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  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (54)
  • English  (54)
  • Spanish
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (24)
  • 1975-1979  (30)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1980  (24)
  • 1979  (30)
  • 1
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    Study of water drainage from columns of snow (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/1
    In: CRREL Report, 79-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments were conducted to study the flow of water through columns of homogeneous, repacked snow. The gravity flow theory of water flow through snow was verified, although possibly there is some dependence of the relative permeability on the state of metamorphism of the snow. Also, at very large values of saturation there may be some additional flow in saturated channels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9017
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Symbols Introduction Test procedure Theory Evaluation of the experimental results Example evaluation Results and discussion Literature cited Appendix A. Measured and computed discharge
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  • 2
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    Nondestructive testing of in-service highway pavements in Maine (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/6
    In: CRREL Report, 79-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Nondestructive repetitive plate bearing (RPB) tests were conducted on various test sections in state highways in Maine during 13-15 April 1976. The RPB test consists of making resilient surface deflection measurements during repetitive loadings at various radii from the load plate. The pavement system stiffness was calculated and the resilient modulus values for the various pavement layers were determined with the Chevron computer program for a layered elastic system. A thawed analysis using nondimensional deflection curves for the various sections provided a guide to the susceptibility of the pavement systems to surface failure and pothole development. Some comparisons between stabilized and nonstabilized aggregate and soil were made with calculated stiffness values. The moduli of the various materials were also compared. The residual surface deflections during testing for several pavement systems indicated a linear logarithmic relationship with number of load applications. A relationship between the modulus of the asphalt cement concrete pavement and pavement temperature was developed for the limited temperature range during the testing.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-6
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9013
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures. Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis. Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points
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  • 3
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    Sea ice ridging over the Alaskan continental shelf (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/8
    In: CRREL Report, 79-8
    Description / Table of Contents: Sea ice ridging statistics obtained from a series of laser surface roughnessprofiles are examined. Each set of profiles consists of six 200-km-long flight tracks oriented approximately perpendicular to the coastline of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. The landward ends of the profiles were located at Point Lay, Wainwright, Barrow, Lonely, Cross Island and Barter Island. The flights were made in February, April, August, and December 1976, and one additional profile was obtained north of Cross Island during March 1978. It was found that although there is a systematic variation in mean ridge height (h) with season (with the highest values occurring in late winter), there is no systematic spatial variation in h at a given time. The number of ridges/km (micron) is also high during the late winter, with the highest values occurring in the Barter and Cross Island profiles . In most profiles, the ice 20 to 60 km from the coast is more highly deformed (higher micron values) than the ice either nearer the coast or farther seaward. The Wadhams model for the distribution of ridge heights gives better agreement with observed values in the higher ridge categories than does the Hibler model. Estimates of the spatial recurrence frequency of large pressure ridges are made by using the Wadhams model and also by using an extreme value approach. In the latter, the distribution of the lagest ridges per 20 km of laser track was found to be essentially normal
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-8
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9015
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data collection and processing Analysis General Variations in ridging Ridge height distributions Occurrence of high ridges The tail of the distribution Extreme values Applications to offshore design Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Tabulated ice ridge data
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  • 4
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    Blank corrections for ultratrace atomic absorption analysis (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/3
    In: CRREL Report, 79-3
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-3
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9018
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Penetration tests in subsea permafrost, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/7
    In: CRREL Report, 79-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Sediments beneath the Beaufort Sea near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, were probed at 27 sites using a static cone penetrometer to determine engineering properties and distribution of material types, including ice-bonded sediments. The probe provided both point and casing resistance data and thermal profiles. At five sites these data were correlated with information from adjacent drilled and sampled holes. These control data and the quality of the probe information permitted profiles of sediment type and occurrence of ice-bonded material to be developed along three lines that included various geological features and depositional environments. Material properties were quite variable in the upper 14 m of sediments probed. In general, softer, finer-grained sediments occurred in the upper layers, while penetration refusal was met in stiff gravels to 10 to 12 m below the seabed. Seabed temperatures during the study were all below 0 C. However, because of uncertainties in freezing point values caused by brines, evaluation of the penetration resistance data was required to identify the occurrence of ice-bonded sediments. The coupling of thermal and penetration resistance data revealed that seasonally ice-bonded sediments occurred where the sea ice froze back to or near the seabed. Deeper, perennially frozen sediments also appeared to be present at several probe sites. The penetration data obtained can be used to aid in the design of shallow and deep foundations in both ice-bonded and unfrozen subsea sediments.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-7
