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  • General Chemistry  (1,542)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (275)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1975-1979  (1,265)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
  • 1930-1934  (775)
  • 1975  (1,265)
  • 1931  (775)
Collection
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  • 1975-1979  (1,265)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
  • 1930-1934  (775)
Year
  • 1
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    Origin of cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Based on recent observations of the galactic gas and gamma ray distributions, the galactic cosmic ray distribution is deduced. This distribution is identical to that of supernova remnants (within experimental error), strongly supporting the hypothesis that most observed cosmic rays are produced by supernovas in our own galaxy. The average age of the cosmic ray sources is suggested, from the character of their distribution, to be about 30 million years.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; July 21
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  • 2
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    High-energy galactic gamma radiation from cosmic rays concentrated in spiral arms (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model for the emission of high-energy (exceeding 100 Mev) gamma-rays from the galactic disk has been developed and compared with recent SAS-2 observations. In the calculation, it is assumed that (1) the high energy galactic gamma-rays result primarily from the interaction of cosmic rays with galactic matter, (2) the cosmic-ray density is proportional to the matter density on the scale of galactic arms, and (3) the matter in the Galaxy is distributed in a spiral pattern consistent with density-wave theory and experimental data on the matter distribution that is available, including the 21-cm H I line emission, continuum emission from H II regions, and data currently being used to estimate the H2 density. The calculated galactic-longitude distribution of gamma rays is in good agreement with the SAS-2 observations in relative shape and absolute flux. As a corollary, the nonuniform cosmic-ray distribution of this model tends to support the galactic origin of the fraction of cosmic rays which is important in the production of high-energy photons. Modifications of the basic model show that the gamma-ray flux is relatively sensitive to large variations of the assumed distribution of molecular hydrogen in the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 1
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  • 3
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    Observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts with IMP-7 - Evidence for a single spectrum (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectral observations of nine recent cosmic gamma-ray bursts are reported. The average photon number spectra of all nine events are each consistent with a 150-keV exponential from 100 keV to about 400 keV, and a power law of index -2.5 from 400 keV to 1100 keV. The observations also indicate an event rate of 16 in 1972 and 1973, or 8 plus or minus 2 per year, higher than the 5 plus or minus 1 per year initially reported. This corresponds to an approximately 40 percent lower effective intensity threshold, attained by using more sensitive detectors in multiple-satellite coincidence.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Feb. 15
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  • 4
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    Mirroring in the Fokker-Planck coefficient for cosmic-ray pitch-angle scattering in homogeneous magnetic turbulence (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering, appropriate for cosmic rays in homogeneous stationary magnetic turbulence is computed without making any specific assumptions concerning the statistical symmetries of the random field. The Fokker-Planck coefficient obtained can be used to compute the parallel diffusion coefficient for high-energy cosmic rays propagating in the presence of strong turbulence, or for low-energy cosmic rays in the presence of weak turbulence. Because of the generality of magnetic turbulence allowed for in the analysis, special interplanetary magnetic field features, such as discontinuities or particular wave modes, can be included rigorously.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Feb. 1
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  • 5
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    Primary gamma-rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Within our Galaxy, cosmic rays can reveal their presence in interstellar space and probably in source regions by their interactions with interstellar matter which lead to gamma-rays with a very characteristic energy spectrum. From the study of the intensity of the high energy gamma radiation as a function of galactic longitude, it is already clear that cosmic rays are almost certainly not uniformly distributed in the Galaxy and are not concentrated in the center of the Galaxy. The galactic cosmic rays appear to be tied to galactic structural features, presumably by the galactic magnetic fields which are in turn held by the matter in the arm segments and the clouds. On the extra-galactic scale, it is now possible to say that cosmic rays are probably not at the density seen near the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 6
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    Theory of fluctuations of extended air showers (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the probability distribution functions of shower characteristics for primary protons at sea level. The calculation was based on the following model of the elementary event: the interaction paths are 90 g/sq cm for nucleons and 120 g/sq cm for pions. The nonelasticity coefficient for nucleons is uniformly distributed between 0.1 and 0.9, and for pions it is equal to 1. Isobaric pions are taken into account. The spectra of secondary particles were determined using Cocconi's approximation formula. The calculation for the nuclei was carried out on the assumption of a breakup of the nucleus into component nucleons. The mean number of particles and the variances of the distributions for electrons when the number of muons was fixed, and for muons when the number of electrons was fixed, were calculated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 394-397
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  • 7
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    Determination of coupling coefficients at various zenith angles of the basis of the cosmic ray azimuth effect (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The value of EW asymmetry and coupling coefficients at different zenith angles were measured by means of a double coincidence crossed telescope which gives an opportunity to measure simultaneously the intensity of the cosmic ray hard component at zenith angles from 0 to 84 deg in opposite azimuths. The advantages of determining the coupling coefficients by the cosmic ray azimuth effect as compared to their measurement by the latitudinal effect are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 380-384
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  • 8
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    Study of cosmic ray motion in cosmic space near the earth (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data are presented on experimental installations developed in the cosmic ray variations laboratory in Kazgu (Alma-Ata). Various experiments on modelling the interaction of plasma with the geomagnetic field as well as the plasma distribution in quiet and disturbed fields are described. The characteristics of the meson supertelescope using scintillators (effective area, 10 sq m) for vertical alignments designed to study microvariations of the cosmic rays and their interrelation with magnetospheric fluctuations and the study of solar wind parameters are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 372-379
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  • 9
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    Distortion of the altitude dependence and energy spectrum of the neutron component near the earth's surface (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of the altitude distribution of slow (cadmium difference) and fast (supercadmium) neutrons from 2000 m down to sea level are given. The neutron energy spectrum is calculated by the cadmium ratio.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 361-365
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  • 10
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    Measurement of spectra and neutron fluxes on artificial earth satellites from the Cosmos series (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1966-1967 measurements were carried out at the altitudes of 200 to 400 km to determine the spectra and fluxes of fast neutrons inside the hermetically sealed artificial earth satellites of the Cosmos series. The detectors used were nuclear emulsions of the B9 and BR types and an emulsion of the P9 type, filled with Li and P. Spectra and fluxes of neutrons in the range of energies from thermal energies to 10 MeV are presented. Neutron doses are also estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 252-255
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  • 11
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    The possibility of using superconductive systems in the analysis of the composition of cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The experimental results on the use of superconductive systems onboard of spacecraft are described. To ensure low temperatures in the cryostat under weightlessness, helium was used at a pressure above the critical pressure. In flight, the temperature was controlled at six points, while the pressure and intensity of the magnetic field were controlled in the solenoids. The methodical test proved it possible to mount special installations on satellites, with extensive magnetic fields based on superconductive alloys, and particularly, low weights and low power consumption magnetic analyzers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 256-260
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  • 12
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    Measurement of proton spectra on satellites from the Cosmos series of artificial satellites (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1966-1967 measurements were performed at altitudes from 200 to 400 km to determine the fluxes and spectra of protons by means of nuclear emulsions of the BR-2 and Ya-2 types. The proton spectra within the range up to 8 BeV are presented. The spectra obtained are the basis for estimating radiation hazards.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 247-251
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  • 13
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    The study of cosmic rays on the proton artificial earth satellite (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigations were carried out with the space stations of the Proton series to study the physics of cosmic rays. The SEZ-13 device for the search of particles with a fractional electrical charge and the SEZ-11 device for the measurement of high energy electrons were mounted on the Proton-3 satellite. The mode of action of the SEZ-11 device differed from that of the SEZ-12 device used in the Proton-1 and Proton-2 satellites for similar purposes. Some of the results that were obtained are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 227-246
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  • 14
