ALBERT

Anmerkung: Contents: Foreword. - Series Preface. - Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1 Introduction. - 1 Modeling Dynamic Systems. - 1.1 Model Components. - 1.2 Dynamic Modeling as a Skill and Art. - 1.3 Modeling in STELLA. - 1.4 Principles of Modeling. - Part 2 Some General Methods for Modeling. - 2 Four-Model Set. - 2.1 Stimulus-Response Model. - 2.2 Self-Referencing Model. - 2.3 Goal-Seeking Model. - 2.4 Goal-Setting Model. - 2.5 Examples. - 2.5.1 Exponential Decay of a Stock. - 2.5.2 Newtonian Cooling. - 3 Gradual Development of a Dynamic Model. - 3.1 Modeling Industrialization for a Simple Agrarian Society. - 3.2 Impacts of Per Capita Food Consumption on Population Growth. - 3.3 Adding Agriculture. - 3.4 Adding Industry. - 4 Two Independent Variables. - 4.1 Population Cohorts. - 4.1.1 Basic Cohort Model. - 4.1.2 Population Cohort Array. - 4.1.3 U.S. Population Growth. - 4.2 River Toxins. - 5 Randomness. - 5.1 Flipping a Coin. - 5.2 Intoxication Model. - 6 Positive and Negative Feedback. - 6.1 The Basic Model. - 6.2 Positive Feedback with Fixed Points. - 6.3 Elaborations. - 7 Derivatives and Lags. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Applications of Derivatives and Lags. - 7.2.1 Simple Population Model. - 7.2.2 Two-Population Model. - Part 3 Chemistry Models. - 8 The Law of Mass Action. - 8.1 Breakdown of Nitrogen Dioxide into Nitrogen Oxide and Oxygen. - 8.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 9 Chance-Cleland Model for Enzyme-Substrate Interaction. - 10 The Olsen Oscillator. - Part 4 Genetics Models. - 11 Mating of Alleles. - 11.1 Heterozygosity and Disease Resistance. - 11.2 The Mating of Two Alleles into a Genotype: Proving the Hardy-Weinberg Law. - 12 Natural Selection and Mutation. - 13 Artificial Worms. - Part 5 Ecological Models. - 14 Robin Population. - 15 Two-Stage Insect Model. - 16 The Zebra Mussel. - 17 Single Cell Forest. - 18 Predator-Prey Models. - 18.1 Basic Model of Predator-Prey Interactions. - 18.2 Spatial Predator-Prey Model. - 19 Epidemic Modeling. - 20 Reestablishment of Wolves. - 21 Lyme Disease. - 22 Tragedy of the Commons. - Part 6 Economic Models. - 23 Introduction to Modeling Economic Processes. - 24 The Competitive Firm. - 25 The Monopolistic Firm. - 25.1 Basic Model. - 25.2 Taxing Monopolies. - 26 Competitive Equilibrium. - 27 Substitution. - 27.1 Isoquants. - 27.2 Finding the Profit-Maximizing Output Level and Input Combinations. - 28 Time Value. - 29 Opportunity Cost. - 30 Optimal Tree Cutting. - 31 Fisheries Reserve Model. - 32 Dynamic Scarcity. - 32.1 Competitive Scarcity. - 32.2 Monopoly Scarcity. - 33 Market Game. - 34 Pig Cycle. - Part 7 Engineering Models. - 35 The Assembly Line. - 35.1 Basic Model. - 35.2 Car Assembly Line. - 36 Models of Gravity and Acceleration. - 36.1 Falling Rock. - 36.2 Projectile Motion. - 36.3 Mass-Damper-Spring. - 36.4 Mechanical Amplifier. - 37 Chaos. - 37.1 A New Paradigm. - 37.2 Jenson Chaos. - 37.3 Lorenz Chaos. - 37.4 Two-Well Chaos. - Part 8 Conclusion. - 38 Beginning a Dialog. - Appendixes. - A1 System Requirements. - A1.1 Macintosh. - A1.2 Windows. - A2 Quick Help Guide. - A2.1 Overview of the STELLA(r) Operating Environment. - A2.2 Drawing an Inflow to a Stock. - A2.3 Drawing an Outflow from a Stock. - A2.4 Replacing a Cloud with a Stock. - A2.5 Bending Flow Pipes. - A2.6 Repositioning Flow Pipes. - A2.7 Reversing Direction of a Flow. - A2.8 Flow Define Dialog-Builtins. - A2.9 Moving Variable Names. - A2.10 Drawing Connectors. - A2.11 Defining Graphs and Tables. - A2.12 Dynamite Operations on Graphs and Tables. - References. - Index.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Introduction. - I. THE EQUATIONS OF HYDROTHERMODYNAMICS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYERS; ANALYSIS OF THESE EQUATIONS. - § 1. Derivation of the Equations for the Averaged Quantities. - § 2. The Relation Between Fluctuations of the Meteorological Elements and the Averaged Characteristics. Currents of Various Substances Due to Turbulence. - § 3. Some Problems of Turbulence Dynamics. The Reynolds Number. The Richardson Number § 4. Classification of Motions. Estimation of the Thickness of the Planetary Boundary Layer. The Surface Sublayer. - II. THE BOUNDARY LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN STATIONARY CONDITIONS. - § 1. Some Information on the Distribution of the Meteorological Elements in the Boundary Layer. - § 2. External Factors Determining the Structure of the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere. - § 3. A Boundary Layer Model with Height-Independent Turbulence Coefficient (One-Parameter Model). - § 4. The Structure of the Surface Sublayer. - § 5. Calculation of the Basic Characteristics of the Surface Sublayer. - § 6. Two-Parameter Model of the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere. - § 7. Some Information on the Processes at the Active Surface and in the Upper Layers of the Ground Influencing the Boundary Layer. - III. DAILY VARIATION OF THE METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS. - § 1. The Simplest Model for the Daily Temperature Variation. Features of the Daily Temperature Variation Over Water. - § 2. Daily Temperature Variations for Turbulent Mixing Intensity Growing with Height. - § 3. An Account of the Time Variations of the Eddy Exchange in the Theory of the Daily Temperature Variations. - § 4. The Influence of the Radiative Heat Influx on the Daily Temperature Variation. - § 5. Nocturnal Lowering of the Temperature. Forecasting of Radiation Frosts. - § 6. Daily Humidity Variations. Radiation Fogs. - § 7. Daily Variations of Wind Velocity. - IV. VARIATIONS OF METEOROLOGICAL FIELDS DUE TO THE INHOMOGENEITY OF THE ACTIVE SURFACE. - § 1. Qualitative Analysis of the Transformation Process. - § 2. Variations of the Temperature and Humidity Fields Over an Inhomogeneous Underlying Surface. - § 3. Formation of Advection Fogs. - § 4. Variations of the Micrometeorological Regime in Irrigation, Irrigation Standards for Various Meteorological Conditions. - § 5. Influence of Small Reservoirs on the Structure of the Lower Layers of the Atmosphere. - § 6. Nonstationary Processes Over An Inhomogeneous Underlying Surface. - § 7. Local Winds. - V. PHENOMENA AND PROCESSES OF A SPECIAL NATURE RELATED TO THE METEOROLOGICAL REGIME OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER. - §1. Wind Drift of Ice Floes. - § 2. Applications of the Laws of the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere to Problems of Construction and Power Engineering. - § 3. Freezing of the Upper Layer of the Ground. - § 4. Pollution of the Lower Layers of the Atmosphere by Smoke From Factory Chimneys. - § 5. Some Features of the Electrostatic Field in the Surface Layer of the Atmosphere. , Transl. from Russian

