2 shocks (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The propagation in the corona of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disturbance possibly emitted at the explosive stage in the initial phase of a flare is considered. The behavior of the MHD fast-mode wavefront, whose source is located at the flare, is calculated by using eiconal-characteristic method in the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) realistic models of coronal magnetic field and density for the days of some particular flare events. It is shown as the result that the peculiar behavior of Moreton's surface wave and the peculiar appearance in the shape and position of the type 2 burst sources can be consistently understood by considering the refraction, focussing, and formation of shocks of MHD fast-mode disturbance in the actual distribution of Alfven velocity in the corona. Moreton waves seem to appear only when the flare explosion happens to occur at the edge of an active region and faces a low-Alfven-velocity region lying on the surface. The wave, which is initially emitted isotropically is refracted into a direction in which the condition for down-refraction holds to allow chromospheric reentrance of disturbance.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 577-588
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  • 69
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    Solar flare observations and solar flare models (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The use of solar flare models based on specific and detailed observations of solar flares is discussed. A process for determining the validity of various solar models is analyzed. The process relegates the infall-impact model for flares to a secondary role in high energy solar events. The strictly thermal infall-impact model cannot lead to temperatures greater than five million degrees K. Another process is needed to explain the high energy aspects of solar flares which are related to temperatures equal to or greater than 10 to the 7th power degrees K, nonthermal X-ray and radio emissions, white light flares, high energy particles from the sun, and gamma ray producing particles in the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 19-25
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  • 70
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    Construction of a mathematical model of the human body, taking the nonlinear rigidity of the spine into account (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A mathematical model of the human body was constructed, under the action of harmonic vibrations, in the 2.5-7 Hz frequency range. In this frequency range, the model of the human body as a vibrating system, with concentrated parameters is considered. Vertical movements of the seat and vertical components of vibrations of the human body are investigated.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 38-40
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  • 71
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    Plasma column changes at small solar elongations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The differenced range versus integrated Doppler (DRVID) technique was used to study charged particle changes in the ray path between earth and Mariner 9. For plasma activity near the sun, DRVID data were obtained from August 10 to October 24, 1972, surrounding the Mariner 9 superior conjunction on September 7. If the records are viewed in terms of range change or range change rate, the day-to-day fluctuations in these quantities mask the changes expected due to the varying solar elongation. Thus, while the steady-state total electron content varies by a factor of 4, the columnar content changes show no systematic variations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 471-472
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  • 72
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    Apollo orbital geochemistry: Gamma rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Lunar gamma ray spectra obtained during Apollo-15 and -16 flights show a natural radioactivity due to potassium, thorium, and uranium as well as a cosmic ray induced activity in the lunar surface due to high neutron interactions produced by (p,n) reaction in the lunar surface. The radioactivity is at a low in the highlands on the backside of the moon; most of the radioactivity is confined to the Oceanus Procellarum/Mare Imbrium region and to the Van de Graff area on the lunar backside.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 132-135
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  • 73
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    Apollo orbital geochemistry: X-rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Aluminum/silicon and magnesium/silicon concentration measurements along Apollo-15 and -16 lunar groundtracks by X-rays show that the highlands are very rich in aluminum, and that mare basalts cover large areas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 127-131
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  • 74
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    Low-intensity optical emissions from the interstellar medium (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Spectrometric scans of faint optical emissions from interstellar gas are reported. Systematic variations along the galactic plane in both the intensity and radial velocity of the galactic H alpha suggest that the diffuse emission is strongly associated with three nearby galactic spiral arms.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 88-91
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  • 75
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    The study of solar flares during the next sunspot maximum (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Scientific goals and the instrumentation package for the OSO-K/solar flare mission are reported. The problem of determining origin and energetics of solar flares is considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 63-68
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  • 76
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    Spatial structure of a two-phase solar flare observed in the EUV by OSO-7 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Soft X-ray and hydrogen alpha observations on the structure of a solar flare show the typical flare behavior - a rapid rise to maximum and a gradual exponential decay, with good time correlation between the soft X-rays and H alpha. The emission is identified by Fe XI ion, and the emitting region is contoured on EUV maps.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 54-57
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  • 77