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    A study of cosmic rays on the artificial moon satellites Luna-11 and Luna-12 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the period from the end of August 1966 to January 1967 the primary cosmic radiation fluxes beyond the terrestrial magnetosphere were measured by means of the equipment mounted on the satellites Luna-11 and Luna-12. The altitude dependence of cosmic rays near the lunar surface as well as the intensity of protons and electrons of solar origin in the moon's vicinity were determined. The correlation of proton intensity with the parameters characterizing the solar and geomagnetic activities and the specific features of the angular distribution of the proton flux as revealed during measurements are given. Data on electron fluxes studied on September 1 and 8, 1966, when short term increases in the electron intensity were observed are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 206-226
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  • 15
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    Calculations of the cosmic ray modulation in interplanetary space taking into account the possible dependence of the transport travel for the scattering of the particles and of the velocity of the solar winds on the angles they make with the helioequator plane: The case of isotropic diffusion (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The modulation of galactic cosmic rays is studied by the magnetic heterogeneities stream on the assumption that the diffusion coefficient is reduced whereas the solar wind velocity is increased with the growth of the angle between the sun's rotation axis and the direction of solar plasma motion. The stationary plane problem of isotropic diffusion is solved as it applies to two cases: (1) with due account of particle retardation by the antiphermium mechanism; and (2) without an account of the above mechanism. This problem is solved by the grid method in the polar coordinate system. The results of the calculations are followed by a discussion of the method of solution and of the errors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 170-205
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  • 16
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    Comparison of the results of simultaneous cosmic ray measurements in the stratosphere at the Olenia and Apatity stations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of regular measurements of the cosmic ray intensity in the stratosphere obtained by high latitudinal stations during September-December 1966 are compared. The present paper estimates the agreement between the results obtained by closely located stations by means of various radiosondes. The assumption about the substantial contribution of auroral X-ray radiation to the fluctuation of the radiosonde counting rate at high altitudes is confirmed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 138-141
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  • 17
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    The cosmic ray burst on 28 January 1967 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The solar cosmic ray flare which took place on January 28, 1967, is analyzed. Energy responses and the diffusion coefficient are determined. Periodic variations of the cosmic rays with an amplitude of 0.10 to 0.20% and a period of 35 to 40 min are discovered during the decrease phase of the flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 120-124
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  • 18
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    Solar activity and cosmic rays in the period 1963-1965 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The interrelation between the intensity of cosmic rays and various indices of solar activity during January 1963 to June 1965 is studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 112-119
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  • 19
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    The relation between the chemical composition of solar cosmic rays and the duration spectrum of radiosplashes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The comparison of durations of the centimeter and meter components of the radiosplashes corresponding to the chromospheric flares with the known chemical composition of the radiated nuclei has shown a greater duration of the centimeter component for the splashes wherein protons are dominating, and vice versa. A conclusion is made about the interrelation of heavy nucleus emission and the processes which occur in the upper layers of the solar corona.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 106-111
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  • 20
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    Energy spectrum of galactic electrons in the energy range 2 x 10 to the 10 power - 2 x 10 to the 11th power eV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New experimental data on the energy spectrum of galactic electrons up to the energies approximately 2 x 10 to the 11th power eV were obtained in the summer of 1967 by a scintillation telescope lifted to the stratosphere at 32 km. The geometrical factor of the telescope was 1200 sq cm steradians, i.e., three times as great as the geometrical factor of previously employed installations. The results confirm previous measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 102-105
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  • 21
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    Theory of cosmic ray variations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The initial anisotropic and isotropic spaces of solar cosmic ray spreading in interplanetary space are compared with the results of direct observations in the region adjacent to the earth's orbit and with the results of explorations of the eleven-year and twenty-seven-day variations of the cosmic rays in more distant regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NA; p 1-101
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  • 22
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    Superconducting magnets for space flight (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The operating principle and application of superconducting magnetic spectrometers for cosmic ray analysis are described. Magnetic spectrometer experiments are thought to be possible in the areas of charge composition and its possible energy dependence, isotopic separation up to several GeV/n, electrons and positrons energy spectra, galactic secondary antiprotons, searches for primordial antimatter, searches for substructure in energy spectra, and gamma ray astronomy. Operational problems associated with the magnets are discussed, and a possible shuttle payload is also described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Res. Goals for Cosmic-Ray Astrophys. in the 1980's; p 91-96
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  • 23
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    Observations of low energy gamma-ray bursts with SAS-2 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present paper reports on the low-energy gamma-ray bursts observed by the plastic scintillator anticoincidence dome of the Small Astronomy Satellite-2 (SAS-2) gamma-ray telescope. SAS-2 detected two events observed by other satellites and discovered one which was subsequently confirmed by other satellite observations. Two events seen by other satellites were not detected by SAS-2, probably due to earth occultation. The event detection threshold for SAS-2 was almost two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Vela satellites.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 255; May 15
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  • 24
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    Cosmic-ray composition measurements with high-energy ionization spectrometers (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Element abundances of cosmic rays for elements Li through Si with energy above 0.8 GeV/amu were measured on a balloon-borne instrument containing a total absorption ionization spectrometer. Statistical techniques were used to analyze the five measurements of each particle to determine its charge and energy. The technique allows a determination of systematic errors to be made. Corrections for Landau fluctuations, spark-chamber inefficiency, and background particles were included. Comparison with other published results is made. There are differences in the shapes of the differential spectra determined from measurements using different techniques, and our intensities still lie somewhat below those of other workers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 12
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  • 25
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    Cosmic ray antiproton and positron production in the interstellar medium (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We have calculated the energy spectra of cosmic ray secondary antiprotons and positrons using the latest available data on inclusive reactions. Using the measured positron spectrum, we have found that the amount of matter traversed by the cosmic rays in the few GeV region to be 4.7 (+ or - 1.5) g/sq cm of interstellar hydrogen. The computed antiproton to proton ratio is about .0004 for energies 5-10 GeV. This is sufficient to make observations of antiprotons feasible from balloon flights. We have also pointed out the type of information that can be obtained if accurate information of the spectra of these two components becomes available.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 37; Oct. 197
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  • 26
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    Interpretation of the pulsed gamma-ray emission from Vela (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model is proposed for the Vela pulsar in which the radio emission originates near the surface of the neutron star while the pulsed gamma-ray emission is produced by synchrotron radiation near the speed-of-light cylinder. This model can explain the energy flux, double pulse structure, and phase shift (with respect to the radio) of the gamma-ray emission, and offers approximate quantitative predictions for other X- and gamma-ray fluxes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 27
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    The energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons between 10 and 1000 GeV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements made by the Bombay Group on the fluxes of cosmic ray electrons in the energy range 10-1000 GeV have been compared with those of other workers in the same energy domain with a view to understand the present confused situation on the existing observations at these high energies. Such an analysis clearly brings out the current situation in its true perspective and highlights the care and emphasis to be placed on future experimentation in this important field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 36; Aug. 197
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  • 28
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    A measurement of cosmic-ray positron and negatron spectra between 50 and 800 MV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A balloon-borne spark chamber magnetic spectrometer has been used to measure the spectra of cosmic-ray positrons and negatrons at energies between 50 and 800 MV. The data reported here were obtained during two flights from Fort Churchill, Manitoba, in July 1972. The present results indicate that the dominance of negatrons from primary sources, found in earlier experiments above 200 MV, extends down to at least 50 MV. Solar modulation of the positron component is found to be consistent with that of the total electron spectrum, assuming that the positron component is entirely attributable to collisions between cosmic-ray nuclei and the interstellar gas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 1
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  • 29