Anmerkung: Contents: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. - GENERAL PART. - Introduction. - Area covered. - Abbreviations, scale bars and arrows. - Material examined. - General structure of the podocopid Ostracoda. - Carapace. - Appendages. - Exo- and endoskeleton. - Respiration and blood circulation. - Digestive and nervous systems, eyes and excretory glands. - Reproduction. - Reproductive organs. - Structure of the sperm. - Reproductive modes. - The biological species concept and clonal taxonomy. - Development. - Ecology. - Terminology. - Life histories. - Food and prédation. - Dispersal abilities. - Fossil record. - The utility of the Ostracoda in (palaeo)ecology and evolution. - Ostracon, IRGO, CYPRIS, ISO, and EOM. - The Index and Bibliography of Nonmarine Ostracoda. - NODE - Nonmarine Ostracod Distribution in Europe. - Practical methods. - Previous faunistic synopses and checklists. Numbers of species recorded. - Classification of the Ostracoda. - Diagnosis of the Podocopida. - Evolutionary origin of non-marine Ostracoda. - Classification of the Podocopida. - SYSTEMATIC RECORD OF SPECIES. - Superfamily DARWINULOIDEA Brady &Norman, 1889. - Family Darwinulidae Brady & Norman, 1889. - Genus Darwinula Brady & Robertson, 1885. - 1. Darwinula stevensoni (Brady & Robertson,1870). - Genus Penthesilenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998. - 1. Penthesilenula brasiliensls (Pinto & Kotzian, 1961). - Superfamily CYPRIDOIDEA s. str. Baird, 1845. - Family Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Candoninae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Paracandona Hartwig, 1899. - 1. Paracandona euplectella (Robertson, 1889). - Genus Nannocandona Ekman, 1914. - 1. Nannocandona faba Ekman, 1914. - Genus Candona s. str. Baird, 1845. - 1. Candona Candida (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Candona weltneri Hartwig, 1899. - 3. Candona sanociensis Sywula, 1971. - 4. Candona improvisa Ostermeyer, 1937. - 5. Candona neglecta Sars, 1887. - 6. Candona lindneri Petkovski, 1969. - 7. Candona meerfeldiana Scharf, 1983. - 8. Candona muelleri Hartwig, 1899. - 9. Candona angulata Müller, 1900. - Genus Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972. - 1. Fabaeformiscandona fabaeformis (Fischer, 1851). - 2. Fabaeformiscandona holzkampfi (Hartwig, 1900). - 3. Fabaeformiscandona alexandri (Sywula, 1981). - 4. Fabaeformiscandona fragilis (Hartwig, 1898). - 5. Fabaeformiscandona angusta (Ostermeyer, 1937). - 6. Fabaeformiscandona tyrolensis (Löffler, 1963) nov. comb. - 7. Fabaeformiscandona brisiaca (Klie, 1938). - 8. Fabaeformiscandona fabella (Nüchterlein, 1969). - 9. Fabaeformiscandona balatonica (Daday, 1894). - 10. Fabaeformiscandona acuminata (Fischer, 1851). - 11. Fabaeformiscandona caudata (Kaufmann, 1900). - 12. Fabaeformiscandona siliquosa (Brady, 1910). - 13. Fabaeformiscandona tricicatricosa(Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1969). - 14. Fabaeformiscandona loz.eki (Absolon, 1973) nov. comb. - 15. Fabaeformiscandona levanderi (Hirschmann, 1912). - 16. Fabaeformiscandona hyalina (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 17. Fabaeformiscandona protzi (Hartwig, 1898). - 18. Fabaeformiscandona brevicornis (Klie, 1925). - 19. Fabaeformiscandona wegelini (Petkovski, 1962). - 20. Fabaeformiscandona latens (Klie, 1940). - 21. Fabaeformiscandona breuili (Paris, 1920) nov. comb. - 22. Fabaeformiscandona bilohata (Klie, 1938). - 23. Fabaeformiscandona bilobatoides (Löffler, 1961). - Genus Schellencandona Meisch, 1996. - 1. Schellencandona schellenhergi (Klie, 1934). - 2. Schellencandona insueta (Klie, 1938). - 3. Schellencandona belgica (Klie, 1937). - 4. Schellencandona triquetra (Klie, 1936). - Genus Pseudocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Pseudocandona zschokkei (Wolf, 1920). - 2. Pseudocandona marchica (Hartwig, 1899). - 3. Pseudocandona rostrata (Brady & Norman, 1889). - 4. Pseudocandona sarsi (Hartwig, 1899). - 5. Pseudocandona hartwigi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 6. Pseudocandona lobipes (Hartwig, 1900). - 7. Pseudocandona stagnalis (Sars, 1890). - 8. Pseudocandona semicognita (Schäfer, 1934). - 9. Pseudocandona eremita (Vejdovsky, 1882). - 10. Pseudocandona szoecsi (Farkas, 1958). - 11. Pseudocandona insculpta (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 12. Pseudocandona compressa (Koch, 1838). - 13. Pseudocandona sucki (Hartwig, 1901). - 14. Pseudocandona pratensis (Hartwig, 1901). - 15. Pseudocandona albicans (Brady, 1864). - Genus Cryptocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Cryptocandona vavrai Kaufmann, 1900. - 2. Cryptocandona kieferi (Klie, 1938). - 3. Cryptocandona reducta (Alm, 1914). - 4. Cryptocandona phreaticola (Klie, 1927). - 5. Cryptocandona leruthi (Klie, 1936). - 6. Cryptocandona dudichi (Klie, 1930). - Genus Mixtacandona Klie, 1938. - 1. Mixtacandona laisi (Klie, 1938). - 2. Mixtacandona transleithanica (Löffler, 1960). - 3. Mixtacandona spandli Rogulj & Danielopol, 1993. - Genus Candonopsis Vavra, 1891. - 1. Candonopsis kingsleii (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 2. Candonopsis scourfieldi Brady, 1910. - Subfamily Cyclocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Cypria Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cypria exsculpta (Fischer, 1855). - 2. Cypria ophtalmica (Jurine, 1820). - 3. Cypria subsalsa Redeke, 1936. - 4. Cypria sywulae nom. nov. - 5. Cypria reptans Bronshtein, 1928. - Genus Physocypria Vavra, 1897. - 1. Physocypria kraepelini G.W. Müller, 1903. - Genus Cyclocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Cyclocypris globosa (Sars, 1863). - 2. Cyclocypris serena (Koch, 1838). - 3. Cyclocypris laevis (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 4. Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine, 1820). - 5. Cyclocypris helocrenica Fuhrmann & Pietrzeniuk, 1990. - Family Ilyocyprididae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Ilyocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Ilyocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr, 1808). - 2. Ilyocypris monstrifica (Norman, 1862). - 3. Ilyocypris decipiens Masi, 1905. - 4. Ilyocypris bradyi Sars, 1890. - 5. Ilyocypris inermis Kaufmann, 1900. - 6. Ilyocypris lacustris Kaufmann, 1900. - 7. Ilyocypris getica Masi, 1906. - Family Notodromadidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Notodromadinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Notodromas Lilljeborg, 1853. - 1. Notodromas monacha (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Notodromas persica Gurney, 1921. - Subfamily Cyproidinae Hartmann, 1963. - Genus Cyprois Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cyprois marginata (Straus, 1821). - Family Cyprididae Baird, 1845. - Subfamily Cypridinae Baird, 1845. - Genus Cypris O.F. Müller, 1776. - 1. Cypris pubera O.F. Müller, 1776. - 2. Cypris bispinosa Lucas, 1849. - 3. Cypris striata (Jurine, 1820). - Subfamily Eucypridinae Bronshtein, 1947. - Genus Eucypris Vâvra, 1891. - 1. Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Eucypris kerkyrensis Stephanides, 1937. - 3. Eucypris moravica Jancaffk, 1947. - 4. Eucypris lilljeborgi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 5. Eucypris elliptica (Baird, 1846). - 6. Eucypris crassa (O.F. Müller, 1785). - 7. Eucypris anglica Fox, 1967. - 8. Eucypris pigra (Fischer, 1851). - Genus Koencypris n. gen. - 1. Koencypris ornata (O.F. Müller, 1776). - Genus Prionocypris Brady & Norman, 1896. - 1. Prionocypris zenkeri (Chyzer & Toth, 1858). - Genus Tonnacypris Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1975. - 1. Tonnacypris lutaria (Koch, 1838). - Genus Trajancypris Martens, 1989. - 1. Trajancypris serrata (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 2. Trajancypris clavata (Baird, 1838). - 3. Trajancypris laevis (G.W. Müller, 1900). - Subfamily Cypricercinae McKenzie, 1971. - Genus Bradleycypris McKenzie,1982. - 1. Bradleycypris obliqua (Brady, 1868). - Genus Bradleystrandesia Broodbakker, 1983. - 1. Bradleystrandesia fuscata (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Bradleystrandesia reticulata (Zaddach, 1844). - 3. Bradleystrandesia hirsuta (Fischer, 1851). - Subfamily Herpetocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Herpetocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Herpetocypris reptans (Baird, 1835). - 2. Herpetocypris brevicaudata Kaufmann, 1900. - 3. Herpetocypris chevreuxi (Sars, 1896) 4. Herpetocypris helenae G.W. Müller, 1908. - 5. Herpetocypris interm

