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  • General Chemistry  (2,763)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (628)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (485)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • Seismology
  • 1975-1979  (1,984)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964  (1,408)
  • 1930-1934  (781)
  • 1977  (1,984)
  • 1962  (1,408)
  • 1931  (781)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1975-1979  (1,984)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964  (1,408)
  • 1930-1934  (781)
Year
  • 1
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    Earthquake stress drops, ambient tectonic stresses and stresses that drive plate motions (1977)
    In:  Pageoph, Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 115, no. 7055, pp. 441-458, pp. B05S07, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Stress drop ; Tectonics ; Stress ; Plate tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Lithospheric slab penetration into the lower mantle beneath the Sea of Okhotsk (1977)
    In:  Z. Geophys., Reykjavík, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Ministry for the Environment University of Iceland, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 473-496, pp. TC1011, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Subduction zone ; Seismology ; USSR ; Plate tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    On the telemetered array system for microearthquake observation at Abuyama Seismological Observatory (1977)
    In:  J. Seism. Soc. Japan, Basel, Elsevier Science Publishers, vol. 30, no. 1-2, pp. 91-106, pp. B03304, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic arrays ; Detectors ; sta
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Study of the attenuation and azimuthal dependence of seismic wave propagation in the southeastern United States (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Berlin, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 1503-1513, pp. L14306, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Waves ; Attenuation ; Anisotropy ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    A fast epicenter location program (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Kunming, China, 4, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 425-431, pp. L10314, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    Importance of physical dispersion in surface wave and free oscillation problems: Review (1977)
    In:  Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., Tokyo, Tokyo University, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 105-112, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Review article ; Surface waves ; Dispersion ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; Seismology ; RGSP
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Energy release in great earthquakes (1977)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Tokyo, Tokyo University, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 2981-2987, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source ; Source parameters ; Magnitude ; seismic Moment ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Earth flattening approximation for body waves derived from geometric ray theory - improvements, corrections and range of applicability (1977)
    In:  J. Geophys., Warszawa, American Geophysical Union, vol. 42, no. 1+2, pp. 429-436, pp. L08304, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Theoret. geophys. ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Seismology ; Muller
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    The structure of the outer core from SKS amplitudes and travel times (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Würzburg, Physica-Verlag, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 1541-1554, pp. L24313, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Travel time ; Amplitude ; earth Core ; Mueller ; Muller ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    High-frequency radiation from crack (stress drop) models of earthquake faulting (1977)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 51, no. 3-4, pp. 625-651, pp. B05315, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Radiation pattern ; High frequency ... ; Source ; Seismology ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Modelling ; GJRaS ; nokms
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 11
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    Source mechanism of volcanic tremor: Fluid-driven crack models and their application to the 1963 Kilauea eruption (1977)
    In:  J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Tokyo, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 259-287
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Volcanology ; Fluids ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Hawaii ; Modelling ; Rock mechanics ; JVGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 12
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    Seismic sources with observable glut moments of spatial degree two (1977)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Washington D.C., Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 27-45, pp. L08305
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Moment tensor ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Seismology ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 13
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    A numerical study of two-dimensional spontaneous rupture propagation (1977)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Warszawa, Army Corps of Engineers, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 643-668, pp. 1013, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Two-dimensional ; Fracture ; Modelling ; Source ; Seismology ; GJRaS ; nokms
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 14
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    The relationship between anelastic attenuation and regional amplitude anomalies of shortperiod P-waves in North America (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., London, 416 pp., Geological Society, vol. 67, no. 5621, pp. 1303-1317, pp. L18607, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; P-waves ; Attenuation ; Inelastic ; Absorption ; High frequency ... ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    Large-scale heterogeneities in the lower mantle (1977)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, U.S. Geological Survey, vol. 82, no. 3-4, pp. 239-255, pp. B05309, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Inhomogeneity ; Seismology ; JGR ; Dziewonski
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    Matrix and Stokes vector representations of detectors for polarized waveforms: Theory, with some applications to teleseismic waves (1977)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Basel, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 583-603, pp. 1009, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Description: zit. bei Park et al. (1987)
    Keywords: Seismology ; Polarization ; Detectors ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    Eine seismotektonische Bearbeitung des Erdbebens von Messina im Jahre 1908 (1977)
    Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe
    In:  Geologisches Jahrbuch, Hannover, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. E11, no. 1, pp. 267-286, pp. 1175, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Tectonics ; Earthquake
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 18
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    Seismische Oberflächenwellen (1977)
    In:  J. Geophys., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 283-328, pp. B09316, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; PIC ; gab ; Surface waves ; Review article ; Mueller ; Muller
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 19
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    Real-time detection and location of local seismic events in Central California (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Berlin, Pergamon, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 433-452, pp. B04306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Detectors ; Location ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 20
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    Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions (1977)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, 440 pp., Elsevier, vol. 231, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-470-02298-1)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Nuclear explosion ; Seismology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 21
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    Seismic source location in the Ruhr district (1977)
    Trans Tech Publ.