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    Solar flare produced pulsations in meter and X-ray wavelengths (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: The mechanism responsible for the modulation of synchrotron radiation in the meter wave range by a solar flare is examined. The proposed explanation is based on the interaction of a flare generated shock front with a magnetic flux tube extending out into the corona over the flare. As the shock wave propagates through the flux tube, Alfven waves are developing and travelling up the tube toward each other, thereby accelerating electrons and protons by the Fermi mechanism and thus filling the top of the flux tube with energetic electrons. Radial oscillations develop as the shock front becomes parallel to the magnetic field direction and the intensity of the synchrotron radiation is modulated by these oscillations. An OSO-5 experiment detected a hard X-ray burst associated with the flare that produced modulated radio emission and X-ray modulations that are attributed to density fluctuations in the X-ray bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 49-53
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  • 78
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    Ground-based flare studies at Sacramento Peak (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: The structure of an isolated solar flare point observed by vacuum telescope and multichannel spectrophotometer is considered. The tiny bright spot in H alpha photos lasted less than 30 seconds and coincided with a Type-III solar burst; a soft X-ray burst peaked at the time of this event. The small scale structure of the flare point exhibited in miniature the characteristics of a true flare event.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 58-62
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  • 79
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    Observations of solar cosmic rays at 2 AU (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Solid state low-energy telescopic observations on solar and galactic cosmic rays from 2 AU outward by satellites are evaluated. Plots of solar events leading to large injections of particles from the sun show that low energy slower protons arrive first by many hours before the higher energy protons, and that the higher energy particles are falling off more rapidly.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 38-44
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  • 80
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    Radial gradients of galactic cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Variation of the cosmic ray intensity as a function away from the sun and its radial derivative is studied by plotting satellite cosmic ray measurements against sea level neutron monitor data. Results show that the solar modulation cavity extends well beyond 2 AU and that irregularities in the sun's magnetic field are carried outward radially by the solar wind, thus sweeping low energy cosmic rays out of the solar system and at the same time cooling cosmic rays reaching the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 45-48
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  • 81
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    Progress in the measurement of high-energy galactic cosmic ray electrons (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Cosmic ray electron measurements by individual threshold detector elements show that about 30 percent of observed electron-like galactic cosmic showers are really proton initiated events. The cosmic electron spectrum at about 10 GeV exhibits a consistent dropoff in intensity leading to a best fit at a power law of spectral index -3.2; a break in the spectrum should occur above 10 GeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 24-28
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  • 82
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    Modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays over the present solar cycle (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Explorer satellite observations of modulations in the cosmic ray spectrum during the entire period of the solar cycle show intensity variations in the proton and alpha modulated spectra. A positive correlation between plasma density and variation in cosmic ray intensity is found that breaks during the transition period when higher energy intensity is decreasing as the solar activity increases. It is suggested that the alpha particles lead the proton particles during transition periods and thus make the lag time shorter for high rigidity near the solar maximum and the solar minimum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 34-37
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  • 83
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    The first integrated interplanetary electron spectrum (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Observations of a quiet-time interplanetary electron component in the 20 keV to 2 MeV energy range are reported. The measurements fill in the gap between the highest-energy known solar wind and the lowest-energy previously observed electron populations, and connect for the first time the entire solar-quiet interplanetary electron spectrum over a dynamic range of nearly 10 to the 12th power in energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 29-33
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  • 84
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    Atmospheric secondary gamma radiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: A theoretical model in the form of a three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculation is developed that starts with known cosmic ray flux at the top of the atmosphere and follows particles as they interact with the atmosphere for a schematic representation of how atmospheric secondary gamma rays are produced. The model predicts atmospheric secondary gamma radiation as a function of altitude, energy, and zenith angle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 16-19
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  • 85
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    Primary and secondary nuclei in high-energy cosmic rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Charge and particle trajectory measurements during a balloon-borne experiment observing the composition of cosmic rays, are interpreted by plotting differential intensities of various nuclei of both primary and secondary origin above 3 GeV/nucleon. The large spectral difference between carbon plus oxygen and iron is confirmed in the difference between their secondary products. This large difference cannot be explained as being solely due to propagation effects and it is concluded that preferential acceleration of heavy nuclei due to a source effect is present.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 20-23