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9014
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Equipment Data collection and reduction Data analysis and interpretation Point penetration resistance and material properties Lithologic and temperature profiles Casing penetration resistance Applications Shallow foundations Deep foundations Foundations in permafrost Correlations with laboratory tests Conclusions Selected bibliography Appendix A: Description of penetrometer and test procedures Appendix B: Point resistance and skin friction data
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  • 6
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    Grouting silt and sand at low temperatures : a laboratory investigation (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    In: CRREL Report, 79-5
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: This report presents data from an experimental program undertaken to develop information on proposed and existing chemical grout solutions to provide engineering properties in connection with grouting of soils in ambient temperatures of 39° ±1°F (3.88°C) and below. Twelve grout solutions were investigated, including organic chemicals, sodium silicates, cements, and clay (bentonite). Set or gel tests were performed on each chemical solution, in the center of which a thermocouple was placed for measuring the rates of heat of reaction, except those of the cements and the clay. These solutions consisted of the mixing portions of the chemicals and were placed into 4-in.-diam by approximately 6-in.-long cylinders at an ambient temperature of 39°F.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-5
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9020
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Computer modeling of atmospheric ice accretion (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/4
    In: CRREL Report, 79-4
    Description / Table of Contents: A computer model is described to compute the amount of ice accretion on an object under a variety of initial conditions. Numerical techniques are best applied to these problems because of time dependent effects governing the amount of ice collected and also the variety of initial conditions that can lead to ice accumulation. The helicopter rotor icing problem adds an additional complexity since the velocity along the rotor blade varies over a wide range strongly affecting the amounts of ice collected at different blade positions. The physics of ice accretion is reviewed and the accounting for time-dependence in the computer model is described. Some model results are presented and indicate the dependence of ice accretion on velocity, droplet sizes, cloud liquid water content, and temperature for a cylindrical object of constant size.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9019
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENT Abstract Preface Introduction Ice accretion parameters Physics of ice accretion Interaction between water droplets and flow field Time dependence in droplet trajectories Thermodynamic processes at the surface of the object Time dependence in the thermodynamics Time dependence of lesser order Numerical ice accretion model Major subroutines Options for droplet size variations Option for the helicopter rotor case Results Conclusions and future studies Literature cited Appendix A: Computer program
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  • 8
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    Model studies of surface noise interference in ground-probing radar (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/19
    In: CRREL Report, 85-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Ground-probing radar can be an effective tool for exploring the top 10 to 20 m of ground, especially in cold regions where the freezing of water decreases signal absorption. However, the large electrical variability of the surface, combined with the short wavelengths used, can often cause severe ground clutter that can mask a desired, deeper return. In this study a model facility was constructed consisting of a metallic reflector covered by sand. Troughs of saturated sand were emplaced at the surface to vary surface electrical properties and to act as a noise source to interfere with the bottom reflections. Antenna polarization and height, and signal stacking in both static (antennas stationary) and dynamic (antennas moving) modes were then investigated as methods for reducing the surface clutter. Polarization parallel to the profile direction (perpendicular to the troughs' axes) gave profiles superior to the perpendicular case because of the directional sensitivity of the antenna radiation. Dynamic stacking greatly improved the signal-to-noise ratio because noise sources were averaged as the antennas moved, while the desired reflector, buried at constant depth, was enhanced. Raising the antennas above the surface also reduced noise because the surface area over which reflections were integrated increased. All three noise reduction techniques could be effective in surveys for reflectors at nearly constant depth such as groundwater tables or ice/water interfaces if the lateral variation in undesired ground propertiesis sufficiently random.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a163208.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9440
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objective and procedures Materials and methods Subsurface radar Model facility Results Isolated disturbances-surface and raised analog profiles Multiple disturbances Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 9
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    Ultrasonic velocity investigations of crystal anisotropy in deep ice cores from Antarctica (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/10
    In: CRREL Report, 79-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice cores from Byrd Station and Little America V have been used to test an ultrasonic technique for evaluating crystal anisotropy in the Antarctic Ice Sheet. P-wave velocities measured parallel and perpendicular to the vertical axes of cores from the 2164-m-thick ice sheet at Byrd Station have yielded results in excellent agreement with the observed c-axis fabric profile and with the in-situ P-wave velocity profile measured parallel to the bore hole axis. Velocity differences in excess of 140 m/s for core samples from deeper than 1300 m attest to the strong single pole clustering of crystallographic c-axes about the vertical, especially in the zone from 1300-1800 m. Such oriented structure is compatible only with strong horizontal shearing in this zone. The existence in an ice sheet of widespread shearing several hundred meters above its bed raises serious questions as to the validity of current concepts of the flow of large ice masses that tend to gloss over or ignore crystal alignments of this magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA071451