    In:  Professional Paper, Proc. 1. Conf. acoustic emission/microseism. activity in geol. struc. and materials, Clausthal, Trans Tech Publ., vol. 51, no. 16, pp. 235-242, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: BUG ; Location ; Seismology ; Acoustic emission
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  • 22
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    Determination of the three-dimensional seismic structure of the lithosphere (1977)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Tokyo, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 277-296
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Inversion ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 23
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    Quantitative prediction of strong motion for a potential earthquake fault (1977)
    In:  Annali di Geofisica, Tokyo, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. XXX, no. 1-2, pp. 341-368
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Modelling ; Strong motions ; Fault zone ; Seismology ; nokms
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 24
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    Interpreting the seismic glut moments of total degree two or less (1977)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Washington D.C., Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1-25, pp. L08305
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Moment tensor ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Seismology ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 25
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    Theoretical seismograms of core phases calculated by frequency-dependent full wave theory and their interpretation (1977)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Taipei, Elsevier, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 275-312, pp. TC1002, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Waves ; caustics ; Synthetic seismograms ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 26
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    An interactive epicenter location procedure for the Resmac seismic array: I (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Berlin, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 1577-1586, pp. B04307, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Location ; Seismic arrays ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 27
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    Magnitude of great shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1952 (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Regensburg, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 587-598, pp. TC5001, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Magnitude ; Earthquake catalog ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 28
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    Local magnitudes, seismic moments, and coda durations for earthquakes near Oroville, California (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Washington D.C., Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 615-629, pp. L09611
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: seismic Moment ; Seismology ; Magnitude ; Moment tensor ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 29
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    The monochromatic earthquake magnitude (1977)
    In:  Publ. Inst. Geoph. Pol. Acad. Sc., Hoboken, NJ, 633 pp. + CD-ROM, Pergamon, vol. A-5(166), no. 19, pp. 145-154, pp. B05309, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Frequency ; Seismology ; Spectrum ; Magnitude
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 30
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    Kinetic shear resistance, fluid pressures and radiation efficiency during seismic faulting (1977)
    In:  Pageoph, Dordrecht, D. Reidel, vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 387-400, pp. TC5003, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Friction ; Fluids ; Seismology ; Fracture
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 31
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    A study of northeastern North American spectral moments, magnitudes, and intensities (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Leyden, Noordhoff International Publishing, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 599-614, pp. B04306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; seismic Moment ; Spectrum ; Magnitude ; Intensity ; Source parameters ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 32
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    Macroseismic study and the implications of structural damage of two recent major earthquakes in the Jordan rift (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seismo. Soc. Amer., Veldhoven, Kluwer, vol. 67, no. 1-2, pp. 1607-1613, pp. B05302, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Intensity ; Seismology ; Fault zone ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 33
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    Seismotektonische Karte der Schweiz, 1:500000, Erläuterungen (1977)
    Inst. für Geophys., ETH Zürich
    In:  Berlin, 254 pp., Inst. für Geophys., ETH Zürich, vol. 15, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 585, (ISBN 1-85233-708-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity ; Tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 34
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    A three-component single-station maximum-likelihood surface wave processor (1977)
    Teledyne Geotech
    In:  Seismic Data Analysis Center report, Alexandria, Virginia, Teledyne Geotech, vol. 10, no. TR-77-14, pp. 484-486, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Description: LS-Fit eines Polarisations-Modells im Frequenzbereich, Anwendung zur Abschätzung von Parametern wie Azimut für P-Wellen im kurzperiodischen Band und Rayleigh-Wellen im langperiodischen Band.
    Keywords: Seismology ; Maximum likelihood ; Polarization
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  • 35
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    The upper mantle under western Europe inferred from the dispersion of Rayleigh modes (1977)
    In:  J. Geophys., Tokyo, Dt. Geophys. Ges., vol. 43, no. 1-4, pp. 265-285, pp. 2389, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface waves ; Rayleigh waves ; Dispersion
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 36
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    International Symposium on the Analysis of Seismicity and Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk, 17. - 22. Oct. 1977/1978 (1977)
    Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
    In:  Proceedings, Prag, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, vol. 10, no. WS-693 7-83, pp. 235-239, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake hazard ; Proceedings of a conference
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  • 37
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    Fault plane solutions using relative amplitudes of P and pP (1977)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Basle, Wiley, vol. 50, no. 5441, pp. 381-394, pp. 1264, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 38
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    Apparent stress and stress drop for intraplate earthquakes and tectonic stress in the plates (1977)
    In:  Pageoph, Luxembourg, National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol. 115, no. 6, pp. 317-332, pp. B05311, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Stress ; Stress drop ; Tectonics
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  • 39
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    Spectral changes of fore- and aftershocks of the Haicheng earthquake (1977)
    In:  Acta Geophysica Sinica, Kunming, China, 3-4, vol. 20, no. 1-2, pp. 125-130, pp. B05301, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Fore-shocks ; Aftershocks ; Earthquake ; China
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  • 40
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    Physics of the Earth (1977)
    Wiley
    In:  New York, Wiley, vol. 25, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 95-104, (ISBN: 0-08-043930-6)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; TIDES ; Geomagnetics ; Geothermics
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  • 41
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    Geometry of Benioff zones: Lateral segmentation and downwards bending of the subducted lithosphere (1977)
    AGU
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Island Arcs, Deep Sea Trenches and Back Arc Basins, Englewood Cliffs, AGU, vol. 1, no. XVI:, pp. 99-114, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Seismicity ; Subduction zone ; Seismology ; Inhomogeneity
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  • 42
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    Earthquake detectability estimates for 478 globally distributed seismograph stations (1977)
    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Int., Luxembourg, National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. P24-P32, pp. B05311, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Nuclear explosion ; Seismology ; Detectors ; Seismic networks ; PEPI
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 43
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    Ray Methods in Seismology (1977)
    Charles Univ. Press
    In:  Prague, 214 pp., Charles Univ. Press, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 275-291, (0-596-00648-9, 3rd edition 2005. XXII, 509 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismology ; Textbook of geophysics ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Ray seismics ; Ray tracing ; Cerveny ; Psencik ; Synthetic seismograms
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  • 44
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    Direct inversion of transmission synthetic seismograms (1977)
    In:  Preprint, Madrid, European Association of Exploration Geophysicists, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 8, pp. 129-132, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Inversion ; Synthetic seismograms ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology)
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  • 45
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    Die Anelastizität im europäischen Raum (1977)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Univ.