Anmerkung: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000 : the expedition LENA 1999 / by the participants of the expedition edited by Volker Rachold and Mikhail N. Gregoriev , Enthaltener Beitrag: Eurasian ice sheets : German-Russian expedition Polar Ural '99 / Wolf-Dieter Hermichen, Annette Gierlichs, Frank Wischer and Dmitry Bolshiyanov , Contents for "Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000 : the expedition LENA 1999" 1 lntroduction 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Selection of working areas 2.2 General logistics and transport 2.3 Time tables of individual working groups 2.3.1 Team 1 a-C (Samoylov Island) 2.3.2 Team 2 a (Arga Island) 2.3.3 Team 2 b (RV Dunay) 2.3.3 Team 3 (Lyahkovsky Island) 2.3.4 Team 4 (Olenyokskaya Channel) 2.3.5 Team 5 (Bykovsky Peninsula) 2.4 Appendix Table A2-1: List of participants Table A2-2: Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes in Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 General Introduction 3.2 The distribution of soils on Samoylov Island and other comparison sites of the Lena Delta 3.3 Thermal and hydrologic dynamics of the active layer 3.4 Seasonal variability of trace gas emission (CH4,CO2) and in situ process studies 3.4.1 Methode and field experiments 3.4.2 Preliminary Results 3.5 CO2 - Fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.1 Team 1 A (winter) 3.5.1.1 Introduction 3.5.1.2 Field studies 3.5.2 Team 1 B (spring) 3.5.2.1 Introduction 3.5.2.2 Field studies 3.5.3 Team 1 C (summer) 3.5.3.1 lntroduction 3.5.3.2 Methods and first results of field work 3.5.4 Description of the sites and profiles 3.6 Monitoring for bird populations in the Lena Delta 3.6.1 Methods and materials 3.6.2 Results and discussion 3.7 References 3.8 Appendix Table A3-1: List of soil samples Table A3-2: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the nesting period (ind.110 km) Table A3-3: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the brood period (ind.110 km) Table A3-4: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the fall migration period (ind.110 km) 4 Coastal Processes in the Laptev Sea and the Environmental History of the Lena Delta 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Lake sediment studies on Arga Island 4.2.1 lntroduction 4.2.2 Samples and methods 4.2.3 Preliminary results 4.3 Coastal erosion studies in the Laptev Sea 43.1 lntroduction 4.3.2 Methods 4.3.3 Preliminary results 4.4 Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Western and Central Sectors of the Lena Delta 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 Study area 4.4.4 Results of the field studies 4.4.5 Preliminary conclusions 4.5 Observations of water level oscillations in the Olenyokskaya Channel 4.6 Aeolian sedimentation processes in the Lena Delta 4.7 References 4.8 Appendix Table A4-1: List of stations for lake sediment studies on Arga Island Table A4-2: List of samples for lake sediment studies on Arga Island Table A4-3: Boreholes temperature measurments in Nikolay Lake (Arga Island) and Ivashkina lagoon, May 1999 Table A4-4: List of stations for coastal erosion studies Table A4-5: List of samples for coastal erosion studies Table A4-6: Water temperature profiles (°C) along the Laptev Sea coast Table A4-7: Hydrometeorological characteristics along the Laptev Sea coast (bottom water temperature - Tb, air temperature -Ta) Table A4-8: List of samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Lena Delta Table A4-9: Bone samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Lena Delta 5 Paleociimate Signals of Ice-rich Permafrost 5.1 Quaternary deposits of Big Lyakhovsky Island 5.1.1 lntrorfuction 5.1.2 Genlogical-geomorphological situation 5.1.3 Methods of field studies 5.1.4 Description of the outcrop 5.1.5 Cryolithological and sedimentological studies 5.1.6 Geochronometric age determination 5.1.7 Thermokarst processes 5.1.8 Ground ice and water 5.1.9 Paleontological research at the southern coast of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island 5.1.10 Recent and fossil soils 5.1.11 Trip to Khaptagai Tas hills - study of recent Snow patch phenomena 5.2 Ice Complex On Bykovsky Peninsula 5.2.1 Research aims 5.2.2 Site survey and geomorphologic observations 5.2.3 Sampling sites 5.2.4 Stratigraphie and sedimentological observations 5.2.5 Cryolithological observations 5.2.6 The sampling methods and the samples collected 5.2.7 Mammal bone collecting 5.2.8 Conclusion 5.3 References 5.4 Appendix A5-1 : Profile map of sample positions (German version) A5-1-1 : Legend A5-2: Profile map (Russian version) A5-2-1: Schematic profile of permafrost deposits . South coast of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island A5-2-2: Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. south coast. R-side exposure A5-2-3: Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. south coast. L-side exposure A5-3: List of sediment samples collected on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island A5-4: List of OSL-samples A5-5: List of alas samples A5-6: List of water and ice samples collected on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky island during field season 1999 A5-7: List of bone samples A5-8: List of small fossil samples (rodents, insects, ostracodes, seeds) A5-9: List of peat samples for botanical analysis A5-10: List of mollusc samples A5-11: List of sarnples for paleomagnetics A5-12: Description of soll profiles A5-13: List of samples collected by the Bykovsky team at the upper part of MKh main section in 1999 A5-14: The composition of the marnrnal bone collection (Bykovsky Peninsula. 1999) A5-15: Mammal bones, found in 1999 within the Mamontova Khayata cliff (Bykovsky Peninsula)

Anmerkung: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Features of the Arctic Seas of Russia and Their Ecosystems 2.1 Brief History of the Studies 2.2 Physical Geography 2.3 Features of Geological Structure and Sedimentation 2.4 Hydrology 2.5 Hydrochemistry 2.5.1 Oxygen 2.5.2 pH 2.5.3 Alkalinity 2.5.4 Nutrients (P, N, and Si) 3 Biological Production of the Arctic Seas of Russia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Barents Sea 3.3 White Sea 3.4. Kara Sea 3.5. Seas of the East Arctic 4 Particulate Matter and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Water–Bottom System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Barents Sea 4.3 White Sea 4.4 Kara Sea 4.5 Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas 4.6 Carbon Fluxes from the Photic Zone to the Seafloor 4.7 Conclusion 5 Horizontal Carbon Fluxes in the Land–Sea System 5.1 Riverine Runoff and Carbon Fluxes 5.1.1 Water Runoff and Particulate Matter Supply 5.1.2 Carbon runoff 5.2 Coastal Abrasion and Carbon Fluxes 5.3 Aerosols and Eolian Carbon Fluxes 5.4 Underground and Glacial Runoff 5.4.1 Underground Runoff 5.4.2 Ice and Glacial Discharge 5.4.3 Interstitial Waters 6 Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brief History of the Studies of Carbon and Organic Matter Composition 6.3 Selected Features of the Polar Lithogenesis 6.4 Organo-Chemical Composition of the Sediments 6.5 Distribution and Accumulation Rate of Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.1 Contents of TOC and Ccarb in Different Types of the Sediments 6.5.2 Distribution of TOC and its Accumulation Rate in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.3 Distribution of Ccarb and its Accumulation Rates in the Bottom Sediments 7 Elements of Carbon Balance and Cycling in the Arctic Seas of Russia 7.1 Fluxes and Balance of Masses 7.2 Ecological Features of the Arctic Seas and their Influence on Carbon Cycling References Index

