ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding, modeling and prediction of mesoscale processes in the atmosphere, ocean and environmental systems have gained importance in the last decade or so. This is because of the availability of more sophisticated observational systems, provided by technological innovations and more realistic simulations using advanced dynamical models. This volume contains many original findings on mesoscale processes in atmospheric and oceanic systems through mathematical modeling, numerical simulations and field experiments. These scientific papers examine and provide the latest developments on a range of topics that include tropical cyclones/hurricanes, mesoscale variability and modeling, seasonal monsoons and land surface processes including atmospheric boundary layer.

Description / Table of Contents: Restraining and releasing bends are common, but enigmatic features of strike-slip fault systems occurring in all crustal environments and at regional to microscopic scales of observation. Regional-scale restraining bends are sites of mountain building, transpressional deformation and basement exhumation, whereas releasing bends are sites of topographic subsidence, transtensional deformation, basin sedimentation and possible volcanism and economic mineralization. Because restraining and releasing bends often occur as singular self-contained domains of complex deformation, they are appealing natural laboratories for Earth scientists to study fault processes, earthquake seismology, active faulting and sedimentation, fault and fluid-flow relationships, links between tectonics and topography, tectonic and erosional controls on exhumation, and tectonic geomorphology. This volume addresses the tectonic complexity and diversity of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends with 18 contributions divided into four thematic sections: (1) a topical review of fault bends and their global distribution; (2) bends, sedimentary basins and earthquake hazards; (3) restraining bends, transpressional deformation and basement controls on development; (4) releasing bends, transtensional deformation and fluid flow.

Description / Table of Contents: The Proterozoic and early Phanerozoic was a time punctuated by a series of significant events in Earth history. Glaciations of global scale wracked the planet, interfingered with dramatic changes in oceanic and atmospheric chemistry and marked changes in continental configuration. It was during these dynamic and ‘weedy’ times that metazoans first appeared. Their subsequent diversification culminated in the appearance of hard tissue skeletons and deep "farming" of the marine substrate in late Proterozoic and first few millions of years of the Phanerozoic. The papers in this book deal specifically with the precise timing of physical events and teasing out of the effects which these changing environments, climates, global chemistry and palaeogeography had on the development and diversification of animals, resulting in the spectacular Ediacaran/Vendian faunas of the late Precambrian.

Description / Table of Contents: The many kinds of porous geomaterials (rocks, soils, concrete, etc.) exhibit a range of responses when undergoing inelastic deformation. In doing so they commonly develop well-ordered fabric elements, forming fractures, shear bands and compaction bands, so creating the planar fabrics that are regarded as localization. Because these induced localization fabrics alter the bulk material properties (such as permeability, acoustic characteristics and strength), it is important to understand how and why localization occurs, and how it relates to its setting. The concept of damage (in several uses) describes both the precursor to localization and the context within which it occurs. A key theme is that geomaterials display a strong material evolution during deformation, revealing a close linkage between the damage and localization processes. This volume assembles perspectives from a number of disciplines, including soil mechanics, rock mechanics, structural geology, seismic anisotropy and reservoir engineering. The papers range from theoretical to observational, and include contributions showing how the deformed geomaterials emergent bulk characteristics, like permeability and seismic anisotropy, can be predicted. This book will be of interest to a wide range of geoscientists and engineers who deal with characterization of deformed materials.

Description / Table of Contents: The book presents an overview of the main hazards affecting karst, including collapse and subsidence phenomena, hydrological hazards and human-induced geohazards. Consideration is also given to the problems of geohazard management in karst. The geological and hydrological properties of karst terrains make them among the most fragile in the world and pose serious problems for land managers. Sustainable development in these terrains requires efforts to limit geohazards of anthropogenic origin and to recognize and mitigate against those of natural origin. Aimed at providing the reader with worldwide case studies, the contributions cover a range of geological and morphological settings. Geographically, the fourteen papers discuss very different karst areas, from North America, the Caribbean and Asia to several karst areas in Europe, including the British Isles, Spain, France and Italy.

Description / Table of Contents: The geological record contains a fascinating diversity of reefs and shell accumulations. As my other biosedimentary structures, their facies characterization requires careful observation at outcrop and sample scale, and in thin-section to provide information about the global geometries, fabrics and textures respectively. This collection of papers encompasses the breadth of sedimentary geometries and facies displayed by Palaeozoic reefs, shell accumulations, and transitional composite deposits. The definition of reefs and shell concentrations has given rise to variations in nomenclature. The papers in this volume cover specific problems regarding the nomenclature and facies characterization of reefs, shell accumulations and transitional composite deposits. However, rather than attempt a complete revision of terms, the authors have touched on some of the important issues at this stage of development in the field: the main climatic, environmental and evolutionary factors that controlled the Palaeozoic development of shell accumulation and reefs.

Description / Table of Contents: Anatolia and the easternmost Mediterranean region, especially Turkey, Cyprus and northern Syria, represent an excellent natural laboratory for the study of fundamental geological processes (e.g. rifting, seafloor spreading, ophiolite genesis and emplacement, subduction, exhumation and collision). Their interaction has created an intriguing array of deep-sea basins, microcontinents and suture zones. The volume's 22 papers include a large amount of new field-based information (much of it multidisciplinary and the product of teamwork). After an overview, the volume is divided into four sections: Late Palaeozoic–Early Cenozoic of the Pontides (northern Turkey); Late Palaeozoic–Early Cenozoic of the Taurides–Anatolides (central and southern Turkey); Late Cretaceous–Pliocene sedimentary basins and structural development (central Anatolia to the Mediterranean); Late Miocene–Recent Neotectonics (southern Turkey, Cyprus and northern Syria). The volume will interest numerous academic researchers, those concerned with resources (e.g. hydrocarbons; mineral deposits) and also hazards (e.g. earthquakes), as well as advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students.

Description / Table of Contents: Geology as medicine and medics as geologists / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 1-6, 23 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.29 --- Lithotherapeutical research sources from antiquity to the mid-eighteenth century / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 7-43, 4 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.25 --- Cryptopalaeontology / Eladio Liñán, María Liñán and Joaquín Carrasco / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 45-64, 10 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.14 --- The stomatological use of stones cited in the Kitab al-tasrif treatise (Abulcasis, 1000 CE) / Joaquín Carrasco and María Liñán / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 65-80, 11 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.7 --- The gem electuary / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 81-111, 17 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.9 --- Medicinal terra sigillata: a historical, geographical and typological review / Arthur Macgregor / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 113-136, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.1 --- Materia medica in the seventeenth-century Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo / W. D. Ian Rolfe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 137-156, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.3 --- History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 157-169, 17 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.8 --- Pharmaceutical use of gold from antiquity to the seventeenth century / Renzo Console / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 171-191, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.12 --- Bezoar stones, magic, science and art / Maria Do Sameiro Barroso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 193-207, 26 February 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.11 --- Some early eighteenth century geological Materia Medica / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 209-233, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.13 --- Religiosity and magic in some lithoiatric practices of European folk medicine / Massimo Aliverti / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 235-242, 23 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.27 --- Britain’s spa heritage: a hydrogeological appraisal / John D. Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 243-260, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.16 --- Groundwater – Medicine by the Glassful? / N. S. Robins and P. L. Smedley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 261-267, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.17 --- Sunday Stone: an enduring metaphor of mining diseases and underground mining conditions / John H. Pearn and Christopher Gardner-Thorpe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 269-278, 11 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.22 --- The influence of geology in the development of public health / Beverly P. Bergman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 279-287, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.6 --- From flesh to fossils – Nicolaus Steno’s anatomy of the Earth / Jakob Bek-Thomsen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 289-305, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.15 --- Diagnosing fossilization in the Nordic Renaissance: an investigation into the correspondence of Ole Worm (1588–1654) / Ella Hoch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 307-327, 17 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.26 --- Education forms the tender mind / Christopher Gardner-Thorpe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 329-337, 23 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.28 --- James Parkinson’s ‘system of successive creations’ / Cherry Lewis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 339-348, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.18 --- From obstetrics to oryctology: inside the mind of William Hunter (1718–1783) / J. J. Liston / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 349-373, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.21 --- John Jeremiah Bigsby, MD: British Army physician and pioneer North American geologist / Leonard G. Wilson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 375-394, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.20 --- Five eighteenth-century medical polymaths / Gillian C. Hull / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 395-407, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.5 --- John Whitaker Hulke, surgeon and palaeontologist / Simon Wills / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 409-427, 22 February 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.10 --- Dr Arthur Conan Doyle’s contribution to the popularity of pterodactyls / David M. Martill and Tony Pointon / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 429-443, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.19 --- Physicians and their contribution to the early history of earth sciences in Austria / Daniela Claudia Angetter, Bernhard Hubmann and Johannes Seidl / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 445-454, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.4 --- Medical geologists during the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration / Henry Guly / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 455-462, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.2 --- Vomiting stones: mental illness and forensic medicine in 18th century Italy / Alessandro Porro, Carlo Cristini, Bruno Falconi, Antonia Francesca Franchini and Lorenzo Lorusso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 463-468, 4 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.23 --- Geology, conservation and dissolution of corpses by Paolo Gorini (1813–1881) / Lorenzo Lorusso, Bruno Falconi, Francesca Antonia Franchini and Alessandro Porro / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 469-474, 9 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.24

Description / Table of Contents: Asian Program for Incubation of Environmental Leaders --- Concepts of EL --- How to teach EL in a class room - Environmental Challenges and Leadership in Asia --- APIEL resonance --- Leadership Education tackling Water Environmental Issues in Arid Regions --- IPoS: Intensive Program on Sustainability --- Cambodia Considering their sustainable future --- BKK: Sustainable solid waste management in Asian developing countries --- Sustainable urban development toward Green City of the Greater Pearl River Delta, China

Description / Table of Contents: Modern biomass, and the resulting useful forms of bioenergy produced from it, are anticipated by many advocates to provide a significant contribution to the global primary energy supply of many IEA member countries during the coming decades. For non-member countries, particularly those wishing to achieve economic growth as well as meet the goals for sustainable development, the deployment of modern bioenergy projects and the growing international trade in biomass-based energy carriers offer potential opportunities.

Description / Table of Contents: The IEA is undertaking a strategic inititive to improve global energy data and analysis by better incorporating energy sector methane emissions and recovery opportunities. The ultimate goal of this effort is to expand opportunities for cost-effective methane reductions from oil and natural gas facilities, landfills, and coal mines. Methane (CH4) is a hydrocarbon that is the primary component of natural gas. It is also a potent greenhouse gas(GHG), meaning that its presence in the atmosphere affects the earth’s temperature and climate system. As a result, efforts to reduce methane emissions by using methane for energy production can yield environmental, economic, and energy benefits.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper provides the latest developments of announced, proposed and existing greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes (ETS) around the world since 2006. It also examines different potential design options for ETS (e.g. coverage, allocation mode, provision for offsets), and how these options are treated in the existing, announced or proposed schemes.

Description / Table of Contents: Energy security, environmental protection and economic prosperity all pose major challenges for today’s energy decision makers. To meet these challenges, innovation, the adoption of new cost effective technologies, and better use of existing energy-efficient technologies are key elements. The world is not on course for a sustainable energy future – with security concerns and CO2 emissions projected to more than double by 2050. But this alarming outlook can be changed. A recent major IEA analysis “Energy Technology Perspectives – Scenarios and Strategies to 2050” (IEA, 2006) demonstrate that by developing and employing technologies that already exist or are under development, the world could be brought onto a much more sustainable energy path. The costs of achieving a more sustainable energy future are not disproportionate, but they will require substantial effort and investment by both the public and private sectors. There will be significant additional transitional costs related to RD&D and deployment programmes to commercialise many of the technologies over the next couple of decades. Governments will continue to play a major role in energy technology R&D – in defining policies and funding them. How can IEA member country governments be sure they are making the right choices? One answer is by learning from the experience of others – through the use of peer reviews. The IEA version of the peer review – the in-depth review - is a well established tool used since the IEA was created more than 30 years ago. It provides for its members a framework to examine and compare experiences and discuss “best practices” in a host of energy policy areas, including research, development and technology policy. Making the most of the in-depth review process, as well as recommendations emanating from it, offers the promise of better and more well-informed R&D policies – ultimately assisting the development of the new energy technologies that we so urgently need.

Description / Table of Contents: At the Gleneagles Summit in July 2005, the G8 heads of state asked the International Energy Agency (IEA) to identify measures to map out the path to a “clean, clever and competitive energy future.” This request came in recognition of the Agency’s strengths and offered the opportunity to draw on its existing expertise and programmes. We responded with a broad array of initiatives to develop strategies to mitigate climate change, secure clean energy and achieve sustainable development.

Description / Table of Contents: Growing innovation capacity among emerging markets and increasing investment flows between them are creating new, reciprocal opportunities through the deployment of technological innovations and knowledge transfer. The case of Brazil and China is particularly relevant in this context. Between 2005 and 2012, the Brazilian energy sector absorbed USD 18.3 billion worth of investments from China. Sino-Brazilian trade and political relations have intensified over the past decade. This report focuses on three main questions: What are the drivers behind Chinese investment in the Brazilian energy sector? What potential exists for inter-firm technology transfer between the Chinese and Brazilian companies involved? Do government-sponsored activities and academic exchanges complement inter-firm technology transfer? The analysis highlights the potential of energy technology co-operation between Brazil and China, the deployment of innovations in third countries and, more generally, the intensification of global co-operation in energy-related research and development.