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  • 86
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    Positron annihilation radiation from neutron stars (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Balloon observations of a low energy flux line at 2 x 0.001 photons cm/2 s/1 from the galactic center region around 470 keV are interpreted as the positron annihilation radiation that occurs on the surface of old neutron stars and is redshifted by their gravitational fields. An astrophysical model is formulated to explain the observed flux that provides for about 0.2 neutron stars per 3 x 10 to the 49th power cubic meters assuming that the disk thickness is about 1.5 x 10 to the 19th power meters.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 9-11
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  • 87
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    The chromospheric association of the metric type 3 bursts - implications concerning the acceleration of solar electrons and the active streamers (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: In two recent papers it was shown that the metric type 3 emission is closely related to a transient perturbation seen in absorption in the H alpha line. In addition, this perturbation sometimes triggers a flare, sometimes not. This can explain why the type 3 have a poor H alpha flare correlation rate and still are a typical flash phase emission when flare-associated. The characteristics are summarized of the new association proposed. It is assumed that 10 to 100 keV electrons are accelerated in connection with a particular kind of transient H alpha absorbing feature. For as yet undetermined reasons, this process would often, but not always, result in a more efficient acceleration coincident with the early phase of the optical flare. The possibilities that this process could lead occasionally to long lasting subrelativistic particle emissive region are explored.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 615-622
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  • 88
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    Time profile of type 3 bursts in decameter and hectometer range (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The following new hypothesis is proposed. The decay time of plasma waves is much shorter than the time scale of type 3 bursts especially at low frequencies. Accordingly, the time variation of radio flux at a given frequency merely corresponds to the flux of fast electrons passing through the corresponding plasma layer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 573-576
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  • 89
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    Type 2 and type 3 burst theory (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The present state of the theory of type 3 bursts is reviewed by dividing the problem into the exciting agency, radiation source, and propagation of radiation between the source and the observer. In-situ measurements indicate that the excitors are electron streams of energy about 40 keV which are continuously relaxing. An investigation of neutralization of an electron stream indicates that n sub s is much less than 100,000 n sub e, where n sub s is the stream density and n sub e the coronal electron density. In situ observations are consistent with this result. An analysis of propagation of electrons in the current sheets of coronal streamers shows that such propagation at heights greater than 1 solar radius is impossible. The mechanisms for radiation are reviewed; it is shown that fundamental radiation at high frequencies (approximately 100 MHz) is highly beamed in the radial direction and that near the earth second harmonic radiation must be dominant. Because of beaming of the fundamental at high frequencies, it can often be quite weak near the limb so that the second harmonic is dominant. In considering propagation to the observer, the results of scattering of radiation are discussed. The present state of the theory of type 2 bursts is reviewed in the same manner as type 3 bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 558-572
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  • 90
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    Further results on cooling mechanisms for soft X-ray flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Analysis of data from the soft X-ray proportional counter spectrometer on OSO-4 has been continued along the lines of earlier work. It was noticed that the time profiles of X-ray counts from the OSO-4 instrument's 1 to 3 Angstrom detectors for two events showed a very rapid initial decay after maximum, followed by a much more slowly falling section. At least in the case of the larger of the two events, the change of slope seems quite definitely to be discontinuous. Temperatures and emission measures for both flares have been derived, by fitting an emission function to eight-channel count histograms which form the output of the 1 to 3 Angstrom detectors, analyzed into eight energy intervals by pulse-height analysis. The computer program is described. It employs temperature and continuum emission measures in the Culhane-Acton formula and the flux in the 6.7 KeV iron-line feature as free parameters, adjusting them by small amounts in successive iterations until the original historgram is approximately reproduced. A chi-squared is used to examine the agreement between histograms and terminates the iteration accordingly. Account is taken of the proportional counters' energy resolution in the fitting process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy phenomena on the Sun; p 276-282
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  • 91
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    Nuclear gamma rays from solar flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The theory of gamma-ray line emission from solar flares is reviewed and revised. It is shown that the line emissions at 0.5, 2.2, 4.4, and 6.1 MeV are due to positron annihilation, deuterium deexcitation following neutron capture on hydrogen, and the deexcitation of excited states in carbon and oxygen. From the observed relative line intensities it is possible to determine the spectrum of accelerated protons in the flare region. This spectrum is found to be very similar to that of charged particles from the flare observed near earth. The total number of protons at the sun is deduced from the observed absolute line intensities for various interaction models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 301-314