    In:  Diplom-Arbeit, Hamburg, Inst. f. Geophys., Univ., vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 6, pp. 1975-1982, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Inelastic ; Attenuation ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Elasticity
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  • 46
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    A model for earthquake swarms (1977)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 82, no. 7, pp. 1347-1352, pp. 2118, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Source ; Seismology ; Modelling ; JGR
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  • 47
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    Phase-matched filters: application to the study of Rayleigh waves (1977)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1259-1275, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Filter- ; Seismology ; Rayleigh waves ; BSSA
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  • 48
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    Cosmic-ray propagation and containment (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The cosmic rays are an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, and their propagation and containment is a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic-ray gas pressure, P, comparable to the magnetic pressure B super 2/ 8 pi, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic-ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic-ray production rate and may be anything from 100,000 to more than 10 million years. It is evident from the decay of Be(10) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 283-299
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  • 49
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    Small scale local gamma ray features (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: In order to draw implications from nearby gamma-ray emission, the different ways that can be used to obtain an estimate of the amount of matter on each line of sight are investigated. It is shown that, within present uncertainties, the cosmic ray intensity inside molecular clouds within 1 kpc from the sun is the same as the cosmic ray intensity measured at the sun. In the last part, what can be learned from a comparison of far infrared and gamma-ray data is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 229-236
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  • 50
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    The nonthermal radiation in the galaxy (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy, NGC 891, indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. In several galaxies, the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total H(I) content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 189-202
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  • 51
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    Very high-energy gamma ray astronomy (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Recent results in ground-based very high-energy (less than 10 to the eleventh power eV) gamma-ray astronomy are reviewed. The various modes of the atmospheric Cerenkov technique are described, and the importance of cosmic ray rejection methods is stressed. The positive detections (at approximately less than 10 to the 12th power eV) of the Crab pulsar that suggest a very flat spectrum and time-variable pulse phase are discussed. Observations of other pulsars (particularly Vela) suggest that these features may be general. The steady flux upper limits for the Crab Nebula are thus reconsidered, and a new value of the implied (Compton-synchrotron) magnetic field in the Nebula is reported. Evidence that a 4.8-hour modulated effect was detected at E sub gamma is less than 10 to the 12th power eV from Cyg X-3 is strengthened in that the exact period originally proposed agrees well with a recent determination of the X-ray period. The southern sky observations are reviewed, and the significance of the detection of an active galaxy (NGC 5128) is considered for source models and future observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 81-98
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  • 52
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    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma-ray energies show striking similarities. The measured pulsed intensity from Vela at energies greater than 50 MeV was found to be .000013 sq cm/sec. The energy spectrum is not consistent with a power law.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 53-64
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  • 53
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    Low- and medium-energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observation of 0.2 to 100 MeV-diffuse gamma-radiation emitted from a galaxy provides information on the intensities of 5 to 50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and approximately less than 50-MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV, which is dominant over the pi-decay emission generated in high-energy nuclear collisions. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma-rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low energy cosmic rays in the inner galaxy if the gamma-ray are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1 to 100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized, and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-80
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  • 54
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    COS-B observations of the high-energy gamma radiation from the galactic disk (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The COS-B experiment has observed approximately one-fourth of the galactic disk, including the galactic-center region, the galactic anticenter, and the Vela region. A completely automatic analysis of the events recorded during these observations reveals a galactic gamma ray emission from the three regions. In the galactic center and Vela regions, the disk emission distribution was measured. From these data, the existence of a local (less than 1 kpc) and a distant (greater than 3 kpc) emitting region is apparent in the general direction of the inner galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 41-44
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  • 55
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    The COS-B experiment and mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high-energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive of X-rays of 2 to 12 keV. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented, and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 29-40
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  • 56
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    COS-B observations of localized sources of gamma-ray emission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: In October 1975, the high-energy gamma-ray flux from the Vela pulsar measured by COS-B was found to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. This factor is too large to be accounted for by error in the COS-B calibration or analysis. This is supported by a comparison of the COS-B measurement of the narrow-line component from the galactic center region with the flux derived from the measurements of SAS-2; the COS-B flux comes out about 15 percent lower than the SAS-2 figure. It is interesting to note that a glitch in the pulsar period took place about 1 month prior to the COS-B observation; the previous glitch occurred about 1.5 years before the SAS-2 observation. The increased rotational energy loss after the glitch cannot simply explain the increased gamma-ray luminosity. If the two phenomena are related, the gamma-ray emission, absorption, or beaming process must be extremely sensitive to changes in rotational parameters. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45-52
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  • 57
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma-ray results. 2: Localized sources (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Gamma ray emission was detected from the radio pulsars PSR 1818-04 and PSR 1747-46, in addition to the previously reported gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Because the Crab pulsar is the only one observed in the optical and X-ray bands, these gamma ray observations suggest a uniquely gamma ray phenomenon occurring in a fraction of the radio pulsars. PSR 1818-04 has a gamma ray luminosity comparable to that of the Crab pulsar, whereas the luminosities of PSR 1747-46 and the Vela pulsar are approximately an order of magnitude lower. SAS-2 data for pulsar correlations yielded upper limits to gamma ray luminosity for 71 other radio pulsars. For five of the closest pulsars, upper limits for gamma ray luminosity are found to be at least three orders of magnitude lower than that of the Crab pulsar. Gamma ray enhancement near the Milky Way satellite galaxy and the galactic plane in the Cygnus region is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 15-26