Description / Table of Contents: Rock fractures play a major role in many geological processes, such as plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and fluid transport in the earth’s crust. The present volume contains the abstracts of all presentations of the symposium „Rock Fractures in Geological Processes“, held on 26-27 November 2013 in London honouring the 60th birthday of Agust Gudmundsson, chair in Structural Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, a leading expert in the field and author of a well known text book of the same title. The symposium covered all topics related to fractures in the earth’s crust, e.g., crustal stresses, rock mechanical properties, field analysis of fractures – from joints and faults to mineral veins and dykes -, analytical, analogue and numerical models of fractures and related fluid transport, as well as the activity of faults and volcanoes including calderas, and economic aspects such as exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons and geothermal energy.

Description / Table of Contents: In-situ density measurements in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region with the TOTAL and CONE instruments / Boris Strelnikov, Markus Rapp, and Franz-Josef Lübkin / pp. 1-11. doi:10.5047/aisi.001 --- Atomic oxygen measurement by resonance lamp / N. Iwagami and W. H. Morrow / pp. 13-16. doi:10.5047/aisi.002 --- Nitric oxide measurement by self-absorbing gas cell / N. Iwagami / pp. 17-20. doi:10.5047/aisi.003 --- Imaging attitude finder for a sounding rocket and magnesium ion imager for airglow spatial pattern / N. Iwagami, Y. Koizumi-Kurihara, and J. Kurihara / pp. 21-24. doi:10.5047/aisi.004 --- Airglow photometers on board sounding rockets / B. R. Clemesha, H. Takahashi, A. Eras, N. B. Lisboa, and D. Gobbi / pp. 25-31. doi:10.5047/aisi.005 --- N2 Temperature of Vibration instrument for sounding rocket observation in the lower thermosphere / J. Kurihara, N. Iwagami, and K.-I. Oyama / pp. 33-39. doi:10.5047/aisi.006 --- Foil chaff ejection systems for sounding rocket measurements of neutral winds in the mesopause region / Yoshiko Koizumi-Kurihara, Junichi Kurihara, Yasuhiro Murayama, and Koh-Ichiro Oyama / pp. 41-46. doi:10.5047/aisi.007 --- Wind measurements: Trimethyl aluminum (TMA) chemical release technique / M. F. Larsen / pp. 47-51. doi:10.5047/aisi.008 --- Rocket-borne Lithium ejection system for neutral wind measurement / Hiroto Habu, Masa-yuki Yamamoto, Shigeto Watanabe, and Miguel F. Larsen / pp. 53-61. doi:10.5047/aisi.009 --- Langmuir probe / Takumi Abe and Koh-ichiro Oyama / pp. 63-75. doi:10.5047/aisi.010 --- Rocket-borne Langmuir probe for plasma density irregularities / H. S. S. Sinha / pp. 77-90. doi:10.5047/aisi.011 --- Electron temperature probe / K.-I. Oyama and C. Z. Cheng / pp. 91-105. doi:10.5047/aisi.012 --- Impedance probe technique to detect the absolute number density of electrons on-board spacecraft / M. Wakabayashi, T. Suzuki, J. Uemoto, A. Kumamoto, and T. Ono / pp. 107-123. doi:10.5047/aisi.013 --- Resonance cone probe for measuring electron density, temperature, drift speed and beam components / A. Piel / pp. 125-138. doi:10.5047/aisi.014 --- Retarding Potential Analyzer (RPA) for Sounding Rocket / H. K. Fang and C. Z. Cheng / pp. 139-153. doi:10.5047/aisi.015 --- Electric field instrument onboard Japanese sounding rockets / K. Ishisaka / pp. 155-163. doi:10.5047/aisi.016 --- Magnetic Field Measurement (MFM) and Sun Aspect Sensor (SAS) / Takao Takahashi / pp. 165-179. doi:10.5047/aisi.017 --- Designing a toroidal top-hat energy analyzer for low-energy electron measurement / Y. Kazama / pp. 181-192. doi:10.5047/aisi.018 --- Low energy particle spectrometer for 3-axis stabilized spacecraft / Yoshifumi Saito / pp. 193-202. doi:10.5047/aisi.019 --- Imaging thermal ion mass and velocity analyzer / Andrew W. Yau, E. Peter King, Peter Amerl, Kaare Berg, Greg Enno, Andrew Howarth, Ivan Wevers, and Andrew White / pp. 203-215. doi:10.5047/aisi.020 --- Development of fluxgate magnetometers and applications to the space science missions / A. Matsuoka, M. Shinohara, Y.-M. Tanaka, A. Fujimoto, and K. Iguchi / pp. 217-225. doi:10.5047/aisi.021 --- Plasma wave receivears for scientific satellites / H. Kojima / pp. 227-237

Description / Table of Contents: Universities and research institutes are increasingly expected to contribute to society by creating innovation from the returns of their research results and the establishment of new technologies. Toward that goal, Keio University in Japan held an international symposium titled "Fulfilling the Promise of Technology Transfer: Fostering Innovation for the Benefit of Society." From that symposium the following contents are included in the present volume: 1) A showcase of ideas and case studies to promote future creation of innovation by universities and research institutes worldwide, including information on the R&D value chain, licensing, income generation, start-ups and mechanisms to encourage entrepreneurship, and the changing role of universities in fostering innovation. 2) Introduction of active research projects that aim to productize successful research results on an international level. For example, the book includes results of research on stem cell technologies and regenerative medicine as well as the realization and application of polymer photonics and the development of the core technology of polymer photonics. 3) Case studies from the U.K. in developing industry–academia collaboration with various business partners ranging from start-ups and spinout companies to large enterprises. 4) Reports of the achievements of the technological transfer activities at Keio University supported by the 5-year public fund, with suggestions for future prospects

Description / Table of Contents: From Challenges to Sustainable Solutions for Upland Agriculture in Southeast Asia --- Beyond the Horizons - Challenges and Prospects for Soil Science and Soil Care in Southeast Asia --- Water and Matter Flows in Mountainous Watersheds of Southeast Asia: Processes and Implications for Management --- Agricultural Pesticide Use in Mountainous Areas of Thailand and Vietnam: Towards Reducing Exposure and Rationalizing Use --- Linkages between Agriculture, Poverty and Natural Resource Use in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia --- Mango and Longan Production in Northern Thailand: the Role of Water Saving Irrigation and Water Stress Monitoring --- Soil Conservation on Sloping Land: Technical Options and Adoption Constraints --- Improved Sustainable Aquaculture Systems for Small-scale Farmers in Northern Vietnam --- Participatory Approaches to Research and Development in the Southeast Asian Uplands: Potential and Challenges --- Integrated Modeling of Agricultural Systems in Mountainous Areas --- Rethinking Knowledge Provision for the Marginalized: Rural Networks and Novel Extension Approaches in Vietnam --- Policies for Sustainable Development: The Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture

Description / Table of Contents: Exciting developments in earthquake science have benefited from new observations, improved computational technologies, and improved modeling capabilities. Designing realistic supercomputer simulation models for the complete earthquake generation process is a grand scientific challenge due to the complexity of phenomena and range of scales involved from microscopic to global. The present volume - Part II - incorporates computational environment and algorithms, data assimilation and understanding, model applications and iSERVO. Topics covered range from iSERVO and QuakeSim: implementing the international solid earth research virtual observatory by integrating computational grid and geographical information web services; LURR (Load-Unload Response Ratio) described in six papers involving this promising earthquake forecasting model; pattern informatics and phase dynamics and their applications, which was also a highlight in the Workshop; computational algorithms, including continuum damage models and visualization and analysis of geophysical datasets; evolution of mantle material; the state vector approach; and assimilation of data such as geodetic data, GPS data, and seismicity and laboratory experimental data.

Description / Table of Contents: This topical volume of the Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics utilizes new information not previously accessible for fog related research. It focuses on surface and remote sensing observations of fog, various numerical model applications using new parameterizations, fog climatology, and new statistical methods. The results presented in this special issue come from research efforts in North America and Europe, mainly from the Canadian Fog Remote Sensing And Modeling (FRAM) and European COST-722 fog/visibility related projects. Students, postgraduates, and researchers, interested in cloud physics, physical meteorology, aviation meteorology, climate, weather forecasting, and in other adjacent disciplines, can use this book as a basis for future developments in fog research. It is hoped that this book will lead to new scientific challenges in fog related research, teaching, and applications.

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding the process underlying the origin of Earth magnetic field is one of the greatest challenges left to classical Physics. Geomagnetism, being the oldest Earth science, studies the Earth’s magnetic field in its broadest sense. The magnetic record left in rocks is studied in Paleomagnetism. Both fields have applications, pure and applied: in navigation, in the search for minerals and hydrocarbons, in dating rock sequences, and in unraveling past geologic movements such as plate motions they have contributed to a better understanding of the Earth. Consisting of more than 300 articles written by ca 200 leading experts, this authoritative reference encompasses the entire fields of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism in a single volume. It describes in fine detail at an assessable level the state of the current knowledge and provides an up-to-date synthesis of the most basic concepts. As such, it will be an indispensable working tool not only for geophysicists and geophysics students but also for geologists, physicists, atmospheric and environmental scientists, and engineers.

Description / Table of Contents: During the last decades, measurements of various geodynamic processes have gained ever increasing importance. Temporal variations of the deformation and gravity fields monitored by geodetic measuring techniques reflect isostatic, tectonic or volcanic processes in the earth's interior. Recordings of hydrologic or oceanographic phenomena allow conclusions on surface processes. This volume reflects the major developments during recent years in these areas of research. Most of the papers in this book were presented at the workshop on "Deformation and Gravity Change: Indicators of Isostasy, Tectonics, Volcanism and Climate Change", which took place at the Casa de los Volcanes on Lanzarote, Spain, during March 1-4, 2005. It was jointly organized and supported by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, the Spanish Council for Scientific Research and the Cabildo Insular de Lanzarote. The workshop also served as the first meeting of the members of the IAG Working Group ICCT2 on "Dynamic Theories of Deformation and Gravity Fields".

Description / Table of Contents: This book summarizes our present understanding of the formation of passive continental margins and their ocean–continent transitions. It outlines the geological, geophysical and petrological observations that characterize extensional systems, and how such observations can guide and constrain dynamic and kinematic models of continental lithosphere extension, breakup and the inception of organized sea-floor spreading. The book focuses on imaging, mapping and modelling lithospheric extensional systems, at both the regional scale using dynamic models to the local scale of individual basins using kinematic models, with an emphasis on capturing the extensional history of the Iberia and Newfoundland margins. The results from a number of other extensional regimes are presented to provide comparisons with the North Atlantic studies; these range from the Tethyan realm and the northern Red Sea to the western and southern Australian margins, the Basin and Range Province, and the Woodlark basin of Papua New Guinea. All of these field studies, combined with lessons learnt from the modelling, are used to address fundamental questions about the extreme deformation of continental lithosphere.

Description / Table of Contents: The North China craton is the only known place where an Archaean craton with a thick tectospheric root lost half of that root in younger tectonism by processes such as delamination, convection, hydration-weakening, compositional change or some other mechanism. In this volume, authors provide data constraining the geometry and timing of root loss, aimed at understanding why and how continental roots are lost in general. Modelling how often this process may have occurred in the geological past, and how much lithospheric material has been recycled to the convecting mantle through this mechanism, could drastically change our current understanding of crustal growth rates and processes. Possible triggering mechanisms for root loss include collision of the South China (Yangtze) and North China cratons in the Triassic, the India–Asia collision, closure of the Solonker and Monhgol–Okhotsk oceans, Mesozoic subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath eastern China, impingement of mantle plumes, mantle hydration from long-term subduction and several rifting events. In this volume, we link studies of crustal tectonics with investigations aimed at determining the nature of and timing of the formation and loss of the root, in order to better-understand mechanisms of continental root formation, evolution and recycling/removal.

Description / Table of Contents: There has lately been a growth in the number and level of studies of contourite deposits. Most recent studies of contourites have two major lines of interest. One, propelled by the oil industry's continuous move into increasingly deep waters, concerns their economic significance. The other involves the stratigraphic/ palaeoceanographic record of ocean circulation changes imprinted on contourite deposits that can be a key to understanding better the climate-ocean connection. The application of many different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by geophysics, sedimentology, geochemistry, petrology, scale modeling and field geology are used in the 16 papers of this volume, proposing answers to those two main aspects. The papers are subdivided into two major categories (economic interest and stratigraphic/palaeoceanographic significance), with case studies ranging from well-documented drifts to new examples of modern and fossil series, involving a large diversity of geographic and physiographic scenarios worldwide.

Description / Table of Contents: This Special Publication, in memory and celebration of the work of Professor Mike Coward, is about the deformation of the continental lithosphere. The collected papers discuss geometry, structural principles, processes and problems in a wide range of tectonic settings and thereby reflect the breadth of Coward's interests. They encompass the evolution of Precambrian basement gneiss terrains, the geometry and evolution of thrust systems, basement involvement and structural inheritance in basins, syn-orogenic extension, salt tectonics, the implication of structural evolution on hydrocarbon prospectivity and structural controls on mineralization. Examples are drawn from the Lewisian and Moine Thrust Belt of NW Scotland, the Italian Apennines, NW Himalayas, the Cyclades, Oman, Zagros Mountains, Colombian Cordillera, Carpathians, North Sea, offshore Brazil, regional studies of the Irumide Belt (central Africa), Taurus Mountains (Turkey), greater South America, and from the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa and the Antler Orogeny of SW USA.