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1. Frozen Ground. - 1.1 Frozen Ground Support Systems. - 1.2 Seasonally and Perennially Frozen Ground. - 1.3 Terrain Features in Permafrost Areas. - 1.4 Engineering Considerations. - Problems. - 2. Physical and Thermal Properties. - 2.1 Composition and Structure of Frozen Ground. - 2.2 Soil Classification. - 2.3 Water-Ice Phase Relationships. - 2.4 Soil Frost Action. - 2.5 Thermal Properties. - Problems. - 3. Heat Flow in Soils. - 3.1 Heat Transfer at the Ground Surface. - 3.2 Seasonal Ground Freezing (or Thawing). - 3.3 Frost Protection and Thermal Insulation. - 3.4 Temperature Below Cooled (or Heated) Areas. - 3.5 Thermal Analysis: Frozen Ground Support Systems. - Problems. - 4. Thaw Behavior of Frozen Ground. - 4.1 Thaw Settlement. - 4.2 Consolidation of Thawing Soils. - 4.3 Thaw Consolidation in Some Layered Systems. - Problems. - 5. Mechanical Properties of Frozen Soils. - 5.1 Stress-Strain-Time and Strength Behavior. - 5.2 Factors Influencing Creep and Strength. - 5.3 Analytical Representation of Creep and Strength Data. - 5.4 Frozen Soil Behavior in Uniaxial Tension. - 5.5 Deformability of Frozen Soils. - 5.6 Compressibility of Frozen Soils. - 5.7 Frozen Ground sensitivity to Climate Change. - 5.8 Frozen Soil Creep and Strength: Generalization of Test Data. - Problems. - 6. Construction Ground Freezing. - 6.1 Design Considerations. - 6.2 Freezing Methods and System Installation. - 6.3 Structural Design of Frozen Earth Walls. - 6.4 Monitoring Requirements. - 6.5 Other Construction Considerations. - Problems. - 7. Foundations in Frozen Soils. - 7.1 General Considerations. - 7.2 Shallow Foundations. - 7.3 Pile Foundations. - 7.4 Frost Heave Forces on Foundations. - 7.5 Frost Protection of Foundations Using Ground Insulation. - Problems. - 8. Stability of Soil Masses in Cold Regions. - 8.1 Landslides in Permafrost: Classification. - 8.2 Slopes in Thawing Permafrost. - 8.3 Slopes in Frozen Soils. - 8.4 Monitoring Creep in Frozen Slopes. - 8.5 Slope Stabilization Methods. - Problems. - 9. Earthwork in Cold Regions. - 9.1 Site Considerations. - 9.2 Excavation and Transport. - 9.3 Field Placement. - 9.4 Water-Retaining Embankments on Permafrost. - 9.5 Embankment Performance. - 10. Field Investigations. - 10.1 Sampling Frozen Ground. - 10.2 Ground-Temperature Measurement. - 10.3 Field Testing of Frozen Soils. - 10.4 Geophysical Methods. - 11. Pavement Structures. - 11.1 Seasonal Frost Areas. - 11.2 Permafrost Areas. - 11.3 Highway Insulation. - 11.4 Load Restrictions. - 11.5 Special Problems. - Problems. - Appendix A. Notation. - Symbols. - Greek Symbols. - Subscripts. - Appendix B. SI Units. - SI Base Units. - SI Prefixes. - SI Derived Units. - Conversion Factors. - Appendix C. Laboratory and Field Tests on Frozen Soils. - C.1 Handling, Storage, and Machining of Specimens Prior to Testing. - C.2 Uniaxial Compression Test. - C.3 Uniaxial Tensile Test. - C.4 Salinity of Soil Pore Water. - C.5 Thermosiphon. - C.6 Pile Load Test in Permafrost. - C.7 Hydraulic Conductivity of Frozen Soils. - References. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction: Distributions and Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.1 Categorical Response Data. - 1.2 Distributions for Categorical Data. - 1.3 Statistical Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.4 Statistical Inference for Binomial Parameters. - 1.5 Statistical Inference for Multinomial Parameters. - Notes. - Problems. - 2. Describing Contingency Tables. - 2.1 Probability Structure for Contingency Tables. - 2.2 Comparing Two Proportions. - 2.3 Partial Association in Stratified 2 x 2 Tables. - 2.4 Extensions for I x J Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 3. Inference for Contingency Tables. - 3.1 Confidence Intervals for Association Parameters. - 3.2 Testing Independence in Two-Way Contingency Tables. - 3.3 Following-Up Chi-Squared Tests. - 3.4 Two-Way Tables with Ordered Classifications. - 3.5 Small-Sample Tests of Independence. - 3.6 Small-Sample Confidence Intervals for 2 x 2 Tables. - 3.7 Extensions for Multiway Tables and Nontabulated Responses. - Notes. - Problems. - 4. Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. - 4.1 Generalized Linear Model. - 4.2 Generalized Linear Models for Binary Data. - 4.3 Generalized Linear Models for Counts. - 4.4 Moments and Likelihood for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.5 Inference for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.6 Fitting Generalized Linear Models. - 4.7 Quasi-likelihood and Generalized Linear Models. - 4.8 Generalized Additive Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 5. Logistic Regression. - 5.1 Interpreting Parameters in Logistic Regression. - 5.2 Inference for Logistic Regression. - 5.3 Logit Models with Categorical Predictors. - 5.4 Multiple Logistic Regression. - 5.5 Fitting Logistic Regression Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 6. Building and Applying Logistic Regression Models. - 6.1 Strategies in Model Selection. - 6.2 Logistic Regression Diagnostics. - 6.3 Inference About Conditional Associations in 2 x 2 x K Tables. - 6.4 Using Models to Improve Inferential Power. - 6.5 Sample Size and Power Considerations. - 6.6 Probit and Complementary Log-Log Models. - 6.7 Conditional Logistic Regression and Exact Distributions. - Notes. - Problems. - 7. Logit Models for Multinomial Responses. - 7.1 Nominal Responses: Baseline-Category Logit Models. - 7.2 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Logit Models. - 7.3 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Link Models. - 7.4 Alternative Models for Ordinal Responses. - 7.5 Testing Conditional Independence in I x J x K Tables. - 7.6 Discrete-Choice Multinomial Logit Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 8. Loglinear Models for Contingency Tables. - 8.1 Loglinear Models for Two-Way Tables. - 8.2 Loglinear Models for Independence and Interaction in Three-Way Tables. - 8.3 Inference for Loglinear Models. - 8.4 Loglinear Models for Higher Dimensions. - 8.5 The Loglinear_Logit Model Connection. - 8.6 Loglinear Model Fitting: Likelihood Equations and Asymptotic Distributions. - 8.7 Loglinear Model Fitting: Iterative Methods and their Application. - Notes. - Problems. - 9. Building and Extending Loglinear/Logit Models. - 9.1 Association Graphs and Collapsibility. - 9.2 Model Selection and Comparison. - 9.3 Diagnostics for Checking Models. - 9.4 Modeling Ordinal Associations. - 9.5 Association Models. - 9.6 Association Models, Correlation Models, and Correspondence Analysis. - 9.7 Poisson Regression for Rates. - 9.8 Empty Cells and Sparseness in Modeling Contingency Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 10. Models for Matched Pairs. - 10.1 Comparing Dependent Proportions. - 10.2 Conditional Logistic Regression for Binary Matched Pairs. - 10.3 Marginal Models for Square Contingency Tables. - 10.4 Symmetry, Quasi-symmetry, and Quasiindependence. - 10.5 Measuring Agreement Between Observers. - 10.6 Bradley-Terry Model for Paired Preferences. - 10.7 Marginal Models and Quasi-symmetry Models for Matched Sets. - Notes. - Problems. - 11. Analyzing Repeated Categorical Response Data. - 11.1 Comparing Marginal Distributions: Multiple Responses. - 11.2 Marginal Modeling: Maximum Likelihood Approach. - 11.3 Marginal Modeling: Generalized Estimating Equations Approach. - 11.4 Quasi-likelihood and Its GEE Multivariate Extension: Details. - 11.5 Markov Chains: Transitional Modeling. - Notes. - Problems. - 12. Random Effects: Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Categorical Responses. - 12.1 Random Effects Modeling of Clustered Categorical Data. - 12.2 Binary Responses: Logistic-Normal Model. - 12.3 Examples of Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.4 Random Effects Models for Multinomial Data. - 12.5 Multivariate Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.6 GLMM Fitting, Inference, and Prediction. - Notes. - Problems. 13. Other Mixture Models for Categorical Data. - 13.1 Latent Class Models. - 13.2 Nonparametric Random Effects Models. - 13.3 Beta-Binomial Models. - 13.4 Negative Binomial Regression. - 13.5 Poisson Regression with Random Effects. - Notes. - Problems. - 14. Asymptotic Theory for Parametric Models. - 14.1 Delta Method. - 14.2 Asymptotic Distributions of Estimators of Model Parameters and Cell Probabilities. - 14.3 Asymptotic Distributions of Residuals and Goodnessof-Fit Statistics. - 14.4 Asymptotic Distributions for Logit/Loglinear Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 15. Alternative Estimation Theory for Parametric Models. - 15.1 Weighted Least Squares for Categorical Data. - 15.2 Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data. - 15.3 Other Methods of Estimation. - Notes. - Problems. - 16. Historical Tour of Categorical Data Analysis. - 16.1 Pearson-Yule Association Controversy. - 16.2 R. A. Fisher's Contributions. - 16.3 Logistic Regression. - 16.4 Multiway Contingency Tables and Loglinear Models. - 16.5 Recent and Future? Developments. - Appendix A. Using Computer Software to Analyze Categorical Data. - A.1 Software for Categorical Data Analysis. - A.2 Examples of SAS Code by Chapter. - Appendix B. Chi-Squared Distribution Values. - References. - Examples Index. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements 1. Determining Timescales for Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport / Peter G. Cook and John-Karl Bohlke 2. Inorganic Ions as Tracers / Andrew L. Herczeg and W. Mike Edmunds 3. Isotope Engineering - Using Stable Isotopes of the Water Molecule to Solve Practical Problems / Tyler B. Coplen, Andrew L. Herczeg and Chris Barnes 4. Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater Systems / Robert M. Kalin 5. U-Series Nuclides as Tracers in Groundwater Hydrology / J. Kenneth Osmond and James B. Cowart 6. Radon-222 / L. DeWayne Cecil and Jaromy R. Green 7. Sulphur and Oxygen Isotopes in Sulphate / H. Roy Krouse and Bernhard Mayer 8. Strontium Isotopes / Robert H. McNutt 9. Nitrate Isotopes in Groundwater Systems / Carol Kendall and Ramon Aravena 10. Chlorine-36 / Fred M. Phillips 11. Atmospheric Noble Gases / Martin Stute and Peter Schlosser 12. Noble Gas Radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85 Kr, 39Ar, 81 Kr / Heinz H. Loosli, Bernhard E. Lehmann and William M. Smethie, Jr. 13. 3H and 3He / D. Kip Solomon and Peter G. Cook 14. 4He in Groundwater / D. Kip Solomon 15. Chlorofluorocarbons / L. Niel Plummer and Eurybiades Busenberg 16. δ11 B, Rare Earth Elements, δ 37Cl, 32 Si, 35S, 129I / Avner Vengosh, Arthur J. Spivack, Kevin J. Johannesson, W. Berry Lyons, Tamie R. Weaver, Uwe Morgenstern, Robert L. Michel, June Fabryka-Martin Appendix 1: Stable Isotope Notation and Fractionation Appendix 2: Decay Constants and Half-Lives of Radioactive Isotopes Appendix 3: Solubilities of Environmental Gas Tracers Appendix 4: Liquid and Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients Index