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    Recent observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper summarizes current knowledge of cosmic gamma ray bursts obtained from recent spaceborne observations. Three facts lie at the basis of interpreting gamma ray burst observations: (1) all measured event differential energy spectra appear to be alike, (2) there is no evidence that the event integral size spectrum departs from a -1.5 power law, and (3) the temporal structures of most events are consistent with a continuous flutter down to at least 30 msec throughout the event histories. Event-average spectra of 9 bursts observed with IMP-7 are presented, and the Vela size spectrum is compared with IMP-7 points, SAS-2 events, and balloon experiment limits.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 30
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    Measurement of the fluxes of galactic cosmic-ray H-2 and He-3 in 1972-1973 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper reports measurements of the fluxes of cosmic-ray H-2 and He-3 during 1972-1973, carried out by instruments on board the IMP-7 and Pioneer 10 spacecraft. Energy spectra are generally consistent with a positive slope of unity, as would be expected for modulated secondary components. A self-consistent data set is proposed spanning the period from 1965 to 1973 wherein all spectra have the same kinematic behavior. The measured spectra for 1972-1973 are compared with calculated interstellar spectra, and it is concluded that only very broad limits can be placed on the amount of modulation. Ratios of the form H-2/He-4 and He-3/He-4 are examined and compared with calculated values based on an assumed exponential path-length distribution for galactic propagation. It is concluded that unless extreme assumptions are made about the modulation (e.g., no energy loss), it is impossible to reconcile the simple theory and observation. A nearby source is apparently required to supply enough low-energy He-4 to account for the low values of the H-2/He-4 and He-3/He-4 ratios. The possible relationship between this source and the recently discovered enhancements of cosmic-ray N and O is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Dec. 15
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  • 31
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    The light curve of a transient X-ray source (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Ariel-5 satellite has monitored the X-ray light curve of A1524-62 almost continuously from 40 days prior to maximum light until its disappearance below the effective experimental sensitivity. The source exhibited maximum light on Dec. 4, 1974, at a level of 0.9 the apparent magnitude of the Crab Nebula in the energy band 3-6 keV. Although similar to previously reported transient sources with a decay time constant of about 2 months, the source exhibited an extended, variable preflare on-state of about 1 month at a level of greater than 0.1 maximum light. The four bright (greater than 0.2 of the Crab Nebula) transient sources observed during the first half-year of Ariel-5 operation are indicative of a galactic disk distribution, a luminosity at maximum in excess of 10 to the 37-th power ergs/sec, a frequency of occurrence which may be as high as 100/yr, and a median decay time which is less than 1 month.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 32
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    Apparent relationship between solar sector boundaries and 300-millibar vorticity: Possible explanation in terms of upward propagation of planetary-scale waves (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The correlations between the solar sectors and large-scale atmospheric vorticity in the lower atmosphere reported earlier are of interest since the solar-sector data appear to be independent of any terrestrial influences. It is shown that even these solar data may be affected by geomagnetic properties; a method for removing such influences is suggested.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 163-165
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  • 33
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    Modulation of low-energy cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The relation between the diffusion coefficient of cosmic rays in the solar wind and the power spectrum of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations, established in recent theories, is tested directly for low energy protons (below 80 MeV). In addition, an attempt is made to determine whether the particles are scattered by magnetic field discontinuities or by fluctuations between discontinuities. Predictions of a perturbation solution of the Fokker-Planck equation are compared with observations of the cosmic ray radial gradient. It is found that at energies between 40 and 80 MeV, galactic cosmic ray protons respond to changes in the predicted diffusion coefficients (i.e., the relationship under consideration holds at these low energies). The relation between changes in the proton flux and modulation parameters is best when the contribution of discontinuities is subtracted, which means that scattering is caused by fluctuations between discontinuities. There appears to be no distinct relation between changes in the modulation parameters and changes in the intensity of 20 to 40 MeV protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 34
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    Cosmic-ray streaming and anisotropies (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper is concerned with the differential current densities and anisotropies that exist in the interplanetary cosmic-ray gas, and in particular with a correct formulation and simple interpretation of the momentum equation that describes these on a local basis. Two examples of the use of this equation in the interpretation of previous data are given. It is demonstrated that in interplanetary space, the electric-field drifts and convective flow parallel to the magnetic field of cosmic-ray particles combine as a simple convective flow with the solar wind, and that there exist diffusive currents and transverse gradient drift currents. Thus direct reference to the interplanetary electric-field drifts is eliminated, and the study of steady-state and transient cosmic-ray anisotropies is both more systematic and simpler.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 32; Jan. 197
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  • 35
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    The spectrum of cosmic electrons with energies between 6 and 100 GeV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented for an experimental determination of the spectrum of cosmic electrons with energies between 6 and 100 GeV. The balloon-borne hodoscope and detector are described, and separation of cosmic electrons from the nuclear background is outlined. The spectra of cosmic primary and ground-level secondary electrons are discussed, and the spectral intensities of both types of particles are found to have separate power-law dependences on the electron energy. On the basis of the steepness of the spectrum of cosmic electrons relative to that of nuclei, it is concluded that either the injection spectrum of electrons is steeper than that of nuclei, or the electron spectrum is steepened by Compton/synchotron losses in the examined energy range.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 1
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  • 36
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    Cosmic ray positron and negatron spectra between 20 and 800 MeV measured in 1974 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne spark chamber magnetic spectrometer was used to measure separate spectra of positrons and negatrons in two flights during summer, 1974. The total electron flux is about 0.3 m(-2) s(-1) sr(-1) MeV(-1) between 70 and 800 MeV, and increases toward lower energies. The positron spectrum decreases sharply toward lower energies from a value of about 0.08 m(-2) s(-1) sr(-1) MeV(-1) at 650 MeV, and only upper limits are obtained for positrons below 200 MeV. At energies above 180 MeV, the spherically symmetric Fokker-Planck equation provides reasonable fits to both the positron and total electron data. At energies below 180 MeV the data are consistent with a continuation of the same diffusion coefficient and local source of negatrons, or a change in the diffusion coefficient to a constant value.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70923 , X-662-75-152
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  • 37
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    On the relation between CO and gamma-ray observations, cosmic rays, and the thickness of the galactic disk - A comment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Nov. 15
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  • 38
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    Intense soft X-ray flux from Hercules X-1 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An intense flux of soft X-rays extending up to at least 1 keV has been observed from Her X-1. If the soft X-ray intensity is corrected for interstellar absorption, the luminosity in the 0.16-0.28 keV band is comparable to that from 2 to 10 keV. This confirms the conclusion of Shulman et al. (1975) but extends the detection of this flux to higher energy, a different binary phase, and to a time 19 periods later in the 35-day cycle. These observations suggest that this soft emission may be a stable feature in the spectrum of Her X-1 during its X-ray on state. It appears difficult to account for the high soft X-ray luminosity by current simple models of the X-ray source.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Nov. 15
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  • 39
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    The anomalous He-4 component in the cosmic-ray spectrum at below approximately 50 MeV per nucleon during 1972-1974 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Nov. 15
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  • 40
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    The cosmic-ray age deduced from the Be-10 abundance (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Satellite measurements of the radioactive cosmic-ray species Be-10 are reported. The abundance was measured near 100 MeV per nucleon with high-resolution solid-state telescopes on the IMP-7 and IMP-8 satellites during 1973 and 1974. These two independent measurements yield Be-10/Be ratios of less than 10 percent. Taken together with a galactic propagation model, these results show that the cosmic-ray 'clock' lifetime (most probable value of the order of 20 million years) is significantly greater than that deduced for a nominal interstellar gas density of the order of 1 to 3 atoms per cu cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 41
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    A time-dependent diffusion-convection model for the long-term modulation of cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The model considered incorporates, to first order, the direct effects of the time-dependent diffusive propagation of interstellar cosmic rays in a slowly changing interplanetary medium. A one-dimensional model is discussed along with a three-dimensional radial wind. An evaluation is conducted of average diffusive propagation times. It is found that the effects of time-dependent diffusive propagation can be quite significant. A rigidity-dependent time delay or 'lag' in the modulated spectra is predicted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 15
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  • 42
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    The extra-galactic contribution to the primary cosmic-ray flux (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In previous studies it has been shown that a good case can be made for supposing that a large fraction of the primary cosmic rays is of extra-galactic origin. These ideas are reviewed here, and the most recent observations and theoretical suggestions bearing on the problem are described.