Description / Table of Contents: The dangers that we face from geohazards appear to be getting worse, especially with the impact of increasing population and global climate change. This collection of papers illustrates how remote sensing technologies - measuring, mapping and monitoring the Earth's surface from aircraft or satellites - can help us to rapidly detect and better manage geohazards. The hazardous terrains examined include areas of landslides, flooding, erosion, contaminated land, shrink-swell clays, subsidence, seismic activity and volcanic landforms. Key aspects of remote sensing are introduced, making this a book that can easily be read by those who are unfamiliar with remote sensing. The featured remote sensing systems include aerial photography and photogrammetry, thermal scanning, hyperspectral sensors, airborne laser altimetry (LiDAR), radar interferometry and multispectral satellites (Landsat, ASTER). Related technologies and methodogies, such as the processing of Digital Elevation Models and data analysis using Geographical Information Systems, are also discussed.

Description / Table of Contents: Stone buildings and monuments from the cultural centres of many of the world's urban areas. Frequently these areas are prone to high levels of atmospheric pollution that promote a variety of aggressive stone decay processes. Because of this, stone decay is now widely recognized as a severe threat to much of our cultural heritage. If this threat is to be successfully addressed it is essential that the symptoms of decay are clearly identified, that appropriate stone properties are accurately characterized and that decay processes are precisely identified. It is undoubtedly the case that successful conservation has to be underpinned by a comprehensive understanding of the causes of decay and the factors that control them. The accomplishment of these demanding goals requires an interdisciplinary approach based on co-operation between geologists, environmental scientists, chemists, material scientists, civil engineers, restorers and architects. In pursuit of this collaboration, this volume aims to strengthen the knowledge base dealing with the causes, consequences, prevention and solution of stone decay problems.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an overview of the principal environments, main processes and manifestations of hypogenic speleogenesis, and refines the relevant conceptual framework. It consolidates the notion of hypogenic karst as one of the two major types of karst systems (the other being epigenetic karst). Karst is viewed in the context of regional groundwater flow systems, which provide the systematic transport and distribution mechanisms needed to produce and maintain the disequilibrium conditions necessary for speleogenesis. Hypogenic and epigenic karst systems are regularly associated with different types, patterns and segments of flow systems, characterized by distinct hydrokinetic, chemical and thermal conditions. Epigenic karst systems are predominantly local systems, and/or parts of recharge segments of intermediate and regional systems. Hypogenic karst is associated with discharge regimes of regional or intermediate flow systems. Various styles of hypogenic caves that were previously considered unrelated, specific either to certain lithologies or chemical mechanisms are shown to share common hydrogeologic genetic backgrounds. In contrast to the currently predominant view of hypogenic speleogenesis as a specific geochemical phenomenon, the broad hydrogeological approach is adopted in the book. Hypogenic speleogenesis is defined with reference to the source of fluid recharge to the cave-forming zone, and type of flow system. It is shown that confined settings are the principal hydrogeologic environment for hypogenic speleogenesis. However, there is a general evolutionary trend for hypogenic karst systems to lose their confinement due to uplift and denudation and due to their own expansion. Confined hypogenic caves may experience substantial modification or be partially or largely overridden under subsequent unconfined (vadose) stages, either by epigenic processes or continuing unconfined hypogenic processes, especially when H2S dissolution mechanisms are involved. Hypogenic confined systems evolve to facilitate cross-formational hydraulic communication between common aquifers, or between laterally transmissive beds in heterogeneous soluble formations, across cave-forming zones. The latter originally represented low-permeable, separating units supporting vertical rather than lateral flow. Layered heterogeneity in permeability and breaches in connectivity between different fracture porosity structures across soluble formations are important controls over the spatial organization of evolving ascending hypogenic cave systems. Transverse hydraulic communication across lithological and porosity system boundaries, which commonly coincide with major contrasts in water chemistry, gas composition and temperature, is potent enough to drive various disequilibrium and reaction dissolution mechanisms. Hypogenic speleogenesis may operate in both carbonates and evaporites, but also in some clastic rocks with soluble cement. Its main characteristic is the lack of genetic relationship with groundwater recharge from the overlying or immediately adjacent surface. It may not be manifested at the surface at all, receiving some expression only during later stages of uplift and denudation. In many instances, hypogenic speleogenesis is largely climate-independent. There is a specific hydrogeologic mechanism inherent in hypogenic transverse speleogenesis (restricted input/output) that suppresses the positive flow-dissolution feedback and speleogenetic competition in an initial flowpath network. This accounts for the development of more pervasive channeling and maze patterns in confined settings where appropriate structural prerequisites exist. As forced-flow regimes in confined settings are commonly sluggish, buoyancy dissolution driven by either solute or thermal density differences is important in hypogenic speleogenesis. In identifying hypogenic caves, the primary criteria are morphological (patterns and meso-morphology) and hydrogeological (hydrostratigraphic position and recharge/flow pattern viewed from the perspective of the evolution of a regional groundwater flow system). Elementary patterns typical for hypogenic caves are network mazes, spongework mazes, irregular chambers and isolated passages or crude passage clusters. They often combine to form composite patterns and complex 3-D structures. Hypogenic caves are identified in various geological and tectonic settings, and in various lithologies. Despite these variations, resultant caves demonstrate a remarkable similarity in cave patterns and meso-morphology, which strongly suggests that the hydrogeologic settings were broadly identical in their formation. Presence of the characteristic morphologic suites of rising flow with buoyancy components is one of the most decisive criteria to identify hypogenic speleogenesis. Hypogenic speleogenesis is much more widespread than it was previously presumed. Hypogenic caves include many of the largest, by integrated length and by volume, documented caves in the world. The refined conceptual framework of hypogenic speleogenesis has broad implications in applied fields and promises to make karst and cave expertise more demanded by practicing hydrogeology, geological engineering, economic geology and mineral resource industries. Any generalization of hydrogeology of karst aquifers, as well as approaches to practical issues and resource prospecting in karst regions, should take into account the different nature and characteristics of hypogenic and epigenic karst systems. Hydraulic properties of karst aquifers, evolved in response to hypogenic speleogenesis, are characteristically different from epigenic karst aquifers. In hypogenic systems, cave porosity is roughly an order of magnitude greater, and areal coverage of caves is five times greater than in epigenic karst systems. Hypogenic speleogenesis commonly results in more isotropic conduit permeability pervasively distributed within highly karstified areas measuring up to several square kilometers. Although being vertically and laterally integrated throughout conduit clusters, hypogenic systems, however, do not transmit flow laterally for considerable distances. Hypogenic speleogenesis can affect regional subsurface fluid flow by greatly enhancing initially available cross-formational permeability structures, providing higher local vertical hydraulic connections between lateral stratiform pathways for groundwater flow, and creating discharge segments of flow systems, the areas of low-fluid potential recognizable at the regional scale. Discharge of artesian karst springs, which are modern outlets of hypogenic karst systems, is often very large and steady, being moderated by the high karstic storage developed in the karstified zones and by the hydraulic capacity of an entire artesian system. Hypogenic speleogenesis plays an important role in conditioning related processes such as hydrothermal mineralization, diagenesis, and hydrocarbon transport and entrapment. The appreciation of the wide occurrence of hypogenic karst systems, marked specifics in their origin, development and characteristics, and their scientific and practical importance, calls for revisiting and expanding of the current predominantly epigenic paradigm of karst and cave science.

Description / Table of Contents: The Cretaceous was a period characterized by very warm climate, oceanic anoxic and oxic events and enhanced volcanic activity. The end of the Cretaceous is punctuated by a well-documented asteroid impact and the extinction of, among other groups, the dinosaurs. This volume elucidates various aspects of Cretaceous marine and continental environmental conditions. The articles in this book present a broad range of interdisciplinary contributions, which are grouped into sections on marine environments(including anoxic and oxic events, volcanism and the Cretaceous–Palaeocene boundary); mixed marine–freshwater environments and continental records. The isotopic data are combined with further geochemical, palaeontological, lithological and mineralogical proxies. The interdisciplinary approach offered here gives a solid investigation base for this fascinating period. There are examples from Europe, Asia, South and North America, and from the Early Cretaceous to the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.

Description / Table of Contents: Anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology of early archosaurs and their kin / Sterling J. Nesbitt, Julia B. Desojo and Randall B. Irmis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 1-7, 11 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.21 --- ‘Proterosuchia’: the origin and early history of Archosauriformes / Martín D. Ezcurra, Richard J. Butler and David J. Gower / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 9-33, 23 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.11 --- Euparkeriidae / Roland B. Sookias and Richard J. Butler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 35-48, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.6 --- Doswelliidae: a clade of unusual armoured archosauriforms from the Middle and Late Triassic / Hans-Dieter Sues, Julia B. Desojo and Martín D. Ezcurra / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 49-58, 23 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.13 --- Proterochampsia: an endemic archosauriform clade from South America / María Jimena Trotteyn, Andrea B. Arcucci and Tiago Raugust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 59-90, 11 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.23 --- Phytosauria / Michelle R. Stocker and Richard J. Butler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 91-117, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.5 --- Triassic pterosaurs / Fabio M. Dalla Vecchia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 119-155, 25 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.14 --- Non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha / Max C. Langer, Sterling J. Nesbitt, Jonathas S. Bittencourt and Randall B. Irmis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 157-186, 13 February 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.9 --- Ornithosuchidae: a group of Triassic archosaurs with a unique ankle joint / M. Belén von Baczko and Martín D. Ezcurra / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 187-202, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.4 --- Aetosauria: a clade of armoured pseudosuchians from the Upper Triassic continental beds / Julia B. Desojo, Andrew B. Heckert, Jeffrey W. Martz, William G. Parker, Rainer R. Schoch, Bryan J. Small and Tomasz Sulej / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 203-239, 13 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.17 --- Rauisuchia / Sterling J. Nesbitt, Stephen L. Brusatte, Julia B. Desojo, Alexandre Liparini, Marco A. G. De França, Jonathan C. Weinbaum and David J. Gower / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 241-274, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.1 --- Early Crocodylomorpha / Randall B. Irmis, Sterling J. Nesbitt and Hans-Dieter Sues / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 275-302, 11 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.24 --- The first occurrence of Chanaresuchus bonapartei (Archosauriformes, Proterochampsia) of the Middle Triassic of Brazil from the Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone, Santa Maria Formation (Paraná Basin) / Tiago Raugust, Marcel Lacerda and Cesar Leandro Schultz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 303-318, 13 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.22 --- Prorotodactylus and Rotodactylus tracks: an ichnological record of dinosauromorphs from the Early–Middle Triassic of Poland / Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, Stephen L. Brusatte and Richard J. Butler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 319-351, 23 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.12 --- The Late Triassic dinosauromorph Sacisaurus agudoensis (Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities / Max C. Langer and Jorge Ferigolo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 353-392, 23 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.16 --- A new aetosaur from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of the Eagle Basin, Colorado, USA / Bryan J. Small and Jeffrey W. Martz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 393-412, 11 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.18 --- Growth curve of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela 1960 (Pseudosuchia: Aetosauria) inferred from osteoderm histology / Jeremías R. A. Taborda, Ignacio A. Cerda and Julia B. Desojo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 413-423, 11 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.19 --- The braincase of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Suchia) / Bianca Martins Mastrantonio, Cesar L. Schultz, Julia B. Desojo and Juliana Bittencourt Garcia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 425-440, 23 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.10 --- A reconstruction of the thigh musculature of the extinct pseudosuchian Prestosuchus chiniquensis from the Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone (Middle Triassic Epoch), Santa Maria 1 Sequence, southern Brazil / Alexandre Liparini and Cesar L. Schultz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 441-468, 13 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.20 --- The skull anatomy of Decuriasuchus quartacolonia (Pseudosuchia: Suchia: Loricata) from the middle Triassic of Brazil / Marco A. G. De França, Max C. Langer and Jorge Ferigolo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 469-501, 13 February 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.8 --- Cranial remains of Poposaurus gracilis (Pseudosuchia: Poposauroidea) from the Upper Triassic, the distribution of the taxon, and its implications for poposauroid evolution / William G. Parker and Sterling J. Nesbitt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 503-523, 29 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.3 --- Postcranial skeleton of Postosuchus kirkpatricki (Archosauria: Paracrocodylomorpha), from the Upper Triassic of the United States / Jonathan C. Weinbaum / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 525-553, 13 February 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.7 --- Morphology and diversity of the mandibular symphysis of archosauriforms / Casey M. Holliday and Sterling J. Nesbitt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 555-571, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.2 --- Body size evolution during the Triassic archosauriform radiation / Alan H. Turner and Sterling J. Nesbitt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 573-597, 23 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP379.15

Description / Table of Contents: Over 25 years ago, Volume 9 of Reviews in Mineralogy: Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles seemed to contain all that was possible to know about this group of fascinating minerals. The subsequent twenty-five years have shown that this assessment was wrong: Nature was keeping a lot in reserve, and has since revealed considerable new complexity in the constitution and behavior of amphiboles. Some of the advances in knowledge have been due to the use of new experimental techniques, some have been due to the investigation of hitherto neglected rock-types, and some have been due to the development of new ideas. The identification and systematic investigation of variable LLE (Light Lithophile Elements), particularly Li and H, led to the identification of several new amphibole species and the recognition that variable Li and H play an important role in chemical variations in amphiboles from both igneous and metamorphic parageneses. In turn, this work drove the development of microbeam SIMS to analyze LLE in amphiboles. Detailed mineralogical work on metasyenites showed hitherto unexpected solid-solution between Na and Li at the M(4) site in monoclinic amphiboles, a discovery that has upset the current scheme of amphibole classification and nomenclature and initiated new efforts in this direction. Systematic and well-planned synthesis of amphiboles, combined with careful spectroscopy, has greatly furthered our understanding of cation and anion order in amphiboles. The use of bond-valence theory to predict patterns of SRO (Short-Range Order) in amphiboles, and use of these predictions to understand the infrared spectra of well-characterized synthetic-amphibole solid-solutions, has shown that SRO is a major feature of the amphibole structure, and has resulted in major advances in our understanding of SRO in minerals. There has been significant progress relating changes in amphibole composition and cation ordering to petrogenetic conditions and trace-element behavior. Work on the nature of fibrous amphiboles and their toxicity and persistence in living organisms has emphasized the importance of accurate mineralogical characterization in environmental and health-related problems. The current volume has taken a different approach from previous volumes concerned with major groups of rock-forming minerals. Some of the contents have previously been organized by the investigative technique or groups of similar techniques: crystal-structure refinement, spectroscopy, TEM etc. Here, we have taken an approach that focuses on aspects of amphiboles rather than experimental techniques: crystal chemistry, new compositions, long-range order, short-range order etc., and all experimental results germane to these topics are discussed in each chapter. The intent of this approach is to focus on amphiboles, and to emphasize that many techniques are necessary to fully understand each aspect of the amphiboles and their behavior in both natural and industrial processes.