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  • 58
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma-ray results. 1: Diffuse emission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitudes 310 deg and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7 kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315, 330, 345, 0, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with galactic features and components such as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic-ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 3-14
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  • 59
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    The cosmic-ray antiproton flux - An upper limit near that predicted for secondary production (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data gathered from a balloon flight of a superconducting-magnet spectrometer have been examined for the presence of cosmic-ray antiprotons. The ratio of antiprotons to protons, p(-)/p, in cosmic rays was found to be (0.03 + or - 3.3) ten-thousandths in the rigidity interval from 4.2 to 12.5 GV. The 95%-confidence-level upper limit for p(-)/p is thus 0.00066. This upper limit is in strong contradiction to the prediction of the closed-galaxy model of Rasmussen and Peters (1975), but is not inconsistent with the prediction of the modified closed-galaxy model of Peters and Westergaard (1977). It is nearly equal to the predictions of conventional propagation models. This result provides an independent confirmation of the absence of primary antimatter in the cosmic rays at a level of approximately a few ten-thousandths.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 60
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    Detection of anisotropy in the cosmic blackbody radiation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Anisotropy has been detected in the cosmic blackbody radiation with a 33-GHz (0.9 cm) twin-antenna Dicke radiometer flown to an altitude of 20 km aboard a U-2 aircraft. In data distributed over two-thirds of the Northern Hemisphere, an anisotropy is observed, which is well fitted by a first-order spherical harmonic with an amplitude of (3.5 plus or minus 0.6) x 10 to the -3rd deg K, and direction 11.0 plus or minus 0.6 h right ascension and 6 plus or minus 10 deg declination. This observation is readily interpreted as due to motion of the earth relative to the radiation with a velocity of 390 plus or minus 60 km/sec.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 39; Oct. 3
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  • 61
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    On propagation direction of ring current proton ULF waves observed by ATS 6 at 6.6 R sub E (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From June 11 to September 16, 1974, the NOAA low-energy proton detector on board the ATS 6 satellite observed 71 cases of ultralow-frequency oscillations of proton flux intensities. The oscillation periods varied from 40 s to 6 min, and the events were observed most frequently during moderate geomagnetic conditions. The flux oscillations occurred at various local times, yet almost two thirds of the events were detected in the near-dusk region of the magnetosphere. For a majority of the events in this set a substantial phase shift in flux oscillation was detected between different energy channels and/or between two oppositely oriented detector telescopes. The phase shift is mainly due to the finite gyroradius effect of the protons gyrating in the geomagnetic field. By examining this finite gyroradius effect on the perturbed particle distribution function associated with the wave in a nonuniform magnetic field, the propagation direction of the wave from particle observations made by a single spacecraft is determined
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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  • 62
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    The cosmic far-infrared background at high galactic latitudes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Far-infrared background fluxes from various cosmic sources are predicted. These fluxes lie near the high-frequency side of the blackbody radiation spectrum. The sources could account for a significant fraction of the background radiation at frequencies above 400 GHz, which might be misinterpreted as a 'Comptonization' distortion of the blackbody radiation. Particular attention is paid to the possible contributions from external galaxies, from rich clusters of galaxies, and from galactic dust emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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  • 63
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    SAS-2 high-energy gamma-ray observations of the Vela pulsar. II (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of additional data from SAS-2 experiment and improvements in the orbit-attitude data and analysis procedures have produced revised values for the flux from the Vela gamma-ray source. The pulsar phase plot shows two peaks, neither of which is in phase with the single radio pulse.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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  • 64
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    Final SAS-2 gamma-ray results on sources in the galactic anticenter region (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Final results are presented for SAS-2 observations of high-energy gamma-rays from the galactic anticenter region. Three main gamma-ray features are shown to characterize this region: a localized source associated with the Crab Nebula and its pulsar, another localized source near galactic coordinates 195 deg, +5 deg, and a general enhancement of the diffuse background 10 to 15 deg south of the galactic plane, which is associated with the Gould Belt. For the Crab, it is found that the radiation is mostly pulsed, the pulsed fraction increases with energy, and the intensity of the radiation in the main and interpulse peaks is approximately the same. The other localized source, provisionally designated as gamma 195+5, is found to have a harder spectrum than the Crab but no obvious radio counterpart; emission from an external galaxy is ruled out.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 213
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  • 65
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    Consequences of using nonlinear particle trajectories to compute spatial diffusion coefficients (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a study of cosmic ray propagation in interstellar and interplanetary space, a perturbed orbit resonant scattering theory for pitch angle diffusion in a slab model of magnetostatic turbulence is slightly generalized and used to compute the diffusion coefficient for spatial propagation parallel to the mean magnetic field. This diffusion coefficient has been useful for describing the solar modulation of the galactic cosmic rays, and for explaining the diffusive phase in solar flares in which the initial anisotropy of the particle distribution decays to isotropy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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  • 66
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    Observation of gamma rays with a 4.8 hour periodicity from Cygnus X-3 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Energetic (exceeding 35 MeV) gamma-rays have been observed from the direction of Cygnus X-3 with the SAS-2 gamma-ray telescope. The statistical significance of the excess above the galactic and diffuse radiation is approximately 4.5 sigma. In addition, the gamma-ray flux is modulated at the 4.8-hr period observed in the X-ray and infrared regions, and within the statistical error is in phase with this emission. The flux above 100 MeV has an average value of about 4.4 millionths photon/sq cm per sec. If the distance to Cygnus X-3 is 10 kpc, this flux implies a luminosity of more than 10 to the 37th power erg/s if the radiation is isotropic and about 10 to the 36th power erg/s if the radiation is restricted to a cone of 1 steradian, as it might be in a pulsar. Upper limits are presented for the gamma-ray flux from other known or suspected periodic X-ray sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 212
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  • 67
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    Observations of galactic gamma-rays and their implications for galactic structure studies (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The status of our knowledge on galactic gamma-rays and the large-scale distribution of cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the Galaxy is reviewed and reexamined on the basis of new data obtained by the SAS-2 satellite and the European COS-B satellite. To facilitate discussion, the concepts of four galactic regions of various thickness - the nebulodisk, ectodisk, radiodisk, and exodisk - are defined. Bremsstrahlung and pion-decay gamma-rays are associated with the first two regions, and Compton gamma-rays and synchrotron radiation with the latter two. The galactic contribution to the observed high-latitude gamma-ray background is evaluated and is shown to account reasonably for the observed spectrum at high latitudes between 35 and 200 MeV when added onto the extragalactic background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 212