Anmerkung: Contents List of Acronyms List of Symbols Foreword Preface Prologue Chapter 1 Introduction to Ocean Dynamics 1.1 Types, Advantages, and Limitations of Ocean Models 1.2 Recent Examples 1.3 Governing Equations 1.4 Vorticity Conservation 1.5 Nondimensional Numbers and Scales of Motion 1.6 Geostrophic Flow and Thermal Wind 1.7 Inertial Motions 1.8 Ekman Layers 1.9 Sverdrup Transport 1.10 Western Boundary Intensification (Stommel Solution) 1.11 Gyre Scale Circulation (Munk Solution) 1.12 Barotropic Currents over Topography 1.13 Baroclinic Transport over Topography 1.14 Coastal Upwelling and Fronts 1.15 Mesoscale Eddies and Variability 1.16 Thermohaline Circulation and Box (Reservoir) Models 1.17 Numerical Models Chapter 2 Introduction to Numerical Solutions 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Architecture 2.1.2 Computational Errors 2.2 Ordinary Differential Equations 2.2.1 Runge-Kutta Method 2.3 Partial.Differential Equations 2.3.1 Consistency, Convergence, and Stability 2.3.2 Elliptic, Hyperbolic, and Parabolic Systems 2.4 Elliptic Equations and Steady-State Problems 2.4.1 Direct Solvers 2.4.2 Iterative Solvers and Relaxation Methods 2.4.3 Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method 2.4.4 Multigrid Methods 2.4.5 Pseudo-transient Method 2.5 Time Dependent Problems 2.5.1 Advection Equation and Hyperbolic Systems 2.5.2 Diffusion Equation and Parabolic Systems 2.6 Finite-Difference (Grid Point) Methods 2.6.1 Staggered Grids 2.6.2 Time Differencing and Filtering 2.6.3 Computational Grids 2.7 Spectral (Spectral Transform) Methods 2.8 Finite-Element Methods 2.8.1 Spectral Element Approach 2.9 Parameterization of Subgrid Scale Processes 2.10 Lateral Open Boundary Conditions 2.11 Computational Issues 2.12 Examples 2.12.1 Inertial Oscillations 2.12.2 Thermohaline Circulation 2.12.3 Normal Modes 2.12.4 Gyre Scale Circulation 2.12.5 Advection Problems 2.12.6 M.I.T. Nonhydrostatic Global Model Chapter 3 Equatorial Dynamics and Reduced Gravity Models Solutions 3.1 Oceanic Dynamical Response to Forcing 3.2 Governing Equations 3.3 Equatorial Waves 3.3.1 Kelvin Waves 3.3.2 Yanai Waves 3.3.3 Rossby Waves 3.3.4 Inertia-Gravity (Poincare) Waves 3.4 Equatorial Currents 3.5 Reduced Gravity Model of Equatorial Processes Chapter 4 Midlatitude Dynamics and Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.1 Linear Motions 4.1.1 Inertia-Gravity (Sverdrup/Poincare) Waves 4.1.2 Kelvin Waves 298 4.1.3 Planetary Ross by Waves 4.1.4 Topographic Rossby Waves 4.2 Continuous Stratification 4.3 Geostrophic Adjustment and Instabilities 4.3.1 Geostrophic Adjustment 4.3.2 Instabilities 4.4 Spinup 4.5 Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.5.1 Governing Equations 4.5.2 Applications Chapter 5 High-Latitude Dynamics and Sea-Ice Models 5.1 Salient Features of Ice Cover 5.2 Momentum Equations for Sea Ice 5.3 Constitutive Law for Sea Ice (Ice Rheology) 5.3.1 Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.3.2 Elastic-Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.4 Continuity Equations for Sea Ice 5.5 Response of Sea Ice to Storm Passage 5.6 Numerics 5.6.1 Governing Equations in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 5.6.2 Solution Technique Chapter 6 Tides and Tidal Modeling 6.1 Description of Tides 6.2 Formulation: Tidal Potential 6.3 Body, Load, Atmospheric, and Radiational Tides 6.3.1 Body (Solid Earth) Tides 6.3.2 Load Tides 6.3.3 Atmospheric Tides 6.3.4 Radiational Tides 6.4 Dynamical Theory of Tides: Laplace Tidal Equations 6.5 Equilibrium Theory of Tides 6.6 Tidal Analysis: Orthotides 6.7 Tidal Currents 6.8 Global Tidal Models 6.9 Regional Tidal Models 6.10 Geophysical Implications 6.10.1 Tidal Dissipation and LOD 6.10.2 Tidal Energetics 6.11 Changes in Earth's Rotation 6.12 Baroclinic (Internal) Tides 6.13 Long-Period Tides 6.14 Shallow Water Tides and Residual Currents 6.15 Summary Chapter 7 Coastal Dynamics and Barotropic Models 7.1 Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Currents 7.2 Tidal Motions 7.3 Continental Shelf Waves 7.4 Modeling Shelf Circulation 7.5 Barotropic Models 7.5.1 Coastal Ocean Response to Wind Forcing 7.5.2 Storm Surges and Storm Surge Modeling 7.5.3 Response to Pressure Forcing Chapter 8 Data and Data Processing 8.1 In Situ Observational Data 8.1.1 XBT, CTD, CM, ADCP, and Drifter Data 8.1.2 Historical Hydrographic Data 8.1.3 Historical Marine Surface Data 8.2 Remotely Sensed Data 8.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature from IR Sensors 8.2.2 Sea Surface Winds from Microwave Sensors 8.2.3 Chlorophyll and Optical Clarity from Color Sensors 8.2.4 Sea Surface Height from Satellite Altimetry 8.3 NWP Products 8.4 Preprocessing of Observational Data and Postprocessing of Model Output 8.4.1 Graphics and Visualization of Model Output 8.4.2 Analyses Chapter 9 Sigma-Coordinate Regional and Coastal Models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Governing Equations 9.3 Vertical Mixing 9.4 Boundary Conditions 9.5 Mode Splitting 9.6 Numerics 9.6.1 Vertical Direction 9.6.2 Horizontal Direction 9.7 Numerical Problems 9.8 Applications 9.9 Code Structure Chapter 10 Multilevel Basin Scale and Global Models 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Governing Equations 10.3 Isopycnal Diffusion 10.4 Architecture and Other Model Features 10.5 Applications 10.6 Hybrid s-Coordinate Models 10.7 Regional z-Level Models Chapter 11 Layered and Isopycnal Models 11.1 Layered Models 11.2 Isopycnal Models Chapter 12 Ice-Ocean Coupled Models 12.1 Sea-Ice Models 12.2 Coupled Ice-Ocean Models Chapter 13 Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Models 13.1 Coupling between the Ocean and the Atmosphere 13.2 Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models 13.3 Regional Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models Chapter 14 Data Assimilation and Nowcasts/ Forecasts 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Direct Insertion 14.3 Nudging 14.4 Statistical Assimilation Schemes 14.4.1 Kalman Filter 14.4.2 Reduced State Space Kalman Filters 14.4.3 Optimal Interpolation (OI) Scheme 14.5 Variational Methods 14.5.1 Adjoint Models 14.6 Predictability of Nonlinear Systems-Low Order Paradigms 14.7 Nowcasts/Forecasts in the Gulf of Mexico Appendix A Equations of State A.1 Equation of State for the Ocean A.2 Equation of State for the Atmosphere Appendix B Wavelet Transforms B.1 Introduction B.1.1 Theory B.1.2 Continuous Wavelet Transforms (CWT) B.1.3 Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) B.2 Examples B.3 Wavelet Transforms and Stochastic Processes B.4 Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transforms B.5 Cross Wavelet Transforms (CrWT) B.6 Error Analysis Appendix C Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Empirical Normal Modes C.1 Empirical Orthogonal Functions C.1.1 Complex EOFs C.1.2 Singular Spectrum Analysis C.1.3 Extended EOFs C.1.4 Coupled Pattern Analysis C.2 Empirical Normal Modes Appendix D Units and Constants D.1 Useful Quantities D.1.1 SI (International System of Units) Units and Conventions D.1.2 Useful Conversion Factors D.1.3 Useful Universal Constants D.1.4 Useful Geodetic Constants D.1.5 Useful Physical Constants D.1.6 Useful Dynamical Quantities D.2 Important Scales and Quantities D.2.1 Length Scales D.2.2 Timescales D.2.3 Velocity Scales D.2.4 Nondimensional Quantities D.3 Useful Websites References Biographies Index

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction to the atmosphere. - Weather and climate. - Atmospheric hazards: assault by the elements. - The atmosphere: a part of the earth system. - Earth's four spheres. - Earth's spheres interact. - The carbon cycle. - Composition of the atmosphere. - Major components. - Carbon dioxide. - Variable components. - Ozone depletion - a global issue. - The ozone hole. - Effects of ozone depletion. - Montreal Protocol. - Probing the atmosphere. - Height and structure of the atmosphere. - Pressure changes. - Temperature changes. - Vertical variations in composition. - The ionosphere. - 2 Heating Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Earth-Sun Relationships. - Earth's Motions. - The Seasons. - Earth's Orientation. - Solstices and Equinoxes. - Energy, Heat, and Temperature. - Types of Energy. - Heat Energy Versus Temperature. - Mechanisms of Energy Transfer. - Conduction. - Convection. - Radiation. - Laws of Radiation. - The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation. - Reflection and Scattering. - Absorption by Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Radiation Emitted by Earth. - Heating the Atmosphere. - The "Greenhouse Effect". - Role of Clouds in Heating Earth. - Heat Budget. - Latitudinal Heat Balance. - 3 Temperature. - For the Record: Air Temperature Data. - Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature. - Land and Water. - Ocean Currents. - Altitude. - Geographic Position. - Cloud Cover and Albedo. - World Distribution of Temperatures. - Cycles of Air Temperature. - Daily Temperature Variations. - Magnitude of Daily Temperature Changes. - Annual Temperature Variations. - Temperature Measurement. - Mechanical Thermometers. - Electrical Thermometers. - Instrument Shelters. - Temperature Scales. - Applications of Temperature Data. - Heating Degree-Days. - Cooling Degree-Days. - Growing Degree-Days. - Temperature and Comfort. - 4 Moisture and Atmospheric Stability. - Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere. - Water's Changes of State. - Water in the Atmosphere. - Vapor Pressure and Saturation. - Relative Humidity. - How Relative Humidity Changes. - Natural Change in Relative Humidity. - Dew Point Temperature. - Humidity Measurement. - Adiabatic Temperature Changes. - Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation. - Lifting Processes. - Orographic Lifting. - Frontal Wedging. - Convergence. - Localized Convective Lifting. - Contents. - The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability. - Types of Stability. - Stability and Daily Weather. - How Stability Changes. - Temperature Changes and Stability. - Vertical Air Movement and Stability. - 5 Forms of Condensation and Precipitation. - Condensation. - Condensation Aloft and Cloud Formation. - Clouds. - Cloud Classification. - Cloud Descriptions. - Fog. - Fogs Formed by Cooling. - Fogs Formed by Evaporation. - Dew and Frost. - How Precipitation Forms. - Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process. - Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process. - Forms of Precipitation. - Rain. - Snow. - Sleet and Glaze. - Hail. - Rime. - Precipitation Measurement. - Standard Instruments. - Measuring Snowfall. - Measurement Errors. - Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar. - Intentional Weather Modification. - Cloud Seeding. - Fog and Cloud Dispersal. - Hail Suppression. - Frost Prevention. - Inadvertent Weather Modification: Urban-Induced Precipitation. - 6 Air Pressure and Winds. - Understanding Air Pressure. - Measuring Air Pressure. - Factors Affecting Air Pressure. - Pressure Changes With Altitude. - Factors Affecting Wind. - Pressure-Gradient Force. - Coriolis Force. - Friction. - Winds Aloft and Geostrophic Flow. - Curved Flow and the Gradient Wind. - Surface Winds. - How Winds Generate Vettical Air Motion. - Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and Anticyclones. - Factors That Promote Vertical Airflow. - Wind Measurement. - 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Scales of Atmospheric Motion. - Large- and Small-Scale Circulation. - Structure of Wind Patterns. - Local Winds. - Land and Sea Breezes. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Chinook (Foehn) Winds. - Katabatic (Fall) Winds. - Country Breeze. - Global Circulation. - Single-Cell Circulation Model. - Three-Cell Circulation Model. - Observed Distribution of Pressure and Winds. - Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts. - Semipermanent Pressure Systems: The Real World. - Monsoons. - The Asian Monsoon. - The North American Monsoon. - The Westerlies. - Why Westerlies?. - Jet Streams. - Origin of the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Subtropical Jet Stream. - Waves in the Westerlies. - Westerlies and Earth's Heat Budget. - Global Winds and Ocean Currents. - The Importance of Ocean Currents. - Ocean Currents and Upwelling. - El Niño and La Niña. - Global Distribution of Precipitation. - Zonal Distribution of Precipitation. - Distribution of Precipitation Over the Continents. - Precipitation Regimes on a Hypothetical Continent. - 8 Air Masses. - What Is an Air Mass?. - Source Regions. - Classifying Air Masses. - Air-Mass Modification. - Properties of North American Air Masses. - Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses. - Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air Over Warm Water. - Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses. - Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses. - Continental Tropical (eT) Air Masses. - 9 Weather Patterns. - Polar-Front Theory. - Fronts. - Warm Fronts. - Cold Fronts. - Stationary Fronts. - Occluded Fronts. - Drylines. - Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Formation: The Clash of Two Air Masses. - Development of Cyclonic Flow. - Occlusion: The Beginning of the End. - Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Cyclogenesis. - Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation. - Divergence and Convergence Aloft. - Traveling Cyclones. - Patterns of Movement. - Anticyclonic Weather and Blocking Highs. - Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Violent Spring Weather. - Weather in Peoria. - 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. - What's in a Name?. - Thunderstorms. - Air-Mass Thunderstorms. - Stages of Development. - Occurrence. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Supercell Thunderstorms. - Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes. - Lightning and Thunder. - What Causes Lightning?. - The Lightning Stroke. - Thunder. - Tornadoes. - The Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes. - Tornado Development. - Tornado Climatology. - Profile of a Tornado. - Tornado Destruction. - Tornado Forecasting. - Tornado Watches and Warnings. - Doppler Radar. - 11 Hurricanes. - Profile of a Hurricane. - Hurricane Formation and Decay. - Hurricane Formation. - Hurricane Decay. - Hurricane Destruction . - Storm Surge. - Wind Damage. - Inland Flooding. - Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes. - The Role of Satellites. - Aircraft Reconnaissance. - Radar and Data Buoys. - Hurricane Watches and Warnings. - 12 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - The Weather Business: A Brief Overview. - Weather Analysis. - Gathering Data. - Weather Maps: Pictures of the Atmosphere. - Weather Forecasting. - Synoptic Weather Forecasting. - Numerical Weather Prediction. - Statistical Methods. - Techniques Used in Short-Range Forecasting. - Long-Range Forecasts. - Forecast Accuracy. - Tools in Weather Forecasting. - Satellites in Weather Forecasting. - What Weather Satellites Reveal. - Measurement by Satellite. - Weather Forecasting and Upper-Level Flow. - The Winter of 1977. - 13 Air Pollution. - A Brief Historical Perspective. - Air Pollution: Not a new Problem. - Some Historic Episodes. - Sources and Types of Air Pollution. - Primary Pollutants. - Secondary Pollutants. - Trends in Air Quality. - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution. - Wind as a Factor. - The Role of Atmospheric Stability. - Acid Precipitation. - Extent and Potency of Acid Precip