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  • 43
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    Composition and spectra of primary cosmic-ray electrons and nuclei above 10 GeV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent experiments have extended the knowledge of the flux and energy spectra of individual cosmic-ray components to much higher energies than had previously been accessible. Both electron and nuclear components show a behavior at high energy which is unexpected, and which carries information regarding the sources and the propagation of particles between sources and observer. Electromagnetic interactions which are suffered by the electrons in interstellar space should steepen their spectrum, a steepening that would reveal the average lifetime a cosmic-ray particle spends in the galaxy. Measurements up to 1000 GeV show no such steepening. It was discovered that the composition of the nuclear species which is now measured up to 100 GeV/nucleon changes with energy. This change indicates traversal of less interstellar matter by the high energy particles than by those of lower energy.-
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  • 44
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    Two classes of cosmic ray decrease (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In a study of galactic cosmic ray intensity variations it had been found that there are two distinct classes of transient intensity decrease, which have been called type I and type II. Type I events are flare-associated Forbush decreases. Type II events appear to be associated with 27-day recurrences. It is suggested, on the basis of several characteristics of the decreases, that type II events are simply the subsequent evolution of type I events or quasi-stationary 'corotating' structures loosely associated with active regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Apr. 1
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  • 45
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    Observations of low-energy electrons upstream of the earth's bow shock (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of electron fluxes with a lunar-based electron spectrometer when the moon was upstream of the earth have shown that a subset of observed fluxes are strongly controlled by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction. The fluxes occur only when the IMF lines connect back to the earth's bow shock. Observed densities and temperatures were in the ranges 0.002 to 0.004 per cu cm and 1,700,000 to 2,800,000 K. It is shown that these electrons can account for increases in effective solar wind electron temperatures on bow shock connected field lines, which have been observed previously by other investigators. It is further shown that if a model of the bow shock with an electrostatic potential barrier is assumed, the potential can be estimated to be 500 V.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Jan. 1
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  • 46
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    The origin and implications of gamma rays from solar flares (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Solar flares studied in the gamma ray region provide essential information on accelerated nuclei that can be obtained in no other way. A multitude of physical processes, such as particle acceleration, nuclear reactions, positron and neutron physics, and kinematical line broadening, come into consideration at gamma ray energies. Gamma ray observations are complementary to hard X ray observations, since both provide information on accelerated particles. It appears that only in the gamma ray region do these particles produce distinct spectral lines.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70862 , X-660-75-79
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  • 47
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    Measurement of the spatial structure of the X-ray source in the Crab Nebula. I - Observation of the 1974 November 3 lunar occultation. II - Observation of the 1974 December 28 lunar occultation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Nov. 15
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  • 48
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    A sensitive search for soft X-rays from Arcturus and Procyon (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Sensitive X-ray observations have been obtained of alpha Boo and alpha CMi using rocket-borne large area proportional counters. No flux was detected from either star, yielding limits on intrinsic luminosity in the 75-2000 eV band (6-165 A) as stringent as 10 to the 28-th power ergs per sec depending upon assumed coronal temperature. These are at least an order of magnitude better limits than previously reported values. Upper limits are also set on a mass loss rate of three billionths solar mass per year and on an emission measure of less than 3 times 10 to the 53-rd power per cu cm. If these stars are typical, then giants and subgiants cannot be responsible for a significant fraction of the soft component of the diffuse X-ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Nov. 15
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  • 49
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    The isotopic composition of galactic cosmic-ray lithium, beryllium, and boron (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isotopes of cosmic-ray Li, Be, and B near 100 MeV per nucleon have been measured with cosmic-ray telescopes on board the IMP-7 and IMP-8 satellites during 1973 and 1974. The measured isotopic abundances provide a stringent test for models of interstellar propagation and solar modulation. It is found that the isotopic abundances can be explained using a steady-state interstellar propagation model with a 5-g/sq cm leakage mean free path. These results, taken along with Be-10 abundance measurements, indicate a longer lifetime for cosmic rays than that predicted by the usual assumption of an average interstellar density of 1 to 3 atoms per cu cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 50
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    Measurement of the fluxes of galactic cosmic ray H-2 and He-3 in 1972 - 1973 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: If a nearby source of low-energy helium is present, which has traversed a relatively small amount of matter and thus has not caused the production of a significant amount of H-2 or He-3, then these abundance ratios will be suppressed, particularly at low energies. This seems to be the most likely explanation for low ratios.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70901 , X-661-75-100
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  • 51
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    Observations of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in the low energy cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isotopic composition of low-energy nitrogen and oxygen cosmic rays was measured with an electron/isotope spectrometer aboard the IMP-7 satellite to determine the possible source of the particles. Instrument calibration showed the standard range-energy tables to be inadequate to calculate the isotope response, and corrections were obtained. The low-energy nitrogen and oxygen cosmic rays were found to be primarily 14N and 16O. Upper limits were obtained for the abundances of the other stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopes. The nitrogen composition differs from higher energy measurements which indicate that 15N, which is thought to be secondary, is the dominant isotope.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-142961 , SRL-75-1
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  • 52
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    Monopole track characteristics in plastic detectors (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Total and restricted energy loss rates were calculated for magnetic monopoles of charge g = 137 e in Lexan polycarbonate. Range-energy curves are also presented. The restricted energy loss model is used to estimate the appearance of a monopole track in plastic detectors. These results should be useful for the design and analysis of monopole experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146806
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  • 53
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    Measurement of energetic particle radiation at the synchronous altitude aboard ATS-6 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Aerospace Corporation energetic electron-proton spectrometer operating on ATS-6 is described. This experiment detects energetic electrons in four channels between 140 keV and greater than 3.9 MeV, measures energetic protons in five energy channels between 2.3 and 80 MeV and energetic alpha particles in three channels between 9.4 and 94 MeV. After more than a year of operation in orbit, the experiment continues to return excellent data on the behavior of energetic magnetospheric electrons as well as information regarding the fluxes of solar protons and alpha particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146849 , AD-A016530 , TR-0076(6260-20)-7 , SAMSO-TR-75-227
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  • 54
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    Status of the evidence for a magnetic monopole (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The experimental evidence supporting the detection of a moving magnetic monopole, using a balloon-borne array of track detectors, was presented. Although the results cannot be proved to have been produced by a monopole, they do not seem to have been produced by any nucleus. The very high, roughly constant ionization rate inferred from track etch rate measurements in a stack of Lexan detectors implies passage of a minimum-ionizing particle more highly charged than any known nucleus, yet the Cerenkov film detectors indicated a velocity less than about 0.68 times the speed of light and the size of the track in the nuclear emulsion indicated a velocity approximately equal to 0.5 times the speed of light. At this velocity the ionization rate of a highly electrically charged particle would have changed dramatically with pathlength unless its mass to charge ratio were far greater than that of a nucleus.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146807
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  • 55