Description / Table of Contents: Large differences in regional energy prices are set to affect industrial competitiveness, influencing investment decisions and company strategies. The extraordinary rise of light tight oil in the United States will play a major role in meeting global demand growth over the next decade, but the Middle East – the only large source of low-cost oil – will remain at the centre of the longer-term oil outlook. India is set to overtake China in the 2020s as the principal source of growth in global energy demand. These are just some of the key findings from the IEA in the latest edition of its World Energy Outlook released today in London. Bringing together the latest data and policy developments, the World Energy Outlook 2013 presents up to date, projections of energy trends through to 2035, fuel by fuel, sector by sector, region by region and scenario by scenario. Oil is analysed in-depth: resources, production, demand, refining and international trade. Energy efficiency is treated in much the same way as conventional fuels: Its prospects and contribution are presented in a dedicated chapter. The report examines the outlook for Brazil's energy sector and provides updates on three key areas of critical importance to energy and climate trends: (i) achieving universal energy access; (ii) developments in subsidies to fossil fuels and renewables; and (iii) the impact of energy use on climate change. World Energy Outlook 2013 - special early reports: - Special Report Redrawing the energy-climate map released 10 June - Special Report Southeast Asia Energy Outlook released on 2 October The World Energy Outlook is recognised as the most authoritative source of strategic analysis of global energy markets. It is regularly used as input to the development of government policies and business strategies and raises public awareness of the key energy and environmental challenges the world is facing.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is devoted to the mechanisms of sedimentary basin formation on active plate margins, which show enormous diversity reflecting complex tectonic processes. Multidisciplinary approach pursuing basin-forming mechanism is based on geology, sedimentology, geochronology and geophysics. Some chapters are dedicated to the genetic analysis of sedimentary basins in wrench deformation zones in forearc and intra-arc regions. Another block of chapters deals with basin formation in peripheral regions of Eurasia and intra-arc / foreland basins under the influence of the fluctuation of stress regimes. Finally geophysical approaches to basin analyses are shown in some chapters from microscopic to regional scales. Diverse contents of the chapters provide the audience with the present accomplishments of basin researches on active margins by Earth scientists.

Description / Table of Contents: World leaders have pledged to act to change the energy future. Some new policies are in place. But the trends in energy demand, imports, coal use and greenhouse gas emissions to 2030 in this year’s World Energy Outlook are even worse than projected in WEO 2006. China and India are the emerging giants of the world economy. Their unprecedented pace of economic development will require ever more energy, but it will transform living standards for billions. There can be no question of asking them selectively to curb growth so as to solve problems which are global. So how is the transition to be achieved to a more secure, lower-carbon energy system? WEO 2007 provides the answers. With extensive statistics, projections in three scenarios, analysis and advice, it shows China, India and the rest of the world why we need to co-operate to change the energy future and how to do it.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction --- Infrastructure and Growth --- Approach --- China --- Pakistan --- Philippines --- Summary and conclusion

Description / Table of Contents: Fluids rich in water, carbon and sulfur species and a variety of dissolved salts are a ubiquitous transport medium for heat and matter in the Earth’s interior. Fluid transport through the upper mantle and crust controls the origin of magmatism above subduction zones and results in natural risks of explosive volcanism. Fluids passing through rocks affect the chemical and heat budget of the global oceans, and can be utilized as a source of geothermal energy on land. Fluid transport is a key to the formation and the practical utilization of natural resources, from the origin of hydrothermal mineral deposits, through the exploitation of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons as sources of energy and essential raw materials, to the subsurface storage of waste materials such as CO2. Different sources of fluids and variable paths of recycling volatile components from the hydrosphere and atmosphere through the solid interior of the Earth lead to a broad range of fluid compositions, from aqueous liquids and gases through water-rich silicate or salt melts to carbon-rich endmember compositions. Different rock regimes in the crust and mantle generate characteristic ranges of fluid composition, which depending on pressure, temperature and composition are miscible to greatly variable degrees. For example, aqueous liquids and vapors are increasingly miscible at elevated pressure and temperature. The degree of this miscibility is, however, greatly influenced by the presence of additional carbonic or salt components. A wide range of fluid–fluid interactions results from this partial miscibility of crustal fluids. Vastly different chemical and physical properties of variably miscible fluids, combined with fluid flow from one pressure – temperature regime to another, therefore have major consequences for the chemical and physical evolution of the crust and mantle. Several recent textbooks and review articles have addressed the role and diverse aspects of fluids in crustal processes. However, immiscibility of fluids and the associated phenomena of m ultiphase fluid flow are generally dealt with only in subsections with respect to specific environments and aspects of fluid mediated processes. This volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry attempts to fill this gap and to explicitly focus on the role that co-existing fluids play in the diverse geologic environments. It brings together the previously somewhat detached literature on fluid–fluid interactions in continental, volcanic, submarine and subduction zone environments. It emphasizes that fluid mixing and unmixing are widespread processes that may occur in all geologic environments of the entire crust and upper mantle. Despite different P-T conditions, the fundamental processes are analogous in the different settings.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper assesses the policy questions as highlighted in the relevant COP/MOP 2 decision, particularly leaks (or seepage) and permanence for geological storage, project boundaries and liability issues, and leakage, as well as a few others raised by some Parties. Since any emissions or leaks during the separation, capture and transport phases would occur during the crediting period of the project (and would therefore be accounted for as project emissions), the paper focuses its analyses for leaks and liability on storage, as it is in this part of the CCS process that long-term leaks could occur.

Description / Table of Contents: Since its founding in 1974, oil supply security has been a core mission of the International Energy Agency. In order to test IEA member countries’ readiness to deal with oil and gas emergencies, IEA member country representatives and the IEA Secretariat participate in peer reviews of member countries every few years. Procedures and institutional arrangements are thoroughly analysed. The publication Oil Supply Security: The Emergency Response of IEA Countries (2007) represents the last full cycle of reviews of IEA member countries (and some non-member countries). Below are updated reviews of member countries’ (and Chile) emergency preparedness in oil and gas carried out in the most recent review cycle (2009-2012).

Description / Table of Contents: The environmental benefits of renewable energy are well known. But the contribution that they can make to energy security is less widely recognised. This report aims to redress the balance, showing how in electricity generation, heat supply, and transport, renewables can enhance energy security and suggesting policies that can optimise this contribution.

Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the findings of a new assessment of the techno-economic and policy-related efficiency improvement potential in the North American building stock conducted as part of a wider appraisal of existing buildings in member states of the International Energy Agency. It summarizes results and provides insights into the lessons learned through a broader global review of best practice to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings. At this time, the report is limited to the USA because of the large size of its buildings market. At a later date, a more complete review may include some details about policies and programs in Canada. If resources are available an additional comprehensive review of Canada and Mexico may be performed in the future.

Description / Table of Contents: The first ever SOIL ATLAS OF AFRICA uses striking maps, informative texts and stunning photographs to answer and explain these and other questions. Leading soil scientists from Europe and Africa have collaborated to produce this unique document. Using state-of-the-art computer mapping techniques, the Soil Atlas of Africa shows the changing nature of soil across the continent. It explains the origin and functions of soil, describes the different soil types that can be found in Africa and their relevance to both local and global issues. The atlas also discusses the principal threats to soil and the steps being taken to protect soil resources. The Soil Atlas of Africa is more than just a normal atlas. It presents a new and comprehensive interpretation of an often neglected natural resource. The Soil Atlas of Africa is an essential reference to a non-renewable resource that is fundamental for life on this planet.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Raw Material Change in the Chemical Industry and the Role of Biomass / Friedrich Seitz --- 2. The Role of Startup Companies in the Conversion of Biomass to Renewable Fuels and Chemicals / Leo E. Manzer --- 3. Nutrient Cycling in the Bioeconomy: A Life Cycle Perspective / Robert Anex --- 4. Plant Growth: Basic Principles and Issues Relating to the Optimization of Biomass Production and Composition as a Feedstock for Energy / Mark Stitt --- 5. Biomass Chemistry / Michael Ladisch, Eduardo Ximenes, Youngmi Kim, Nathan S. Mosier --- 6. Chemical and Biological Deconstruction of Aqueous Phase Processing / Charles E. Wyman, Carol J. Wyman --- 7. Analytical Approaches in the Catalytic Transformation of Biomass: What Needs to be Analyzed and Why? / Dmitry Murzin, Bjarne Holmbom --- 8. Methods for Biomass Compositional Analysis / Amie Sluiter, Justin Sluiter, Edward J. Wolfrum --- 9. Reaction Engineering Concepts for the Catalytic Conversion of Biorenewable Molecules / Robert J. Davis --- 10. Catalytic Strategies and Chemistries Involved in the Conversion of Sugars to Liquid Transportation Fuels / Elif I. Gürbüz, James A. Dumesic --- 11. Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Conversion of Biorenewable Feedstocks / Brent H. Shanks --- 12. Tailor-Made Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass / Thorsten vom Stein, Jürgen Klankermayer, Walter Leitner --- 13. Solution-Based Deconstruction of (Ligno)-Cellulose / Roberto Rinaldi, Jennifer Reece

Description / Table of Contents: The profound impact of glaciers on the development of the landscape in Norway has become common knowledge among most geologists during the last centuries. For example, the alpine landscape, the U-formed valleys with deep basins and bedrock thresholds, the fjords, the strandflat, the glacially polished and striated rock surfaces, and the various and numerous glacial deposits all bear clear evidence of strong glacier influence. Glaciers have advanced and retreated in Norway and adjacent areas a number of times during the last 2–3 million years, and therefore it is commonly thought that the present-day landscape was formed mainly during this very young period of the geological time scale. There are, however, several preglacial landscape features that are preserved or only slightly changed during these young glaciations. Both types of landscape, i.e., the glacially formed landscape and the preglacial landscape, are presented in the first chapter of this volume. This chapter deals with both the processes and their products in the history of landscape development. Starting with the preglacial development, it continues through the ice ages, and ends with processes and landscape development in the Holocene time period. The second chapter discusses the glacial history of Norway during the Quaternary time period, and describes the glacier variations with advance and retreat of the glaciers and ice sheets. The third chapter presents the record of deposits from the represented stadials, interstadials and interglacials during the last 300,000 years in Norway and adjacent areas, and the suggested correlations between these deposits. The fourth chapter deals with neotectonics in Norway and adjacent areas, which are also largely a result of ice-sheet advance, erosion, sedimentation and retreat. The pressure variations on the ground surface as a result of variable ice weight, glacier erosion and accumulation have led to many earthquakes and large faults, such as the postglacial Stuoragurra fault on Finnmarksvidda. This compilation of the present knowledge of the Quaternary geology of Norway will be of use to several of our fellow colleagues of geology, students, and other dedicated, non-professional readers.

Description / Table of Contents: Part I: Outline of the physical processes within mangrove systems --- Chapter 1: Introduction --- Chapter 2: Present state of mangrove studies from a physical viewpoint --- Chapter 3: Physical factors that shape mangrove environments --- Chapter 4: Hydrodynamics and physics that support the mangrove environment --- Chapter 5: Feedback processes that maintain the mangrove environment --- Chapter 6: Research technology --- Chapter 7: Modeling of mangrove systems --- Chapter 8: Future studies in the context of the preservation and utilization of mangroves

Description / Table of Contents: The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards represents a key role in the modern society. The main goal of this book is to present 9 scientific papers focusing on new research and results on earthquake seismology. Chapters of this book focus on several aspect of seismology ranging from historical earthquake analysis, seismotectonics, and damage estimation of critical facilities.

Description / Table of Contents: Sediment Transport Processes and their Modelling Applications is a book which covers a wide range of topics. The effective management of many aquatic environments, requires a detailed understanding of sediment dynamics. This has both environmental and economic implications, especially where there is any anthropogenic involvement. Numerical models are often the tool used for predicting the transport and fate of sediment movement in these situations, as they can estimate the various spatial and temporal fluxes. However, the physical sedimentary processes can vary quite considerably depending upon whether the local sediments are fully cohesive, non-cohesive, or a mixture of both types. For this reason for more than half a century, scientists, engineers, hydrologists and mathematicians have all been continuing to conduct research into the many aspects which influence sediment transport. These issues range from processes such as scour, erosion and deposition, to how sediment process observations can be applied in sediment transport modelling frameworks. This book reports the findings from recent research in applied sediment transport which has been conducted in a wide range of aquatic environments. The research was carried out by researchers who specialise in the transport of sediments and related issues.