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  • 68
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    SAS-2 observations of the diffuse gamma radiation in the galactic latitude interval from 10 to 90 deg in both hemispheres (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of all the second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2) gamma-ray data for galactic latitudes higher than 10 deg in both hemispheres has shown that the intensity varies with galactic latitude, being larger near 10 deg than 90 deg. For energies above 100 MeV the gamma-ray data are consistent with a latitude distribution of the form I(b) = C1 + C2/sin b, with the second term being dominant. This result suggests that the radiation above 100 MeV is coming largely from local regions of the galactic disk. Between 35 and 100 MeV, a similar equation is also a good representation of the data, but here the two terms are comparable. These results indicate that the diffuse radiation above 35 MeV consists of two parts, one with a relatively hard galactic component and the other an isotropic steep spectral component which extrapolates back well to the low-energy (less than 10 MeV) diffuse radiation. The steepness of the diffuse isotropic component places significant constraints on possible theoretical models of this radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 69
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    Radio-emitting electrons and cosmic ray confinement (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evidence from radio data obtained at frequencies of 10 to 8000 MHz for steepening of the observed background-radio-continuum spectra in the directions of the galactic Anticenter (A) and Halo Minimum (H) is used to deduce quantitative information on the variation of the magnetic field with distance from the galactic plane. The radio data are analyzed in the framework of the cosmic-ray diffusion model developed by Bulanov and Dogel (1975), and some inferences are drawn regarding the injection spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons as well as their propagation in the Galaxy. The results indicate that: (1) radio-spectrum steepening is centered around 200 MHz in the direction of H and around 330 MHz in the direction of A, implying a lower mean magnetic field toward H and supporting the existence of a radio halo; (2) an injection electron spectrum with a single power law up to the lowest energies cannot explain the radio observations satisfactorily in terms of the diffusion model; and (3) the observed spectral steepening can be satisfactorily understood as being due partly to the deviation from a power-law injection spectrum below a few GeV and partly to the first break arising from electron energy losses in approximately the same energy region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 49; 1, Ju; June 197
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  • 70
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    Cosmic-ray electrons and galactic radio emission - A conflict (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis which takes into account the observed energy spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons above 5 GeV and calculated mean magnetic field data shows that the observed spectral index of the radio continuum in the Galaxy is in conflict with some of the cosmic-ray electron measurements. It is found that the absolute intensities of cosmic-ray electrons measured by some of the experimenters are so low that they cannot be reconciled either with the interstellar magnetic field limits or with the extent of the galactic disk toward the anticenter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 265; Feb. 3
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  • 71
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    No new limit on size distribution of gamma-ray bursts (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is argued that the results of Carter et al. (1976), who derived an upper limit to the balloon intensity of small gamma-ray bursts at about 100 below the extrapolated known size spectrum and therefore concluded that the gamma-ray bursts are of galactic origin, are entirely consistent with the -1.5 index power-law extrapolation, so that no conclusion regarding the origin of gamma-ray bursts can be drawn. A reply of Carter et al. is published. Points at issue include: (1) whether a selection criterion of three successive 0.6-sec increases in the gamma-ray count rate ignores a significant or only a small number of events, (2) whether the spectra of all bursts extend below 100 keV, the satellite energy threshold, and (3) the required correction for the distortion of a horizontal, flat detector.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 21
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  • 72
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    Interpretation of observed cosmic microwave background radiation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is argued that the 'surface of last scattering' of the observed microwave background radiation corresponds to the distribution of dust in galaxies or protogalaxies with a temperature of about 110 K at the epoch corresponding to Z roughly equal to 40. This is in contrast with the plasma temperature of over 3,000 K at an earlier epoch (Z greater than about 1,000), as given by the canonical model of big bang cosmologies. In view of this, the claim that the microwave background radiation lends strong support to hot big bang cosmologies is without foundation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 21
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  • 73
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    Search for gamma-ray bursts with coincident balloon flights (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Dual balloon experiments were flown at separations of over 1,500 km in an attempt to determine whether cosmic gamma-ray bursts could be detected in the size region of 10 to the -7th power to several times 10 to the -6th power erg per sq cm, that is, below the apparent bend in the size spectrum of Vela events as described by Strong and Klebesadel. Fluctuations of the counting rates of photons above 150 keV with temporal structures from microseconds to several minutes were compared in order to detect coincident or associated responses from the two instruments. No coincident gamma-ray burst events were detected. Associated counting rate increases were detected, presenting a background, event-confusing problem for any single gamma-ray burst instrument beneath the earth's trapped radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 21
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  • 74
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    A search for a general gradient in the solar wind speed at low solar latitudes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Long-term averages of solar-wind-speed data obtained in the ecliptic plane from July 1964 through December 1975 have been examined for a regular variation in flow speed associated with earth's yearly excursion to latitudes of plus or minus 7.25 deg about the solar equator. Regular speed modulations of about 70 km/s peaking at the highest latitudes are discernible from mid-1964 through 1966 and from early 1969 to early 1971. During the remainder of this 11.5-year interval, the modulations in speed seem to be aperiodic. A superposed epoch analysis of all the data fails to reveal a general solar latitude gradient in the solar-wind flow for these 11.5 years. It is concluded that with near-earth observations, a latitude dependence of the flow speed is too small to be detected on a regular basis against a background 'noise' of solar-wind streams, which vary in longitude, latitude, and time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 75
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    Gamma-rays from the de-excitation of 12C*(15.11 MeV) and 12C*(4.44 MeV) as probes of energetic particle spectra (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The flux of 15.11 MeV gamma-rays relative to the flux 4.44 MeV gamma-rays was calculated from measured cross sections for excitation of the corresponding states of 12C and from experimental determinations of the branching ratios for direct de-excitation of these states to the ground state. Because of the difference in threshold energies for excitation of these two levels, the relative intensities in the two lines are particularly sensitive to the spectral distribution of energetic particles which excite the corresponding nuclear levels. For both solar and cosmic emission, the observability of the 15.11 MeV line is expected to be enhanced by low-source background continuum in this energy range.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. In Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 213-217