Anmerkung: Text teilweise in Deutsch, Englisch und Latein

Anmerkung: Contents Foreword Preface Summary for Policymakers Synthesis Report Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Working Group Summaries Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Annexes A. Authors and Expert Reviewers B. Glossary of Terms C. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units D. Scientific, Technical, and Socio-Economic Questions Selected by the Panel E. List of Major IPCC Reports

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface The Editors Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series Contents of Volumes 1 to 4 Safety Considerations and Caution List of Contributors 1. Zoological indicators in lake sediments: an introduction / John P. Smol, H. John B. Birks & William M. Last References 2. Cladocera and other branchiopod crustaceans / A. Korhola & M. Rautio Introduction Cladocera Other crustacean branchiopods Summary Acknowledgements References 3. Midges: Chironomidae and related Diptera / I. R. Walker Introduction Overview of life cycles and ecology Methods Indicator potential Future directions Summary Acknowledgments References 4. Coleoptera and Trichoptera / S. A. Elias Introduction Sampling of insect fossils Extraction of insect fossils from sediment Specimen identification Paleoenvironmental interpretation Paleotemperature reconstructions Summary References 5. Oribatid mites / T. Solhøy Introduction Brief history Outline of methods Indicator potential Summary Acknowledgements Appendix I References 6. Bryozoan statoblasts / D. R. Francis Introduction Methods Statoblasts in sedimentary records Indicator potential Conclusions and future directions Summary Acknowledgments References 7. Ostracoda / J. A. Holmes Introduction Biology and taxonomy Ecology Ecological, palaeoecological and geochemical techniques Future directions Summary Acknowledgements References 8. Freshwater molluscs / B. B. Miller & M. J. S. Tevesz Introduction Field methods Laboratory methods Data interpretation Geochemical approaches Summary Acknowledgments References 9. Fish / W. P. Patterson & G. R. Smith Introduction Establishing the stratigraphic framework Geomorphology and paleohydrology Otoliths Summary References Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations Index

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Preface. - The Editors. - Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series. - Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental. - Research Book Series. - Contents of Volumes 1 to 4 of the Series. - Safety Considerations and Caution. - List of Contributors. - 1. An introduction to physical and geochemical methods used in paleolimnology / William M. Last & John P. Smol. - PART 1: PHYSICAL LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY TECHNIQUES. - 2. Recognition and analysis of bedding and sediment fabric features / Alan E. S. Kemp, Jean Dean, Richard B. Pearce & Jennifer Pike. - Introduction. - Approach. - Photography and imagery of the core surface. - Penetrative imaging of the core. - Sampling wet, unconsolidated or semi-consolidated sediment. - Sediment drying and resin-embedding. - Thin section preparation. - SEM analysis of laminated sediment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - Appendix 1: Fluid displacive low viscosity resin embedding technique Method. - References. - 3. Image analysis techniques / Timo Saarinen & Gunilla Petterson. - Introduction. - Image analysis in paleolimnology. - Material and methods. - Future perspectives. - Conclusion. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 4. Textural analysis of lake sediments / William M. Last. - Introduction and importance of texture. - Size. - Form and fabric. - Example of application of textural studies. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - PART II. MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL INDICATOR TECHNIQUES. - 5. Inorganic geochemical methods in paleolimnology / J. F. Boyle. - History & scope. - Objectives of inorganic geochemical research. - Elemental analysis. - Identifying, characterizing, and quantifying sediment components. - Areas of contention. - Uses of inorganic geochemical data in palaeolimnology. - Future developments. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 6. Mineralogical analysis of lake sediments / William M. Last. - Introduction and importance of mineralogy. - Mineralogy versus geochemistry. - Minerals in lake sediments. - A synopsis of methods. - X-ray diffraction. - Light microscopy. - Future developments. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 7. Fluid inclusions in paleolimnological studies of chemical sediments / Tim Lowenstein & Sean T. Brennan. - Introduction. - Distinguishing primary from secondary features in chemical sediments. - Fluid inclusions in ancient chemical sediments. - Fluid inclusion liquid-vapor homogenization temperatures: paleolake temperatures. - Fluid inclusion freezing-melting behavior: paleolake chemical compositions. - Stable isotopes (δD, δ18O) from fluid inclusion waters. - Major element chemistry of fluid inclusions: paleolake water compositions. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 8. Application of mineral magnetic techniques to paleolimnology / Per Sandgren & Ian Snowball. - Introduction. - A brief history of the application of mineral magnetic measurements to lake sediments. - Magnetic properties. - Magnetic hysteresis. - Anhysteretic remanent magnetisation (ARM). - Sample collection and preparation. - Sequence of measurements. - Hysteresis curves. - Summary. - References. - 9. Sediment organic matter / Philip A. Meyers & Jane L. Teranes. - Introduction. - Paleolimnological proxies. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 10. Paleolimnological methods and applications for persistent organic pollutants / Jules M. Blais & Derek C. G. Muir. - Introduction. - Advances in extraction and quantitative analytical techniques for POPs in sediment. - Transfer processes in lakes. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 11. Near-Infrared spectrometry (NIRS) in paleolimnology / Tom Korsman, Ingemar Renberg, Eigil Dabakk & Mats B. Nilsson. - Introduction. - Theory. - Instrumentation. - NIR analysis of sediment samples. - Uses of NIRS in palaeolimnology. - Future perspectives. - Summary. - References. - 12. Fly-ash particles / Neil Rose. - Introduction. - A brief history. - Methods of extraction and enumeration. - Temporal distribution. - Spatial distribution. - Source apportionment. - The future. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - PART III: STABLE ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES. - 13. Application of stable isotope techniques to inorganic and biogenic carbonates / Emi lto. - Introduction. - Nomenclature and systematics. - δ18O of lake-water. - Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of lake-water. - δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). - Carbonates in lake-sediments. - Mollusks. - Ostracodes. - Charaphytes. - Isotope analysis. - Preparation of carbonate samples for isotope analysis. - Conclusions. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 14. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of lake sediment cellulose: methods and applications / Brent B. Wolfe, Thomas W. D. Edwards, Richard J. Elgood & Kristina R. M. Beuning. - Introduction. - Stable isotope tracers in lake waters - 18O, 2 H,13CHistorical development. - Methods. - Key criteria for paleohydrologic reconstruction. - Applications. - Future research directions. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 15. Nitrogen isotopes in palaeolimnology / Michael R. Talbot. - Introduction. - Nitrogen in lakes: forms and distribution. - Nitrogen isotopes. - Nitrogen isotope studies in palaeolimnology: sampling and measurement. - Some examples. - Closing remarks. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations. - Index.