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9009
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Laboratory measurements Sample sources Ultrasonic velocity measurements Effects of inclined drilling at Byrd Station Results Byrd Station Little America V Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 10
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    Snowpack optical properties in the infrared (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/11
    In: CRREL Report, 79-11
    Description / Table of Contents: A theory of the optical properties of snow in the 2-20 region of the infrared has been developed. Using this theory it is possible to predict the absorption and scattering coefficients and the emissivity of snow, as a function of the snow parameters of grain size and density, for densities between 0.17 and 0.4 g/cm3. The absorption and scattering coefficients are linearly related to the density and inversely related to the average grain size. The emissivity is independent of grain size and exhibits only a weak dependence upon density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-11
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5313
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9010
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Point source bubbler systems to suppress ice (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/12
    In: CRREL Report, 79-12
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of a point source bubbler system used to induce local melting of an ice cover is presented. The analysis leads to a numerical simulation programmed in FORTRAN which may be used to predict the effectiveness of such systems. An example application is presented using a typical record of average daily air temperatures. The FORTRAN program for the point source simulation as well as a FORTRAN program for line source systems are included in the Appendix.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA071038
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9308
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Outline of analysis Plume analysis Heat transfer analysis Temperature of impinging plume Heat transfer coefficient Melting of the ice cover Simulation example Thermal reserve analysis Literature cited Appendix
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  • 12
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    Turbulent heat transfer in large aspect channels (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/13
    In: CRREL Report, 79-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Heat transfer in turbulent flow was measured in a rectangular channel with a width of 0.254 m and a flow depth of 0.0254 m. Correlations between the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers are given for a range of 3020 Re 22360. A Prandtl number range of 9.90 or = Pr or = 12.28 for water was used in the tests. The results are compared with those of other investigations and show that some well-known correlations underpredict the heat transfer by about 35%.
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    Pages: ii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA071003
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9011
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Accelerated ice growth in rivers (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/14
    In: CRREL Report, 79-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Solid ice growth rates due to the presence of frazil slush beneath the ice cover have been shown to be greater than the so-called static growth. The frazil slush reduces the effective heat of ice solidification and the frazil particles freeze into the interstitial water. Numerical schemes are presented which clearly show the effect of frazil ice porosity on ice cover growth rates and the numerical model using air temperature as the major input is compared with field data on ice thickness in a small river laden with frazil ice beneath its cover.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA071015
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9219
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Detection of Arctic water supplies with geophysical techniques (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/15
    In: CRREL Report, 79-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report discusses the application of several modern geophysical techniques to groundwater exploration in areas in permafrost. These methods utilize the principles of magnetic induction and radiowave surface impedance in the 10- to 400-kHz band, the techniques of impulse and side-looking radar in the 50- to 10,000-MHz band, and also some optical techniques using imagery obtained from a satellite. Low frequency case studies demonstrate the use of the techniques for detecting free water under an ice cover in shallow, almost completely frozen lake basins, and thaw zones within lake beds, stream channels, and in permafrost in general. The radar studies demonstrate the use of these techniques for determining depth of free water and ice cover thickness on lakes and rivers
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA072157
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9012
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Part I. Low frequency resistivity methods Resistivity of earth materials Theory and description of techniques Surface impedance technique Airborne radiowave technique Magnetic induction technique Case studies Location of thaw zones beneath lakes and rivers Location of permeable materials in unfrozen ground Delineating permafrost boundaries Part II. High frequency dielectric methods Dielectric properties of earth materials Theory and description of equIpment Profiling radar Imaging radar Case studies Radar profile of a river channel Impulse radar profile of a freshwater lake SLAR imagery of Arctic lakes Literature cited Appendix A: Satellite imagery for subsurface water exploration
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  • 15
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    The critical velocities of a floating ice plate subjected to in-plane forces and a moving load (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/19