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  • 76
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    Galactic gamma rays and the cosmic-ray halo problem (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Detailed models of diffused halos of various sizes are considered. In such models, the scale perpendicular to the plane has a strong effect in determining the distribution of cosmic rays. Radial distributions were calculated for cylindrical coordinate models. The implied gamma-ray longitude distributions were then calculated and compared with the SAS-2 data. Assuming the sources to be supernova remnants or pulsars, only cosmic-ray nucleon halo models with an upper limit scale height of about 3 kpc provide a good fit to the gamma ray data. Consideration of the gamma-ray latitude data gives a half thickness of 2 + or - 2 kpc for the cosmic ray electron halo.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 171-177
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  • 77
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    Celestial diffuse gamma-ray emission observed by SAS-2 and its interpretation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A clearly established diffuse celestial gamma-ray component was seen by SAS-2 above 35 MeV, after examining several regions of the sky at different latitudes, including the north celestial pole. For energies above 100 MeV the gamma ray results are consistent with an equation of the form I(b)=C1+C2/sin b with the second term being dominant, suggesting that the radiation above 100 MeV comes largely from the local regions of the galactic disk. Between 35 and 100 MeV, a similar equation is also a reasonable representation of the data, but here the two terms are comparable, with the first, or isotropic term, actually being the larger one. In addition to indicating that the diffuse radiation is partially galactic, these results imply a steepness for the energy spectrum of the diffuse isotropic component which places significant constraints on possible theoretical models of this radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 191-200
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  • 78
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    Observations of celestial X-ray sources above 20 keV with the high-energy scintillation spectrometer on board OSO-8 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High-energy X-ray spectra of the Crab Nebula, Cyg XR-1, and Cen A were determined from observations with the scintillation spectrometer onboard the OSO-8 satellite, launched in June 1975. Each of these sources was observed over two periods of 8 days or more, allowing a search for day-to-day and year-to-year variations in the spectral and temporal characteristics of the X-ray emission. No variation in the light curve of the Crab pulsar was found from observations which span a 15-day period in March 1976, with demonstrable phase stability. Transitions associated with the binary phase of Cyg XR-1 and a large change in the emission from Cen A are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 67-73
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  • 79
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    SAS-2 observations of high energy gamma rays from discrete sources (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The SAS-2 identified six localized high energy (greater than 35 MeV) gamma ray sources. Four of these are the radio pulsars, PSR 0531+21, PSR 0833-45, PSR 1818-04, and PSR 1717-46 discovered in a search of 75 radio pulsars. The fact that only one of these is observed in X-rays, and the significant differences in pulse profiles in the gamma ray and radio observations, leads to the speculation that different mechanisms are involved.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 45-53
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  • 80
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    SAS-2 gamma-ray results from the galactic plane and their implications for galactic structure and galactic cosmic-ray dynamics (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The final SAS-2 results related to high energy galactic gamma-ray emission show a strong correlation with galactic structural features seen at other wavelenghts, when the known gamma-ray sources are subtracted. Theoretical considerations and analysis of the gamma-ray data suggest that the galactic cosmic rays are dynamically coupled to the interstellar matter through the magnetic fields, and hence the cosmic ray density is enhanced where the matter density is greatest on the scale of the galactic arms. This concept has been explored in a galactic model that assumes: (1) cosmic rays are galactic and not universal; (2)on the scale of the galactic arms, the cosmic ray column (surface) density is proportional to the total interstellar gas column density; (3)the cosmic ray scale height is significantly larger than the scale height to the matter; and (4) ours is a spiral galaxy characterized by an arm to interarm density ratio of over 2:1.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 95-104
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  • 81
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    The time behaviour of the galactic cosmic ray intensity during the period, March 20 - June 8, 1976 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AFGL Contrib. Papers to the Study of Travelling Interplanetary Phenomena(1977; p 383-394
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  • 82
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    Cosmic ray investigation for the Voyager missions: Energetic particle studies in the outer heliosphere - and beyond (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Voyager mission cosmic ray detector system, consisting entirely of solid-state charged-particle detectors, is designed to measure the energy spectrum of electrons in the range 3 to 110 MeV and the energy spectra and elemental composition of cosmic ray nuclei from hydrogen through iron in the range 1 to 500 MeV/nuc; for isotopes of hydrogen through sulfur the range is approximately 2 to 75 MeV/nuc. The cosmic ray investigation deals with the energy content, origin and acceleration process, and dynamics of cosmic rays in the galaxy, with particular attention given to low-energy phenomena in interstellar space and the outer solar system. The precise measurement of three-dimensional stream patterns of nuclei from H to Fe, as well as electrons over a wide energy range, is the data acquisition program emphasized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 21; Dec. 197
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  • 83
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    Observations of galactic cosmic-ray energy spectra between 1 and 9 AU (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Detector systems onboard Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Helios I have collected data on the variation of the 5-500 MeV per nucleon cosmic-ray helium component between 1 and 9 AU in order to evaluate the properties of low and medium-energy galactic cosmic rays. At 9 AU new spectral features are found for helium nuclei below 60 MeV per nucleon, while at energies above 100 MeV per nucleon the radial gradient is found to be much smaller than theoretically predicted. The conventional modulation theory can be made consistent with these observations. The study is applicable to investigations of particle acceleration, injection, and interstellar propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 216
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  • 84
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    The galactic halo question - New size constraints from galactic gamma-ray data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent satellite observations of the distribution of galactic 100-MeV gamma rays and their interpretation are used as an independent test of the existence and extent of a cosmic-ray halo around the Galaxy. The cosmic-ray halo is defined, uniform and diffusion halo models are described, and the flat diffusion model is employed to investigate the effect of a diffusion halo on the galactic cosmic-ray distribution. Cosmic-ray source distributions that are perpendicularly uniform functions of galactocentric distance are adopted in the analysis. Possible longitudinal distributions of the gamma-ray line flux from neutral-pion decay are evaluated and compared with the fluxes observed by SAS-2 for goodness of fit. The results are shown to be consistent with a thick-disk or thin-halo model having a mean half-thickness of 1 to 3 kpc.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 85