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    High resolution Cerenkov and range detectors for balloon-borne cosmic-ray experiment (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A combination of an active Cerenkov detector and passive range detectors is proposed for the high resolution measurement of isotopic composition in the neighborhood of iron in the galactic cosmic rays. A large area (4,300 sq cm) Cerenkov counter and passive range detectors were tested. Tests with heavy ions (2.1 GeV/amu C-12, 289 MeV/amu Ar-40, and 594 MeV/amu Ne-20) revealed the spatial uniformity of response of the Cerenkov counter to be better than 1% peak-to-peak. Light collection efficiency is independent of projectile energy and incidence angle to within at least 0.5%. Passive Lexan track recorders to measure range in the presence of the nuclear interaction background which results from stopping particles through 0.9 interaction lengths of matter were also tested. It was found that nuclear interactions produce an effective range straggling distribution only approximately 75% wider than that expected from range straggling alone. The combination of these tested techniques makes possible high mass resolution in the neighborhood of iron.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146796
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  • 56
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    Observation of soft X-rays from cosmic sources (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A binary X-ray source, an extended extragalactic X-ray source and several nearby stars were surveyed for X-ray emission. The energy spectrum and time structure of X-ray flux from the binary source, Her X-l, was investigated in the range from 0.15 to 6 KeV. This source was observed at a binary phase of 0.18 with the system near elongation normal to the line of sight. Intense pulsations were observed in optical emission lines near this binary phase. The spectrum and angular distribution of X-ray emission from the X-ray source in the Virgo Cluster of Galaxies, near M 87, was also observed. In addition, the stars Alpha Leo, Zeta Her, and Epsilon Vir were investigated. Epsilon Aur and Alpha Aur were also scanned. These stars were studied since there is increasing evidence that such objects may be transient sources of soft X-rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146799 , D456228
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  • 57
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    On the detection of magnetospheric radio bursts from Uranus and Neptune (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn are sources of intense but sporadic bursts of electromagnetic radiation or magnetospheric radio bursts (MRB). The similarity of the differential power flux spectra of the MRB from all three planets is examined. The intensity of the MRB is scaled for the solar wind power input into a planetary magnetosphere. The possibility of detecting MRB from Uranus and Neptune is considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146068 , PPG-245
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  • 58
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    Anomaly in the quiet-time helium spectrum at 1 MeV per nucleon (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An unusual spectral feature and anomalously large abundance of helium between 0.6 and approximately 2 MeV per nucleon observed during the most quiet time periods in 1974 and 1975 indicate the presence of low energy helium of an unknown origin. Alphas below 0.6 MeV per nucleon and protons below 1.5 MeV have an E to the minus 1.8 power spectrum and the proton to alpha ratio is about 30. These less than or equal 1 MeV particles are found to be emitted continuously by the sun even during its most inactive periods.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-145861 , TR-76-023
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  • 59
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    The effect of adiabatic focusing upon charged particle propagation in random magnetic fields (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Charged particles propagating along the diverging lines of force of a spatially inhomogeneous guiding field were considered as they are scattered by random fields. Their longitudinal transport is described in terms of the eigenfunctions of a Sturm-Liouville operator incorporating the effect of adiabatic focussing along with that of scattering. The relaxation times and characteristic velocities are graphed and tabulated. The particle density is evaluated as a function of space and time for two different regimes. In the first regime (relatively weak focussing), a diffusive mode of propagation is dominant but coherent modes are also dominant. In the second regime (strong focussing), diffusion does not occur and the propagation is purely coherent. This supercoherent mode corresponds exactly to the so-called scatter-free propagation of kilovolt solar flare electrons. On a larger scale, focussed transport provides an interpretation of many observed characteristics of extragalactic radio sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-145473 , TR-75-088
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  • 60
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    Motion of charged particles normal to an irregular magnetic field (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The motion is analyzed of charged particles in a fluctuating magnetic field which varies only in directions normal to its mean direction, such as that which would be generated by an ensemble of magnetosonic waves propagating normal to an ambient magnetic field. The appropriate generalization of gradient-drift motion is derived in terms of the power spectrum of the magnetic fluctuations, and an effective spatial diffusion coefficient is obtained. Several special cases are considered, including a Gaussian power spectrum, a power-law spectrum with a cutoff, and a general power-law spectrum. A possible magnitude is calculated for the spatial diffusion coefficient of the solar wind.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 15
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  • 61
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    On emission lines in the cosmic gamma-ray background (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The composite spectrum of gamma-rays is calculated which results from the decay of Ni-56 to Co-56 to Fe-56 throughout the history of the universe. The results for several cosmological models are presented and compared with the Apollo 15 measurements at low resolution of the cosmic background. The radioactivity background is a significant fraction of the total, and several of its features may be detectable.-
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 1
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  • 62
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    A simple method to extract information on anisotropy of particle fluxes from spin-modulated counting rates of cosmic ray telescopes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 63
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    OSO-8 soft X-ray experiment (Wisconsin) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Information for operating and reducing data from the experiment which was designed to map low energy X-ray background emissions from 130 eV to 35 keV is presented. The detectors, counters, data system, and the gas system are discussed along with the functional operation of the subsystems. A command list indicating preconditions and resulting telemetry response for each command is included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144736 , OPR-64
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  • 64
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    Non-association of a celestial gamma ray source with the new Milky Way satellite galaxy (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The newly discovered satellite galaxy located in the Milky Way galactic anti-center region is discussed along with the possibility that a nearby gamma ray source is associated with it. The factors which led to the conclusion that the gamma ray excess is not associated with the galaxy are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71047 , X-662-75-321
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  • 65
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    Long-term X-ray studies of Sco X-1 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: No modulation of the 3-6 keV X-ray intensity of Sco X-1 at a level of excess of 1% was observed at the optical period of .787313d. Evidence is found for shot-noise character in a large fraction of the X-ray emission. Almost all of the Sco X-1 emission can be synthesized in terms of approximately 200 shots per day, each with a duration of approximately 1/3 day. A pinhole camera was used to obtain data and the data were statistically analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71029 , X-661-75-303
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  • 66
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    Evidence for a 17-day periodicity from Cyg-X-3 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data taken from the Ariel-5 All Sky Monitor and the Ariel-5 Sky Survey Experiment are analyzed. It is hypothesized that a periodicity of 17d is characteristic of CygX-3. Results of the analysis are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71030 , X-661-75-260
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  • 67
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    Cosmic ray propagation in interplanetary space (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The validity of the test-particle picture, the approximation of static fields, and the spatial-diffusion approximation are discussed in a general way before specific technical assumptions are introduced. It is argued that the spatial-diffusion equation for the intensity per unit energy has a much wider range of applicability than the kinetic (Fokker-Planck) equation it is derived from. This gives strong weight to the phenomenological propagation theory. The general success (and possible failure at small energies) of the phenomenological theory for the modulation of galactic cosmic rays and solar events is described. Apparent effects such as the 'free boundary' are given disproportionate weight since they establish the connection with the detailed plasma physics of the solar wind. Greatest attention is paid to the pitch-angle diffusion theory. A general theory is presented which removes the well-known secularities of the quasi-linear approximation. The possible breakdown of any pitch-angle diffusion theory at very small energies is perhaps connected with the observed 'turn up' of the spectrum at low energies. A first attempt to derive the spatial dependence of the diffusion coefficient in the solar cavity, using such a divergence free scattering theory, is described and compared with recent observations out to 5 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; Aug. 197
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  • 68
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    Isotopic composition of cosmic-ray nitrogen at 1.5 GeV/amu (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; Sept. 1