Description / Table of Contents: This book comprises the proceedings for the International Conference for Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing (HF2013) which was held 20-22 May 2013 in Brisbane, Australia. The conference goal was to advance hydraulic fracturing technology that is effective in its purpose and sustainable in its impacts on communities and environments by bringing together hydraulic fracturing experts not only from the petroleum industry, but also from other application areas of hydraulic fracturing such as mining and geothermal energy production. Topics include hydraulic fracturing of naturally fractured formations, well completions and fracture initiation, induced seismicity, experimental investigations, and coupled modelling. Beyond this mix of traditional hydraulic fracturing research topics, this book includes papers on applications in mining and also on regulations, risk, and communities.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume presents results of a variety of case studies documenting the Late Palaeozoic climate changes and cyclicity of deposition. The collected papers cover many aspects related to palaeoenvironmental analysis with sedimentological, stratigraphic, palaeobiological, geochemical, and palaeomagnetic studies of the fossil record around the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age and soon after. They span a stratigraphic interval from Carboniferous to Permian–Triassic transition around the world. This book comprising results for a range of disciplines, is a valuable source for not only researchers who are actively working on specific aspects of the Late Palaeozoic and looking for an up-to-date reference on this inhospitable time in the Earth's history. It is also of interest to climate modellers and the wider scientific community with an interest in the latest research on the decline of the Palaeozoic World.

Description / Table of Contents: Volcanoes have played a profound role in shaping our planet, and volcanic activity is a major hazard locally, regionally and globally. Many volcanoes are, however, poorly accessible and sparsely monitored. Consequently, remote sensing is playing an increasingly important role in tracking volcano behaviour, while synoptic remote sensing techniques have begun to make major contributions to volcanological science. Volcanology is driven in part by the operational concerns of volcano monitoring and hazard management, but the goal of volcanological science is to understand the processes that underlie volcanic activity. This volume shows how we may reach a deeper understanding by integrating remote sensing measurements with modelling approaches and, if available, ground-based observations. It includes reviews and papers that report technical advances and document key case studies. They span a range of remote sensing applications to volcanoes, from volcano deformation, thermal anomalies and gas fluxes, to the tracking of eruptive ash and gas plumes. The result is a state-of-the-art overview of the ever-growing importance of remote sensing to volcanology.

Description / Table of Contents: Few subjects have caught the attention of the entire world as much as those dealing with natural hazards. The first decade of this new millennium provides a litany of tragic examples of various hazards that turned into disasters affecting millions of individuals around the globe. The human losses (some 225,000 people) associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the economic costs (approximately 200 billion USD) of the 2011 Tohoku Japan earthquake, tsunami and reactor event, and the collective social impacts of human tragedies experienced during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 all provide repetitive reminders that we humans are temporary guests occupying a very active and angry planet. Any examples may have been cited here to stress the point that natural events on Earth may, and often do, lead to disasters and catastrophes when humans place themselves into situations of high risk. Few subjects share the true interdisciplinary dependency that characterizes the field of natural hazards. From geology and geophysics to engineering and emergency response to social psychology and economics, the study of natural hazards draws input from an impressive suite of unique and previously independent specializations. Natural hazards provide a common platform to reduce disciplinary boundaries and facilitate a beneficial synergy in the provision of timely and useful information and action on this critical subject matter. As social norms change regarding the concept of acceptable risk and human migration leads to an explosion in the number of megacities, coastal over-crowding and unmanaged habitation in precarious environments such as mountainous slopes, the vulnerability of people and their susceptibility to natural hazards increases dramatically. Coupled with the concerns of changing climates, escalating recovery costs, a growing divergence between more developed and less developed countries, the subject of natural hazards remains on the forefront of issues that affect all people, nations, and environments all the time. This treatise provides a compendium of critical, timely and very detailed information and essential facts regarding the basic attributes of natural hazards and concomitant disasters. The Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards effectively captures and integrates contributions from an international portfolio of almost 300 specialists whose range of expertise addresses over 330 topics pertinent to the field of natural hazards. Disciplinary barriers are overcome in this comprehensive treatment of the subject matter. Clear illustrations and numerous color images enhance the primary aim to communicate and educate. The inclusion of a series of unique “classic case study” events interspersed throughout the volume provides tangible examples linking concepts, issues, outcomes and solutions. These case studies illustrate different but notable recent, historic and prehistoric events that have shaped the world as we now know it. They provide excellent focal points linking the remaining terms in the volume to the primary field of study. This Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards will remain a standard reference of choice for many years.

Description / Table of Contents: Antarctica and supercontinent evolution: historical perspectives, recent advances and unresolved issues / Simon L. Harley, Ian C. W. Fitzsimons and Yue Zhao / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 383, 1-34, 9 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP383.9 --- The Mesoproterozoic Rayner Province in the Lambert Glacier area: its age, origin, isotopic structure and implications for Australia–Antarctica correlations / E. V. Mikhalsky, J. W. Sheraton, I. V. Kudriavtsev, S. A. Sergeev, V. P. Kovach, I. A. Kamenev and A. A. Laiba / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 383, 35-57, 20 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP383.1 --- Pb isotopic domains from the Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica: implications for past Antarctica–India connections / M. J. Flowerdew, S. Tyrrell, S. D. Boger, I. C. W. Fitzsimons, S. L. Harley, E. V. Mikhalsky and A. P. M. Vaughan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 383, 59-72, 20 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP383.3 --- Boron- and phosphate-rich rocks in the Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: tectonic implications / Edward S. Grew, Christopher J. Carson, Andrew G. Christy and Steven D. Boger / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 383, 73-94, 20 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP383.8 --- The c. 1000–900 Ma and c. 550–500 Ma tectonothermal events in the Prince Charles Mountains–Prydz Bay region, East Antarctica, and their relations to supercontinent evolution / Xiaochun Liu, Yue Zhao and Jianmin Hu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 383, 95-112, 20 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP383.6 --- Contrasting metamorphic records and their implications for tectonic process in the central Sør Rondane Mountains, eastern Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Tatsuro Adachi, Tomokazu Hokada, Yasuhito Osanai, Nobuhiko Nakano, Sotaro Baba and Tsuyoshi Toyoshima / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 383, 113-133, 13 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP383.4 --- Possible armalcolite pseudomorph-bearing garnet–sillimanite gneiss from Skallevikshalsen, Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica: Implications for ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism / Toshisuke Kawasaki, Tatsuro Adachi, Nobuhiko Nakano and Yasuhito Osanai / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 383, 135-167, 20 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP383.2 --- Anatectic reworking and differentiation of continental crust along the active margin of Gondwana: a zircon Hf–O perspective from West Antarctica / Chris Yakymchuk, Christine S. Siddoway, C. Mark Fanning, Rory Mcfadden, Fawna J. Korhonen and Michael Brown / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 383, 169-210, 18 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP383.7 --- Reconstruction of the early Mesozoic plate margin of Gondwana by U–Pb ages of detrital zircons from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Martin Elsner, Robert Schöner, Axel Gerdes and Reinhard Gaupp / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 383, 211-232, 16 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP383.5

Description / Table of Contents: Space geodetic techniques, e.g., global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), satellite gravimetry and altimetry, and GNSS Reflectometry & Radio Occultation, are capable of measuring small changes of the Earth's shape, rotation, and gravity field, as well as mass changes in the Earth system with an unprecedented accuracy. This book is devoted to presenting recent results and development in space geodetic techniques and sciences, including GNSS, VLBI, gravimetry, geoid, geodetic atmosphere, geodetic geophysics and geodetic mass transport associated with the ocean, hydrology, cryosphere and solid-Earth. This book provides a good reference for geodetic techniques, engineers, scientists as well as user community.

Description / Table of Contents: The 2011 Tohoku earthquake generated a tsunami that caused severe damage including 20,000 casualties in Japan. The tsunami also affected other Pacific coasts, including the Kuril Islands, the USA, French Polynesia, the Galapagos Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. This volume contains an introduction and 21papers, mostly presented at the 25th International Tsunami Symposium held 1-4 July 2011, only four months after the tsunami. They report seismological aspects of the event related to the tsunami warning, the tsunami impacts and effects in Japan and around the Pacific, analyses of instrumental tsunami data and modelling.

Description / Table of Contents: The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards represents a key role in the modern society. The mitigation of such kind of hazards spans from detailed studies on seismicity, evaluation of site effects, and seismo-induced landslides, tsunamis as well as and the design and analysis of structures to resist such actions. The study of earthquakes ties together science, technology and expertise in infrastructure and engineering in an effort to minimize human and material losses when they inevitably occur. Chapters deal with different topics aiming to mitigate geo-hazards such as: Seismic hazard analysis, Ground investigation for seismic design, Seismic design, assessment and remediation, Earthquake site response analysis and soil-structure interaction analysis.

Description / Table of Contents: The main focus of the book is the geological and geophysical interpretation of sedimentary basins along the South, Central and North Atlantic conjugate margins, but concepts derived from physical models, outcrop analogues and present-day margins are also discussed in some chapters. There is an encompassing description of several conjugate margins worldwide, based on recent geophysical and geological datasets. An overview of important aspects related to the geodynamic development and petroleum geology of Atlantic-type sedimentary basins is also included. Several chapters analyse genetic mechanisms and break-up processes associated with rift-phase structures and salt tectonics, providing a full description of conjugate margin basins based on deep seismic profiles and potential field methods.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume studies the driving dynamic for thick-skin tectonics. It evaluates the role of various factors that control the development of thick-skin architecture. The studied driving dynamics include individual plate movement rates, overall convergence rates, orogen movement sense with respect to mantle flow and pro-wedge versus retro-wedge location. Numerous internal factors that influence the architecture of thick-skinned dominated orogens have been considered. These include the role of the rheology of the deforming layers, the presence or absence of potential detachment horizons, basement buttresses, crustal thickness variations, inherited strength contrasts and the impact of pre-existing anisotropy in thick-skin orogenic deformation. External factors discussed include the role of both syn-tectonic erosion and deposition in deformation. The study areas begin with worldwide examples and close with a detailed coverage of the Northern Andes natural laboratory, which is characterized by particularly robust data coverage.

Description / Table of Contents: Geological techniques are widely used in two aspects of serious criminal investigations: (1) the search for clandestine burial sites, based on near-surface geophysics or through the detection of decomposition signals and (2) the analysis of trace evidence to identify its source location or test the possible association between the trace evidence and a known location of an offence. Although geoforensics is used in such investigations world-wide there are still considerable gaps in the published literature. In addition, there is increasing concern regarding the illegal release of wastes either into the atmosphere, water courses or on to the land surface, and a growing realization that the techniques used in criminal forensics are equally useful in the investigation of environmental crime. This book bridges the gap between environmental and criminal geoforensics with conceptual, methodological and case study contributions. This demonstrates the significant potential that geoforensics holds for investigating and regulatory officers.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction --- Antarctic Palaeoenvironments and Earth-Surface Processes in context / Michael J. Hambrey and Bethan J. Davies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 1-5, 24 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.27 --- A. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic evolution of the Antarctic Continent --- The geological and tectonic evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains: a review / David H. Elliot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 7-35, 1 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.14 --- Differential Movement across Byrd Glacier, Antarctica, as indicated by Apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronology and geomorphological analysis / D. J. Foley, E. Stump, M. van Soest, K. X. Whipple and K. V. Hodges / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 37-43, 6 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.25 --- Mesozoic to recent evolution of intraplate stress fields under multiple remote stresses: The case of Signy Island (South Orkney Microcontinent, Antarctica) / A. Maestro, J. López-Martínez and F. Bohoyo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 45-65, 19 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.4 --- The Taylor Group (Beacon Supergroup): the Devonian sediments of Antarctica / Margaret A. Bradshaw / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 67-97, 6 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.23 --- Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the James Ross Basin, West Antarctica / Marcelo A. Reguero, Claudia P. Tambussi, Rodolfo A. Coria and Sergio A. Marenssi / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 99-116, 24 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.20 --- Palaeobiogeography of Austral echinoid faunas: a first quantitative approach / Thomas Saucede, Benjamin Pierrat, Arnaud Brayard and Bruno David / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 117-127, 19 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.6 --- B. Cenozoic glaciation and impacts --- Taxonomic diversity of Eocene Antarctic penguins: a changing picture / Piotr Jadwiszczak / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 129-138, 24 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.7 --- Heat-flow determinations of basement age in small oceanic basins of the southern central Scotia Sea / P. F. Barker, L. A. Lawver and R. D. Larter / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 139-150, 19 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.3 --- Cenozoic landscape and ice drainage evolution in the Lambert Glacier–Amery Ice Shelf system / Duanne A. White / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 151-165, 1 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.15 --- History of the grounded ice sheet in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica during the Last Glacial Maximum and the last termination / Brenda L. Hall, George H. Denton, John O. Stone and Howard Conway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 167-181, 19 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.5 --- Late Eocene Glaciofluvial to Glaciomarine transition in the Lambert Graben: constraints from lithofacies and mineralogy of ODP Site 1166 sediments, Prydz Bay, Antarctica / K. Strand, J. Köykkä and J. Lamminen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 183-197, 30 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.24 --- The Offshore New Harbour Project: deciphering the Middle Miocene through Late Eocene seismic stratigraphy of Offshore New Harbour, western Ross Sea, Antarctica / Stephen F. Pekar, Marvin A. Speece, Gary S. Wilson, David S. Sunwall and Kirsty J. Tinto / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 199-213, 19 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.2 --- Constraints on Antarctic Ice Sheet configuration during and following the Last Glacial Maximum and its episodic contribution to sea-level rise / John B. Anderson, Alexandra E. Kirshner and Alexander R. Simms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 215-232, 1 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.13 --- Glaciomarine sedimentation dynamics of the Abbot glacial trough of the Amundsen Sea Embayment shelf, West Antarctica / Katharina Hochmuth and Karsten Gohl / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 233-244, 24 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.21 --- Southern Ocean bioproductivity during the last glacial cycle – new detection method and decadal-scale insight from the Scotia Sea / D. Sprenk, M. E. Weber, G. Kuhn, P. Rosén, M. Frank, M. Molina-Kescher, V. Liebetrau and H.-G. Röhling / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 245-261, 30 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.17 --- Palaeoenvironmental records from the West Antarctic Peninsula drift sediments over the last 75 ka / Maryline J. Vautravers, David A. Hodell, James E. T. Channell, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Mike Hall, James Smith and Robert D. Larter / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 263-276, 5 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.12 --- Provenance of Pleistocene sediments from Site U1359 of the Wilkes Land IODP Leg 318 – evidence for multiple sourcing from the East Antarctic Craton and Ross Orogen / N. C. Pant, P. Biswas, Prakash K. Shrivastava, S. Bhattacharya, Kamlesh Verma, Mayuri Pandey and Iodp Expedition 318 Scientific Party / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 277-297, 1 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.11 --- C. Glacial and periglacial processes --- Geomorphological evidence of cold-based glacier activity in South Victoria Land, Antarctica / C. B. Atkins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 299-318, 24 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.18 --- A review of geomorphic processes and landforms in the Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land: implications for evaluating climate change and ice-sheet stability / D. R. Marchant, S. L. Mackay, J. L. Lamp, A. T. Hayden and J. W. Head / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 319-352, 1 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.10 --- Landscape evolution and ice-sheet behaviour in a semi-arid polar environment: James Ross Island, NE Antarctic Peninsula / Bethan J. Davies, Neil F. Glasser, Jonathan L. Carrivick, Michael J. Hambrey, John L. Smellie and Daniel Nývlt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 353-395, 19 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.1 --- Windows on Antarctic soil–landscape relationships: comparison across selected regions of Antarctica / Megan R. Balks, Jerónimo López-Martínez, Sergey V. Goryachkin, Nikita S. Mergelov, Carlos E. G. R. Schaefer, Felipe N. B. Simas, Peter C. Almond, Graeme G. C. Claridge, Malcolm Mcleod and Joshua Scarrow / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 397-410, 16 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.9 --- Sedimentary processes in two different polar periglacial environments: Examples from Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica / Rajesh Asthana, Prakash K. Shrivastava, M. Javed Beg, Ashit K. Swain, Amit Dharwadkar, Sandip K. Roy and Hari B. Srivastava / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 411-427, 30 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.22 --- Periglacial processes and landforms of the Antarctic: a review of recent studies and directions / Kevin Hall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 429-453, 1 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.16 --- Palaeoshoreline records of glacial isostatic adjustment in the Dry Valleys region, Antarctica / Stephanie A. Konfal, T. J. Wilson and B. L. Hall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 455-467, 30 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.26 --- Characteristic atmosphere–ocean–solid earth interactions in the Antarctic coastal and marine environment inferred from seismic and infrasound recording at Syowa Station, East Antarctica / Masaki Kanao, Alessia Maggi, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Eleonore Stutzmann, Masa-Yuki Yamamoto and Genti Toyokuni / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 469-480, 16 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.8 --- Evaluation of Envisat ASAR IMP imagery for snow mapping at varying spatial resolution (Deception Island, South Shetlands – Antarctica) / Carla Mora, Gonçalo Vieira and Miguel Ramos / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 381, 481-493, 24 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP381.19

