ALBERT

Description:    The behavioral effects of four essential oils extracted from orange peel ( Citrus aurantium L.), cinnamon leaf ( Cinnamomum verum J. Presl), citronella grass ( Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt), and clove flower [ Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry] were evaluated against two medically important species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, using an excito-repellency test system. Ae. aegypti was collected from a small village in Kanchanaburi Province and Culex quinquefasciatus was captured from an urban area of Bangkok. Mosquitoes from the F1–F3 generations were tested in the excito-repellency test chamber for contact excitation and non-contact spatial repellency. Results showed that both species demonstrated varying levels of behavioral escape responses to different essential oils, showing a clear dose response depending on percent w/v concentration used. Orange oil produced the least response in both mosquito species, while citronella and clove the greatest. In general, Cx. quinquefasciatus exhibited much stronger behavioral responses to all four essential oils than Ae. aegypti. From this study, we conclude that the essential oils from various botanical sources should continue to be screened for protective properties against mosquitoes and other biting arthropods. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0464-8 Authors Kornwika Suwansirisilp, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand Suraphon Visetson, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand Atchariya Prabaripai, Division of Computer and Statistics, Faculty of Liberal Art and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaensean, Nakhon Pathom, 73140 Thailand Somchai Tanasinchayakul, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Kamphaensean, Nakhon Pathom, 73140 Thailand John P. Grieco, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA Michael J. Bangs, Public Health & Malaria Control Department, Jl. Kertajasa, Kuala Kencana, Papua 99920, Indonesia Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Compounds with maleimide, both natural and synthesized, have good biological activities, especially the antifungal activity. In order to investigate the antifungal activity of dimethylmaleimides, 17 N -substituted dimethylmaleimides were prepared from the reactions of 2,3-dimethyl maleic anhydride and amines using a facile synthetic method in this paper. These compounds were evaluated for antifungal activities against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by the mycelium growth rate method. They exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.01–50.0 μg/mL, with N -(2-benzimidazole)-3,4-dimethylmaleimide being the most active one with an MIC of 0.01 μg/mL. The structure and activity relationship on these compounds indicated that the hydrophobicity of the N -substituents is associated with their antifungal activity. Compared to current antifungals, most of N -substituted dimethylmaleimides have a perfect activity for S. sclerotiorum control and low toxicity. Content Type Journal Article Category Original paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0466-6 Authors Zhenzhong Shen, Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China Yongxian Fan, Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China Fuge Li, Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China Xiaolong Chen, Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China Yinchu Shen, Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    A field trial was conducted to investigate the use of peas ( Pisum sativum cv. Valverde), wheat ( Triticum aestivum cv. Capo) and oilseed radish ( Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis cv. Adagio) as trap crops to control wireworm in potato fields. We investigated the efficacy of trap crops and distance of attraction by counting larvae in both potato and trap crop rows. Wireworms of the genera Agriotes , Adrastus and Hemicrepidius were observed. In the plots planted with peas as a trap crop, significantly more wireworms were observed than in the other treatments, which was clearly due to the influence of the trap crop pea. The potato rows 0.75 m away from the peas showed 2.4 times more larvae than the potato rows 1.5 m away. This may be due to a decrease of the peas’ attractiveness over time (Miles and Petherbridge 1927 ), with wireworms that were initially attracted to the peas moving back to the nearby potatoes. In the plots planted with wheat, oilseed radish and the control (bare soil instead of a trap crop), there was no significant difference in numbers of larvae between the potato rows. In the control plots, significantly more larvae were found in the potato rows than in the bare soil. We assessed the damage to potato tubers by weighing them and counting the wireworm holes. Our results indicate that peas are more attractive to wireworms than potatoes and might be an effective trap crop if the right timing and spacing relative to the potatoes is found. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0348-3 Authors Marion Landl, Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria Johann Glauninger, Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an economically important pest of tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum (L.), causing irregular ripening on fruits and transmitting several plant pathogenic geminiviruses. The management of this pest is commonly based on repetitive spraying with synthetic pesticides, causing serious environmental damages and increase of resistance by insect population. In the present study, essential oils from the leaves of Artemisia camphorata Vill., Ageratum conyzoides L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br., Plectranthus neochilus Schltr., and Tagetes erecta L. were investigated for their possible repellent and oviposition-deterrent effects against B. tabaci biotype B on tomato. In a multi-choice assay, P. neochilus essential oil was the most active repellent and oviposition deterrent. Essential oils of A. conyzoides and T. erecta significantly deterred the female B. tabaci biotype B from laying eggs on treated tomato leaflets compared with the control. ( E )-Caryophyllene (30.67 %) and the monoterpenes α-pinene (15.02 %) and α-thujene (11.70 %) were identified as the major constituents of the essential oil of P. neochilus . Our findings demonstrated the potential of essential oil of P. neochilus and other oils in the reduction of settlement and oviposition of B. tabaci biotype B on tomato. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0462-x Authors Edson L. L. Baldin, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University, PO Box 237, Botucatu, São Paulo 18610-307, Brazil Antônio E. M. Crotti, Center for Research in Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Franca University, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil Kamila A. L. Wakabayashi, Center for Research in Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Franca University, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil José P. G. F. Silva, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University, PO Box 237, Botucatu, São Paulo 18610-307, Brazil Gabriela P. Aguiar, Center for Research in Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Franca University, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil Efrain S. Souza, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University, PO Box 237, Botucatu, São Paulo 18610-307, Brazil Rodrigo C. S. Veneziani, Center for Research in Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Franca University, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil Milton Groppo, Department of Biology, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-404, Brazil Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    A survey of potato fields located in the south-eastern region of Himachal Pradesh (India) was carried out in order to find out the natural pathogens infecting the white grub, Brahmina coriacea . About 88 % population of the infected grubs were found to exhibit symptoms of natural bacterial infection during the years 2007–2008. Hence, we attempted to isolate and characterize the most potent bacteria for the management of B . coriacea and tested their insecticidal activity. In this study, ten different bacterial isolates belonging to genera Bacillus , Psychrobacter , Paracoccus , Paenibacillus , Mycobacterium , Staphylococcus and Novosphingobium were isolated from B . coriacea . Bacterial species were identified based on morphology, biochemical tests and homologies of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Pathogenicity tests for all isolated bacteria at 1.0 × 10 8  cfu/ml of broth were performed on late first instar grubs. Among the bacteria tested, Bacillus cereus induced highest mortality level of 51.85 % within 7 days of treatment followed by Psychrobacter pulmonis (33.33 %), Bacillus psychrodurans (25.93 %), Bacillus pumilus (25.93 %), Paenibacillus tylopili (22.22 %) and Novosphingobium capsulatum (18.52 %). Mortality levels were further increased up to 100 % by B . cereus followed by 88.89 % by P . pulmonis after 30 days of treatment. Our results indicate that B . cereus , P . pulmonis , B . psychrodurans , B . pumilus , P . tylopili and N . capsulatum may be valuable biological control agents for white grubs, B . coriacea . Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0459-5 Authors Anupam Sharma, Division of Plant Protection, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India D. R. Thakur, Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India Sarika Kanwar, Division of Plant Protection, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India V. K. Chandla, Division of Plant Protection, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a worldwide citrus key pest. One of the control strategies currently promoted in the Mediterranean basin is the augmentative release of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). A clear understanding of the impact that pesticides commonly used in citrus have on this parasitoid is therefore essential to assure the efficacy of the method. The aims of this study were to evaluate the lethal effects of freshly applied and laboratory-aged residues of eighteen selected pesticides recommended in IPM for citrus on A. melinus adults. According to their toxicity on A. melinus , the pesticides could be divided in four groups. Etofenprox and chlorpyrifos were harmful and persistent; abamectin was moderately harmful and slightly persistent; dimethoate, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and spirodiclofen were slightly harmful and moderately persistent; and azadirachtin, etoxazole, fenbutaestan, hexythiazox, mancozeb, petroleum oil, pirimicarb, propargite, pymetrozine, pyriproxyfen, spirotetramat, and tebufenpyrad were considered harmless. The information presented here will help us to integrate A. melinus release within an IPM for citrus in which pesticides are still used. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0448-8 Authors P. Vanaclocha, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain C. Vidal-Quist, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain S. Oheix, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain H. Montón, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain L. Planes, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain J. Catalán, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain A. Tena, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain M. J. Verdú, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain A. Urbaneja, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Hairy fleabane is a weed found increasingly in agronomic crops and rural areas. Although glyphosate resistance is now widespread in this species, the ecological fitness of glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) populations has not been compared. When seeds of both biotypes were subjected to different alternating temperature, germination occurring and seedling vigor did not differ between the biotypes with maximum germination at 10/20 and 15/25 °C. Under noncompetitive conditions, growth and seed production of the GR and GS biotypes were similar. The competitive ability of the two biotypes, as determined by a replacement series experiment, was also similar. Initially, the relative crowding coefficient (RCC) between the biotypes was close to one. However, the RCC values for each characteristic increased with time indicating that the GR had a small competitive advantage as plants matured. Overall, there was no apparent fitness penalty associated to glyphosate resistance. Therefore, the GR populations are likely to persist unless effective management strategies are adopted. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0446-x Authors Ilias S. Travlos, Laboratory of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75, Iera Odos St., 11855 Athens, Greece Demosthenis Chachalis, Department of Weed Science, Benaki Phytopatholigical Institute, 8 St. Delta Str., 14561 Kifissia, Greece Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The objective of this study was to isolate and identify native entomopathogenic fungi from different components of maize agroecosystem, and evaluate their virulence against Tribolium confusum , Rhyzopertha dominica , and Sitophilus zeamais , three insect pest vectors of aflatoxigenic fungi. Paecilomyces and Metarhizium were the most abundant genera isolated from the soil. Identification of fungal cultures by DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing showed that all isolates macro- and micromorphological identified as P. lilacinus were Purpureocillium lilacinum. The isolate JQ926223 showed the lowest LT 50 for T. confusum (4, 66 days) and R. dominica (9, 38 days), and the isolate JQ926212 demonstrated similar LT 50 for the three insects evaluated between the range of 11, 7 to 14, 95 days. Maximum mortality rate was observed for the isolate JQ926223. The isolates of Purpureocillium lilacinum JQ926223 and JQ926212 may be considered good candidates for biologic control in the ecosystem of stored maize. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0460-z Authors P. Barra, Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina L. Rosso, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bari, Italy A. Nesci, Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina M. Etcheverry, Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Field observations on egg hatch of Thaumetopoea processionea suggest that temporal asynchrony with Quercus robur budburst leads to starvation, retarded neonate development and mortality. However, T. processionea neonates are generally well adapted to variable between-tree and within-tree budburst phenology reflecting the species’ close bond to its host. They are able to withstand starvation periods of up to 3 weeks while searching extensively for suitable buds to feed on. Feeding and movements of young larvae frequently occur during daytime presumably taking advantage of higher day temperatures when night temperatures are below the species’ thermal threshold. Due to the specific adaptations, we assume precise temporal synchrony to play a minor role regarding its influences on T. processionea population dynamics. However, if hatching precedes budburst for more than 2–3 weeks, temporal asynchrony may become a significant mortality factor for the neonates particularly when other adverse events (e.g. unfavourable weather conditions) during that period are involved. Therefore, future studies should try to reveal further details of this interaction and focus on the impact of global warming on T. processionea —oak budburst synchronisation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0457-7 Authors Eiko Wagenhoff, Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany Rainer Blum, Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany Katharina Engel, Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany Holger Veit, Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany Horst Delb, Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Wireworms of the genus Agriotes (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are severe and widespread agricultural pests affecting numerous crops throughout the world and causing damage of economic importance. Between 2008 and 2011, a survey of the occurrence of natural microbial antagonists of wireworms was conducted. Altogether, 3,420 wireworms and two dead beetles from agricultural habitats and grassland of various parts of Germany and 700 lab-reared wireworms from Italy were screened for the presence of disease. Of these, 283 selected dead and moribund Agriotes specimens were diagnosed by light and electron microscopy for insect pathogens; 66 wireworms contained unspecified bacterial infections; and 86 specimens displayed fungal growth with 25 infected by the entomopathogenic taxa Beauveria bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae , Isaria fumosorosea , Isaria spp. and Lecanicillium sp. Nematodes were observed in 29 dead individuals, and 141 individuals showed no distinguishable pathogens. In one dead Agriotes larva, an intracellular bacterium was identified as a new Rickettsiella pathotype named ‘ Rickettsiella agriotidis ’. The survey resulted in a natural infection rate of 0.66 %. The possible use of these pathogens as biocontrol agents is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0447-9 Authors Regina G. Kleespies, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Claudia Ritter, Institute for Agriculture and Fishing Research, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Centre for Field Vegetable Production, Dorfplatz 1, 18276 Gülzow, Germany Gisbert Zimmermann, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Frank Burghause, Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum (DLR), Rheinhessen-Nahe-Hunsrück, Rüdesheimer Str. 60–68, 55545 Bad Kreuznach, Germany Simon Feiertag, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Andreas Leclerque, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Wireworms, the polyphagous larvae of click beetles belonging to the genus Agriotes (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are severe and widespread agricultural pests affecting numerous crops. Biological control agents and methods for this general pest are highly solicited. In a screening for microbial Agriotes pathogens, an intracellular bacterium and a mitosporic fungus were isolated. Phylogenetic analysis based on ribosomal RNA operon sequences of both micro-organisms corroborated their previous morphology-based taxonomic classification. The bacterial pathogen has been assigned to the taxonomic genus Rickettsiella ( Gammaproteobacteria ) wherein it represents a new pathotype, ‘ Rickettsiella agriotidis’ , that appears most closely related to subjective synonyms of the nomenclatural type species, Rickettsiella popillae . The fungal pathogen has been shown to belong to the form-species Beauveria bassiana , i.e., an obligate anamorph related to the genus Cordyceps ( Ascomycota: Hypocreales ). Furthermore, the B. bassiana strain from Agriotes has been shown to be potentially susceptible to identification by gIi-diagnosis, i.e., a diagnostic method making use of the strain-specific presence of self-splicing group-I introns within the ribosomal RNA operons of certain hyphomycetous fungi. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0450-1 Authors Andreas Leclerque, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Polina V. Mitkovets, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Ana-Cristina Fatu, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Christina Schuster, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Regina G. Kleespies, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Bemisia tabaci consists of a complex of morphologically indistinct biotypes, varying with respect to their host ranges and ability to transmit plant viruses. Biotype “B” has increased in importance at every growing season in soybean crops in Brazil. The objective was to evaluate B. tabaci biotype B infestations in 24 soybean genotypes, including cultivars of expression for planting and the main sources of insect resistance. The study was performed in a greenhouse with evaluations for adult attractiveness and oviposition preference (free-choice test); these parameters were correlated with trichome density. Three evaluations were carried out, and counts were obtained for number of adults, eggs, and trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaves. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks (192 plots). In all three evaluations, “Coodetec 215” was the most attractive to adults; the least attractive cultivars were “IAC 18” (first); PI 274453, “IAC 18,” and D 75-10169 (second); and “IAC 24” (third). As to oviposition preference, “Coodetec 215” showed the highest mean in all evaluations; the lowest means corresponded to “IAC 18” (1st); PI 274453 (2nd); and PI 274453 and L1-1-01 (3rd). No significant correlation was observed between trichome density and oviposition preference and adult attractiveness. Considering all parameters and focusing on commercial germplasm, “IAC 24,” as well as “BRS Barreiras,” “IAC 18,” “IAC 17,” and “IAC 19” can be indicated for planting in regions and/or seasons where B. tabaci biotype B is a problem for soybean production or even in properties where other crops affected by this whitefly are grown simultaneously with soybean or after this legume is grown. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0443-0 Authors Giuliana Etore do Valle, Centro de Fitossanidade, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), PO Box 28, Campinas, SP 13001-970, Brazil André Luiz Lourenção, Centro de Fitossanidade, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), PO Box 28, Campinas, SP 13001-970, Brazil José Baldin Pinheiro, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ/USP), PO Box 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    This study evaluated the impact of different CO 2 levels on the biological characteristics of Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant) and on the performance of forage grasses. The signal grasses Brachiaria decumbens Stapf (susceptible) and Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) (resistant), the elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum (Schum.), including the Roxo de Botucatu cultivar (susceptible) and the Pioneiro cultivar (resistant) and the insects were kept in climate-controlled chambers with constant low (250 ppm) CO 2 levels, constant high (500 ppm) CO 2 levels, or fluctuating CO 2 levels (mean, 368 ppm). Among these three CO 2 treatments, no significant differences were found in the nymphal survival of M. spectabilis when the nymphs were fed on two signal grass species. On the other hand, under a constant low CO 2 level (250 ppm), nymphal survival rates were significantly lower when the insects were kept in Roxo de Botucatu and Pioneiro cultivars. The mean adult longevity values for M. spectabilis were not significantly different among the three levels of CO 2 evaluated. We observed that increased CO 2 levels improved the performance of M. spectabilis and elephant grass cultivars in accumulating dry mass, which was not evident in signal grass. We further conclude that the levels of susceptibility and resistance of the forages tested will be maintained in future scenarios under which atmospheric CO 2 levels are expected to increase. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0449-7 Authors Roberta B. Ferreira, Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil Jair C. Moraes, Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil Alexander M. Auad, Entomology Laboratory, Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Station, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Marcy G. Fonseca, Entomology Laboratory, Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Station, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Host selection is central to understanding the evolution of the interaction between herbivorous insects and host plants. Most studies on host selection of herbivorous insects are focused on the optimal oviposition theory which posits that the herbivores preferentially oviposit on plants that provide optimal conditions for offspring development (preference–performance hypothesis). However, the positive correlation between female oviposition preference and offspring performance is not always observed. Here, we determined the relationship between whitefly settling and oviposition preference and nymph performance of B and Q putative species of Bemisia tabaci on three host plants, cotton Gossypium hirsutum L., tomato Lycopersicum esculentum Mill, and poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. We further investigated whether nutritional and defensive chemistry of the three host species shaped whitefly settling and oviposition preference of both putative species. Foliar chemistry differed significantly among the three host species. Compared to cotton and tomato foliage, poinsettia foliage was 8 % lower in nitrogen, 60 % higher in carbohydrate, and 90 % higher in phenolic compounds, respectively. When given a choice, B and Q putative species of B. tabaci preferred settling on nutritionally superior tomato, whereas both putative species preferentially oviposited on nutritionally inferior poinsettia. Nymph survivorship of B and Q putative species was substantially reduced and nymph developmental duration (egg-to-adult) was markedly prolonged on poinsettia relative to those reared on cotton and tomato. Therefore, our results are consistent with the optimal foraging theory, rather than the optimal oviposition theory. Females of B and Q putative species of B. tabaci preferentially ovipositing on poinsettia may be a trade-off between nymph performance and the avoidance of natural enemy. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0441-2 Authors Xiaoguo Jiao, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China Wen Xie, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China Shaoli Wang, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China Qingjun Wu, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China Long Zhou, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China Huipeng Pan, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China Baiming Liu, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China Youjun Zhang, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Click beetle larvae (wireworms) are significant crop pests in Europe and North America. In Canada, there are ~30 economically important species which are morphologically difficult to identify, but for which sequence data are lacking. Accurate knowledge of damage-causing species and the population genetics and phylogeography of elaterids will provide insight into their sustainable management. Here, we use interspecific variation in mitochondrial 16S rRNA as a robust method of identification, consider the intra- and interspecific genetic variation of some important Canadian wireworm pests and assess the genetic structure and isolation by distance for a re-emerging major pest species, Hypnoidus bicolor Eschscholtz. Wireworms were sampled from Canada and the USA, identified as morphospecies, and sequenced at the 16S rRNA region (294–442 bp). Within some species unusually high intraspecific genetic distances between samples suggested the possibility of cryptic wireworm species or misidentifications, though this was 〈1 % for most species. Phylogenetic analyses gave some indication of the likely identity of these ambiguous samples. There was a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance and significant genetic structuring within and between H. bicolor populations, which appeared to be composed of two species comprising several haplotypes. These data provide a starting point for determining the distribution of damage-causing species throughout Canada. The inclusion of data from other nuclear and mitochondrial loci, and use of sequence data from known adult samples, would further aid identification and relationships of wireworm species. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0454-x Authors Carly M. Benefer, Centre for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, University of Plymouth, B422 Portland Square, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA Plymouth, Devon, UK W. G. van Herk, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6947 # 7 Hwy, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada J. S. Ellis, School of Science & The Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK R. P. Blackshaw, Centre for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, University of Plymouth, B422 Portland Square, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA Plymouth, Devon, UK R. S. Vernon, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6947 # 7 Hwy, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada M. E. Knight, Centre for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, University of Plymouth, B422 Portland Square, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA Plymouth, Devon, UK Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description: Editorial 2012: shaping the profile of Journal of Pest Science Content Type Journal Article Category Editorial Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0416-3 Authors Michael Traugott, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Christos Athanassiou, Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str, 38446 N. Ionia, Magnesia, Greece Chris Cutler, Department of Environmental Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada Nicolas Desneux, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 400 route des chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France A. Rami Horowitz, Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Gilat Research Center, 85280 Mobile Post Negev, Israel Rainer Meyhöfer, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany Les Shipp, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada Christian Stauffer, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Wien, Austria Donald C. Weber, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, BARC-West Building 011A, Beltsville, MD 22207, USA Myron P. Zalucki, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Australia Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Field experiments were carried out to ascertain whether synthetic floral odour compounds were attractive for two pest bug species. The European tarnished plant bug ( Lygus rugulipennis Poppius) has been reported to damage various crops (e.g. strawberry, sugarbeet, alfalfa, cucumber), and the alfalfa plant bug ( Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze)) is considered as a pest of alfalfa and Bt-cotton. In our field tests, traps baited with phenylacetaldehyde caught significantly more L. rugulipennis than unbaited traps. In addition, A. lineolatus was also attracted to phenylacetaldehyde-baited traps. When testing other, EAG active compounds, ( E )-cinnamaldehyde attracted A. lineolatus as well. This compound was also attractive for L. rugulipennis , however, to a lesser extent than phenylacetaldehyde. When the two compounds were presented in combination, no synergistic or inhibitory effect was detected in either species. By attracting both sexes of both species, these new attractants may prove to be useful and provide the basis for further development of new lures for agricultural use. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0422-5 Authors Sándor Koczor, Plant Protection Institute, HAS, Herman O. u. 15, Budapest, 1022 Hungary József Vuts, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL52JQ, UK Miklós Tóth, Plant Protection Institute, HAS, Herman O. u. 15, Budapest, 1022 Hungary Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Essential oils from three species of Chrysanthemum growing in Tunisia ( C. coronarium , C. fuscatum , and C. grandiflorum ) were first analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) and then evaluated for toxicity and antifeeding action against Tribolium confusum . The essential oils obtained from leaves and flowers shared a similar qualitative composition, but the relative proportions of the constituents were quite different. The essential oil of C. grandiflorum was rich in sesquiterpenoids, while those of C. fuscatum and C. coronarium were rich in monoterpenoids. The main common constituents of all the essential oils were α-pinene, myrcene, α-humulene, β-caryophylene, spathulenol, and caryophyllene oxide. The most effective essential oil was obtained from the leaves of C. grandiflorum , that inhibited the relative growth rate (−0.03 mg/mg/d), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (−50.69%), relative consumption rate, caused an antifeeding effect (66.43%) and a high mortality (80%) of T. confusum larvae. Topical application C. grandiflorum essential oil caused a significant insect mortality that attends 27% after 7 days of treatment. While essential oil from C. coronarium flowers has contact and fumigant toxicity with a mortality of 9 and 13%, respectively. Results analysis highlights a relationship between essential oils composition and insecticidal activity against T. confusum . The study showed that each essential oil has specific chemical composition and act differently according to the nature of attributed test. The use of essential oils from different Chrysanthemum species with different methods helps poor farmers who store small amounts of grains to preserve it against pest infestation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0420-7 Authors Dalila Haouas, Unité de Recherche: invertébrés, micro-organismes et malherbes nuisibles: méthodes alternatives de lutte, Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott Mariem, University of Sousse, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia Pier Luigi Cioni, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sede Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy Monia Ben Halima-Kamel, Unité de Recherche: invertébrés, micro-organismes et malherbes nuisibles: méthodes alternatives de lutte, Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott Mariem, University of Sousse, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia Guido Flamini, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sede Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy Mohamed Habib Ben Hamouda, Unité de Recherche: invertébrés, micro-organismes et malherbes nuisibles: méthodes alternatives de lutte, Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott Mariem, University of Sousse, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Considerable progress has been made in the monitoring and control of stored-product pests, mainly Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, by pheromones, which are used in mass trapping, attracticide and mating disruption methods. In integrated pest management programmes of stored-product protection, the use of pheromones can lead to a reduction in chemical treatments, with economic advantages and the improvement of food-product quality. In this article, I report some promising results offering efficient detection and control of stored-product pests based on pheromones and line up a number of remaining questions to be answered to improve the reliability and competitiveness of the methods used. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0407-9 Authors Pasquale Trematerra, Department of Animal, Plant and Environmental Science, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    In this article, we assessed the reproduction rates of the generalist pteromalid parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus on the coleopteran pest species, Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica , when these hosts were offered together under environmental conditions reproducing spring or early summer. These species had proved to be the most suitable hosts in terms of parasitoid progeny production for both parasitoid species in no choice experiments in previous studies. Trials with A. calandrae and L. distinguendus had lower pest emergence in the parasitoid treatment when compared to the control for S. oryzae . However, for R. dominica , there was no difference between treatments for either parasitoid species. Pest reduction levels reached by the two parasitoids were caused by parasitism effects together with other parasitoid-induced mortality causes, which included host feeding and unsuccessful parasitism. The most preferred host under the conditions tested for both parasitoid species was S. oryzae . The parasitoid L. distinguendus decreased grain loss significantly more than A. calandrae thanks to a greater reduction of pest population. Product loss in terms of reduction of the medium (brown rice) weight was always higher in the control treatments. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0401-2 Authors C. Belda, IRTA, Entomology, Ctra. Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain J. Riudavets, IRTA, Entomology, Ctra. Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The aim of this study was to investigate the side-effects of fungicides on the physiological activities of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria with intrinsic phosphate-solubilizing potential. The fungicide-tolerant and phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strain PS19 was isolated from the mustard rhizosphere and identified as Klebsiella sp. following 16S rDNA sequencing. The Klebsiella sp. strain PS19 normally, produced plant growth promoting (PGP) substances in substantial amount. In this study, four fungicides of different chemical families (tebuconazole, hexaconazole, metalaxyl, and kitazin) at the recommended, two and three times of the recommended rates decreased the PGP attributes of the strain PS19 in fungicide-concentration dependent manner. Moreover, fungicides at the recommended dose had slight inhibitory effect while the dose higher than the recommended ones reduced the PGP traits (phosphate solubilization, salicylic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy benzoic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid production except exo-polysaccharides, hydrogen cyanate and ammonia production) significantly. Of the four fungicides, tebuconazole generally showed the maximum toxicity to the PGP activities of the strain PS19. The results of this study inferred that fungicides, which are used to control various fungal pests detrimental for the crop productivity, must be examined in vitro for their possible adverse impacts on plant-beneficial rhizobacteria before the field application. This study also revealed an additional aspect of the toxicological mechanisms of the fungicides through which they may suppress the plant growth. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 29-36 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0402-1 Authors Munees Ahemad, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh, India Mohammad Saghir Khan, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh, India Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Two liquid and one dry pre-commercial release spinosad formulations were evaluated at the labeled rate of 1 ppm against five stored-grain insect species on wheat, short-grain rice, long-grain rice, and maize. Except on maize, efficacy of spinosad was compared with a currently registered grain protectant, chlorpyrifos-methyl (3 ppm) plus deltamethrin (0.5 ppm). The 7- and 14-day mortalities of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica , were 99.0–100.0% on spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin-treated wheat, short-grain rice, and long-grain rice. Adult progeny of R. dominica after 42 days on these commodities decreased by 99.7–100.0% relative to progeny production on untreated wheat. Mortality and reduction in adult progeny of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae , on the three commodities, and that of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais , on maize and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum , on wheat were 100.0% only with chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin. The liquid spinosad formulations were most effective against the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella , on maize and wheat. Except for R. dominica , the effectiveness of spinosad on the other species varied with the formulation, exposure time, and commodity. Chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin was effective against insect species on the commodities tested. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0395-9 Authors Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA Michelle Hartzer, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA Dhana Raj Boina, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Hard red winter wheat was treated at 0 (untreated control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the label rate of the insecticide Storicide II ® , which is chlorpyrifos-methyl and deltamethrin applied at label rates of 3 and 0.5 ppm, respectively. Paired male and female Rhyzopertha dominica F., the lesser grain borer, were exposed at 27°C and 60% RH on wheat treated at each of the five rates above for 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 h, and then transferred to untreated wheat and held for 1 week at the same environmental conditions. After this 1-week holding period, the parental adults were removed, mortality was assessed, and the wheat was then held for 7 weeks at the same environmental conditions to determine progeny production. As the concentration and exposure interval increased, mortality of both sexes approached 100%, but at the intermediate concentration–time combinations male mortality was greater than female mortality. Progeny production also decreased with increasing concentration of Storicide II ® as the exposure time increased, with non-linear patterns of decrease at the lower concentrations and time combinations and linear decline at the higher levels of concentration and time. Results seem to indicate greater susceptibility of males to Storicide II ® , and also show delayed parental mortality from the insecticide exposure and sub-lethal effects of reduced progeny production. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0396-8 Authors Frank H. Arthur, USDA-ARS-Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Lady beetles are among the most successful predators of aphids in different environments. The functional responses of different life stages of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) towards cotton aphids were examined in two different set-ups, a two-dimensional Petri dish set-up with detached leaves and a three-dimensional set-up with whole plants. In addition, the functional responses in two-dimensional set-ups towards cotton aphids and the pea aphids were compared. H. variegata exhibited a functional type II response to both cotton aphids and pea aphids irrespective of life stage and spatial scale of the set-up. Females and fourth instars generally had higher search rates than third instars whereas handling times were consistently lower for the fourth instar stage compared with the preceding juvenile stage and with females. The spatial dimensions did not have any significant influence on the functional responses towards cotton aphids, except for third instars which in the three-dimensional set-up reduced their search rate and increased their handling time. Fourth instars reacted in the same way to both Aphis gossypii and Acyrthosiphon pisum whereas the functional response parameters for third instars and females were significantly different on the two prey species. Our study, a part of this first-step evaluation of H. variegata as a biocontrol agent against A. gossypii and A. pisum under field condition, suggest that the voracity of all tested stages of H. variegata towards both aphid species hold good promises for a use of especially fourth instars and females in inundative biocontrol. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 447-455 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0387-9 Authors Hossein Madadi, Department of Plant Protection, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran Emad Mohajeri Parizi, Department of Plant Protection, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran Hossein Allahyari, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran Annie Enkegaard, Department of Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 84 Journal Issue Volume 84, Number 4

Description: The invasive South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta , continues to spread in Afro-Eurasia and beyond: the new threat to tomato world production Content Type Journal Article Category Commentary Pages 403-408 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0398-6 Authors Nicolas Desneux, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France María G. Luna, CEPAVE (CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), Calle 2 Nro. 584 (1900), La Plata, Argentina Thomas Guillemaud, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France Alberto Urbaneja, Unidad de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4,5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 84 Journal Issue Volume 84, Number 4

Description:    Rumex obtusifolius (broad-leaved dock) is a widely distributed weed in managed grasslands and is an indicator for excessive grassland management. Especially in organic farming, its control is highly labour and energy intensive. The effects of management extensification on R. obtusifolius were investigated by on-farm trials with reduced cutting frequencies and manuring amounts from 2004 to 2006 at three sites in Lower Austria. The sites distinctly differed in their nutrient availabilities (LiCl-extract; Ca: ranged from 1,380 to 2,062 mg/kg DM, Mg: 211–611 mg/kg, P: 4–40 mg/kg, K: 57–334 mg/kg). At one site reduced management intensity had a significant decreasing effect on R. obtusifolius infestation, whereas at the other sites no effect was observed. Consequently, extensification as a measure for controlling this weed can be effective under certain conditions. Soil analyses indicated that Ca and Mg concentrations were negatively correlated to R. obtusifolius density, and the site where infestation declined under reduced management was characterised by abundant Ca and Mg in the topsoil. K showed a weak positive correlation with plant density development and P was not related to R. obtusifolius . According to the literature, an abundance of Ca and Mg in the soil could reduce the competitiveness of the species. Consequently, high concentrations of these nutrients might enhance the probability for an effective R. obtusifolius control by management extensification. Further research is required to clarify the influence of Ca and Mg on the competitiveness of R. obtusifolius , and may lead to recommendations for the management of this weed. Content Type Journal Article Category Original paper Pages 5-15 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0390-1 Authors Patrick Hann, Bio Forschung Austria, Esslinger Hauptstrasse 132-134, 1220 Vienna, Austria Claus Trska, Bio Forschung Austria, Esslinger Hauptstrasse 132-134, 1220 Vienna, Austria Bernhard Kromp, Bio Forschung Austria, Esslinger Hauptstrasse 132-134, 1220 Vienna, Austria Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Tuta absoluta is a pest native to South America that produces significant damage to tomato crops and was first detected in Europe in late 2006. Data obtained during 2008 from commercial tomato crops in which IPM was applied suggested that good pest control was possible through the combined action of the predatory mirid bugs Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis and the use of selective insecticides. The aim of our study was to evaluate the lethal and sublethal side effects of three of the insecticides most widely used to control T. absoluta on these predators: azadirachtin, spinosad and indoxacarb. Seven days after applying the treatment at the maximum recommended field rates, the mortality produced by indoxacarb ranged from 28% for nymphs of M. pygmaeus to 77% for females of N. tenuis and were significantly higher than those produced by azadirachtin, spinosad and the control (〈13%). However, indoxacarb did not affect the number of descendants of females exposed to residues during the last days of their preimaginal development. In contrast, spinosad significantly reduced the offspring of M. pygmaeus and azadirachtin significantly reduced the offspring of N. tenuis females. The sublethal effects of azadirachtin and spinosad on predator reproduction should therefore not be ignored. This information could be useful when selecting the most appropriate insecticide to control T. absoluta in greenhouses and field crops in which M. pygmaeus and N. tenuis are used as biological control agents. Content Type Journal Article Category Original paper Pages 513-520 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0384-z Authors Judit Arnó, Entomology, IRTA, Ctra de Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain Rosa Gabarra, Entomology, IRTA, Ctra de Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 84 Journal Issue Volume 84, Number 4

Description:    The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, is the most destructive cotton pest in the Western Hemisphere. In 1993, the pest was reported in Argentina, and in 1994 boll weevils were captured in cotton fields in Formosa Province on the border between Argentina and Paraguay. The pest has subsequently moved to new areas, and in 2006 it was reported in Argentina’s main cotton growing region. This study describes the first stage of the boll weevil invasion into areas of Argentina using a network of pheromone traps from 1997 to 2000 in Pilcomayo and Pilagás departments. A temporal autocorrelation analysis of the numbers of collected boll weevils in seven localities, and a synchrony analysis of 70 rural settlements for the 1997–2000 period, were the approaches we used to characterize boll weevil dispersal and establishment. Total abundances of boll weevils varied but a positive correlation between total number of individuals captured and the number of traps that captured them was detected. While short term temporal autocorrelation was observed, spatial synchrony was not found. The role of alternative hosts in facilitating the advance of boll weevils into Argentina is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 47-54 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0389-7 Authors Mariano P. Grilli, CONICET—Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Valparaiso s/n, CC 509, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Marina A. Bruno, CONICET—Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Valparaiso s/n, CC 509, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina María L. Pedemonte, CONICET—Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Valparaiso s/n, CC 509, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Allan T. Showler, Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center—USDA-ARS IFNRRU, 2413 East Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    To determine if bifenthrin residues elicit morbidity and surfacing behavior in wireworms, larvae of the dusky wireworm, Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) were placed in field soil treated with the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin ~1 year previous. Morbidity was immediate and lasted as long as wireworms remained in the soil, disappearing quickly after transfer to clean soil. In 2009, field soil treated 336 days previous with bifenthrin at 340 g AI/ha elicited morbidity symptoms similar to that elicited by soil freshly amended with bifenthrin at 100 g AI, and analysis of the field soil confirmed residual levels of bifenthrin exceeding 100 g AI/ha. In 2010, wireworms placed in field soil treated 343 days previous with bifenthrin at 100, 200, and 300 g AI/ha responded as in 2009, with the degree of morbidity increasing with the rate of insecticide, and with wireworms in a non-feeding state more affected than those in a feeding state at each rate. In both 2009 and 2010, moribund wireworms moved to the soil surface within 1 day of placement in the soil containing residual bifenthrin and remained there until reburied, after which they often resurfaced. To confirm that the bifenthrin residues elicited repellency, wireworms were placed in soil window bioassays containing field soil with residual bifenthrin. Wireworms behaved markedly different upon contacting soil containing the residues than when exposed to untreated soil, both in the presence and absence of an attractant, but were less likely to avoid soil containing residual bifenthrin when attracted by wheat seedlings placed inside it. Content Type Journal Article Category Original paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0386-x Authors Willem G. van Herk, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada Robert S. Vernon, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada Selina McGinnis, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Alfalfa aphids were monitored and aphid parasitism was determined in three crop-growing seasons (2007–2009) in commercial alfalfa fields in valleys close to the Pyrenees, where an intensive arable crop rotation is practised under non-tillage and an integrated pest management system. Acyrthosiphon pisum , Therioaphis trifolii , and Aphis craccivora were the aphid species colonizing alfalfa fields but their occurrence varied between years. Thirteen Aphidiinae parasitoid species and four Aphelinidae from the genus Aphelinus sp. were recorded. Aphidius ervi was the prevalent parasitoid species associated with A . pisum but Praon barbatum was also noticeable, especially during the first year. Trioxys complanatus and P. exsoletum were the only species associated with T. trifolii . Lysiphlebus fabarum was the prevalent parasitoid species associated with A. craccivora . The occurrence of Lysiphlebus testaceipes parasitizing A. craccivora on alfalfa is a new record for the study region because this parasitoid species had only been previously found on weeds. Only A. pisum and A. craccivora were parasitized by Aphelinus sp. Whereas A. abdominalis and A. semiflavus were associated with A. pisum , A. chaonia , and Aphelinus sp. nr. albipodus were associated with A. craccivora . Associations between aphid species and Aphidiinae or Aphelinidae parasitoid species emphasize that individual aphid species also possess individual parasitoid complexes (guilds) which do not interfere with each other in alfalfa. Alloxysta victrix , A. macrophadna , Alloxysta spp., Asaphes suspensus , A. vulgaris , Dendrocerus aphidum , Pachyneuron aphidis and Syrphophagus aphidivorus were the hyperparasitoids associated with aphid–parasitoid complexes. Our study showed A. ervi , T. complanatus , P. exsoletum , and L. fabarum as potential candidate species which could provide biological control of their respectively aphid hosts in alfalfa. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 437-445 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0383-0 Authors Xavier Pons, Centre UdL-IRTA, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain Belén Lumbierres, Centre UdL-IRTA, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain Ribes Antoni, Himenòpters de Ponent, Torres de Segre, Lleida, Spain Petr Starý, Biology Centre, ASCR, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 84 Journal Issue Volume 84, Number 4