    In: CRREL Report, 79-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The critical velocities of loads moving over floating ice plates have been determined by several authors. In all these analyses it was assumed that the in-plane force field in the ice cover is zero. However, due to constrained thermal strains, in-plane forces do occur in the field. The purpose of the present paper is to determine their effect upon the critical velocities of the moving loads. It is shown that a uniform compression force field reduces the critical velocity, whereas a tension force field has the opposite effect.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a075455.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9045
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Insulating and load-supporting properties of sulfur foam for expedient roads in cold regions (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/18
    In: CRREL Report, 79-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperatures of the subgrade and of sulfur foam insulation test sections in an expedient road were monitored with thermocouples to document freezing and thawing conditions. Vehicular trafficking was conducted on a limited basis to determine the load supporting capabilities of the foam. The sulfur foam, placed directly under a prefabri­cated surface mat, was found to be unsuitable for use as an expedient thermal insulation and traffic load supporting material primarily because of its low tensile strength and high brittleness. The insulating value of sulfur foam pro­duced by the batch process in the field was about one-half that of extruded polystyrene, meaning double the thick­ness for equal protection against thaw.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-18
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5276/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9046
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Site preparation Sulfur foam application Sulfur foaming equipment Environmental aspects Traffic testing and test pad observations Field sampling and temperature readings during pouring Lab tests for physical properties Sulfur foam odor analysis Insulation costs Lab experiments with sulfur foam Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 17
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    Roof response to icing conditions (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/17
    In: CRREL Report, 79-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Six test roofs of two different slopes — 16.3° and 39.8°, and three different roof coverings — asphalt shingles, cedar shingles, and corrugated aluminum sheeting, were constructed at USACRREL, Hanover, New Hampshire, and were instrumented with thermocouples, heat flow meters, and calibrated gutters. Measurements were recorded for the winters of 1971-72 and 1972-73. The degree of icing and the chronological changes in the snow cover were recorded on 35-mm Kodachrome slides. It was found that eave icing is a sensitive function of the slope, roof covering composi­tion, and solar radiation. The effects of wind were not investigated; the data were screened to remove all informa­tion corresponding to windspeeds over 8 km/h. In order of increasing tendency to form ice dams on the eaves, the roofs were high-slope asphalt, high-slope cedar, high-slope aluminum, low-slope asphalt, low-slope cedar, and low- slope aluminum.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-17
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5287/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9047
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Experimental procedure Description of roofs Meteorological data Procedure Analysis General Temperature profiles Temperature rankings Heat flow Snow depths and meltwater volumes Degree of icing Results and conclusions General Temperature profiles of the roofs Comparative temperatures of roofs by section — rankings Heat flow and accumulation Snow depth, coverage, and meltwater Degree of icing Discussion of the icing problem Literature cited
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  • 18
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    Construction and performance of membrane encapsulated soil layers in Alaska (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/16
    In: CRREL Report, 79-16
    Description / Table of Contents: In 1973 two membrane encapsulated soil layer (MESL) test sections were constructed into existing gravel surfaced roads at Elmendorf A FB and at Ft. Wainwright in Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, respectively. The Elmendorf AFB MESL contains a silty clay soil and the Ft. Wainwright MESL contains a nonplastic silt. Both sections were constructed at soil moisture contents of approximately 2% to 3% below optimum for the CE-12 compactive effort. There were no indica­tions of soil moisture migration during freezing in either test section and after-thaw field California Bearing Ratio values were nearly equal to values measured before freezing. There is growing evidence of a slight increase in the overall soil moisture content in the Elmendorf AFB MESL possibly from moisture entering through the single layer polyethylene sidewalls which were not treated with asphalt emulsion. There is good evidence that the membrane of the same section might have received damage during a soil sampling operation which allowed localized moisture infiltration. A two-layer polyethylene membrane used in the Ft. Wainwright MESL is considered a more positive moisture barrier than the single sheet and a justifiable added cost for permanent construction.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-16
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5297/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9048
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Laboratory studies General Elmendorf AFB silty clay Fairbanks silt Field studies Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL Traffic use Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL Performance observations Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL Conclusions Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL General Literature cited Appendix A. The MESL concept Appendix B. Classification, compaction, freezing and CBR test results for Fairbanks silt
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  • 19
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    Morphology and distribution of the Acanthoecidae (Choanoflagellata) from the Weddell Sea during the austral summer, 1977 (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/16