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  • 69
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    On the anisotropies of interplanetary low-energy proton intensities (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Explorer 35 proton anisotropic flux data (proton energies between 0.3 and 6.3 MeV) and simultaneous magnetic field measurements were used to supply more information on the propagation characteristics of low-energy protons in the interplanetary medium. During the rising portions of the proton events, large field-aligned anisotropies were observed. During the decaying part of the proton events, either radial anisotropy or near-isotropy was noticed. In addition, certain observations made during the decaying part of the proton events revealed anisotropies deviating significantly from the radial direction.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Aug. 197
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  • 70
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    Composition and energy spectra of heavy nuclei of unknown origin detected on Skylab (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: At the orbit of Skylab, steeply falling energy spectra of nuclei with atomic numbers of at least 8 and energies between about 10 and 40 MeV/amu at intensities much higher than seen outside the magnetosphere were observed. The composition is consistent with that of the solar corona. It is suggested that heavy solar-wind ions enter the magnetosphere, are accelerated, and populate the inner radiation belt.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; Aug. 25
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  • 71
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    Measurement of primary cosmic-ray electrons and positrons from 4 to 50 GeV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We have used a bremsstrahlung-identification technique to measure electron and positron spectra in the primary cosmic rays from 4 to 50 GeV. Above our average geomagnetic cutoff of 4.0 GV/c, we find fluxes of 4.4 (plus or minus 0.3) electrons and 0.37 (plus or minus 0.09 positrons) per sq m/sr/sec. The electron events follow a differential power law whose spectral index is 2.8 (plus or minus 0.1). Our ratio electrons/(electrons + positrons) = 0.08 (plus or minus 0.02) implies traversal of an equivalent slab thickness of 4.3 (plus or minus 1.5) g/sq cm of interstellar and source material.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; Aug. 1
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  • 72
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    Cosmic ray intensity variations during 0200-0700 UT, August 5, 1972 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The cosmic ray intensity variations over the energy range of about 0.5 MeV to 1 GeV during the early part of August 5 are discussed in relation to the intensity changes during the entire period of activity (August 2 to 11). Measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field and particle data from ground-based neutron monitors, lunar sensors, and detectors in board Explorers 41 and 43 are used in the investigation. Analysis is made of intensity changes during the period from 0200 to 0700 UT on August 5, the north-south asymmetry in neutron monitor intensities, changes in the alpha particle/proton flux ratios, the lag in onset times as recorded by the two Explorers, and observations of flux enhancement by the lunar detectors. The results indicate that the enhanced particle fluxes (about 1 GeV) were due to a leakage of galactic cosmic rays into a low-intensity region of the interplanetary magnetic field bounded by tangential discontinuities, which connected to different particle sources both near the sun and in the outer solar system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; May 1
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  • 73
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    Abundance ratios for primary cosmic-ray nuclei from Be to Fe for 5 to 50 GV/c (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3; 5 p
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  • 74
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    The storm and poststorm evolution of energetic /35-560 keV/ radiation belt electron distributions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Detailed Explorer 45 equatorial observations of the storm and poststorm structure of radiation-belt electrons (35 to 560 keV) for L values between 1.7 and 5.2 are presented. Injection during major storms results in electron pitch-angle distributions and radial profiles that are greatly distorted from their quiet-time equilibrium structure. Following storms, the pitch-angle distributions return to their prestorm shape over a period of several days. This shape is maintained as electron fluxes decay back to the quiet-time levels. The equatorial radial profiles slowly return to their prestorm equilibrium structure over a period of a few weeks and then maintain that structure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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  • 75
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    A cosmic gamma-ray burst on May 14, 1975 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cosmic gamma-ray burst is reported that occurred at 29309.11 s UTC, May 14, 1975. The burst was detected at an atmospheric depth of 4 g/sq cm residual atmosphere with the University of California double scatter gamma-ray telescope launched on a balloon from Palestine, Texas at 1150 UTC, May 13, 1975. The burst was observed both in the single scatter mode by the top liquid scintillator tank in anti-coincidence with the surrounding plastic scintillator and in the double scatter mode from which energy and directional information are obtained. The burst is 24 standard deviations above the background for single scatter events. The total gamma-ray flux in the burst, incident on the atmosphere with photon energy greater than 0.5 MeV, is 0.59 + or - 0.15 photons/sq cm. The initial rise time to 90% of maximum is 0.015 + or - 0.005 s and the duration is 0.11 s. Time structure down to the 5 ms resolution of the telescope is seen. The mean flux over this time period is 5.0 + or - 1.3 photons/sq cm/s and the maximum flux is 8.5 + or - 2.1 photons/sq cm/s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146333 , AD-A015673 , IGPP-UCR-75-16
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  • 76
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    Narrow-angle cosmic-ray anisotropies (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An alternate interpretation is presented for the diurnal cosmic ray anisotropy measurements made with underground muons in London. From the widely accepted models of cosmic ray diffusion in the Galaxy, a diurnal anisotropy (24 h wave) would be expected. But from a model predicting the occurrence of an excess within some small region of the celestial sphere, it is suggested that the direction of this excess would depend on the orientation (in space and time) of the source relative to galactic magnetic field lines which connect the source with the solar system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 255; May 8
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  • 77
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    Origin and composition of heavy nuclei between 10 and 60 MeV per nucleon during interplanetary quiet times in 1968-1972 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are reported for measurements of the relative abundances of nuclei from boron through iron in the energy range between 10 and 60 MeV/nucleon which were made with an instrument on board OGO 5 during the period of changing solar modulation from 1968 to 1971. The investigation was conducted to determine whether the heavy nuclei in this energy range were of solar or galactic origin. It is found that the relative abundances are in good agreement with the nuclear abundances of galactic cosmic rays, that the differential energy spectra of carbon and oxygen at these energies diverged from the characteristic modulated galactic spectrum, that changes in the C + N + O flux during this period underwent a temporal phase lag with respect to high-energy galactic cosmic rays, and that this phase lag was the same as that for helium nuclei of galactic origin with energies of 30 to 100 MeV/nucleon. It is concluded that the experimental evidence favors a galactic origin for the present nuclei. Some implications of the energy-spectrum results for cosmic-ray modulation theory are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 200; Sept. 15
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  • 78
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    Splash albedo protons between 4 and 315 MeV at high and low geomagnetic latitudes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are reported for measurements of the differential energy spectrum of splash-albedo protons at high geomagnetic latitude during three periods of the last solar cycle as well as at low latitude during one of those periods. The measurements were made with a balloon-borne solid-state detector telescope. Splash-albedo protons with energies between 4 and 315 MeV were observed in fluxes of approximately 81, 70, and 48 protons/sq m per sec per sr at high latitude and in fluxes of approximately 37 protons/sq m per sec per sr at low latitude. It is shown that the difference between the first and third high-latitude measurements was due to solar modulation of the cosmic-ray parent nuclei. The albedo spectrum is found to have a similar shape for both latitudes, and it is suggested that the difference in intensity can be explained by different local geomagnetic cutoffs.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 1
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  • 79
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    Simultaneous investigation of parent electrons and bremsstrahlung X rays by rocket-borne detectors (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of the energy spectrum of precipitating electrons and the resulting bremsstrahlung X-ray spectrum were carried out during an auroral event on March 3, 1971, at the Churchill Research Range, Manitoba, Canada. The electron data were obtained with detectors on a Black Brant VB sounding rocket (275-km apogee), while the X-ray flux was measured by an instrument package that was boosted to 60 km on an Arcas rocket. The X-ray package was deployed on a parachute at apogee to provide a slow descent through the atmosphere. Thick-target bremsstrahlung theory is used to calculate the X-ray flux produced by the incident electrons, and a Monte Carlo method is used to predict the X-ray spectrum at various altitudes appropriate for comparison with the measured X-ray data. Satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment is obtained, and the value of the constant in the thick target theory has been estimated to be about 0.00002.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; July 1