Description / Table of Contents: This volume presents an extended review of the topics conveyed in a short course on Geothermal Fluid Thermodynamics held prior to the 23rd Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference in Florence, Italy (August 24–25, 2013). Geothermal fluids in the broadest sense span large variations in composition and cover wide ranges of temperature and pressure. Their composition may also be dynamic and change in space and time on both short and long time scales. In addition, physiochemical properties of fluids such as density, viscosity, compressibility and heat capacity determine the transfer of heat and mass by geothermal systems, whereas, in turn, the physical properties of the fluids are affected by their chemical properties. Quantitative models of the transient spatial and temporal evolution of geochemical fluid processes are, therefore, very demanding with respect to the accuracy and broad range of applicability of thermodynamic databases and thermodynamic models (or equations of state) that describe the various datasets as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition. The application of thermodynamic calculations is, therefore, a central part of geochemical studies of very diverse processes ranging from the aqueous geochemistry of near surface geothermal features including chemosynthesis and thermal biological activity, through the utilization of crustal reservoirs for CO2 sequestration and engineered geothermal systems to the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits and, even deeper, to the de-volatilization of subducted oceanic crust and the transfer of subduction fluids and trace elements into the mantle wedge. Application of thermodynamics to understand geothermal fluid chemistry and transport requires essentially three parts: first, equations of state to describe the physiochemical system; second, a geochemical model involving minerals and fluid species; and, third, values for various thermodynamic parameters from which the thermodynamic and chemical model can be derived. The two biggest current hurdles for comprehensive geochemical modeling of geothermal systems are …

Description / Table of Contents: Universities and research institutes are increasingly expected to contribute to society by creating innovation from the returns of their research results and the establishment of new technologies. Toward that goal, Keio University in Japan held an international symposium titled "Fulfilling the Promise of Technology Transfer: Fostering Innovation for the Benefit of Society." From that symposium the following contents are included in the present volume: 1) A showcase of ideas and case studies to promote future creation of innovation by universities and research institutes worldwide, including information on the R&D value chain, licensing, income generation, start-ups and mechanisms to encourage entrepreneurship, and the changing role of universities in fostering innovation. 2) Introduction of active research projects that aim to productize successful research results on an international level. For example, the book includes results of research on stem cell technologies and regenerative medicine as well as the realization and application of polymer photonics and the development of the core technology of polymer photonics. 3) Case studies from the U.K. in developing industry–academia collaboration with various business partners ranging from start-ups and spinout companies to large enterprises. 4) Reports of the achievements of the technological transfer activities at Keio University supported by the 5-year public fund, with suggestions for future prospects

Description / Table of Contents: Microfinance in India: Lessons from the Andhra Crisis --- Armageddon or Adolescence? Making Sense of Microfinance's Recent Travails --- Core Values of Microfinance Under Scrutiny: Back to Basics? --- Microcredit Interest Rates and Their Determinants: 2004 - 2011 --- Financial Services That Clients Need: The 3.0 Business Models, Reconciling Outreach with Sustainability --- "Microfinance 3.0" - Perspectives for Sustainable Financial Service Delivery --- Microfinance Beyond the Standard? Evaluating Adequacy and Performance of Agricultural Microcredit --- The Role of DFIs in the Emerging 3.0 Responsible Funding Landscape - Responsible Corporate Governance and Beyond --- The Microfinance Approach: Does It Deliver on Its Promise?

Description / Table of Contents: Carbon in Earth is an outgrowth of the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO), a 10-year international research effort dedicated to achieving transformational understanding of the chemical and biological roles of carbon in Earth (http://dco.ciw.edu). Hundreds of researchers from 6 continents, including all 51 coauthors of this volume, are now engaged in the DCO effort. This volume serves as a benchmark for our present understanding of Earth's carbon - both what we know and what we have yet to learn. Ultimately, the goal is to produce a second, companion volume to mark the progress of this decadal initiative. This volume addresses a range of questions that were articulated in May 2008 at the First Deep Carbon Cycle Workshop in Washington, DC. At that meeting 110 scientists from a dozen countries set forth the state of knowledge about Earth's carbon. They also debated the key opportunities and top objectives facing the community. Subsequent deep carbon meetings in Bejing, China (2010), Novosibirsk, Russia (2011), and Washington, DC (2012), as well as more than a dozen smaller workshops, expanded and refined the DCO's decadal goals. The 20 chapters that follow elaborate on those opportunities and objectives. A striking characteristic of Carbon in Earth is the multidisciplinary scientific approach necessary to encompass this topic. The following chapters address such diverse aspects as the fundamental physics and chemistry of carbon at extreme conditions, the possible character of deep-Earth carbon-bearing minerals, the geodynamics of Earth's large-scale fluid fluxes, tectonic implications of diamond inclusions, geosynthesis of organic molecules and the origins of life, the changing carbon cycle through deep time, and the vast subsurface microbial biosphere (including the hidden deep viriosphere). Accordingly, the collective authorship of Carbon in Earth represents laboratory, field, and theoretical researchers from the full range of physical and biological sciences.

Description / Table of Contents: Microfinance in India: Lessons from the Andhra Crisis --- Armageddon or Adolescence? Making Sense of Microfinance's Recent Travails --- Core Values of Microfinance Under Scrutiny: Back to Basics? --- Microcredit Interest Rates and Their Determinants: 2004 - 2011 --- Financial Services That Clients Need: The 3.0 Business Models, Reconciling Outreach with Sustainability --- "Microfinance 3.0" - Perspectives for Sustainable Financial Service Delivery --- Microfinance Beyond the Standard? Evaluating Adequacy and Performance of Agricultural Microcredit --- The Role of DFIs in the Emerging 3.0 Responsible Funding Landscape - Responsible Corporate Governance and Beyond --- The Microfinance Approach: Does It Deliver on Its Promise?

Description / Table of Contents: Asian Program for Incubation of Environmental Leaders --- Concepts of EL --- How to teach EL in a class room - Environmental Challenges and Leadership in Asia --- APIEL resonance --- Leadership Education tackling Water Environmental Issues in Arid Regions --- IPoS: Intensive Program on Sustainability --- Cambodia Considering their sustainable future --- BKK: Sustainable solid waste management in Asian developing countries --- Sustainable urban development toward Green City of the Greater Pearl River Delta, China

Description / Table of Contents: Tsunamis like the Indian Ocean tsunami caused by the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake in 2004 or the Chilean earthquake in the Pacific Ocean in 1960 motivate international collaborations for the development of tsunami warning systems. Since 1960 the Tsunami Commission, established by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, has been holding a biannual International Tsunami Symposium (ITS). This volume contains 20 contributions of leading scientists mostly presented at the 22nd International Tsunami Symposium held in summer 2005 in Greece. Consolidated findings based on hydrophone records, seismometer readings, and tide gauges are presented. Reports of post-tsunami surveys and numerical simulations for tsunamis such as the 2004 Indian Ocean event, as well as geological studies of tsunamis in Japan, Central and North America are given. Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis and tsunami warning systems, among others, are described as are methods to predict tsunamis and mitigate their hazards.

Description / Table of Contents: In the last four centuries geologists have traversed the globe, searching for economically important materials or simply to satisfy their intellectual curiosity. Geologists have often been at the vanguard of scientific exploration. The microscopist Robert Hooke explored the Isle of Wight, and Charles Darwin the Cape Verde islands and parts of South America. The volcanic wonders of Italy and central France attracted native and foreign visitors including Lyell and Murchison. The Tyrrell brothers faced great hardship in northern Canada, as did the actor and mineralogist Charles Lewis Giesecke in Greenland. The development of Sydney, Australia depended on finding limestone for building. French geologists relied on camels in the Sahara, and Grenville Cole trusted his tricycle to carry him across Europe. Four Centuries of Geological Travel: The Search for Knowledge on Foot, Bicycle, Sledge and Camel focuses on the complexities of geological exploration and will be of particular interest to Earth scientists, historians of science and to the general reader interested in science.

Description / Table of Contents: The study of reservoir and repository performance requires the integration of many different fields in Earth sciences, among them rock physics and geomechanics. The aim of this book is to emphasize how rock physics and geomechanics help to get a better insight into important issues linked to reservoir management for exploitation of natural resources, and to repository safety assessment for hazardous waste storage in geological environment. The studies presented here deal with the hydromechanical coupling in fractured rocks, the key experiments in safety assessment of repositories, the development of damaged zones during excavation in a shaley formation, the influence of temperature on the properties of shales, the poroelastic response of sandstones, the development and propagation of compaction bands in reservoir rocks, imaging techniques of geomaterials, the characterization and modelling of reservoirs using 4D seismic data, the mechanical behaviour of fractured rock masses, the petrophysical properties of fault zones, models for rock deformation by pressure solution and the elastic anisotropy in cracked rocks.

Description / Table of Contents: For the geoscientist, interest in sediment dynamics relates to the understanding of modern processes, together with their extrapolation to the interpretation of ancient deposits within the stratigraphic record. Over the years, various measurement techniques and scientific approaches have been applied to the determination of sediment transport pathways and the derivation of erosion, transport and deposition rates. Recently, a number of new techniques and approaches have been developed, associated with different temporal and spatial scales, and it is appropriate and timely to review a representative selection, by reference to recently undertaken coastal and shelf investigations. The various contributions in the volume cover, for example: optical and acoustic backscatter measurements; particle tracking; the use of mutibeam imagery; grain-size trend analysis; and analytic, numerical and conceptual modelling. Although no single method provides a complete solution to the problem posed, this overview will assist sedimentologists and sediment dynamicists in their selection of the most appropriate approaches, towards the establishment of ‘high confidence’ in the interpretation of sediment transport rates and directions.

Description / Table of Contents: The complexity of plate interactions and associated crustal deformation in the Eastern Mediterranean region is reflected by the numerous destructive earthquakes that have occurred throughout its history. Many of these have been well documented and studied. In addition, the Aegean region provides examples of core-complex formation, synchronous basin evolution and subsequent graben formation and continental extensional deformation following orogenic contraction. It is therefore considered to be a perfect natural laboratory for the study of these mechanisms. The region has been the subject of intensive research for several decades. This book contains current results and ideas regarding the geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia. It will be essential reading for all geoscientists with an interest in the structural evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean.