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    Cosmic ray measurements on board Helios 1 from December 1974 to September 1975 Quiet time spectra, radial gradients, and solar events (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The considered time period is characterized by a general decrease in solar activity towards a minimum which occurred in July 1976. The relatively quiet solar conditions facilitate the separation of the gradually varying galactic cosmic radiation from superimposed events of different characteristics. The inspection of neutron monitor data shows that the period is characterized by a slow increase of the high energy galactic cosmic radiation at a relatively constant rate. Attention is given to the instrumentation employed, intensity time profiles and preliminary radial gradients, and quiet time energy spectra. The solar particle events discussed include the January 5, 1976 event, the March 3, 1975 event, and the March 19/20, 1975 event.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysics - Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 42; 6, 19; 1977
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  • 86
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    The age of the galactic cosmic rays derived from the abundance of Be-10 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Satellite measurements of the abundance of the Be-10 isotope in galactic cosmic rays are used to determine the cosmic-ray lifetime for escape. The data are analyzed by employing a technique based on an extensive calibration of a cosmic-ray telescope with the aid of high-energy Be beams accelerated in a bevatron. It is found that the Be-10/Be abundance ratio at 80 MeV/nucleon is 0.028 + or - 0.104. A comparison of this result with calculations based on a homogeneous steady-state model of galactic cosmic-ray confinement and propagation yields an average interstellar density of 0.18 (+0.18, -0.11) atom/cu cm and a corresponding cosmic-ray lifetime of 17 (+24, -8) million years after solar modulation is taken into account. The low average density traversed by the cosmic rays is shown to suggest that the particles may be spending the major part of their existence in regions of very low matter density. The consequences of these results are discussed for models of cosmic-ray propagation in the Galaxy, including such alternatives as propagation in a galactic halo or in regions of interstellar space where the interstellar gas density is very low.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 87
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    Soft diffuse X-rays in the southern galactic hemisphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A map is presented of the soft X-ray diffuse background flux in the C band (approximately 0.13-0.28 keV) covering almost all of the southern galactic hemisphere. A comparison at constant galactic latitude of both C band and B band (about 0.1-0.18 keV) soft X-ray data with neutral-hydrogen maps shows that the intensity does decrease with increasing neutral-hydrogen column density but in a manner that is inconsistent with photoelectric absorption. It is suggested that the inverse correlation is a displacement effect. X-ray emission regions appear to be where the cool gas is not. Further, the evidence against photoelectric absorption implies that the bulk of the cool gas is beyond the X-ray emitting regions. Fewer than 10 to the 20th power H atoms per sq cm can be between the sun and the X-ray emitting regions. The sun appears to be surrounded by a soft X-ray emission region consisting of gas at a temperature of about 1 million K.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 88
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    An experimental test for the charge state of the 'anomalous' helium component (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of phase lags between intensity variations for various particle species and energy ranges in the low-energy galactic cosmic radiation during the general intensity decrease observed in 1974-1975 show that, for particles whose charge state is known (i.e., 'normal' cosmic-ray components), particles with higher rigidities respond more quickly to changes in modulation conditions than do those with lower rigidities. When compared with particles of known energy and charge, the behavior of the 'anomalous' low-energy helium component is consistent with these observations only if the helium is singly rather than doubly charged.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 89
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    Hard X-ray spectra of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Hard X-ray measurements of six gamma-ray bursts observed during the period from October 1969 to April 1971 are presented. The measurements were made with detectors on the OGO-5 and OSO-6 satellites. Spectra for five of the six bursts have been determined using measurements from both satellites in order to reduce ambiguities due to uncertain source locations. A significant fraction, about 20-60%, of the energy of the bursts falls in the hard X-ray range (20-130 keV). The time-integrated spectra have been fitted by power-law, exponential, and thermal-bremsstrahlung functions. They are consistent with power laws which steepen at energies of at least 150 keV, as reported earlier for two other bursts. Evidence for spectral variability from event to event in the hard X-ray region is presented. For a power-law representation, the power-law index has values ranging from approximately unity to 2.5. The hard X-ray spectra of the gamma-ray bursts differ significantly from those of the recently discovered 1-15-keV X-ray bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 90
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    An investigation of techniques for the measurement and interpretation of cosmic ray isotopic abundances (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An instrument, the Caltech High Energy Isotope Spectrometer Telescope was developed to measure isotopic abundances of cosmic ray nuclei by employing an energy loss - residual energy technique. A detailed analysis was made of the mass resolution capabilities of this instrument. A formalism, based on the leaky box model of cosmic ray propagation, was developed for obtaining isotopic abundance ratios at the cosmic ray sources from abundances measured in local interstellar space for elements having three or more stable isotopes, one of which is believed to be absent at the cosmic ray sources. It was shown that the dominant sources of uncertainty in the derived source ratios are uncorrelated errors in the fragmentation cross sections and statistical uncertainties in measuring local interstellar abundances. These results were applied to estimate the extent to which uncertainties must be reduced in order to distinguish between cosmic ray production in a solar-like environment and in various environments with greater neutron enrichments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-155562 , SRL-77-8
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  • 91
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    Diffuse gamma radiation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An examination of the intensity, energy spectrum, and spatial distribution of the diffuse gamma-radiation observed by SAS-2 satellite away from the galactic plane in the energy range above 35 MeV has shown that it consists of two components. One component is generally correlated with galactic latitudes, the atomic hydrogen column density was deduced from 21 cm measurements, and the continuum radio emission, believed to be synchrotron emission. It has an energy spectrum similar to that in the plane and joins smoothly to the intense radiation from the plane. It is therefore presumed to be of galactic origin. The other component is apparently isotropic, at least on a coarse scale, and has a steep energy spectrum. No evidence is found for a cosmic ray halo surrounding the galaxy in the shape of a sphere or oblate spheroid with galactic dimensions. Constraints for a halo model with significantly larger dimensions are set on the basis of an upper limit to the gamma-ray anisotropy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78077 , X-662-77-271
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  • 92
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    Charge-equilibrium and radiation of low-energy cosmic rays passing through interstellar medium (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The charge equilibrium and radiation of an oxygen and an iron beam in the MeV per nucleon energy range, representing a typical beam of low-energy cosmic rays passing through the interstellar medium, is considered. Electron loss of the beam has been taken into account by means of the First Born approximation allowing for the target atom to remain unexcited, or to be excited to all possible states. Electron capture cross sections have been calculated by means of the scaled Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers approximation, taking into account all atomic shells of the target atoms. Radiation of the beam due to electron capture into the excited states of the ion, collisional excitation and collisional inner-shell ionization of the ions has been considered. Effective X-ray production cross sections and multiplicities for the most energetic X-ray lines emitted by the Fe and O beams have been calculated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78078 , X-624-77-276