Anmerkung: Aus dem Russ. übers.

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 1.1 Boundaries of the Arctic 1.2 Main Geographical Factors Shaping the Climate 2. Atmospheric Circulation 2.1 Development of Views on Atmospheric Circulation in the Arctic 2.2 Large-scale Atmospheric Circulation 2.3 Synoptic-scale Circulation 2.4 Winds 2.5 Local Circulation and Mesoscale Disturbances 3. Radiation Conditions 3.1 Sunshine Duration 3.2 Global Solar Radiation 3.3 Short-wave Net Radiation 3.4 Long-wave Net Radiation 3.5 Net Radiation and Other Elements of the Heat Balance 4. Air Temperature 4.1 Mean Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Air Temperature 4.2 Mean and Absolute Extreme Air Temperatures 4.3 Temperature Inversions 5. Cloudiness 5.1 The Annual Cycle 5.2 Spatial Patterns 5.3 Fog 6. Air Humidity 6.1 Water Vapour Pressure 6.2 Relative Humidity 7. Atmospheric Precipitation and Snow Cover 7.1 Atmospheric Precipitation 7.2 Number of Days with Precipitation 7.3 Snow Cover 8. Air Pollution 9. Climatic Regions 9.1 The Atlantic Region 9.2 The Siberian Region 9.3 The Pacific Region 9.4 The Canadian Region 9.5 The Baffin Bay Region 9.6 The Greenland Region 9.7 The Interior Arctic Region 10. Climatic Change and Variability in the Holocene 10.1 Period 10-11 ka-l ka BP 10.2 Period 1 ka-O.l ka BP 10.3 Period 0.1 ka-Present 11. Scenarios of the Arctic Climate in the 21st Century 11.1 Model Simulations of the Present-day Arctic Climate 11.2 Scenarios of the Arctic Climate in the 21st Century References Copyright Acknowledgements Index

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. - SECTION I. FUNDAMENTALS. - 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEA-WATER / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. The equilibrium thermodynamic state. - 2. Equation of state for sea-water. - 3. Entropy. - 4. Chemical potential difference. - 5. The non-equilibrium state. - 6. Other physical properties of sea-water. - 2. THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF SEA-WATER / BY CARL ECKART. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Thermodynamics. - 3. Hydrodynamics. - 4. The irreversible processes. - 5. Transformation of the equation. - 6. The zeroth approximation. - 7. The first approximation. - 8. Definitions related to convective motion. - 9. The field equations. - SECTION II. INTERCHANGE OF PROPERTIES BETWEEN SEA AND AIR. - 3. SMALL-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY E. L. DEACON AND E. K. WEBB. - 1. General considerations of transfer. - 2. Momentum transfer and the wind-profile. - 3. Drag coefficients of the sea surface. - 4. Transfer of heat and water vapour. - 4. LARGE-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY JOANNE S. MALKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. How the whole system works. - 3. Determination of air-sea fluxes. - 4. Climatology of energy exchange and the global heat and water budgets. - 5. Heat and water exchange and its role in tropical circulations. - 6. Large-scale momentum relations. - 7. Exchange mechanisms and fluctuations. - 8. Exchange fluctuations in mid-latitudes and long-period interaction anomalies. - 9. Concluding remarks. - 5. INSOLUBLES / BY R. W. REX AND E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. Meteorology of transport. - 2. Eolian materials in marine sediments. - 6. SOLUBLES / BY A. H. WOODCOCK. - 7. GASES / BY R. REVELLE AND H. E. SUESS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Oxygen and nitrogen. - 3. Rare gases. - 4. Carbon dioxide. - SECTION III. DYNAMICS OF OCEAN CURRENTS / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. Conservation equations for momentum and mass. - 2. Separation into steady and time-dependent motion. - 3. Magnitude of forces. - 4. Steady-state circulation. - 5. Steady inertial circulation. - 6. Convective circulation. - 7. Time-dependent motion. - SECTION IV. TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY WITHIN THE SEA. - 8. LIGHT / BY J. E. TYLER AND R. W. PREISENDORFER. - 1. Physical constructs. - 2. Instrumentation for the measurement of the underwater light field and the determination of the optical properties of the sea. - 3. Radiance distribution. - 4. Attenuation coefficient. - 5. Volume scattering functions and total scattering coefficient. - 6. Irradiance. - 7. Diffuse attenuation function and reflectance function. - 8. Scalar irradiance (spherical irradiance). - 9. Absorption coefficient. - 10. Path function. - 11. Data. - 12. Applications. - 13. List of symbols. - 9. UNDERWATER VISIBILITY / BY S. Q. DUNTLEY. - 1. Image transmission. - 2. Inherent contrast. - 3. Sighting range. - 10. LIGHT AND ANIMAL LIFE / BY G. L. CLARKE AND E. J. DENTON. - 11. OTHER ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION / BY L. N. LIEBERMANN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Electromagnetic properties of sea-water. - 3. Propagation through sea-water. - 4. The effect of the sea-surface on electromagnetic propagation. - 5. Natural electromagnetic radiation or "noise" in the sea. - 12. SOUND IN THE SEA / BY P. VIGOUREUX and J. B. HERSEY. - 1. The nature of sound. - 2. Propagation of sound in water. - 3. Noise. - 4. Instruments and applications of sound to oceanography. - 13. SOUND SCATTERING BY MARINE ORGANISMS / BY J. B. HERSEY AND R. H. BACKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Occurrence and description of scattering layers. - 3. Identification of sound scatterers. - 4. Sound-scattering theory. - 5. Sound-scattering observations. - 6. What is "the deep scattering layer"?. - 7. Ideas and miscellaneous observations. - 14. SOUND PRODUCTION BY MARINE ANIMALS / BY W. E. SCHEVILL, R. H. BACKUS, AND J. B. HERSEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History. - 3. Instrumentation. - 4. Identification of source. - 5. Purposeful and adventitious sounds. - 6. Sound-producing mechanisms. - 7. Spectra of sounds. - 8. Functions of sound. - 9. Hearing as related to sound production. - 10. Eliciting and suppressing marine animal sounds. - 11. Exploitation of marine animal sounds by the oceanographer. - SECTION V. WAVES. - 15. ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS / BY D. E. CARTWRIGHT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Fundamental equations of wave motion. - 3. Statistical formulation. - 4. Properties of a wave system in terms of its directional energy spectrum. - 5. Estimating the directional energy spectrum. - 6. Waves recorded by a single detector. - 7. Spectral measurement. - 8. Second-order approximations to energy spectra. - 16. LONG-TERM VARIATIONS IN SEA-LEVEL / BY J. R. ROSSITER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The determination of mean sea-level. - 3. Causes of variations in sea-level. - 4. The analysis of observations. - 5. Some geophysical implications of long-term variations in sea-level. - 6. Conclusion. - 17. SURGES / BY P. GROEN AND G. W. GROVES. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Description. - 3. Dynamics and forecasting. - 18. LONG OCEAN WAVES / BY W. H. MUNK. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The instruments. - 3. The spectrum. - 4. Surf beat. - 5. Shelf waves. - 6. Tsunamis. - 19. WIND WAVES / BY N. F. BARBER AND M. J. TUCKER. - 1. Kinematics of waves. - 2. The description of a complicated wave pattern: the wave spectrum. - 3. Theories of wave generation by wind. - 4. Wave prediction. - 5. Waves from distant storms. - 6. Waves approaching the shore. - 7. The surf zone. - 8. Ships and waves. - 9. Methods of observation and analysis-methods taking no account of direction of travel. - 10. Methods of observation and analysis - the directional power spectrum. - 20. MICROSEISMS / BY J. DARBYSHIRE. - 1. Relation between sea waves and microseisms. - 2. The nature of microseisms. - 3. Refraction of microseisms. - 4. Storm tracking and estimation of the direction of approach of microseisms. - 5. Estimation of direction from the nature of microseisms. - 6. Instruments. - 7. Other work. - 21. RIPPLES / BY C. S. COX. - 1. Spectrum and mean square slope. - 2. Effect of slicks. - 3. Shape of a rippled water surface. - 4. Growth of ripples. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part I / BY E. C. LAFOND. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Measurements. - 3. Observed relations. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part II / BY C. S. COX. - 4. Differential equations. - 5. Spectrum. - 6. Internal waves and turbulence. - 23. TIDES / BY W. HANSEN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The hydrodynamic equations and their application to tidal problems. - 3. Tidal observation. - 4. Tidal charts. - 5. Classical theory. - 6. Numerical methods for ascef!.aining the tides and tidal currents. Boundary-value problems. - 7. The application of difference methods to initial-boundary problems. - 8. Numerical solutions of initial-boundary-value problems of tides in one and two dimensions. - 9. Internal tides. - SECTION VI. TURBULENCE / BY K. F. BOWDEN. - 1. General properties of turbulence. - 2. Turbulence in the sea. - 3. Turbulent fluctuations and turbulent transports. - 4. Vertical turbulence. - 5. Horizontal turbulence. - SECTION VII. THE PHYSICS OF SEA-ICE / BY E. R. POUNDER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Mechanical properties. - 3. Thermal properties. - 4. Electrical properties. - 5. Growth and disintegration of an ice cover. - 6. Theory of sea-ice structure and properties. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Anmerkung: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:1993-