Description / Table of Contents: Structurally complex reservoirs form a distinct class of reservoir in which fault arrays and fracture networks, in particular, exert an overriding control on petroleum trapping and production behaviour. With modern exploration and production portfolios now commonly held in geologically complex settings, there is an increasing technical challenge to find new prospects and to extract remaining hydrocarbons from these reservoirs. This volume reviews our current understanding and ability to model the complex distribution and behaviour of fault and fracture networks, highlighting their fluid compartmentalizing effects and storage-transmissivity characteristics, and outlining approaches for predicting the dynamic fluid flow and geomechanical behaviour of these reservoirs. This collection of 25 papers provides an overview of recent progress and outstanding issues in the areas of (i) structural complexity and fault geometry, (ii) detection and prediction of faults and fractures, (iii) compartmentalizing effects of fault systems and complex siliciclastic reservoirs and (iv) critical controls affecting fractured reservoirs.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is an exploration of varying approaches to the study of the deposition, diagenesis and stratigraphy of evaporites. The volume includes papers from chemical modellers, who work on the basis of geochemical representations of the formative water bodies, and from basin-wide depositional-stratigraphical modellers, who propose depositional scenarios that are fitted to individual basinal pictures. Until now there have been only a few studies of evaporite formation that explain the characteristic features we observe in the real rock record. This volume is a collection of relevant papers in which these features are integrated in a realistic manner, based on our new understanding of saline water bodies, to the diverse tectonic, chemical and depositional constraints of their individual basins. In additional there are several review articles that offer oversight and extensive referencing of basins worthy of further study. This book is a valuable resource for sedimentologists and stratigraphers looking for an up-to-date reference on evaporite deposits.

Description / Table of Contents: Where were the women in Geology? This book is a first as it unravels the diverse roles women have played in the history and development of geology as a science predominantly in the UK, Ireland and Australia, and selectively in Germany, Russia and US. The volume covers the period from the late eighteenth century to the present day and shows how the roles that women have played changed with time. These included illustrators, museum collectors and curators, educationalists, researchers and geologists. Originally as wives, sisters or mothers many were assistants to their male relatives. This book looks at all these forgotten women and for the first time historians and scientists together explore the contribution they made to this male-dominated subject. There are individual profiles on remarkable women: Catherine Raisin, Dorothea Bate, Cuvier's daughters, Grace Prestwich, Annie Greenly, Nancy Kirk, Margaret Crosfield, Ethel Skeat, Maria Ogivlie Gordon, Marie Stopes, Anne Phillips, Muriel Arber and Etheldred Bennett. Pulling together this extensive research uncovered common issues and generated emergent themes. The Editors have brought this new research together under these themes and tried to answer the question Where were the women in Geology? They go on to discuss how these role models can be applicable to today's society.

Description / Table of Contents: We are poised to embark on a new era of discovery in the study of geomorphology. The discipline has a long and illustrious history, but in recent years an entirely new way of studying landscapes and seascapes has been developed. It involves the use of 3D seismic data. Just as CAT scans allow medical staff to view our anatomy in 3D, seismic data now allows Earth scientists to do what the early geomorphologists could only dream of - view tens and hundreds of square kilometres of the Earth's subsurface in 3D and therefore see for the first time how landscapes have evolved through time. This volume demonstrates how earth scientists are starting to use this relatively new tool to study the dynamic of a range of sedimentary environments.

Description / Table of Contents: The Devonian was a peculiar period, characterized by simplified plate tectonic configurations, climatic overheating and widely flooded continents. The bloom of fishes and ammonoids, extensive reef complexes, and the conquest of land indicate major biosphere innovations, punctuated by many global events, including two of the biggest mass extinctions. The Devonian was the first system for which subdivisions were formally defined. This was achieved by significant advances in pelagic biostratigraphy. The chronostratigraphic framework and interdisciplinary techniques allow us to correlate intervals or sudden events across facies boundaries, in order to reconstruct the sedimentary and evolutionary history of the system with highest precision. This volume honors the lifetime stratigraphic achievements of Michael Robert House (1930-2002). Based on case studies from Europe, North Africa and North America, it shows how the combination of biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy and event stratigraphy can contribute to a much deeper understanding of both regional and global environmental change.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is the first peer-reviewed collection of papers focusing on the potential of myth storylines to yield data and lessons that are of value to the geological sciences. Building on the nascent discipline of geomythology, scientists and scholars from a variety of disciplines have contributed to this volume. The geological hazards (such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and cosmic impacts) that have given rise to myths are considered, as are the sacred and cultural values associated with rocks, fossils, geological formations and landscapes. There are also discussions about the historical and literary perspectives of geomythology. Regional coverage includes Europe and the Mediterranean, Afghanistan, Cameroon, India, Australia, Japan, Pacific islands, South America and North America. Myth and Geology challenges the widespread notion that myths are fictitious or otherwise lacking in value for the physical sciences.

Description / Table of Contents: Fractured reservoirs contain a significant proportion of the global hydrocarbon reserves; however, they commonly exhibit unpredictable and extreme production behaviour. To develop such reservoirs it is necessary to obtain the best understanding possible of the fracture network and its impact on the fluid flow within the reservoir, using the full range of geoscience and engineering datasets available at all scales. This book presents an overview of current techniques and the latest technologies used to understand and exploit fractured reservoirs. The contributions are organized into sections on outcrop analogues, the application of geophysical techniques for fracture detection and imaging, numerical and analogue modelling and case studies from fields in the Middle East, Europe and North America. A number of the case studies also consider ways of assessing uncertainties in fracture geometry description and the implications for effective reservoir management.

Description / Table of Contents: Magnetostratigraphy is best known as a technique that employs correlation among different stratigraphic sections using the magnetic directions defining geomagnetic polarity reversals as marker horizons. The ages of the polarity reversals provide common tie points among the sections, allowing accurate time correlation. Recently, studies of magnetic methods and the timing of geological processes have acquired a broader meaning, now referring to many types of magnetic measurements within a stratigraphic sequence. Many of these measurements provide correlation and age control not only for the older and younger boundaries of a polarity interval, but also within intervals. Thus, magnetostratigraphy no longer represents a dating tool based only on geomagnetic polarity reversals, but comprises a set of techniques that includes measurements of geomagnetic field parameters, environmental magnetism, rock-magnetic properties, radiometric dating and astronomically forced palaeoclimatic change recorded in sedimentary rocks, and key corrections to magnetic directions related to geodynamics, palaeocurrents, tectonics and diagenetic processes.

Description / Table of Contents: From Challenges to Sustainable Solutions for Upland Agriculture in Southeast Asia --- Beyond the Horizons - Challenges and Prospects for Soil Science and Soil Care in Southeast Asia --- Water and Matter Flows in Mountainous Watersheds of Southeast Asia: Processes and Implications for Management --- Agricultural Pesticide Use in Mountainous Areas of Thailand and Vietnam: Towards Reducing Exposure and Rationalizing Use --- Linkages between Agriculture, Poverty and Natural Resource Use in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia --- Mango and Longan Production in Northern Thailand: the Role of Water Saving Irrigation and Water Stress Monitoring --- Soil Conservation on Sloping Land: Technical Options and Adoption Constraints --- Improved Sustainable Aquaculture Systems for Small-scale Farmers in Northern Vietnam --- Participatory Approaches to Research and Development in the Southeast Asian Uplands: Potential and Challenges --- Integrated Modeling of Agricultural Systems in Mountainous Areas --- Rethinking Knowledge Provision for the Marginalized: Rural Networks and Novel Extension Approaches in Vietnam --- Policies for Sustainable Development: The Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture

Description / Table of Contents: Oceanography is the par excellence interdisciplinary science thanks to its peculiar setting within a fluid environment that makes connections extremely efficient. The oceans connections are well mirrored in the chapters of this book that share a quite explicit multidisciplinary and multi-environmental character. The book provides chapters on very different topics under very different settings, some with a focused angle, others with a broader approach, yet all sharing the idea that we need to understand the small pieces in order to put together the big picture for a much larger mechanism, the functioning of the ocean as a whole.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. The overview of our research (Tomoko M. Nakanishi) --- 2. Behavior of radiocesium adsorbed by the leaves and stems of wheat plant during the first year after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (K. Tanoi) --- 3. Radiocesium Absorption by Rice in Paddy Field Ecosystems (K. Nemoto and J. Abe) --- 4. Cesium uptake in rice: possible transporter, distribution and variation (T. Fujiwara) --- 5. Time-course Analysis of Radiocesium Uptake and Translocation in Rice by Radioisotope Imaging (N. I. Kobayashi) --- 6. Vertical migration of Radiocesium fallout in soil in Fukushima (S. Shiozawa) --- 7. Radioactive Nuclides in Vegetables and Soil Resulting from Low-Level Radioactive Fallout after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: Case Studies in Tokyo and Fukushima (S. Oshita) --- 8. Radioactivity in agricultural products in Fukushima (N. Nihei) --- 9. Changes in the transfer of fallout radiocesium from pasture harvested in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, to cow milk two months after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (N. Manabe, T. Takahashi, J.-Y. Li, K. Tanoi, and T. M. Nakanishi) --- 10. Radiocesium contamination of marine fish muscle and its effective elimination (S. Watabe, H. Ushio, D. Ikeda) --- 11. Excretion of cesium through potassium transport pathway in the gills of a marine teleosts (T. Kaneko, F. Furukawa and S. Watanabe) --- 12. Contamination of wild animals: Effects on wildlife on high radioactivity areas of the agricultural and forest landscape (K. Ishida) --- 13. Remediation of paddy soil contaminated by radiocesium in Iitate Village in Fukushima Prefecture (M. Mizoguchi) --- 14. Distribution of radiocesium from the radioactive fallout in fruit trees (D. Takata) --- 15. Mushrooms¬: Radioactive Contamination of Widespread Mushrooms in Japan (T. Yamada) --- 16. Diffusion and transportation dynamics of 137Cs deposited on the forested area in Fukushima after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011 (N. Ohte, M. Murakami, T. Suzuki, K. Iseda, K. Tanoi, and N. Ishii) --- 17. Developing an information package of radiation risk in beef after Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (H. Hosono)

Description / Table of Contents: This book is an overview of the complex and multifaceted topic of natural disasters impact. Several possible approaches can be undertaken to assess economic, psychological, societal or environmental damage caused by natural disasters, aiming to reduce the effects of future events on the whole of these sectors. This book proposes a range of studies realized in different continents, showing various aspects from which natural disasters can be view, thus giving a measure of the complexity and multidisciplinary of the topic. It starts with a paper presenting a possible strategy to either avoid or reduce the vulnerability of concrete buildings during floods. Then, it continues with an insight into the communication during post-disaster emergency phase and with two chapters concerning the assessment of two different kinds of impact on people everyday life. The book ends with an analysis of the role of stakeholder participation in post-disaster reconstruction.

Description / Table of Contents: This book presents a series of numerical simulation studies of the earthquake generation process and the evaluation of the hazards caused by large earthquakes and tsunamis, drawn from three distinct topical areas. First, recent research results on earthquake source physics are introduced, which can be used as input for hazard evaluation studies. Then, propagation of seismic waves and tsunamis is discussed, connecting what happens at the source with the resulting damage. Finally, earthquake statistics for forecasting are discussed, a practical application of our knowledge for the mitigation of earthquake and tsunami disasters. This book is suitable for graduate students who are interested in the earthquake generation process and its application in the future. It also will serve researchers who want or need to know how to evaluate the damage due to earthquakes and tsunamis.

Description / Table of Contents: The idea for this book was conceived in early June, 2005 at a paleoaltimetry workshop held at Lehigh University, Lehigh, Pennsyalvania and organized by Dork Sahagian. The workshop was funded by the tectonics program at NSF, and was designed to bring together researchers in paleoaltimetry to discuss different techniques and focus the community on ways of improving paleoelevation estimates and consequent interpretations of geodynamics and tectonics. At this meeting, some commented that a comprehensive volume describing the different methods could help advance the field. I offered to contact the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society about publishing a RiMG volume on paleoaltimetry. Because many of the techniques used to infer paleoelevations are geochemically-based or deal with thermodynamic principles, the GS and MSA agreed to the project. Two years and roughly 1000 e-mails later, our book has arrived. The book is organized into 4 sections: (1) Geodynamic and geomorphologic rationale (Clark). This chapter provides the broad rationale behind paleoaltimetry, i.e., why we study it. (2) Stable isotope proxies. These 4 chapters cover theory of stable isotopes in precipitation and their response to altitudinal gradients (Rowley), and stable isotopes sytematics in paleosols (Quade, Garzione and Eiler), silicates (Mulch and Chamberlain) and fossils (Kohn and Dettman). (3) Proxies of atmospheric properties. These 4 chapters cover temperature lapse rates (Meyer), entropy (Forest), and atmospheric pressure proxies, including total atmospheric pressure from gas bubbles in basalt (Sahagian and Proussevitch), and the partial pressure of CO2 (Kouwenberg, Kürshner, and McElwain). Note that clumped isotope thermometry (Quade, Garzione and Eiler) also provides direct estimates of temperature. (4) Radiogenic and cosmogenic nuclides. These 2 chapters cover low-temperature thermochronologic approaches (Reiners) and cosmogenic isotopes (Riihimaki and Libarkin). Some chapters overlap in general content (e.g., basic principles of stable isotopes in precipitation are covered to different degrees in all stable isotope chapters), but no attempt was made to limit authors' discussion of principles, or somehow attempt to arrive at a "consensus view" on any specific topic. Because science advances by critical discussion of concepts, such restrictions were viewed as counterproductive. This does mean that different chapters may present different views on reliability of paleoelevation estimates, and readers are advised to read other chapters in the book on related topics – they may be more closely linked than they might at first appear! I hope readers of this book will discover and appreciate the synergy among paleoaltimetry, climate change, and tectonic geomorphology. These interrelationships create a complex, yet rich field of scientific enquiry that in turn offers insights into climate and geodynamics.