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  • 80
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    Solar radiation induced rotational bursting of interplanetary particles (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is suggested that the magnitudes of the two radiation-induced rotational bursting mechanisms (Radzieskii effect and windmill effect) have been overestimated and that they do not work significantly faster than the Poynting-Robertson effect in removing interplanetary particles. These two mechanisms are described, and serious doubts are raised regarding the derivation of their radiation pressure-torque proportionality constants, which are required for calculating their magnitudes. It is shown that both mechanisms will cause the alignment of elongated particles and, consequently, the polarization of zodiacal light. Since no positive polarization has been measured at the antisolar point, it is concluded that the magnitudes of the rotational bursting mechanisms are smaller than that of the Poynting-Robertson effect.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; June 197
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  • 81
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    Limits on the soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet flux from RX Andromedae and U Geminorum (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; May 1
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  • 82
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    A measurement of abundances of VVH nuclei above 0.6 GeV per nucleon (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The abundance distribution of very very heavy (VVH) nuclei just beyond the iron group has been measured with a balloon-borne counter telescope flown in 1971 and 1972. While the statistical accuracy of these observations is limited, they are of considerable interest since very little work has so far been done to determine the abundance of nuclei with charge between 27 and 36. It is found that the element distribution in the cosmic rays arriving at the top of the atmosphere is quite similar to the solar-system abundance distribution in this interval.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Oct. 1
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  • 83
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    The magnetospheric contribution to the quiet-time low energy nucleon spectrum in the vicinity of earth (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Proton intensity observations obtained by Explorer 47 during March 9-12, 1973 are analyzed. Results show that the magnetosphere is the primary contributor to the quiet time interplanetary proton population in the range 0.29 less than or equal to Ep less than or equal to 0.5 MeV, and indicate that it may be an important contributor up to about 1.5 MeV. Maximum intensity is coming from the direction of the bow shock. The H/He ratio at less than 2 MeV/nucleon is about 10, and the He/Z greater than or equal to 3 ratio at about 1 MeV/nucleon is approximately 8. It is suggested that the low energy (less than 20 MeV) upturn observed in the quiet time interplanetary proton spectrum may be related to particle emissions from planetary magnetospheres.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Oct. 197
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  • 84
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    A reinterpretation of the reported energetic particle fluxes in the vicinity of Mercury (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During the Mercury flyby of Mariner 10, observations of large fluxes of energetic electrons (energies in excess of 0.3 MeV) and protons (energies between 0.53 and 1.9 MeV) were reported by Simpson et al. (1974). The reported simultaneous enhancements of protons and electrons in the magnetic field of Mercury have raised some perplexing planetology questions. It is shown here that the response of the proton detector in the Mariner 10 experiment is most plausibly attributable to the pileup of low-energy electrons rather than the presence of protons in the vicinity of Mercury. Further, the reported lower-limit electron differential spectrum exponent of at least 9 and the 300-keV electron fluxes are probably in quantitative error, especially where the count rates are highest. It is concluded that no 'new' acceleration mechanism has been identified at Mercury.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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  • 85
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    Possible radio emission from Uranus at 0.5 MHz (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Radio emission from the direction of Uranus was detected in data from the radio astronomy experiment on the IMP-6 spacecraft. Previously, emission from the direction of Jupiter and Saturn was observed by the IMP-6 at a number of frequencies near 1 MHz during the period April 1971 to October 1972. These radio bursts were identified in the IMP-6 data through an analysis of the phase of the observed modulated signal detected from the spinning dipole antenna. This technique was applied to the direction of the planet Uranus with possible positive results. Over the approximately 500 days of data, three to six bursts with unique spectral characteristics were found. Identification with Uranus is confused by the likely presence of low level terrestrial and solar emission. The observed events persisted less than three minutes and are strongest in intensity near 0.5 MHz.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71033 , X-693-75-288
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  • 86
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    Galactic gamma-ray observations and galactic structure (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent observations of gamma-rays originating in the galactic disk together with radio observations, support an emerging picture of the overall structure of our galaxy with higher interstellar gas densities and star formation rates in a region which corresponds to that of the inner arms. The emerging picture is one where molecular clouds make up the dominant constituent of the interstellar gas in the inner galaxy and play a key role in accounting for the gamma-rays and phenomena associated with the production of young stars and other population 1 objects. In this picture, cosmic rays are associated with supernovae and are primarily of galactic origin. These newly observed phenomena can be understood as consequences of the density wave theories of spiral structure. Based on these new developments, the suggestion is made that a new galactic population class, Population O, be added to the standard Populations 1 and 2 in order to recognize important differences in dynamics and distribution between diffuse galactic H1 and interstellar molecular clouds.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71015 , X-602-75-297
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  • 87
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    The isotopic composition of cosmic rays with 5 is less than or equal to z which is less than or equal to 26 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results obtained from a high altitude balloon flight from Thompson, Canada in August, 1973 are reported. The instrument consisted of a spark chamber, a Lucite Gerenkov counter and thirteen layers of scintillators. For heavy particles the Cerenkov-range method of analysis was used to determine the mass of particles energetic enough to produce a Cerenkov signal and then stop in the layered scintillators. The data appear to be consistent with current cosmic-ray propagation models. Using a simple exponential path length propagation model this data is extrapolated to the cosmic-ray source and some implications of the data are discussed as to the nature of the source.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71019 , X-661-75-278
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  • 88
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    Cosmic ray intensity gradients in the solar system (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent progress in the determination of cosmic-ray intensity gradients is reviewed. Direct satellite measurements of the integral gradient are described together with various types of indirect measurements, including measurements of the Ar-37/Ar-39 ratio in samples from the Lost City meteorite, studies of anisotropies in neutron-monitor counting rates, and analysis of the sidereal diurnal anisotropy observed at a single point on earth. Nucleonic radial gradients and electron gradients measured by satellites in differential energy windows are discussed, and theoretical studies of the physical processes involved in these gradients are summarized. Observations of intensity gradients in heliographic latitude are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 89
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    Hydromagnetic waves and cosmic-ray diffusion theory (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Pitch-angle (and energy) diffusion of cosmic rays in hydromagnetic wave fields is considered. The treatment remains strictly within the quasi-linear approximation. It is shown that the popular assumption of an isotropic power spectrum tensor of magnetic fluctuations requires in this case equal forms and magnitudes of Alfven and magnetosonic wave spectra - a situation which is generally unlikely. The relative contributions to the pitch-angle diffusion coefficient from the cyclotron resonances and Landau resonance due to the different types of waves are evaluated for a typical situation in the solar wind. Since the Landau resonance in this approximation also does not lead to particle reflections, a proper consideration of the nonlinear particle orbits is indeed necessary to overcome the well-known difficulties of quasi-linear scattering theory for cosmic rays near 90 deg pitch angle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 1
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  • 90