Anmerkung: Contents Foreword Synopsis Introduction Authority Purpose and scope SIPRE organization and activities Cryological problems and military end points Present state of knowledge General Introduction Terminology and classification Snow and ice Introduction Physical properties and geometry Density and water equivalent Water holding or storage capacity of snow Water transmission through snow Bound water Crystallography and metamorphism Porosity and permeability Mechanical properties Elasto-plastic properties Friction Strength Hardness Electromagnetic properties Dielectric constants Conductivity Magnetic properties Piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects Triboelectricity Freezing potential Thermodynamic properties Thermal properties Radiation Phase relations Engineering problems Snow and ice removal Snow compaction Snow draft control Trafficability Temporary structures Snow melt and runoff Maps Frozen ground and permafrost Introduction Frost action Theory of frost action Cyclic freezing and thawing Manifestations of frost actions Frost heave on freezing Reduction in load-carrying capacity on thawing Soil movements on slopes Ground properties affecting or affected by frost action Composition, grain size, and grain-size distribution Soil-moisture-movement properties Thermal properties Structure of unfrozen ground Structure of frozen ground Strength of frozen ground Freezing point Ground conditions affecting or affected by frost action Density Degree of saturation Interrelation of climate, position, vegetation, and soil Frost phenomena Climate Position Vegetation Engineering problems Excavation and replacement Subsurface drainage Base courses Insulation courses Surface icing and its control Trafficability Building foundations Maps Current related research Introduction Military cryological research in United States and Canada Non-military cryological research in the Western World Research needed Introduction Subjects for fundamental research Subjects for applied research

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: THE COMPOSITION OF SEA-WATER. - SECTION I. CHEMISTRY. - 1. THE OCEANS AS A CHEMICAL SYSTEM / BY E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. The composition of sea-water. - 2. Reactivities of the elements. - 3. Chemical reaction in the oceans and the compositions of the end-products. - 4. Space and time distributions of the elements. - 2. THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANISMS ON THE COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER / BY A. C. REDFIELD, B. H. KETCHUM AND F. A. RICHARDS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The biochemical cycle. - 3. The biochemical circulation. - 3. ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY IN THE SEA / BY Y. MIYAKE. - 1. Artificial radioactivity in oceanic waters. - 2. Enrichment of radioactive substances in marine products. - 3. Artificial radioactivity as a tracer of water movements in the ocean. - 4. Disposal of radioactive waste in the ocean. - 4. RADIOISOTOPES AND LARGE-SCALE OCEANIC MIXING / W. BROECKER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Useful isotopes. - 3. Steady-state distribution of 14C. - 4. Ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange rates. - 5. Oceanic mixing models. - 6. Industrial CO2 effect. - 7. 226Ra distribution. - 8. 90Sr distribution. - 9. Non-steady-state conditions. - 10. Conclusion. - 5. CHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION / BY D. E. CARRITT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Chlorinity, salinity, density and related properties. - 3. Water tagging and tracer techniques. - 4. Measurement of dissolved gases. - 6. WATER SAMPLING AND THERMOMETERS / BY H. F. P. HERDMAN. - 1. Sampling. - 2. Thermometry. - SECTION II. FERTILITY OF THE OCEANS. - 7. PRODUCTIVITY, DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT / BY E. STEEMANN NIELSEN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Definitions. - 3. Methods for measuring primary production. - 4. The relation between the rate of gross production and net production below a surface unit. - 5. Transparency of the water versus organic production. - 6. The significance of single individual measurements of primary production. - 7. The influence of weather conditions. - 8. ORGANIC REGULATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON FERTILITY / BY L. PROVASOLI. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Data from chemical analysis. - 3. Organic products of algae and bacteria. - 4. Nutritional requirements of marine algae. - 5. Crustacea and organic solutes. - 6. Data from biological analysis of sea-water. - 7. Prospects. - 8. Addendum. - 9. BIOASSAY OF TRACE SUBSTANCES / BY W. L. BELSER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Vitamins. - 3. Amino acids. - 4. Purines and pyrimidines. - 5. Perspectives. - COMPARATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE OCEANOGRAPHY. - SECTION III. CURRENTS. - 10. EQUATORIAL CURRENT SYSTEMS / BY J. A. KNAUSS. - 1. Methods of study of ocean currents. - 2. Gross circulation pattern. - 3. A two-layer ocean - the thermocline. - 4. Zonal fiow-geostrophic currents. - 5. Meridional flow-upwelling. - 6. Conclusions and speculations. - 11. EASTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS / BY W. S. WOOSTER AND J. L. REID, JR. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Common features of eastern boundary currents. - 3. Coastal upwelling. -4. Poleward eastern boundary currents. - 5. Biological implications. - 12. THE SOUTHERN OCEAN / BY G. E. R. DEACON. - 1. Topography. - 2. Oceanographic data. - 3. Wind zones. - 4. The water-masses. - 5. Climatology and zoogeography. - 6. Nutrient salts. - 7. Future needs. - 13. DEEP-CURRENT MEASUREMENTS USING NEUTRALLY BUOYANT FLOATS / BY G. H. VOLKMANN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The pinger. - 3. Measurements. - 14. DROGUES AND NEUTRAL-BUOYANT FLOATS / BY J. A. KNAUSS. - 15. ESTUARIES / BY W. M. CAMERON AND D. W. PRITCHARD. - 1. Definition of estuaries. - 2. General considerations. - 3. Estuarine circulation patterns. - 4. Some variations on the estuarine sequence. - 5. Flushing in estuaries. - 6. Dynamics of estuaries. - 7. Kinematic description of the distribution of properties in an estuary. - 16. APPLICATIONS OF THE GYROPENDULUM / BY W. S. VON ARX. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The gyropendulum. - 3. The problem of time variations. - SECTION IV. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. - 17. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN.PRODUCTIVITY / BY J. H. RYTHER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Incident radiation. - 3. Transparency. - 4. Nutrients. - 5. Latitudinal variations in the stability of surface water. - 6. Productivity of the major oceanic regions. - 7. Hydrodynamic features which influence productivity. - 8. Plankton production in coastal and inshore waters. - 9. Production of benthic plant communities. - 18. BIOLOGICAL SPECIES, WATER-MASSES AND CRRRENTS / BY M. W. JOHNSON AND E. BRINTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Water-masses and biological species. - 3. Water currents and biological species. - 19. COMMUNITIES OF ORGANISMS / BY E. W. FAGER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Definition of community. - 3. Identification of communities. - 4. Community structure. - 5. Community function. - 6. Community theory. - 20. THEORY OF FOOD-CHAIN RELATIONS IN THE OCEAN / BY G. A. RILEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Mathematical models of plankton populations. - 3. Complex versus simple models. - 4. Prognosis for mathematical models. - 5. Higher elements of the food chain. - 21. FISHERY DYNAMICS - THEIR ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION / BY M. B. SCHAEFER AND R. J. H. BEVERTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The Beverton-Holt approach. - 3. The Schaefer approach. - 4. Concluding remarks. - SECTION V. OCEANOGRAPHICAL MISCELLANEA. - 22. SEASONAL CHANGES IN SEA-LEVEL / BY JUNE G. PATTULLO. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The observed seasonal variations. - 3. Factors influencing variations in sea-level. - 4. Summary. - 5. Conclusions. - 23. BATHYSCAPHS AND OTHER DEEP SUBMERSIBLES FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH / BY R. S. DIETZ. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Diving chambers. - 3. Bathyscaphs. - 4. Diving saucer. - 5. Buoyant-hulled deep ships or bathynauts. - 6. Deep-research vessel (D.R.V.). - 7. Remote underwater manipulator (RUM). - 8. Concluding remarks. - 24. DEEP-SEA ANCHORING AND MOORING / BY JOHN D. ISAACS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Historical background. - 3. Problems of taut-mooring. - 4. Remarks on components of moorings. - 5. Mooring cables. - 6. The anchors. - 7. Fittings. - 8. Performance. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Anmerkung: Contents Acknowledgements Executive Summary with Key Findings and Recommendations Current State of the Art Key Scientific Challenges and Recommendations Major New Synthesis Initiative Required Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP Policy Implications Summary 1. Introduction Rationale for Pan-Arctic Hydrologic Synthesis Report Framework 2. A Strategy for Detecting and Understanding Arctic Hydrological Change: Arctic-CHAMP Arctic-CHAMP Basic Long-Term Monitoring Arctic-CHAMP Field-Based Process Studies Arctic-CHAMP Synthesis Modeling Execution of Arctic-CHAMP 3. Role and Importance of Water in the Arctic System The Integrated Water Cycle of the Pan-Arctic Land Atmosphere Ocean Importance of Arctic Hydrology to the Arctic System Importance of the Arctic to the Earth System 4. Unprecedented Change to Arctic Hydrological Systems Changes to the Land-Based Hydrologic Cycle Changes to the Atmosphere The Changing Arctic Ocean and its Regional Seas 5. Impacts and Feedbacks Associated with Arctic Hydrological Change Direct Impacts on Ecosystems Arctic Water Cycle Change and Humans Land-Atmosphere-Ocean Feedbacks Land-Atmosphere-Ocean-Human Feedbacks 6. Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP References Appendix 1. NSF-ARCSS Arctic Hydrology Workshop Participants Appendix 2. Current Gaps in Understanding the Pan-Arctic Hydrological Cycle Appendix 3. Integration of Arctic-CHAMP with NSF and Other Federal Agency Initiatives Appendix 4. International Collaborations

Anmerkung: Contents Introduction Use of the deep-freeze as a cold laboratory Growing single crystals Creep tests Conclusions References cited