Description / Table of Contents: The chapters in this volume represent an extensive compilation of the material presented by the invited speakers at a short course on Diffusion in Minerals and Melts held prior (December 11-12, 2010) to the Annual fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California. The short course was held at the Napa Valley Marriott Hotel and Spa in Napa, California and was sponsored by the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society. Because diffusion plays a critical role in numerous geological processes, petrologists and geochemists (as well as other geologists and geophysicists) often apply diffusion data and models in a range of problems, including interpretation of the age of rocks and thermal histories, conditions for formation and retention of chemical compositional and isotopic zoning in minerals, controls on bubble sizes in volcanic rocks, and processes influencing volcanic eruptions. A major challenge in the many applications of diffusion data is for researchers to find relevant and reliable data. For example, diffusivities determined in different labs may differ by orders of magnitude. Sometimes the differences are a result of limitations not recognized in certain diffusion studies due to the materials or methodologies used. For example, diffusivities determined through bulk analyses are often orders of magnitude greater than those obtained from directly measured diffusion profiles; the former are often affected by cracks, extended defects and/or other additional diffusion paths whose influence may not be recognized without direct profiling. Differences in depth resolution of analytical techniques may also contribute to discrepancies among measured diffusivities, as can the occurrence of non-diffusional processes (e.g., convection, crystal dissolution or surface reaction) that may compromise or complicate diffusion experiments and interpretations of results. Sometimes the discrepancies among datasets may be due to subtle variations in experimental conditions (such as differing oxygen fugacities, pressures, or variations in H2O content of minerals and melts used in respective experimental studies). Experts in the field may be able to understand and evaluate these differences, but those unfamiliar with the field, and even some experimental practitioners and experienced users of diffusion data, may have difficulty discerning and interpreting dissagreements among diffusion findings. For those who want to investigate diffusion through experiments, it is critical to understand the advantages and limitations of various experimental approaches and analytical methods in order to optimize future studies, and to obtain a clear sense of the "state of the art" to put their own findings in perspective with earlier work. Two early books were important landmarks in diffusion studies in geology. One was a special publication by Carnegie Institution of Washington edited by Hofmann et al. (1974) titled Geochemical Transport and Kinetics. The other was a Reviews of Mineralogy volume edited by Lasaga and Kirkpatrick (1981) titled Kinetics of Geochemical Processes. Various recent tomes are available on diffusion theory in metallurgy, chemical engineering, materials science, and geology (e.g., Kirkaldy and Young 1987; Shewmon 1989; Cussler 1997; Lasaga 1998; Glicksman 2000; Balluffi et al. 2005; Mehrer 2007; Zhang 2008) and the mathematics of solving diffusion problems (e.g., Carslaw and Jaeger 1959; Crank 1975). There have also been summaries of geologically relevant diffusion data (e.g., Freer 1981; Brady 1995), review articles and book chapters presenting diffusion data for specific mineral phases (e.g., Yund 1983; Giletti 1994; Cherniak and Watson 2003) and for specific species in minerals and melts (e.g., Chakraborty 1995; Cole and Chakraborty 2001; Watson 1994) and applications of diffusion in geology (e.g., Ganguly 1991; Watson and Baxter 2007; Chakraborty 2008). However, there is no single resource that reviews and evaluates a comprehensive collection of diffusion data for minerals and melts, and previously published summaries of geologically-relevant diffusion data predate the period in which a large proportion of the existing reliable diffusion data have been generated. This volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry attempts to fill this void. The goal is to compile, compare, evaluate and assess diffusion data from the literature for all elements in minerals and natural melts (including glasses). Summaries of these diffusion data, as well as equations to calculate diffusivities, are provided in the chapters themselves and/or in online supplements. Suggested or assessed equations to evaluate diffusivities under a range of conditions can be found in the individual chapters. The aim of this volume is to help students and practitioners to understand the basics of diffusion and applications to geological problems, and to provide a reference for and guide to available experimental diffusion data in minerals and natural melts. It is hoped that with this volume students and practitioners will engage in the study of diffusion and the application of diffusion findings to geological processes with greater interest, comprehension, insight, and appreciation. This volume begins with three general chapters. One chapter presents the basic theoretical background of diffusion (Zhang 2010), including definitions and concepts encountered in later chapters. This chapter is not meant to be comprehensive, as detailed, book-length treatments of diffusion theory can be found in other sources. Some discussion of advanced topics of diffusion theory and mechanisms can be found in individual chapters throughout the volume, including models for diffusion in melts (Lesher 2010), multi-species diffusion (Zhang and Ni 2010), multicomponent diffusion (Liang 2010; Ganguly 2010), and defect chemistry (Chakraborty 2010; Cherniak and Dimanov 2010; Van Orman and Crispin 2010). Diffusion data for minerals and melts are most commonly obtained through experimental studies which require analyses of the experimental products; these considerations are reflected in the topics of the next two chapters. For readers who are interested in carrying out experimental research or understanding experimental results and diffusion data, the second general chapter (Watson and Dohmen 2010) covers experimental methods in diffusion studies, with focus on nontraditional and emerging methods. Additional discussion of experimental methods in diffusion studies is provided in Ganguly (2010) and Farver (2010). The third general chapter reviews a range of analytical techniques applied in analyses of diffusion experiments (Cherniak et al. 2010). Experimental methods and analytical techniques are also described in other chapters in the context of discussion of specific diffusion studies. The next five chapters are on diffusion in melts (including glasses), focusing on natural melts relevant in geological systems. Zhang and Ni (2010) discuss the diffusion of H, C and O in silicate melts, which involves multi-species diffusion, where one species (such as molecular H2O) may contribute to the diffusion of two elements (such as H and O in this case). They also assess the relative importance of various diffusing species, and extract oxygen diffusion data in hydrous silicate melts from diffusion data for water. Behrens (2010) offers a thorough review and evaluation of noble gas diffusion data for natural silicate melts and industrial glasses. Lesher (2010) elaborates on the various diffusion models for self diffusion, tracer diffusion, isotopic diffusion and trace element diffusion. Zhang et al. (2010) summarize available diffusion data (focusing on effective binary diffusivities) of all elements in silicate melts. Liang (2010) presents a systematic assessment of multicomponent diffusion studies for silicate melts. The next eleven chapters review and evaluate diffusion data for minerals. Farver (2010) reviews H and O diffusion data for a range of mineral phases and examines the effect of oxygen, hydrogen and water fugacities on diffusion. Noble gas diffusion in minerals, notably diffusion of the important radiogenic nuclides 40Ar and 4He for application in closure temperature determinations and thermochronometry, is reviewed by Baxter (2010). Ganguly (2010) assesses cation diffusion data in garnet, with discussion of multicomponent diffusion in garnet and its geological applications. Chakraborty (2010) focuses on diffusion in (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 polymorphs (olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite) with a discussion of the role of defects in diffusion and the effects of pressure on diffusion in these phases. Diffusion of major and trace elements in pyroxenes, amphibole, and mica is discussed by Cherniak and Dimanov (2010). Cherniak (2010a) reviews diffusion data for feldspars, examining the effects of feldspar composition on diffusion in this common crustal mineral. Cherniak (2010d) summarizes diffusion data for the silicate phases quartz, melilite, silicate perovskite, and mullite. Van Orman and Crispin (2010) discuss diffusion in oxide minerals including periclase, magnesium aluminate spinel, magnetite, and rutile, and explore the intricacies of defect chemistry and its effects on diffusion in these deceptively simple compounds. Cherniak (2010b) reviews diffusion in the accessory minerals zircon, monazite, apatite, and xenotime, phases important in geochronologic studies. Diffusion in other minerals, including carbonates, sulfide minerals, fluorite and diamond, is reviewed by Cherniak (2010c). Brady and Cherniak (2010) take a broad overview of extant diffusion data for minerals, examining possible relations among diffusivities for various mineral phases and diffusants to assess trends and correlations that may be of value in developing or refining predictive models and empirical relations. The next two chapters discuss the specialized topics of grain-boundary diffusion and computational methods for determining diffusion coefficients. Dohmen and Milke (2010) present existing data for grain boundary diffusion in polycrystalline materials, discuss theoretical underpinnings and the different types of grain-boundary diffusion regimes, and outline mathematical treatments and experimental approaches for quantifying grain-boundary diffusion. Computation of diffusion coefficients using ab initio methods and molecular dynamics simulations are reviewed by De Koker and Stixrude (2010) with focus on recent progress and what the future may bring for these rapidly-developing techniques. The final chapter is devoted to geological applications of diffusion data (Mueller et al. 2010). The applications outlined include not only forward problems of applying diffusion theory and data to infer rates and extents of diffusion-related processes, but also inverse problems of thermochronology and geospeedometry.

Description / Table of Contents: Global climate change with substantial global warming may be the most important environmental challenge facing the world. Geologic carbon sequestration (GCS), in concert with energy conservation, increased efficiency in electric power generation and utilization, increased use of lower carbon intensity fuels, and increased use of nuclear energy and renewable sources, is now considered necessary to stabilize atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases and global temperatures at values that would not severely impact economic growth and the quality of life on Earth. Geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas fields, unmineable coal beds, and brine aquifers, are likely to provide the first large-scale opportunity for concentrated sequestration of CO2. The specific scientific issues that underlie subsurface sequestration technology involve the effects of fluid flow combined with chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological interactions between fluids and surrounding geologic formations. Complex and coupled interactions occur both rapidly as the stored material is emplaced underground, and gradually over hundreds to thousands of years. The long sequestration times needed for effective storage, the large scale of GCS globally necessary to significantly impact atmospheric CO2 levels, and the intrinsic spatial variability of subsurface formations provide challenges to both scientists and engineers. A fundamental understanding of mineralogical and geochemical processes is integral to the success of GCS. Large scale injection experiments will be carried out and monitored in the next decade provides a unique opportunity to test our knowledge of fundamental hydrogeology, geochemistry and geomechanics.

Description / Table of Contents: Due to the growth of international attention on the problem of climate change combined with the attractiveness of methane mitigation technologies, the capture and use of methane in agriculture, coal mines, landfills, and the oil and gas sector has increasingly become popular over the past few years. Highlighting this, several countries hosted the international “Methane to Market” Partnership Conference and Exposition in October 2007 in Beijing, China.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper explores sectoral approaches as a new set of options to enhance the effectiveness of greenhouse gas reduction policies and to engage emerging economies on a lower emission path. It surveys existing literature and recent policy trends in international climate change discussions, and provides an overview of sectoral approaches and related issues for trade-exposed, greenhouse-gas intensive industries (cement, iron and steel and aluminium). It is also based on interviews conducted by the IEA Secretariat in Australia, China, Europe, Japan, and the United States. Sectoral approaches were also discussed during workshops on technology and energy efficiency policies in industry, following the IEA’s mandate under the Gleneagles Plan of Action.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper examines what “sustainable development policies and measures” (SD-PAMs) could be, and how they could be implemented and could fit into a post-2012 climate regime. This paper assumes that the option to implement SD-PAMs instead of quantified GHG emission commitments post-2012 is an option that would be likely to be only open to non-Annex I countries. There are several key, but unanswered, questions related to SD-PAMs. These include policy-related issues such as which countries could take on commitments to implement SD-PAMs (rather than quantified emission commitments)? Why would particular countries decide to take on such commitments? They also include questions related to how SD-PAMs could be implemented. For many other options for possible post-2012 GHG mitigation actions, including by non-Annex I countries, have also been proposed. However, this paper focuses solely on SD-PAMs.

Description / Table of Contents: Today’s investment decisions in key sectors such as energy, forestry or transport have significant impacts on the levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the coming decades. Given the economic and environmental long-term implications of capital investment and retirement, a climate mitigation regime should aim to encourage capital investment in climate-friendly technologies. Many factors affect technology choice and the timing of investment, including investor expectations about future prices and policies. Recent international discussions have focused on the importance of providing more certainty about future climate policy stringency. The design of commitment periods can play a role in creating this environment. This paper assesses how the length of commitment periods influences policy uncertainty and investment decisions. In particular, the paper analyses the relationship between commitment period length and near term investment decisions in climate friendly technology.

Description / Table of Contents: Existing buildings require over 40% of the world’s total final energy consumption, and account for 24% of world CO2 emissions (IEA, 2006a). Much of this consumption could be avoided through improved efficiency of building energy systems (IEA, 2006a) using current, commercially-viable technology. In most cases, these technologies make economic sense on a life-cycle cost analysis (IEA, 2006b). Moreover, to the extent that they reduce dependence on risk-prone fossil energy sources, energy efficient technologies also address concerns of energy security.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper has been produced as part of the work programme in support of the Gleneagles Plan of Action (GPOA), where the IEA was requested to “undertake a study to review existing global appliance standards and codes”. In accordance with the G8 request, this study investigates the coverage and impact of forms of minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and comparative energy labelling programmes; which comprise the cornerstone of most IEA countries national energy efficiency strategy. This scope also reflects governments’ aspirations to achieve ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, this study does not address endorsement labelling and associated voluntary programmes, although these are also important policy tools for national energy efficiency strategies.