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    The 1964-1972 quiet-time spectra of protons and helium at 2-20 MeV per nucleon (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Instruments on the IMP 4 and 5 satellites are used to observe quiet-time proton and helium fluxes in the energy range from 2 to 30 MeV/nucleon and to extend the total observation period through the solar maximum to about the solar minimum (1964-1972). The nature of quiet time at low energies is discussed, selection of quiet-time periods is described, and data are presented on the fluxes during recovery from the solar maximum. The long-term time-dependence of the proton and helium spectra over solar cycle 20 is determined. The fluxes are found to vary by a factor of approximately 7, the variation is shown to be similar to the modulation of medium-energy cosmic rays, and the observed relative abundance of protons and helium is found to be closer to the medium-energy galactic rather than the average solar-flare relative abundance. A galactic origin is suggested for the low-energy quiet-time turnup, although a solar or heliospheric acceleration mechanism is not ruled out.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; May 1
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  • 91
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    Energy dependence of the Si/Fe ratio in the galactic cosmic rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New measurements are reported of the Si/Fe ratio and the differential energy spectra of galactic cosmic-ray Si and Fe, taking into account the energy range from 35 MeV to 4 GeV per nucleon. The measured data were obtained with the aid of satellite and balloon-borne instrumentation. It is found that for the region below 1 GeV per nucleon the local interstellar spectra computed are consistent with previous galactic cosmic-ray propagation models obtained by Shapiro and Silberberg (1970) and Mason (1972).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 15
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  • 92
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    The quiet time structure of energetic /35-560 keV/ radiation belt electrons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Detailed Explorer 45 observations of quiet time pitch angle distributions and equatorial radial profiles of energetic radiation belt electrons are presented. The observed pitch angle distributions in the slot region and the outer regions of the plasmasphere are found to agree with the values expected from resonant interactions with the plasmaspheric whistler mode wave band, and Coulomb collisions are found to be the dominant electron loss mechanism in the inner zone. The overall structure of quiet time radial profiles is shown to agree with the equilibrium structure expected to result from a balance between pitch angle scattering losses and radial diffusion from an outer zone source, and this agreement suggests that the dominant quiet time source and loss mechanisms have been correctly identified. Electron fluxes in the inner plasmasphere are found to remain nearly constant during the quiet periods due to their decoupling from magnetic activity variations in the outer plasmasphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Mar. 1
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  • 93
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    Evidence for X-ray emission from Capella (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: X-ray emission in the range from 0.2 to 1.6 keV has been detected from an area of the sky which contains the binary star system Capella. The X-ray source is at most a few arc minutes in extent and shows no spectral turnover at low energy, consistent with a nearby source. We suggest Capella as the source of this emission and that this object belongs to a new class of galactic X-ray sources with a luminosity of 10 to the 31st to 10 to the 34th ergs per sec. Emission from this class of objects is variable, predominantly below 2 keV, and originates from nearby stellar objects.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Mar. 1
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  • 94
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    Search for cosmic-ray antimatter (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It appears probable that some fraction of the cosmic rays has extragalactic origin. A search for antimatter nuclei was conducted with the aid of a balloon-borne superconducting magnetic spectrometer. The investigation made use of the fact that matter and antimatter nuclei, because of their opposite signs of charge, would be deflected in opposite directions when passing through a magnetic field. The antimatter flux limits set by the experiments are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; July 28
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  • 95
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    Energy spectra and charge states of H, He, and heavy ions observed in the earth's magnetosheath and magnetotail (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of pulses of H, He, and heavy ions of energies greater than 0.12 MeV per charge in the magnetotail and in the magnetosheath are reported. It was found that the relative ion abundances were about 9:1:0.04, their differential energy spectra were about 1 divided by the fourth power of E, and their atomic electrons were almost completely stripped. These results suggest that they were low-energy 'quiet-time' cosmic rays accelerated within the magnetotail and the magnetosheath to the observed energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 34; Feb. 24
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  • 96
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    OGO-5 experiment E-09 cosmic ray electrons (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Cosmic ray spectra and solar electron data in the 10 to 200 MeV range, as measured by experiment E-09 on OGO-5, are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144668
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  • 97
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    Apollo 17 mission Report. Supplement 6: Calibration results for gamma ray spectrometer sodium iodide crystal (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A major difficulty in medium energy gamma-ray remote sensing spectroscopy and astronomy measurements was the high rate of unwanted background resulting from the following major sources: (1) prompt secondary gamma-rays produced by cosmic-ray interactions in satellite materials; (2) direct charged-particle counts; (3) radioactivity induced in the detector materials by cosmic-ray and trapped protons; (4) radioactivity induced in detector materials by the planetary (e.g., earth or moon) albedo neutron flux; (5) radioactivity induced in the detector materials by the interaction of secondary neutrons produced throughout the spacecraft by cosmic-ray and trapped proton interactions; (6) radioactivity induced in spacecraft materials by the mechanisms outlined in 3, 4, and 5; and (7) natural radioactivity in spacecraft and detector materials. The purpose of this experiment was to obtain information on effects 3, 4, and 5, and from this information start developing calculational methods for predicting the background induced in the crystal detector in order to correct the Apollo gamma-ray spectrometer data for this interference.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72516 , JSC-07904-SUPPL-6 , X-682-74-342-SUPPL-6
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  • 98
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    Measurement of the primary cosmic electron spectrum from 10 to about 250-GeV (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The intensity and energy spectrum of primary cosmic electrons from 10 to approximately 250 GeV was studied using balloon-borne detectors. Both of the detectors were large area ionization calorimeters with frequent sampling of showering particles and were capable of energy resolution of approximately 7%. A time-of-flight system and detectors to sample the lateral properties of showers were used to examine and improve background rejection. The results of the balloon flights from Alamogordo, N.M. in 1970 and Cape Girardeau, Missouri in 1972 indicated that the primary cosmic ray electron differential energy spectrum exhibits no change of slope in the energy range measured and is well represented by a power law. These results indicate that the cosmic electron spectrum is steeper than the cosmic ray proton spectrum. It is shown that these data are consistent with the leakage lifetime model for the propagation of cosmic electrons in the Galaxy, although other more complex models cannot be excluded on the basis of these data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70973 , X-661-75-218
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  • 99
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    Electron plasma oscillations associated with type 3 radio emissions and solar electrons (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An extensive study of the IMP-6 and IMP-8 plasma and radio wave data was performed to try to find electron plasma oscillations associated with type III radio noise bursts and low-energy solar electrons. It is shown that electron plasma oscillations are seldom observed in association with solar electron events and type III radio bursts at 1.0 AU. For the one case in which electron plasma oscillations are definitely produced by the electrons ejected by the solar flare the electric field strength is relatively small. Electromagnetic radiation, believed to be similar to the type III radio emission, is observed coming from the region of the more intense electron plasma oscillations upstream. Quantitative calculations of the rate of conversion of the plasma oscillation energy to electromagnetic radiation are presented for plasma oscillations excited by both solar electrons and electrons from the bow shock. These calculations show that neither the type III radio emissions nor the radiation from upstream of the bow shock can be adequately explained by a current theory for the coupling of electron plasma oscillations to electromagnetic radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-143319 , U-OF-IOWA-75-25
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  • 100
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    The interplanetary acceleration of energetic nucleons (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Co-rotating proton and electron streams are the dominant type of low-energy (0.1-10 MeV/nucleon) particle event observed at 1 A.U. The radial dependence of these events was studied between 1 and 4.6 A.U. using essentially identical low-energy detector systems on IMP 7, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. It was expected that at a given energy, the intensity of these streams would decrease rapidly with heliocentric distance due to the effects of interplanetary adiabatic deceleration. Instead it was found that from event to event the intensity either remains roughly constant or increases significantly (more than an order of magnitude) between 1 and 3 A.U. It appears that interplanetary acceleration processes are the most plausible explanation. Several possible acceleration models are explored.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70955 , X-660-75-192
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