Description:    Wireworms in Florida are primarily a pest in newly planted sugarcane, and growers usually apply a soil insecticide at planting to protect germinating seedpieces from wireworm damage. However, studies have suggested that this application in many cases may not be necessary. The objective of this research was to test a sequential sampling method to determine the need for soil insecticide at sugarcane planting. Testing was conducted on fields located on King Ranch near South Bay, Florida. Wireworm samples were taken in a transect across the length of each field. We used an economic injury level of nine or more wireworms per 25 samples. Sugarcane yield parameters for each whole field were obtained through standard commercial harvesting procedures. Using our sampling method, 38 fields were judged as not needing insecticide application. There was no significant difference in yield in these fields with versus those without insecticide application. Content Type Journal Article Category Original paper Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0385-y Authors Ron Cherry, Everglades Research and Education Center, 3200 E. Palm Beach Road, Belle Glade, FL 33430, USA Paul Grose, King Ranch, South Bay, FL, USA Emelio Barbieri, King Ranch, South Bay, FL, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Agriotes wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are abundant soil-dwelling herbivores which can inflict considerable damage to field crops. In Europe up to 40 species occur, differing in their ecology and pest status. Their distribution in the larval stage, however, has rarely been assessed because of the considerable effort in collecting wireworms and the difficulties in identifying them to species-level. Here, we examined the occurrence of Agriotes wireworms in Austrian agricultural land with regard to their association with climatic and soil parameters. Using a molecular identification system, 1348 field-collected larvae from 85 sites were identified to species-level. Three species, Agriotes obscurus , Agriotes brevis , Agriotes ustulatus , and two that could not be discerned molecularly ( Agriotes lineatus and Agriotes proximus ), were assigned to two ecological groups: (i) A. brevis/A. ustulatus , found in areas with a warmer, drier climate and alkaline soils, and (ii) A. obscurus/A. lineatus/proximus which occur mainly at higher altitude characterised by lower temperatures, higher precipitation and acidic, humus-rich soils. Agriotes sputator was abundant throughout Austria, confirming its euryoecious nature. Only one larva of Agriotes litigiosus was found, prohibiting further analysis. These data contribute to a characterisation of species-specific traits in Agriotes larvae in agricultural land, an important prerequisite to develop efficient control strategies for these wireworms. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0393-y Authors Karin Staudacher, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Nikolaus Schallhart, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Peter Pitterl, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Corinna Wallinger, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Nina Brunner, Bio Forschung Austria, Esslinger Hauptstraße 132–134, 1220 Vienna, Austria Marion Landl, Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria Bernhard Kromp, Bio Forschung Austria, Esslinger Hauptstraße 132–134, 1220 Vienna, Austria Johann Glauninger, Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria Michael Traugott, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Psyttalia concolor is a parasitoid of fruit flies (Tephritidae) which is used to control the olive fruit fly ( Bactrocera oleae ). Detailed knowledge of its reproductive biology is required to optimise mass rearing conditions and use in biological control. In this study, the mating behaviour of P. concolor was investigated in order to understand the factors that can influence the success of male mating, using both high-speed video and biological assays. P. concolor males were more likely to be successful in mating during the early morning as opposed to the afternoon, and their courtship behaviour was not affected by the female mating status (i.e. virgin or mated). Wing fanning and copulation attempts were also frequently displayed among males, but male mating status did not influence male–male courtship behaviour. Video data revealed that during wing fanning, male wings were kept raised and moved rhythmically in a dorsoventral fashion. Frequency, pulse duration and interpulse interval of the fanning males during female courtship differed significantly in successful mating attempts compared to unsuccessful ones. Wingless males had significantly lower mating success compared to winged males, suggesting that wing fanning increases the likelihood of attracting a mate. Overall, the study increases the knowledge of the reproductive biology of P. concolor and suggests the importance of fanning behaviour among the range of sensory modalities used by this parasitoid in intra-specific communication. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 55-63 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0394-x Authors Giovanni Benelli, Department of Tree Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology “G Scaramuzzi”, University of Pisa, via S Michele degli Scalzi 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy Gabriella Bonsignori, BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy Cesare Stefanini, BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy Angelo Canale, Department of Tree Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology “G Scaramuzzi”, University of Pisa, via S Michele degli Scalzi 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    The study of pheromones of click beetles was started with the objective of applying similar methods in IPM strategies for the control of wireworms, based on the similar experience gained from the widely used moth pheromones. A brief overview is presented on the identification of click beetle pheromones, new questions arising in the categorization of these pheromones into sex or aggregation pheromones, options for the development of female-targeted lures, and application perspectives. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0429-y Authors Miklós Tóth, Plant Protection Institute, MTA ATK, Herman O. u. 15, Budapest, 1022 Hungary Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Generalist arthropod predators are potential drivers of population dynamics in a wide variety of ecosystems but their feeding habits are often difficult to reveal as they are small, mobile, and live among dense vegetation or in soils. DNA-based gut-content analysis is a powerful tool that enables studies on arthropod predator–prey interactions. We studied lycosid spiders ( Pardosa spp.) in agroecosystems to see if they consumed cereal aphids ( Rhopalosiphum padi ) and Collembolans at random, i.e., in proportion to their abundance in the field. We also tested if consumption of the target prey items was affected by the presence of alternative food. Spiders were captured in farmers’ fields and their gut-contents screened by PCR with R. padi and Collembola primers. On all sampling occasions, concurrent assessments of total prey availability were carried out. Spider predation rates on R. padi always exceeded 50 %. Spiders also tested positive for Collembola but to a lower and more varying degree. In general, Pardosa did not consume R. padi and Collembolans in relation to their abundance in the field. Aphid predation was much higher than expected whereas consumption of Collembolans was considerably lower. The presence of alternative prey influenced consumption of the aphid. It was concluded that prey consumption by Pardosa spiders generally cannot be assumed to simply mirror prey availability. The spatial distribution of the target prey needs to be considered as well as the abundance, composition, and nutritional content of potential alternative food items. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0431-4 Authors Anna-Karin Kuusk, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden Barbara Ekbom, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Unraveling the relationship between adult oviposition preference and offspring performance is central to understanding the evolution of plant–insect interactions. In the present study, we collated previously reported data, including our own, of adult oviposition preference and offspring performance of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella , on various wild and cultivated crucifer plants, and did correlation analysis between the two. Intrinsic rate of increase, pupal weight and fecundity of the ensuing adults were regarded as an indicator of larval performance of P. xylostella among 18 species of wild and cultivated host plants. Adult preference was estimated as the relative number of eggs laid on the plants by P. xylostella in a two-choice test or similar tests. Adult oviposition preference and larval performance of P. xylostella were positively related, so at least for undamaged (not induced) plants mother appears to know best. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0425-2 Authors Peng-Jun Zhang, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China Yao-bin Lu, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China Myron P. Zalucki, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Australia Shu-Sheng Liu, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, 310029 China Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Many thrips are pests of commercial crops due to the damage they cause by feeding on developing flowers or vegetables. Thrips may also serve as vectors for plant diseases, such as tospoviruses. Their small size and predisposition towards enclosed places makes them difficult to detect by phytosanitary inspection. In this review, several methods available for identifying thrips, including their advantages and disadvantages, are discussed. A combination of different methods gives the most reliable identification. Relatively new morphometric, molecular and biochemical methods for identifying thrips species represent valuable alternatives for situations in which correct identification with classical morphological methods is very difficult, time consuming or virtually impossible. However, traditional morphological methods should not be neglected, especially because adequate identification using morphological keys is usually an indispensable first step in the development and validation of these new modern methods. In addition, modern systems may still require specimen identification to the genus level via morphological keys, or such keys may be recommended to confirm the results of modern identification methods. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0423-4 Authors Nataša Mehle, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Stanislav Trdan, Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The olive is one of the most important crops in Greece as in many Mediterranean countries. Several insects are considered serious pests of the olive crop. In this study, we report two new pests for olive trees in Greece and possibly in the Mediterranean region: the quince moth Euzophera bigella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the olive leaf gall midge Dasineura oleae (F. Low) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Although E. bigella is not considered a pest of olive trees, in the summer of 2011, the quince moth was recorded for the first time infesting olive trees in several orchards in the rural area of the Municipality of Amphipolis (Region of Central Macedonia). Infestation induced cracking and swelling symptoms on the bark of limbs and the periderm of trunks, accompanied by extensive internal bark necrosis, which caused the desiccation of limbs or even the death of whole trees. D. oleae has been reported infesting olive trees in Greece; however, it was not considered a pest of the crop. In February 2010, extensive infestations by D. oleae were detected in the coastal zone of Elounda, Lassithi (Region of Crete). Infestations were observed on the leaves causing elongate galls and deformations, while in highly infested trees defoliation was reported. Because of the scarceness of these infestations, the results reported in this study are discussed in relation to cases reported from other countries and/or on other crops. In addition, a review of the distribution, biology and control methods of these species is provided in an attempt to summarize the scattered information currently available. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0418-1 Authors K. B. Simoglou, Rural Economy and Veterinary Directorate of Heraklion, Region of Crete, Heraklion, Greece A. Karataraki, Rural Economy and Veterinary Directorate of Lassithi, Region of Crete, Ag. Nikolaos, Greece N. E. Roditakis, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, National Agricultural Research Foundation, 71003 Heraklion, Greece E. Roditakis, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, National Agricultural Research Foundation, 71003 Heraklion, Greece Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Wild boar populations have dramatically increased in the past decades and the species has spread all over Europe. As the wild boar expanded its activity range into agricultural land, conflicts with humans have intensified. Today, the damage caused by wild boar amounts to millions of dollars every year. In Switzerland, farmers usually protect fields with electric fences, which have proven to be effective in preventing damage, but are also expensive. Alternatively, various cheaper deterrents and repellents are commercially available. However, most of them lack scientific proof of efficacy. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of the odor repellent “Wildschwein-Stopp ® ” against wild boar. We conducted field experiments with free-ranging wild boars at baited luring sites, which were placed in three different regions of the Canton Basel-Land, Northwest Switzerland. The odor repellent was not able to prevent the wild boars from entering our luring sites. We recorded a minimal and non-significant deterrent effect of 0.4%. Our results lead to the conclusion that the repellent is ineffective and, therefore, not recommendable for crop protection. On the basis of the present study we generally doubt fear-inducing repellents to be effective against wild boars and feral pigs. Our findings may indicate seasonal variation in wild boar activity outside forests since the probability of wild boar visits at the luring sites differed according to the season. The visits at the luring sites peaked in spring and fall which coincides with the occurrence of damage to agricultural land. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0415-4 Authors Adrian Schlageter, Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Daniel Haag-Wackernagel, Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Storage insects are aerobic organisms requiring oxygen for their survival. Therefore, they respond to altered atmospheric gas compositions containing low O 2 or high CO 2 . The lower the grain moisture content (m.c.) and the corresponding intergranular humidity, the higher the mortality—due to the desiccation effect on insects caused by low O 2 or elevated CO 2 concentrations. To achieve insect control, the temperature of the grain should be above 21 °C. Hermetic storage is based on the principle of generation of an oxygen-depleted, carbon dioxide-enriched interstitial atmosphere caused by the respiration of the living organisms in the ecological system of a sealed storage. A sufficiently low oxygen and elevated CO 2 atmosphere is created through a natural metabolic process based on insect respiration and, in cases where the commodity has sufficiently high moisture, the respiration of the microorganisms within a sealed storage system. An O 2 ingress rate of 0.05 %/day is sufficient to arrest the theoretical weight loss at a level of 0.018 % over 1-year storage period. At this ingress rate, the possibility of a residual surviving insect population is eliminated. This low O 2 ingress level could serve as a guideline for the sealing specifications of structures appropriate to the hermetic storage method. The applications for which hermetic technology has been most widely accepted are (a) for long-term storage of cereal grains, primarily rice, corn, barley, and wheat; (b) for long-term storage of a variety of seeds to preserve germination potential and vigor, and (c) for quality preservation of high-value commodities, such as dried fruits. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-22 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0424-3 Authors Shlomo Navarro, Food Technology International Consultancy Ltd, Beit Yehoshua, Israel Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Midguts from adult sterile male Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann and Anastrepha ludens Loew, the Mediterranean fruit fly and Mexican fruit fly, respectively, were examined microscopically to determine if radiation used in sterile insect technique (SIT) affected this non target tissue and/or the microorganisms associated with the midgut. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to compare midgut tissues and microorganisms from irradiated and nonirradiated mass-reared adult flies. Observations for both fruit fly species were similar. Our comparisons revealed that newly emerged and two-day-old irradiated flies exhibited signs of damage to midgut tissue, cellular organelles, and gut microbiota not observed in nonirradiated flies of the same ages. Peritrophic membrane formation and bacterial growth appeared diminished in the midguts of irradiated flies compared to nonirradiated flies. Cellular damage of midgut tissue from irradiated flies included distorted, small nuclei that lacked nuclear material, and mitochondria that were dilated and/or vacuolated. No visual evidence of cellular damage was observed in nonirradiated flies. The impact of radiation used in SIT on fly competitiveness, referred to herein as the capability of adult flies to perform a function, is discussed, including the potential use of probiotic diets to improve damaged midgut tissue and restore midgut microbiota. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0410-1 Authors Carol R. Lauzon, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA Sarah. E. Potter, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The chemical composition of essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tunisian Pinus pinea Linn. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-six compounds were identified, representing 98.5% of total oil, which was found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.1%) particularly limonene (54.1%), α-pinene (7.7%), and β-pinene (3.4%). The yield and the physico-chemical properties were determined. Results of the antifungal activity study by in vitro contact assay showed that P. pinea oil significantly inhibited the growth of ten plant pathogenic fungi. Moreover, herbicidal properties of the oil, tested on Sinapis arvensis L., Lolium rigidum Gaud., and Raphanus raphanistrum L., indicated that the oil completely inhibited the seed germination at a high concentration, while at low doses the oil acted by decreasing and delaying the germination and inhibiting the seedling growth of all tested weeds unlike the commercial herbicide. Our results showed that P. pinea essential oil could be valorized as bioproduct for biocontrol of weeds and fungal plant diseases. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0419-0 Authors Ismail Amri, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021 Bizerte, Tunisia Samia Gargouri, Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Rue Hédi Karray, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia Lamia Hamrouni, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Forestière, Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts. BP 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia Mohsen Hanana, Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia Tarek Fezzani, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Forestière, Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts. BP 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia Bassem Jamoussi, Laboratoire de Chimie, Institut Supérieur d’Education et de Formation Continue, 43 Rue de la Liberté, 2019 Le Bardo, Tunisia Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Several authors record high mortality of the weedy species Rumex obtusifolius in unmanaged grasslands, but there have never been any studies on how the performance and mortality of R. obtusifolius and R. crispus are affected by different nutrient availability in unmanaged temperate grasslands. To investigate this question, we established a seedlings transplantation and fertiliser experiment on unmanaged Dactylis glomerata grassland in Czech Republic. We monitored plant height, number of leaves per plant, fertility and mortality of transplanted R. obtusifolius and R. crispus plants, from 2008 to 2011, in an unfertilised (U) and a fertilised (F) treatment (manure applied in 2008 at the rate of 200 kg of nitrogen, 42 kg of phosphorus and 230 kg of potassium per ha). In 2010, taller plants of both species were recorded in treatment F than in treatment U, but there was no effect of treatment on the number of leaves. In 2010, fertility for both species was 50% in treatment F, but only 20% for R. obtusifolius and 10% for R. crispus in treatment U. Over 4 years, no mortality of R. obtusifolius in treatment F contrasted with 30% mortality in treatment U. In the case of R. crispus , mortality was 50% in treatment F and 28% in treatment U. An increase in nutrient availability can decrease mortality of R. obtusifolius plants in grasslands, but increase mortality of R. crispus . It seems that leaving grassland unmanaged for several years is only an effective strategy for control of R. obtusifolius under conditions of low nutrient availability. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0414-5 Authors Michal Hejcman, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic Lukáš Strnad, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic Pavla Hejcmanová, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic Vilém Pavlů, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The aphid–natural enemy interaction in winter wheat fields constitutes a complex system that has been frequently studied because of its implication for biological control. However, not all of the aphids living in cereal fields are crop pests, as there are also aphids living on weeds that may serve as alternative hosts or prey for aphid parasitoids or predators. In this context, a concomitant survey of the plant and insect communities was conducted to understand how different plant communities affect the abundance and richness of aphids and the interactions with their natural enemies. The plant community was split into functional groups (grasses, legumes and forbs), and the aphid community was divided into feeding groups according to their host preferences (specialists in grasses or forbs). The grass aphids, which dominated the total aphid catches, responded positively to grass cover, which was particularly enhanced in the conventional fields. Conversely, the forb aphids, which mainly conditioned the total species richness of the aphids, were closely correlated with the local abundance of legumes. The system of cereal aphid-parasitoids was enhanced in the conventional fields, where the abundance of grasses was higher, whereas the legumes of the organic fields indirectly played a key role in enhancing the richness of the parasitoids and the abundance of predators. Our findings indicate that a bottom-up effect exists throughout the plant community, aphids, and aphidophagous insects and that plant community characteristics should be considered to better understand cereal aphid control. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 81-88 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0409-7 Authors Berta Caballero-López, Department of Arthropods, Laboratory of Nature, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, Picasso Av, 08003 Barcelona, Spain José M. Blanco-Moreno, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Nicolás Pérez-Hidalgo, Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, León University, León, Spain José M. Michelena-Saval, Department of Animal Biology (Entomology) Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain Juli Pujade-Villar, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Emilio Guerrieri, Institute for Plant Protection. National Research Council of Italy, Portici, Italy José A. Sánchez-Espigares, Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain F. Xavier Sans, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Analysing food webs in agricultural habitats is essential for the development of natural control strategies. Several molecular tools to investigate trophic interactions on a species-specific level have been developed in recent years and their advantages and limitations have been discussed. With this study we introduce another tool, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (tRFLP). Generalist predators found in Australian brassica crops, their prey and abundant parasitoids were chosen as a model system to adapt and evaluate the tRFLP approach. Using general primers and selecting six restriction enzymes, we obtained species-specific tRF patterns for 21 of the most abundant arthropods in brassica crops. We detected up to three prey species in the gut contents of laboratory-fed predators. Detection rates differed among predators, ranging between 28 and 100%. The identification of a species-specific tRF pattern was strongly affected by the presence and concentrations of DNA from other species. In a preliminary field study, prey could be identified from 20% of the collected brown lacewings. The advantage of the tRFLP method is the possibility of identifying multiple species at once. This advantage is counterbalanced by methodological limitations, among which the most critical one is the fact that it will be difficult to maintain specificity in highly diverse ecosystems. However, if species diversity is limited and the target sequence and the primers are chosen to increase detection success, the tRFLP method can be used to study trophic interactions in the field. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 89-100 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0406-x Authors Anita Juen, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia Katja Hogendoorn, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia Gang Ma, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia Otto Schmidt, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia Michael A. Keller, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Bioassays were performed to determine the antifungal and insecticidal activity of clove essential oil (EO), several botanical compounds (eugenol, carvacrol, allylisothiocyanate (AITC) and ethyl formate (EtF)) against mycotoxigenic fungi ( Aspergillus westerdijkiae and Fusarium graminearum ) and the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae . Antifungal activity was quantified by measuring conidia germination inhibition and mycelial growth inhibition zone to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Mortality of insects was determined through either contact toxicity assay (impregnated filter paper) or fumigation toxicity assay (airtight exposure chamber). A four-parameter logistic regression of fungi inhibitory growth rate to the dose of tested substances, either by the agar diffusion assay or the micro-atmosphere test, showed that AITC had antifungal and sporicide activity. The concentration at MIC for A. westerdijkiae and F. graminearum was 24.2 and 19.8 μl l −1 , respectively, whereas clove essential oil (EO) was 755 and 352 μl l −1 after 72 h incubation period. Bioassays with S. oryzae showed that clove EO contact insecticidal activity was similar to pure eugenol and carvacrol: LD 90 s were 366, 385 and 442 μl dm −2 , respectively. The fumigation insecticidal activity of AITC was LC 95  = 10.8 μl l −1 . For EtF and clove EO, only the LC 50 could be accurately determined after 24 h exposure time which was observed at 41 and 210 μl l −1 , respectively (vs. 6.4 μl l −1 for AITC LC 50 ). The combined antifungal activity on mycotoxigenic seed-borne fungi and insecticidal activity against the rice weevil demonstrated that AITC in vapour phase may be a promising active substance for the preservation grain stored in unsafe conditions with a risk of fungal growth. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0400-3 Authors G. Cardiet, INRA, UR 1264–Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), C. R. INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP no. 81, 33883 Villenave d‘Ornon Cedex, France B. Fuzeau, INRA, UR 1264–Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), C. R. INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP no. 81, 33883 Villenave d‘Ornon Cedex, France C. Barreau, CNRS-INRA, UR 1264–Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), C. R. INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP no. 81, 33883 Villenave d‘Ornon Cedex, France F. Fleurat-Lessard, INRA, UR 1264–Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), C. R. INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP no. 81, 33883 Villenave d‘Ornon Cedex, France Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Metarhizium anisopliae sensu stricto (ss) (Metsch.) Sorok. isolate ICIPE 07 is being developed as biopesticide for the control of ticks. In addition, leaf extracts of Calpurnia aurea Benth, and the attraction aggregation and attachment pheromone (AAAP) are being used as ticks’ attractant. The three agents are being considered for use in combination in an autodissemination approach, whereby ticks that are attracted to semiochemicals are infected with the inoculum. Experiments were therefore conducted to evaluate in vitro the compatibility between C. aurea, AAAP, and the M. anisopliae on vegetative growth, conidial production, and spore viability. Calpurnia aurea leaf extract was compatible with the fungus at all the concentrations tested, whereas AAAP inhibited all the fungal growth parameters. The virulence of M. anisopliae formulated in emulsifiable extracts of C. aurea was also tested against different developmental stages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in laboratory bioassays. No significant differences in virulence were observed between M. anisopliae applied alone and M. anisopliae formulated in different concentrations of C. aurea leaf extracts. These results suggest that C. aurea leaf extracts is compatible with M. anisopliae and could be mixed together for “spot-spray” treatments as low-cost and environmental-friendly technology to control ticks in grazing field, while AAAP should be used separately. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 109-115 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0399-5 Authors Paulin Nana, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, GPO, Kenya Nguya K. Maniania, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, GPO, Kenya Rosebella O. Maranga, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, City Square, Nairobi, Kenya Hamadi I. Boga, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, City Square, Nairobi, Kenya Helen L. Kutima, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, City Square, Nairobi, Kenya Jacobus N. Eloff, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    In Canada, as in much of the northern hemisphere, insecticidal seed treatments for cereals that both protect crops from damage by wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and actually reduce wireworm populations to sub-economic levels are lacking. Thiamethoxam and fipronil applied alone or in combination as wheat seed treatments were evaluated in field studies between 2006 and 2008 in protecting wheat from damage and reducing populations of resident and neonate wireworms. Thiamethoxam alone applied at 5 or 10 g a.i./100 kg seed provided adequate wheat stand and yield protection, but did not significantly reduce Agriotes obscurus wireworm populations. Fipronil alone at 5–50 g a.i./100 kg seed provided adequate wheat stand and yield protection, and also killed significant numbers of both resident and neonate wireworms. Thiamethoxam (10 g a.i.) was initially combined with fipronil at 50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 g a.i./100 kg seed, and subsequently with a delimiting range of fipronil at 50, 5, 1, 0.5, and 0.1 g a.i. Blends of thiamethoxam (10 g a.i.) + fipronil at rates of 50, 5, or 1 g a.i. provided stand and yield as good or better than the former industry standard Vitavax Dual (containing lindane). Combinations of thiamethoxam (10 g a.i.) + fipronil at rates of 50, 5, 1, and 0.5 g a.i. had very low numbers of resident or neonate wireworms relative to the untreated check and were comparable to the Vitavax Dual standard. The benefit of combined thiamethoxam + fipronil seed treatments at these rates, is that crop stand and yield are improved over the individual chemicals applied alone, and resident and neonate wireworm mortality is high. The large reductions in resident and neonate wireworms observed with these combined seed treatments would remove the economic threat of wireworms in fields for 3+ years with rates of insecticides much lower than the formerly used Vitavax Dual. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0392-z Authors Robert S. Vernon, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada Willem G. van Herk, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada Markus Clodius, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada Chantelle Harding, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a pest of sweet and tart cherry, Prunus avium L. (L.) and P. cerasus L., respectively, in western North America. This fly is commonly controlled with spinosad bait sprays. Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is potentially a new pest of cherries in this region that could be a threat to orchards at the same time as R. indifferens . Drosophila suzukii apparently is not controlled using spinosad bait sprays, but may potentially be controlled using malathion, zeta-cypermethrin, and spinetoram. However, how well these last three materials protect fruit against reproductively mature R . indifferens is not known. In laboratory observations, R. indifferens spent the least amount of time on cherries treated with zeta-cypermethrin, possibly because of its toxicity and irritant effects. In laboratory experiments, zeta-cypermethrin killed flies more quickly than malathion and spinetoram, causing up to 100% mortality 2 h after exposure. Zeta-cypermethrin prevented all oviposition when flies walked on dried residues for 20–25 min or were directly sprayed, and then exposed to cherries with dried residues, simulating exposure of mature female flies in a treated orchard. Malathion and spinetoram reduced oviposition compared with controls, but did not prevent it, when flies contacted residues or were directly sprayed at a high volume. Results suggest zeta-cypermethrin is the most effective of the three materials at protecting cherries against mature R. indifferens and could be used in an integrated control program for it and D. suzukii . Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 141-151 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0388-8 Authors Wee L. Yee, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA Diane G. Alston, Department of Biology, Utah State University, UMC 5305, Logan, UT 84322, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    We discuss the effect of the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin incorporated into soil at 100, 200, and 300 g AI/ha on late-instar larvae of the dusky wireworm, Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elateridae), and present a method of assessing wireworm health and mobility over time. Wireworms became moribund within 1 h of placement in soil amended with bifenthrin at all rates. After 2 weeks of morbidity in amended soils, wireworms recovered within 7 days of being placed in clean soil. A considerable proportion (0.13–0.93) of wireworms placed in amended soil moved to the soil surface and remained there for 2 weeks or more in a moribund state; wireworms transferred to clean soil no longer moved to the soil surface. Eight distinct mobility categories were observed and are described, and a new method for assessing wireworm health and mobility over time is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0381-2 Authors Willem G. van Herk, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada Robert S. Vernon, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Various plants are well known for their insecticidal activity and their use was maintained for millennia throughout all the agricultural regions of the world. In a current context, the use of Botanical insecticides represents one of the best alternatives to chemicals for the development of environmental-friendly strategies for stored grain pest control. Datura alba Nees is a plant found extensively in the warmer regions of the world and it is used as a medicinal plant. This study aims to assess the contact toxicity and the trans-generational effect of D.   alba leaf extract (DLE) against two important insect pests on stored rice, Trogoderma granarium and Sitophilus oryzae , under laboratory conditions. Filter papers were soaked in three DLE concentration solutions and in two control treatments: water and acetone. The survivor specimens (F 0 ) were transferred to a new untreated feeding substrate and the population build up of the two following generations (F 1 and F 2 ) were counted after 30 and 60 days, respectively. The highest DLE concentration (2.5 %) induced the significantly highest mortality with 33.5 and 45 % mortality in T.   granarium and S.   oryzae after 7 days of exposure, respectively. The DLE long-term effect toward both tested species was also proved by the high demographic decrease in the F 2 generations, when compared to control groups. This study is the first step toward establishing a scientific basis for the effective application of D.   alba plant materials as biorational tools to control stored grain pests. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0426-1 Authors Abid Ali, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China Farooq Ahmad, Department of Agri-Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan Antonio Biondi, Department of Agri-food and Environmental Systems Management, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy Yusha Wang, Plant Protection Department of Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 People’s Republic of China Nicolas Desneux, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Post-harvest losses caused by the larger grain borer (LGB, Prostephanus truncatus ) aggravate food insecurity among small-scale farmers. Host plant resistance is a method of LGB control which should be prioritized in order to reduce these losses. The objective of this study was to assess maize resistance to the larger grain borer and recognize some potential causes of resistance. One hundred and sixty-three (163) genotypes were tested; these included 85 hybrids, 2 checks, 6 open pollinate varieties, and 70 landraces, among them gene bank accessions. Grain biochemical content, (protein, oil and starch) and insect resistance parameters, (percentage grain damage, weight loss, flour weight, and number of emerged insects) were measured. There were significant differences ( P  〈 0.001) among the genotypes for all the traits measured except number of insects. The most resistant hybrids were CKPH08024, CKPH08009, CKPH08012, CKPH08014, CKP08033, CKPH08026, CKPH08014, and CKPH08003. The most resistant landrace accessions were BRAZ 2451, GUAT 1162, BRAZ 2100, and GUAN 36. The percentage weight loss was found to be the most important resistance trait for discriminating among genotypes for it had the largest canonical coefficient. Protein content had higher contribution to variation in resistance to the larger grain borer and this probably contributed to the grain hardness which is a putative trait of resistance to storage pests. The LGB-resistant germplasm could be used for the development of an integrated pest-management program against the LGB. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0427-0 Authors J. K. Mwololo, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda S. N. Mugo, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621 Kenya T. Tefera, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621 Kenya P. Okori, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda S. W. Munyiri, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda K. Semagn, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621 Kenya M. Otim, National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda Y. Beyene, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621 Kenya Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The genetic diversity of Bemisia tabaci was investigated in Southern Italy using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I ( COI ) gene as molecular marker and sampling whiteflies on cultivated plants, weeds and bushes. Phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences and restriction analysis of COI amplicons were used to genotype whitefly populations. A PCR-RFLP method based on digestion with the endonuclease Apo I was set up to identify the B. tabaci genetic variants so far recorded from the Mediterranean region. In general, biotype Q populations were most frequently collected (76.0% of all sampled populations). In greenhouse districts, 87.0% sampled populations were identified as biotype Q, and 13.0% were assigned to biotype B. Outside the greenhouse districts, the biotype B was never collected, whilst biotype Q populations were found on weeds and on plants cultivated in family gardens in different environments, also located in interior plains or in mountain areas distant from intensive cultivations of whitefly host plants. A new genetic variant unrelated to B and Q biotypes, which was named Ru, was collected on Rubus ulmifolius and grapevine. Phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences shown that Ru haplotypes form a well-supported clade sister to the clade including the Asian/Australian major genetic groups and the Italy major genetic group. The closest relative of the Ru clade (10.7% pairwise genetic distance) was the Italy group, with this latter so far including only the haplotypes of the T biotype. These results were discussed in the light of the recent B. tabaci species concept. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0417-2 Authors G. Parrella, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, CNR, via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy L. Scassillo, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, CNR, via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy M. Giorgini, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, CNR, via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    In this article, we describe and compare two individual-based models constructed to investigate how genetic factors influence the development of phosphine resistance in lesser grain borer ( R. dominica ). One model is based on the simplifying assumption that resistance is conferred by alleles at a single locus, while the other is based on the more realistic assumption that resistance is conferred by alleles at two separate loci. We simulated the population dynamic of R. dominica in the absence of phosphine fumigation, and under high and low dose phosphine treatments, and found important differences between the predictions of the two models in all three cases. In the absence of fumigation, starting from the same initial frequencies of genotypes, the two models tended to different stable frequencies, although both reached Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The one-locus model exaggerated the equilibrium proportion of strongly resistant beetles by 3.6 times, compared to the aggregated predictions of the two-locus model. Under a low dose treatment the one-locus model overestimated the proportion of strongly resistant individuals within the population and underestimated the total population numbers compared to the two-locus model. These results show the importance of basing resistance evolution models on realistic genetics and that using oversimplified one-locus models to develop pest control strategies runs the risk of not correctly identifying tactics to minimise the incidence of pest infestation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-18 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0421-6 Authors Mingren Shi, School of Plant Biology M084, FNAS, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Michael Renton, School of Plant Biology M084, FNAS, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia James Ridsdill-Smith, School of Animal Biology M092, FNAS, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Patrick J. Collins, Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Canberra, Australia Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The landscape scale distributions of adult male click beetles of the species Agriotes lineatus , A. obscurus and A. sputator , and the cranefly Tipula paludosa were studied using traps along transects over 2 years. The transects (0.7–1.7 km with either sex pheromone ( Agriotes ) or water ( T. paludosa ) traps at 100 m spacings) were in an area of mixed organic land use. Agriotes lineatus was the most numerous click beetle caught even though its larvae were absent from these fields. Greater trap counts were found for all taxa except A. obscurus in grassland. The number of click beetles were influenced by the sampling year, crop type and the species, and interactions of other variables, suggesting that sex pheromone trap counts exhibit variability because of the complexity of the environment. Trap catches were spatially clustered with the exception of A. lineatus in 2005 which had a random distribution. Only A. sputator showed a significant, positive relationship between counts in 2005 and 2006. Variation in catch count of crane flies was largely determined by crop type. We conclude that Agriotes spp. disperse widely and may be recruited from outside the field which makes the interpretation of sex pheromone trap counts scientifically challenging. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0413-6 Authors Rod P. Blackshaw, Centre for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, PL 4 8AA UK Helen Hicks, Centre for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, PL 4 8AA UK Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The residual efficacy of diatomaceous earth alone and in combination with Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin or a neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam against Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) was studied under laboratory conditions. The mortality of adult R. dominica was decreased over the 9 months of storage period and the combined application of the test materials enhanced the mortality rates compared with alone treatments. The greatest mortality was observed in the combination of DE with thiamethoxam. Progeny suppression was decreased with the extended storage period. The maximum rate of mycosis and sporulation in the cadavers of R. dominica was observed where B. bassiana was applied alone at the lowest-dose rate. The results of this study indicate that all three control measures may provide safety for an extended period of time against R. dominica . Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0408-8 Authors Waqas Wakil, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Tahira Riasat, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Muhammad Ashfaq, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The effect of various constant temperatures on survival, development, and adult longevity of Venturia canescens Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing larvae of Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied under laboratory conditions. The following temperatures were tested: 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, and 32.5°C. The percentage of parasitoids that completed development at each temperature as well as the days needed for the emergence of the parasitoid’s pupa and adult eclosion was measured. Adult longevity was estimated under the same conditions. Survival of V. canescens was significantly higher at 25 and 27.5°C compared to 17.5, 20, 30, and 32.5°C. No individual of V. canescens managed to complete development at 15°C. Overall, developmental time decreased significantly with increasing temperature within the range of 17.5–27.5°C. The lowest developmental time was observed at 27.5°C while the highest at 17.5°C. Upper and lower threshold temperatures for total development were estimated at 36.2 and 13.2°C, respectively. Optimum temperature for development and thermal constant were 30.6°C and 312.5 degree days, respectively. Adult longevity was also affected by temperature, as it was significantly reduced at higher temperatures compared to the lower ones. This information would be useful in determining the potential of using V. canescens as a biological agent in IPM programs, by optimizing mass rearing and release techniques of the parasitoid. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 75-80 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0405-y Authors Christos G. Spanoudis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece Stefanos S. Andreadis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Response to temperature and diet are major factors in the potential population growth of Plodia interpunctella Hübner, a damaging pest of many stored products. A population growth model was used to simulate population development on an optimal wheat-based diet and a sub-optimal diet of raisins at 20–35°C, using different starting values for initial density and life stage. Predicted population development on the two diets increased with temperature and growth patterns were similar regardless of starting population levels at temperatures over 20°C. The predicted population levels on raisins were much less than those predicted for wheat diet, with the same general patterns of increasing populations with temperature at each starting density level or life stage. Results show that the intrinsic population dynamics for P. interpunctella even on a sub-optimal diet and at sub-optimal temperatures are such that density can increase rapidly to levels that would cause extensive economic damage. The ability to predict population growth is a valuable tool to aid pest managers in decision making. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 163-167 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0411-0 Authors Emily A. Fontenot, USDA, ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Frank H. Arthur, USDA, ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA James R. Nechols, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 124 West Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA James E. Throne, USDA, ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest and has been shown to be resistant to a wide range of insecticides, which has led to sporadic out breaks of the pest and failure of crops. We were interested to establish if resistance to insecticides is diverse in different populations of S. litura collected from various areas with variable temperatures. We collected S. litura from eight different locations and compare the toxicity of insecticides. Resistance to the pyrethroids ranged from 20- to 11,700-fold compared with the Lab-PK (laboratory susceptible population). The resistance to bifenthrin was the lowest in a population collected from Multan and the highest to esfenvalerate in a population collected from Lodhran. Similarly, very high level of resistance to spinosad, indoxacarb, and methoxyfenozide was observed in all eight populations. In contrast, resistance to organophosphates was significantly lower than the pyrethroids, spinosad, indoxacarb, and methoxyfenozide, while toxicity of emamectin to field populations was similar to the Lab-Pk. The results are discussed in relation to integrated pest management (IPM) for S. litura with special reference to management of field evolved resistance to insecticides. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 153-162 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0404-z Authors Sarfraz Ali Shad, Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan Ali H. Sayyed, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan Sahar Fazal, Department of Bioinformatics, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad, Pakistan Mushtaq A. Saleem, Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan Syed Muhammad Zaka, Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan Muhammad Ali, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Solar tents, which are safe, inexpensive, and easy to construct, can be used to inactivate unwanted weed plant propagative materials, onsite. During two field trials in the San Joaquin Valley of California, from Sept 2 to 7, 2010, solar tents produced diurnal temperature maxima within closed sample bags of 63.5–76.7°C. The mean maximum temperatures within the sample bags were 32.9–42.1°C higher than those of ambient air, and temperatures ≥60°C were maintained for 3.2–6.0 h each afternoon during the field trials. Rhizome segments, excavated and excised from a local infestation of the important weed pest Sorghum halepense (johnsongrass), were used to evaluate effects of the treatment on weedy plant tissues with vegetative propagation capability. The rhizomes were completely destroyed following confinement within tents for 3 days. Construction suggestions for building onsite solar tents are presented, with emphasis on use of locally available materials. In sufficiently warm climatic areas and weather conditions, solar tents can provide a useful alternative for inactivating weed propagative materials. Potential uses include destruction of quarantined, propagative materials following regulatory roguing interventions in remote locations, or routine roguing of limited scale areas to remove invasive weeds. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 17-21 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0412-z Authors James J. Stapleton, Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, University of California, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Proteinase inhibitors are currently targeted as potential insect control agents, but adaptation to proteinase inhibitors is a recognized limitation to such approach requiring the understanding of how phytophagous species can cope with such compounds. The velvetbean caterpillar ( Anticarsia gemmatalis ) is a key pest of soybean and well-adapted to its host proteinase inhibitors, which is rich in serine-proteinase inhibitors, particularly trypsin-like proteinase inhibitors. As the expression of cysteine proteinases in the midgut of the velvetbean caterpillar is a potential adaptation to circumvent its host defense, we assessed and characterized the digestive cysteine-proteinase activity from velvetbean caterpillars. Significant soluble and membrane-bound proteolytic activity was obtained and was consistent with those of cysteine proteinases based on the substrate and inhibitors used for their characterization. The K m and V max values obtained were 2.35 ± 0.50 mM and 40.89 ± 6.68 nmol min −1  mg −1 for the soluble proteinases and 0.33 ± 0.03 mM and 24.54 ± 0.67 nmol min −1  mg −1 for the membrane-bound proteinases, range of values also consistent with cysteine proteinases. Therefore, the proteolytic activity observed in the velvetbean caterpillar midgut is consistent with that of cysteine proteinases providing preliminary support for the contention of their potential involvement mitigating the negative effects of serine-protease inhibitors in this species. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 117-123 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0403-0 Authors E. G. Mendonça, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil M. G. A. Oliveira, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil L. E. Visôtto, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Rio Paranaíba, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brazil R. N. C. Guedes, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Interações Planta-Praga, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Herbivore-attacked plants produce specific volatile substances that represent important cues for host finding by natural enemies. The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a voracious herbivore and usually feed on maize in all periods of the day. Given that plant needs light to synthesize de novo herbivore-induced volatiles, volatile blend may be changed depending on time of the day the plant is induced, what could interfere in natural enemy foraging. In this sense, the current study aimed to investigate differential attractiveness of maize elicited by fall armyworm regurgitant under light and dark conditions to its specialist larval parasitoid Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). All bioassays were conducted in Y-tube olfactometer to assess parasitoid response to odors from undamaged maize, mechanical damage, and regurgitant-treated plants at 0–1, 5–6, and 24–25 h after induction. The results showed that naïve wasps were attracted to volatiles emitted by nocturnal regurgitant-treated maize at 5–6 h, but not to odors from diurnal regurgitant-treated plants. The differential attractiveness is likely due to blend composition as nocturnal regurgitant-treated plants emit aromatic compounds and the homoterpene (3 E )-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene in larger amounts than diurnal-treated plants. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 101-107 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0397-7 Authors A. G. C. Signoretti, Department of Entomology and Acarology (LEA), University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP. 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil M. F. G. V. Peñaflor, Department of Entomology and Acarology (LEA), University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP. 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil L. S. D. Moreira, Department of Entomology and Acarology (LEA), University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP. 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil N. C. Noronha, Department of Entomology and Acarology (LEA), University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP. 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil J. M. S. Bento, Department of Entomology and Acarology (LEA), University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP. 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Fabricius), is a valuable wild and managed pollinator of lowbush blueberry (syn. ‘wild blueberry’, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.), in Atlantic Canada. As some insecticides may present a hazard to pollinators, we assessed the susceptibility of M. rotundata to insecticides used or projected for future use in lowbush blueberry pest management. In topical direct contact bioassays, adults were susceptible to phosmet, spinosad, spinetoram, and deltamethrin. Based on findings from these laboratory studies, it appears that when used at recommended or projected application rates, each of these compounds poses a hazard to M. rotundata by direct contact. In a second experiment, eggs and larvae were collected in the field and their pollen provisions were treated with deltamethrin, flubendiamide, and spinetoram at field relevant concentrations. Larvae treated with deltamethrin and spinetoram in the laboratory either died before spinning a cocoon or, in the case of spinetoram, occasionally pupated without spinning a cocoon. Flubendiamide was not toxic to adult M. rotundata by direct contact and had no effect on larval survivorship, or time to complete cocoon spinning. Emergence after overwintering was relatively poor overall, but there was no effect of treatment. Based on these results, flubendiamide appears safe to use in the presence of M. rotundata , whereas the other insecticides we tested may pose a hazard. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 133-140 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0391-0 Authors A. E. Gradish, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada C. D. Scott-Dupree, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada G. C. Cutler, Department of Environmental Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a koinobiont larval–pupal endoparasitoid of a large number of tephritids. P. concolor can be commonly reared on fully grown Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae. In our laboratory, over 180 consecutive generations have been completed on C . capitata . In this study, we tested the possibility that the uninterrupted mass-rearing of P . concolor on C . capitata may influence its host location and parasitisation behaviours when used against Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), the fruit fly commonly targeted in mass release of P . concolor in olive-groves. Choice and no-choice tests were used with naïve and experienced P. concolor females exposed to B . oleae and/or C . capitata larvae. The study showed no significant difference in oviposition behaviours and host acceptance when provided either C . capitata or B . oleae . However, the study did show that experience on a host plus a substrate complex could influence host preferences, since females that had previous oviposition experience on a given host species searched and chose significantly more when the same host species was presented, both in choice and no-choice conditions. Therefore, within the context of the pest management of fruit flies, it could be very useful to incorporate procedures in insectary-propagated fruit fly parasitoids designed to provide adequate training (i.e. oviposition experience) on the fruit fly species needing to be controlled. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 65-74 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0382-1 Authors Angelo Canale, Department of Tree Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology G. Scaramuzzi—Entomology Section, University of Pisa, Via San Michele Degli Scalzi 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy Giovanni Benelli, Department of Tree Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology G. Scaramuzzi—Entomology Section, University of Pisa, Via San Michele Degli Scalzi 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758 Journal Volume Volume 85 Journal Issue Volume 85, Number 1

Description:    A series of experiments were conducted in which adults, pupae, and 4-week-old larvae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, were exposed separately on concrete arenas partially treated (14.4% of the total area) with the insecticide chlorfenapyr (Phantom ® ) at 1.1 g of active ingredient/m 2 . A flour food source (patch) was also provided in the untreated portions of the arenas. In the first trial, adult mortality averaged 60.0 ± 10.6%, but progeny production occurred in the provided food patches. Pupal mortality was only 8.3 ± 3.1%, indicating that when adult emergence occurred, those adults were able to escape exposure, and there was no difference in progeny production from that in untreated controls ( P  = 0.27). In the second trial, few larvae exposed in choice and no-choice arenas were able to emerge as normal adults. In a final trial, residual efficacy declined during a 3-week period, with larvae being more susceptible than adults. Results show mobility of life stage may be a determining factor when assessing susceptibility of T. castaneum to contact insecticides. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s10340-011-0380-3 Authors Frank H. Arthur, USDA-ARS-Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Emily A. Fontenot, USDA-ARS-Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    We examined the effects of nonhost plant diversity and predators on the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and their primary host plant, alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Potato leafhopper intensity (i.e., leafhoppers/alfalfa stem density) and plant damage (i.e., hopperburn) were significantly greater in alfalfa mono- than in polycultures of alfalfa mixed with nonhost plant species. There was no significant effect of nonhost plant diversity on pea aphid intensity or on predator abundance. Predator:prey ratios were higher in poly- than in monoculture. One predator, Nabis sp., was selected for further study. A microcosm experiment indicated that Nabis is an effective predator of both herbivores, and suggested that nonhost plant diversity may enhance the predation of leafhoppers by Nabis . These results suggest that nonhost plant diversity and Nabis limit leafhopper populations and protect alfalfa from herbivory. The potential for nonhost plants to increase herbivore movement and vulnerability to predation is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0465-7 Authors Cory S. Straub, Department of Biology, Ursinus College, 601 E. Main Street, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA Nathan P. Simasek, Department of Biology, Ursinus College, 601 E. Main Street, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA Mark R. Gapinski, Department of Biology, Ursinus College, 601 E. Main Street, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA Regan Dohm, Department of Biology, Ursinus College, 601 E. Main Street, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA Ellen O. Aikens, Department of Biology, Ursinus College, 601 E. Main Street, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA Sarah Muscella, Department of Biology, Ursinus College, 601 E. Main Street, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The pathogenicity of local isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Isaria fumosorosea (Wize) (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wise) Brown & Smith) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) were evaluated under laboratory conditions against pupae and adults of Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) via different routes of exposure. Average mortality of pupae after immersing them into spore suspensions was in general low and ranged from 18.7 to 23.9 % depending on fungal species and dose applied. However, adults obtained from treated pupae appeared to have higher mortality rates compared to control with all fungi and doses tested. Adults’ average mortalities ranged from 41.9 to 88.0 % after exposing them to EPF either by feeding on a mixture of conidial suspension and artificial food or by bodily contact with conidia, depending on fungal species, dose and method of exposure. The proportion of cadavers, pupae or adults, that produced visible signs of mycosis ranged from 40.4 to 73.3 % with the exception of those that were exposed to M. anisopliae. In that case, none of the insects that died after exposure to conidia of M. anisopliae developed visible mycelium on their surface. Moreover, confining treated with untreated adults indicated horizontal conidial transmission in some cases. Our results indicate that EPF might be a promising biological control agent for the Mediterranean fruit fly and could be utilised with different modes of application: soil application against pupae and cover or bait sprays against adults. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0468-4 Authors Evangelos I. Beris, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 237, Reading, RG6 6AR UK Dimitrios P. Papachristos, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Str., 145 61 Kifissia, Greece Anastasia Fytrou, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Str., 145 61 Kifissia, Greece Spyridon Α. Antonatos, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Str., 145 61 Kifissia, Greece Dimitrios C. Kontodimas, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Str., 145 61 Kifissia, Greece Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Plant defensin is a small, cationic, cysteine-rich broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide with four or five disulfide bridges and has been shown to be a component of the innate immunity system in plants. In the present study, the defensin gene ( TvD1 ) from Tephrosia villosa was overexpressed in tobacco and characterized. Two high-expression (T1, T26) and one low-expression (T13) plant lines were selected through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and used for bioassays along with non-transgenic controls. The high-expression plant line exhibited strong in vivo anti-fungal and anti-feedant activity against the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and the first and second instar larvae of the Spodoptera litura (F.), the tobacco cutworm, respectively. The low-expression plant line showed a moderate level of tolerance/resistance in the bioassays. The recombinant peptide (rTvD1) exhibited toxicity to tobacco pollen grains in the germination assay, but transgenic plants produced copious fertile pollen and set capsules with viable seeds. The results of this study demonstrate that the single gene ( TvD1 ) effectively controls both fungal and insect pests and, hence, it can be used for crop transformation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0467-5 Authors S. Vijayan, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046 India N. K. Singh, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046 India P. Shukla, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046 India P. B. Kirti, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046 India Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Acyrthosiphon gossypii is a widespread, major pest of cotton in central Asia. Effects of specific temperatures on A. gossypii development and survival are unknown and would be useful in helping interpret population dynamics and devising management tactics for this pest. In this paper, the effect of temperature on the life table of A. gossypii reared on cotton was evaluated under laboratory conditions using temperatures of 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 °C. The developmental rate of immatures increased exponentially from 18 to an optimum around 27 °C and then declined. The estimated lower developmental threshold was 8.0 °C, and 107.5 degree days were required for development from the first instar to adult. The percentage survival of immature stages varied from 81 to 91 % within the range of 18-27 °C. Survival declined to 27 % at 30 °C. The average longevity of adult females was 15.7, 11.7, 8.2, 5.2, and 2.8 days, and the average number of offspring produced per female was 46, 38, 20, 14, and 0, at temperatures of 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 °C, respectively. From 21-27 °C, the intrinsic rate of increase of A. gossypii was significantly higher than at 18 °C, indicating that 21–27 °C was within the optimal range for the growth of A. gossypii , and that 30 °C constant is beyond the upper limit for reproduction. The observations will form the basis of a forecasting system and could account for the decline of the species on cotton in central Asia as well as other regions during hot summer months. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0470-x Authors Gui-Zhen Gao, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011 China Lynda E. Perkins, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Myron P. Zalucki, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Zhao-Zhi Lu, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011 China Ji-Hong Ma, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011 China Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Greece has been traditionally considered as a chestnut-producing country; yet, chestnut production has experienced a dramatic decline in the last decades, mainly due to chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica and chestnut feeding pests. Though chestnut blight is partially under control, little attention has been granted on chestnut feeding pests in Greece. Two species are described as major pests, i.e., Cydia splendana and Curculio elephas , without any information regarding their distribution. This study aimed to identify species diversity that feed on chestnuts trees using genetic markers and further to obtain insight into their distribution. Besides C. splendana and C. elephas , three additional species were determined namely Cydia fagiglandana , Curculio glandium as well as a Curculio sp. that has never been genetically determined before. The distribution of these species was inhomogeneous in Greece. These results demonstrate clearly the need for a carefully planned pest management approach adapted to the local mixture of chestnut feeding pests of each area rather than one general approach. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0451-0 Authors Dimitrios N. Avtzis, Forest Research Institute, NAGREF, Vassilika, Thessaloniki, Greece Charikleia Perlerou, Forest Research Institute, NAGREF, Vassilika, Thessaloniki, Greece Stephanos Diamandis, Forest Research Institute, NAGREF, Vassilika, Thessaloniki, Greece Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles are world-wide pests of arable and vegetable crops. Many studies have shown that arthropods are influenced by landscape context. Therefore, for successful wireworm risk assessment, it is important to gain more information on relationships between landscape structure and wireworm infestation level. The aim of this study was to investigate if different landscape variables are related to wireworm infestation, represented by the proportion of wireworm damaged potato tubers. Based on aerial photographs and field surveys landscape variables, such as landscape composition, landscape complexity and ecological variables were characterised around 14 randomly selected potato field plots alongside the gradient from the lower warm-dry “Weinviertel” (region 1) to the cool-humid “Waldviertel” (region 2) in the North-East of Austria at three scales (1, 9 and 25 ha). Relationships between landscape variables and wireworm damage ratings were described by Spearman correlations coefficients. Our results showed that wireworm damage was higher in region 2 than in region 1 and tended to be higher in soils with higher sand content. Among the tested landscape variables only landscape composition, especially grassy field margins were significantly positively correlated with wireworm damage at the 25 ha scale. In areas with high proportion of such grassy habitats, farmers should pay more attention to field characteristics, such as sand content in soil, and management, like crop rotation. Further investigations on appropriate management regimes for grassy landscape elements suppressing wireworm populations but ensuring the maintenance of natural pest control should be conducted. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0444-z Authors A. Hermann, Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria N. Brunner, Bio Forschung Austria, Esslinger Hauptstrasse 132–134, 1220 Vienna, Austria P. Hann, Bio Forschung Austria, Esslinger Hauptstrasse 132–134, 1220 Vienna, Austria T. Wrbka, Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria B. Kromp, Bio Forschung Austria, Esslinger Hauptstrasse 132–134, 1220 Vienna, Austria Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The sustainable management of vole populations to reduce crop damage requires a reliable estimation of rodent density. The present study was conducted in 2011 in Asturias (NW, Spain) and aimed at developing a method for estimating the density of the water vole Arvicola terrestris cantabriae and the Lusitanian pine vole Microtus lusitanicus in apple orchards based on their presence signs. Previously, as A. t. cantabriae and the Iberian mole Talpa occidentalis occur simultaneously in the same habitats, we had to determine if earth mounds caused by these two species may be accurately differentiated. The results showed that presence signs may be used to discriminate the occurrence of A. t. cantabriae and T. occidentalis in areas of sympatry. The characteristics most interesting for species differentiation were the linear distribution pattern of the mounds and the occurrence of ‘earth sausages’ and ‘earth paths’, all of them typical of moles. The high correlation coefficients ( r s  〉 0.88) obtained between animal captures and the presence of activity signs for the two vole species revealed that it is possible to estimate A. t. cantabriae and M. lusitanicus densities by using the presence signs. An estimating model adapted for apple orchards and for simultaneous sampling both voles is proposed. In addition, we confirmed that the three mammal species coexist frequently in the same orchards. The negative relation between A. t. cantabriae and M. lusitanicus numbers suggests a competitive displacement between species. The results of the present study have valuable applications for both crop protection and research purposes. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0438-x Authors Marcos Miñarro, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Apdo. 13, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain Cecilia Montiel, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Apdo. 13, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain Enrique Dapena, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Apdo. 13, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Spirotetramat is a new systemic insecticide listed in Group 23 of the IRAC mode-of-action classification scheme as an inhibitor of lipid biosynthesis. Side effects assessment on key natural enemies is necessary before incorporating a pesticide in IPM programs. Herein, lethal and sublethal side effects of spirotetramat on adults and larvae of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions by topical application and by ingestion of treated individuals of Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The lethal and sublethal effects of spirotetramat were compared to those of chlorpyriphos and pyriproxyfen, two insecticides commonly used in Spanish citrus. Spirotetramat resulted harmless: (1) when directly applied on larvae and adults of C.   montrouzieri , since it did not affect survival, longevity, fecundity, egg hatching, and offspring survival. In contrast, chlorpyriphos was classified as moderately toxic for adults due to its effects on fecundity, egg hatching and offspring survival. Pyriproxyfen was classified as harmful for larvae due to the acute effect on pupal mortality. When larvae and adults of C. montrouzieri were fed with treated prey, spirotetramat was also classified as harmless. Adults of C. montrouzieri fed with pyriproxyfen-treated prey exhibited increased fecundity but no eggs hatched. Moreover, the larvae fed on pyriproxyfen-treated prey did not reach the adult stage. The results of this study indicate that spirotetramat may be compatible with augmentative releases of C. montrouzieri in citrus. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0440-3 Authors L. Planes, Unidad Asociada de Entomología Agrícola UJI-IVIA, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Apartado Oficial, Carretera de Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain J. Catalán, Unidad Asociada de Entomología Agrícola UJI-IVIA, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Apartado Oficial, Carretera de Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain A. Tena, Unidad Asociada de Entomología Agrícola UJI-IVIA, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Apartado Oficial, Carretera de Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain J. L. Porcuna, Servicio de Sanidad Vegetal y Protección Fitosanitaria, Conselleria d’Agricultura, Pesca i Alimentació, Silla, Valencia, Spain J. A. Jacas, Unitat Associada d’Entomologia Agrícola UJI-IVIA, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Campus del Riu Sec 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain J. Izquierdo, Bayer CropScience, C.Darwing 13, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain A. Urbaneja, Unidad Asociada de Entomología Agrícola UJI-IVIA, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Apartado Oficial, Carretera de Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    This review focuses on biological profiles of contemporary acaricides, acaricide resistance, and other up-to-date issues related to acaricide use in management of plant-feeding mites. Over the last two decades a considerable number of synthetic acaricides emerged on the global market, most of which exert their effects acting on respiration targets. Among them, the most important are inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport at complex I (METI-acaricides). Discovery of tetronic acid derivatives (spirodiclofen and spiromesifen) introduced a completely new mode of action: lipid synthesis inhibition. Acaricide resistance in spider mites has become a global phenomenon. The resistance is predominantly caused by a less sensitive target site (target site resistance) and enhanced detoxification (metabolic resistance). The major emphasis in current research on acaricide resistance mechanisms deals with elucidation of their molecular basis. Point mutations resulting in structural changes of target site and leading to its reduced sensitivity, have recently been associated with resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch and other spider mites. The only sustainable, long-term perspective for acaricide use is their implementation in multitactic integrated pest management programs, in which acaricides are applied highly rationally and in interaction with other control tactics. Considering that the key recommendation for effective acaricide resistance management is reduction of the selection for resistance by alternations, sequences, rotations, and mixtures of compounds with different modes of action, the main challenge that acaricide use is facing is the need for new active substances with novel target sites. Besides implementation of advanced technologies for screening and design of new synthetic compounds, wider use of microbial and plant products with acaricidal activity could also contribute increased biochemical diversity of acaricides. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0442-1 Authors Dejan Marcic, Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31B, P.O. Box 163, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Wireworms (larval Elateridae) reduce the stand of newly planted sugarcane (complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) directly by damaging growing points and indirectly by facilitating disease introduction. No research has evaluated resistance or tolerance of sugarcane genotypes grown in Florida to wireworm. Eleven genotypes of sugarcane and a S.   spontaneum genotype were subjected to corn wireworm, Melanotus communis (Gyllenhall) (Coleoptera: Elateridae), in greenhouse experiments to evaluate potential host plant resistance. The experiments were designed to measure the effects of wireworms on the first 90 days of growth. Sugarcane stalk sections were planted in trays of soil with and without wireworms in 2010 and 2011. Stand count, dry weight, and percentage of nodes damaged were evaluated. Wireworms reduced stand and dry weight by 40–60 %. Several genotypes were able to produce acceptable stands in wireworm-infested trays by emerging quickly and producing many tillers. CP 88-1762, CP 89-2143, and CP 03-1912 did not suffer statistically significant losses of stand or biomass due to wireworms in either year. Our findings suggest that genotype resistance should be considered as an important component of an integrated program aimed at reducing the use of insecticides to control wireworms in sugarcane. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0435-0 Authors N. A. Larsen, Everglades Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Floridas, 3200 Palm Beach Road, Belle Glade, FL 33430, USA G. S. Nuessly, Everglades Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Floridas, 3200 Palm Beach Road, Belle Glade, FL 33430, USA R. H. Cherry, Everglades Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Floridas, 3200 Palm Beach Road, Belle Glade, FL 33430, USA B. Glaz, USDA-ARS Sugarcane Field Station, 12990 US Highway 441, Canal Point, FL 33438, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are species used worldwide for the biological control of Lepidopteran pests, notably through inundative releases on millions of hectares. The optimal use of Trichogramma parasitoids in crop protection requires an accurate knowledge of their biology. More specifically, the importance of age factor in parasitoids during the time they forage in crops for host eggs (after initial release) and how the aging of host eggs could impact parasitoid biological traits may be important for overall efficiency in terms of crop protection. In this context, the importance of parasitoid female and host egg ages on parasitism rate and the development of offspring was studied in laboratory conditions on Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and the eggs of the pest Lobesia botrana Denis and Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Host eggs tested were 1–2- and 3–4-day-old, while the ages of T. cacoeciae adult females varied from 1-day-old to 4-day-old post-emergence. When L.   botrana eggs were 3–4-day-old, they were less parasitized by T. cacoeciae than 1–2-day-old eggs, and this was not linked to the age of T. cacoeciae females. The age of parasitoid females has an effect on parasitism, as 1-day-old females produced fewer parasitized eggs than 2, 3, and 4-day-old females. For the total number of L. botrana eggs killed by T. cacoeciae , the two factors did not show significant effects. When L. botrana eggs were 1–2-day-old, parasitoid emergence increased according to the age of parasitoid females with the highest success observed for 3-day-old females. The lowest emergence rates were obtained with T. cacoeciae females 1-day-old. The development time was also longer with the young 1-day-old parasitoid females. This study demonstrated that both the aging of parasitoids and host eggs play a role in the subsequent development of parasitoid offspring. The importance of these results in the context of biological control programs involving Trichogramma parasitoids is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0434-1 Authors Jeannine Pizzol, INRA, 400 route des Chappes, ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France Nicolas Desneux, INRA, 400 route des Chappes, ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France Eric Wajnberg, INRA, 400 route des Chappes, ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France Denis Thiéry, INRA, 1065 Santé Végétale, UMR-ISVV, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The fumigant methyl bromide (MB) is being phased out of production and usage to control stored-product insects in flour and rice mills, as well as feed and food production plants, in the United States and other developed countries throughout the world. A phase-out schedule has also been established for undeveloped counties under a delayed timeline compared to the one established for developed countries. Whole-plant alternatives to MB treatment, such as the fumigant sulfuryl fluoride and heat, can be used in place of MB, but they have some limitations as well, which will be briefly discussed in this review. Hence, residual surface treatments with contact insecticides and insect growth regulators and aerosol applications are receiving increased attention for incorporation into management programs that historically relied on MB fumigations. This review will focus on recent research with contact insecticides and aerosols for controlling stored-product insects in structures and how they can be viewed as options for control to alleviate concerns regarding the phase-out and reduced availability of MB for structural fumigations. A brief discussion of emerging pest species or groups, and how they can be controlled with surface treatments and aerosols, is also included in the review. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0439-9 Authors Frank H. Arthur, USDA, ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description: Introduction to “Recent advances in stored product protection” Content Type Journal Article Category Editorial Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0430-5 Authors Christos G. Athanassiou, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, Magnesia, Greece Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    The Colorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Say]) in the north Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region in China has evolved resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates. Mutations resulting in target site insensitivity, namely L1014F in LdVssc1 voltage-sensitive sodium channel and S291G in acetylcholine esterase, confer, at least partially, the resistance. Insecticides with different modes of action may serve as likely replacements. Endosulfan and fipronil are GABA-gated chloride channel-blocking insecticides. In this article, we found that the contact toxicities of the two compounds were among the highest ever estimated to the 4th-instar larvae and the adults and affirmed that they were useful for L. decemlineata control in north Xinjiang. Regarding stomach toxicities of the two compounds, adult beetles were less sensitive than 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-instar larvae, suggesting that the appropriate timing for spraying is the early larval stage. Mixtures of endosulfan and α-cypermethrin at 1:160, 1:80, and 1:40 ratios, of endosulfan and phoxim at 1:24 ratio, and of endosulfan and isocarbophos at 1:72 and 1:288 ratios, significantly increased toxicity in a field population. The combination indices were significantly below 1 at both LD 50 and LD 90 levels, revealing synergistic effects. Our results demonstrated that endosulfan and fipronil could be applied alone and endosulfan may also be used in binary mixtures to restore pyrethroid susceptibility. These findings may have considerable practical implications for L. decemlineata resistance management. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0437-y Authors Xiao-qin Shi, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China Man-Hui Xiong, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China Wei-Hua Jiang, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China Zhi-Tian Wang, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China Wen-Chao Guo, Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091 China Zhen-Han Xia, Station of Agricultural Techniques Extension in Yili, Xinjiang, 835000 Ili, China Wen-Jun Fu, Station of Agricultural Techniques Extension in Yili, Xinjiang, 835000 Ili, China Guo-Qing Li, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Management strategies for urban and stored-product pests are chosen for a variety of attributes including cost, efficacy, and human safety. Insect growth regulators, which are low-risk alternatives to traditional neurotoxic insecticides, may be valuable management options. However, as these new products become available there is a need to determine efficacy in regard to survival after exposure and effect on population dynamics, so that overall value of these treatment methods can be determined. This study was conducted to predict the effects of methoprene and two conventional insecticides combined with methoprene on development of Plodia interpunctella Hübner populations on an optimal diet and on a suboptimal diet. Effects on populations were simulated using a modified temperature-based growth model at 24, 30, and 35 °C, and the effects of timing and frequency of insecticide treatments were determined. The results of this simulation study predict rapid population growth of P. interpunctella populations on optimal and suboptimal diets, and that single applications of a contact insecticide or aerosol may not be sufficient to manage P. interpunctella populations over a 6-month period. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0436-z Authors Emily A. Fontenot, Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, Vienna, 1400 Austria Frank H. Arthur, USDA, ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA James R. Nechols, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 124 West Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA James E. Throne, USDA, ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758

Description:    Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation (AMT) was used in order to create fluorescent conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) . From the fungal transformants, one Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein B. bassiana strain indicated stability (maintained the GFP characteristics) in fluorescent signal, while its pathogenicity did not differ significantly from the wild B. bassiana type. After exposure on wheat treated with the transformed conidia, fluorescence was evident on all body parts but especially on metasternon of adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and on elytra in of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). No significant differences were noted in fluorescence levels in the case of T. confusum between the transformed and the wild strain. However, the addition of diatomaceous earth (DE) increased attachment, especially at increased intervals after exposure. For S. oryzae , fluorescence of the transformed strain was decreased with the increased post-exposure time, but the simultaneous presence of DE increased fluorescence. The results of this study demonstrate that fluorescent conidia of B. bassiana can be utilized as a tool for the evaluation of parameters that affect the attachment of entomopathogenic fungi in insects’ cuticle. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10340-012-0428-z Authors V. K. Stephou, Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece S. E. Tjamos, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece E. J. Paplomatas, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece C. G. Athanassiou, Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece Journal Journal of Pest Science Online ISSN 1612-4766 Print ISSN 1612-4758