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  • 93
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    Ultra-heavy cosmic rays: Theoretical implications of recent observations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Extreme ultraheavy cosmic ray observations (Z greater or equal 70) are compared with r-process models. A detailed cosmic ray propagation calculation is used to transform the calculated source distributions to those observed at the earth. The r-process production abundances are calculated using different mass formulae and beta-rate formulae; an empirical estimate based on the observed solar system abundances is used also. There is the continued strong indication of an r-process dominance in the extreme ultra-heavy cosmic rays. However it is shown that the observed high actinide/Pt ratio in the cosmic rays cannot be fit with the same r-process calculation which also fits the solar system material. This result suggests that the cosmic rays probably undergo some preferential acceleration in addition to the apparent general enrichment in heavy (r-process) material. As estimate also is made of the expected relative abundance of superheavy elements in the cosmic rays if the anomalous heavy xenon in carbonaceous chondrites is due to a fissioning superheavy element.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-155512 , ATR-78(9461)-2
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  • 94
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    The radial variation of corotating energetic particle streams in the inner and outer solar system (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The radial gradient of long-lived, corotating energetic particle streams was measured using observations of .9-2.2 MeV protons from Helios 1 and 2, IMP 7, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. A positive gradient of approximately 350% per AU is found between .3 AU and 1 AU. Between 1 AU and some 3-5 AU, the gradient is variable with an average value of 100% per AU which is consistent with earlier statistical results. A comparison between measurements at 9 AU and approximately 4 AU shows a negative gradient which is variable from -40 to -100% per AU. Possible solar latitudinal effects on these gradient studies are also discussed. Using solar wind and magnetic field data from Helios 1 between 1 AU and .3 AU, the relation between corotating energetic particle events in the inner solar system and the interplanetary medium is examined. It is found that the energetic particles are contained inside the high speed solar wind stream in a region adjacent to the interaction region between low speed and high speed streams.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78040
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  • 95
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    A distance limit for a class of model gamma-ray burst sources (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Gamma ray burst sources are presumably not larger than 10 to the 9th power cm as inferred from observed flux variations. If they are homogeneous and isotropically radiating, then from photon density considerations, they would have to be optically thick due to gamma-gamma pair production when assumed to be too far away. Deviations of observed photo spectra from an exponential shape around 1 MeV lead to an upper limit of the possible distance of such sources of only 2 kpc from the sun. Thus the sources must be galactic unless the radiation is highly beamed or emerges from a relativistically moving shell. This conclusion depends only on observed parameters. The possible presence of particles and fields in the sources would require them to be even closer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78053 , X-661-77-152
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  • 96
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    Spectra of cosmic gamma-ray bursts in the hard X-ray range (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Hard X-ray measurements of six gamma-ray bursts observed by detectors on the OGO-5 and OSO-6 satellites during the period Oct. 1969 to Apr. 1971 are presented. Spectra for five of the six bursts were determined using measurements from both satellites in order to reduce ambiguities due to uncertain source locations. A significant fraction, 20 to 60%, of the energy of the bursts fall in the hard X-ray range (20 to 130 keV). The time-integrated spectra were fitted by power-law, exponential, and thermal bremsstrahlung functions. They are consistent with power-laws which steepen at energies approx. above 150 keV, as reported earlier for two other bursts. Evidence for spectral variability from event to event in the hard X-ray region is presented. The hard X-ray spectra of the gamma-ray bursts differ from those of the recently discovered 1 to 15 keV bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: in ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 365-373
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  • 97
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    Gamma rays from the magellanic clouds (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Predicted gamma ray fluxes from the Megallanic Clouds, obtained by using updated parameters, are significantly above the values previously determined, and well within the capabilities of observation from COS-B satellite. Concepts relating galactic gamma ray production and other Population 1 phenomena in the Milky Way were used to postulate a factor of four increase in predicted flux, based on the galactic origin hypothesis. The values obtained provide a possible test of two interpretations of gamma ray emission: enhancement in the inner galaxy from gas and cosmic ray sources alone, or increases produced by the trapping of cosmic rays in spiral arms. Because spiral structure is absent in the small cloud, and questionable in the large cloud, and both clouds are classed as irregular galaxies, the predicted enhancement in gamma ray flux may not be as great in the absence of clear spiral structure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71409 , X-660-77-216
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  • 98
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    Al-26 - A galactic source of gamma-ray line emission (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A detectable gamma-ray line at 1.809 MeV results from the decay of Al-26 in the interstellar medium if this isotope is synthesized in supernovae with abundance of about 0.001 relative to Mg-26. The expected intensity from the direction of the galactic center is approximately 0.0001 photon/sq cm/sec per sr, and the line width is less than 3 keV. This intensity is comparable to the intensities of the other strongest gamma-ray lines resulting from processes of nucleosynthesis at 0.847 MeV from Fe-56, 1.156 MeV from Ca-44, and 1.173 and 1.332 MeV from Ni-60. But the width of the line from Al-26 decay is an order of magnitude smaller than that of either the 0.847- or the 1.156-MeV lines, and hence this line should be much more easily observable with high-resolution detectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 213
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  • 99
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    New aspects of the cosmic-ray modulation in 1974-1975 near solar minimum (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Residual cosmic-ray modulation at or near the solar minima of 1965 and 1972-75 is compared on the basis of ground-based and satellite observations of nonrelativistic proton and helium components as well as variations in the relativistic component. It is found that the nonrelativistic fluxes lagged behind the high-energy fluxes to form a hysteresis loop over the period from 1965 to 1973, that the 1975 proton fluxes were about 85% higher than the 1972 level and about 35% higher than the 1965 level, and that the 1975 helium fluxes were about 60% higher than in 1965. Some unique recovery events are discussed, and a time-lag effect dependent on magnetic rigidity is examined which was associated with dynamic changes in the heliosphere. A qualitative explanation is offered for the hysteresis effect.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 213
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  • 100
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    High-energy cosmic-ray electrons - A new measurement using transition-radiation detectors (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new detector for cosmic-ray electrons, consisting of a combination of a transition-radiation detector and a shower detector, has been constructed, calibrated at accelerator beams, and exposed in a balloon flight under 5 g/sq cm of atmosphere. The design of this instrument and the methods of data analysis are described. Preliminary results in the energy range 9-300 GeV are presented. The energy spectrum of electrons is found to be significantly steeper than that of protons, consistent with a long escape lifetime of cosmic rays in the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 38; June 6
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