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  • 92
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    A centre for accommodative vergence motor control (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Latencies in accommodation, accommodative-vergence, and pupil-diameter responses to changing accommodation stimuli, as well as latencies in pupil response to light-intensity changes were measured. From the information obtained, a block diagram has been derived that uses the least number of blocks for representing the accommodation, accommodative-vergence, and pupil systems. The signal transmission delays over the various circuits of the model have been determined and compared to known experimental physiological-delay data. The results suggest the existence of a motor center that controls the accommodative vergence and is completely independent of the accommodation system.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Vision Research; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 93
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    X-ray spectral features of the Crab Nebula and NP0532 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec
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  • 94
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    Expansion pattern of flare-associated disturbances near the earth's orbit during October 23 to November 4, 1968 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A series of solar flares accompanying type II and type IV radio bursts were observed while the active region McMath No. 9740 was on the solar disk. Most of these flares were also associated with solar cosmic rays and SSC geomagnetic storms. The expansion pattern of these disturbances near the earth's orbit is considered. This pattern appears to be useful for studying the propagation of interplanetary shock waves which are generated by solar flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec. 3
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  • 95
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    X ray analysis of balloon-collected particles erroneously considered as an October influx into the lower stratosphere (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Individual particles were analyzed on the collection screens in a Jeolco scanning electron microscope using a Kevex Li-drifted silicon energy dispersive X ray detector. It was found that the bulk of the stratospheric samples studied comes from explosive squib devices. It is pointed out that this finding does not invalidate the extensive results obtained by Bigg et al. (1970, 1971) in previous sampling experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 20
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  • 96
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    K alpha line emission during solar X-ray bursts (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The expected flux of K alpha line emission from sulfur, argon, calcium, and iron is calculated during both thermal and nonthermal solar X-ray events. Such emission is shown to be weak during the course of most of the nonthermal hard X-ray bursts that Kane and Anderson (1970) have observed. If Compton backscattering is significant at high energies, the flux is reduced still further for disk flares, but it is noted that the strong, near-limb burst of June 26 would have produced about 100 photons /sq cm/sec of sulfur and iron K alpha emission. The impulsive hard X-ray bursts may in general be too short-lived for much K alpha emission. It may be noted that sulfur K alpha emission in particular depends sensitively on the lower-energy limit of the nonthermal electron spectrum, assuming such a sharply defined boundary exists. During soft X-ray bursts, when temperatures of a few 10 to the 7th power K are obtained, K alpha emission from certain iron ions, specifically Fe XVIII-XXIII, may be important.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 32; Sept
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  • 97
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    Effects of solar wind composition, anisotropy, and streaming on ordinary mode electromagnetic instability (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The stability of the low-frequency waves propagating transverse to the magnetic field of a plasma composed of electrons, protons, and alpha particles with anisotropic electron and ion temperatures is explored. The threshold for the ordinary mode instability and the growth rates have a very strong dependence on the electron temperature anisotropy but have a comparatively weaker dependence on the ion temperature anisotropy, on the relative abundance of helium to hydrogen, and on the relative streaming of two ion species. The threshold for the instability of these low-frequency waves is (m sub e/m sub p) to the 1/2 power times smaller than the one corresponding to high-frequency waves; however, for a relative abundance of helium to hydrogen up to 20% for the relevant known magnetic fields, particle densities, temperatures, and drifts, the solar wind remains below the threshold for this instability.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Dec. 1
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  • 98
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    Dietary carbohydrate increases brain tryptophan and decreases serum-free tryptophan (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 244; July 6
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  • 99
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    Variations of the relative abundances of He, /C, N, O/ and Fe-group nuclei in solar cosmic rays and their relationship to solar particle acceleration (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 31; July 197
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  • 100
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    Jupiter's radiation belts - Can Pioneer 10 survive (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent calculations suggest that three of the Galilean satellites are very effective in limiting the fluxes of energetic electrons and protons diffusing inward from Jupiter's outer magnetosphere. Electron and proton densities with and without lunar effects are plotted as functions of the distance from the center of the planet in units of Jupiter radii. Both electrons and protons in the model come from the solar wind. The trajectory of Pioneer 10 in magnetic coordinates is examined and the period of greatest danger to the spacecraft is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Science; 182; Dec. 7
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