    In: CRREL Report, 80-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Eight species of loricate choanoflagellates (Acanthoccidae), Acanthoecopsis spiculifera, Bicosta spinifera, Bicosta antennigera, Callicantha simplex, Calliacantha multispina aff., Crinolina aperta, Diaphanoeca multionnulata, and Parvicorbicula socialis, were observed in samples obtained from the Weddell Sea during the austral summer, 1977. D. multiannulata was described for the first time from these samples; the other organisms have either been described previously or are being described at this time. The distribution of most species within the Weddell Sea was widespread. The distributional, environmental, and morphological range of A. spiculifera, B. spinifera, C. aperta, and P. socialis was expanded. Habitats in which choanoflagellates were found included the water column, the edges of ice floes, ponds on ice floes, and the interiors of ice floes. The presence of choanoflagellates within the ice indicates that there may be a closely coupled trophic relationship with the other two biological components of the ice community, the ice algae and the bacteria. The presence in the ice of seven species with both a caudal appendage and anterior projections suggests a positive relationship between this lorica configuration and the ice habitat. Mechanisms of variance of transverse costal diameters between genera may be useful to the taxonomy and phylogeny of this family.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA090680
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Literature review Objectives Materials and methods Results Observations Distribution and environmental tolerances Discussion Morphology Distribution Habitat Summary Conclusions Recommendations for future work Literature cited Appendix A Type descriptions of Acanthoecidae collected from the Weddell Sea
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  • 20
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    A volumetric constitutive law for snow subjected to large strains and strain rates (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/20
    In: CRREL Report, 79-20
    Description / Table of Contents: A volumetric constitutive equation was developed to characterize the behavior of snow subjected to large compressive volumetric deformations. By treating the material as a suspension of air voids in a matrix material of polycrystalline ice, a rate-dependent volumetric constitutive law was formulated and found to accurately predict material response to pressure loads for a wide range of load rates. Comparison of the theory with shock wave data was not considered in this paper, although the constitutive law appears to be valid for such load situations. One application to oversnow mobility of tracked vehicles was made. In this case, power requirements due to snow compaction were calculated parametrically in terms of vehicle speed, track loading, and snow density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-20
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA075474
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9052
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Material representation of ice Development of the volumetric constitutive law for snow Fully elastic phase Elastic-plastic phase Fully plastic phase Simplified equation Comparison with experimental data Application to vehicle mobility problems Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 21
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    Investigations of sea ice anisotropy, electromagnetic properties, strength, and under-ice current orientation (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/20
    In: CRREL Report, 80-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Results of impulse radar studies of sea ice give support to the concept of a sea ice model in which the ice bottom is composed of an array of lossy parallel plate waveguides. The fundametal relation between the average bulk brine volume of sea ice and its electrical and strength properties is discussed as is the remote detection of under-ice current alignment. It was found that 1) the average effective bulk dielectric constant is dependent upon the average bulk brine volume of the sea ice; 2) sea ice anisotropy, arising from a bottom structure of crystal platelets with a preferred c-axis horizontal alignment, can be detected by radio echo sounding measurements made not only on the ice surface but also from an airborne platform; 3) the effective coefficient of reflection from the seaiIce bottom decreases with increasing average effective bulk dielectric constant of the ice, decreases with increasing bulk brine volume, and is typically one to two orders of magnitude lower dhan the coefficient of reflection from the ice surface; and 4) the losses In sea ice increase with increasing average bulk brine volume.
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    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a092089.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field program Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Data analysis procedures
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  • 22
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    Heat and mass transfer from freely falling drops at low temperatures (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/18
    In: CRREL Report, 80-18
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of ice as a structural material is common practice for certain applications in cold regions. Techniques such as surface flooding or water spraying are used to accelerate ice growth rates, thereby lengthening the winter construction season. This report examines the heat and mass transfer rates from freely falling water drops in cold air. Design equations which predict the amount of supercooling of the drops as a function of outdoor ambient temperature, drop size and distance of fall are given
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-18
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA090522
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Velocity problem Heat and mass transfer problem - A single drop Heat and mass transfer - A system of drops Literature cited Appendix A: FORTRAN IV program to calculate final drop temperature, air temperatureand humidity
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  • 23
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    Environmental engineering and ecological baseline investigations along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/19
    In: CRREL Report, 80-19
    Description / Table of Contents: During the period 1975-1978 the Federal Highway Administration sponsored a series of environmental engineering in­vestigations along the Yukon River to Prudhoe Bay Haul Road. In 1976 the Department of Energy joined these in­vestigations with a series of ecological projects which continue to the present. Both agencies research efforts were con­ducted on a cooperative basis with CRREL’s in-house research program. The objectives of the research focused on 1) an evaluation of the performance of the road, 2) an assessment of changes in the environment associated with the road, 3) documentation of flora and vegetation along the 577-km-long transect, 4) methodologies for revegetation and restoration, and 5) an assessment of biological parameters as indicators of environmental integrity. In support of these objectives, specific studies were undertaken that investigated the climate along the road, thaw and subsidence beneath and adjacent to the road, drainage and side slope performance, distribution and properties of road dust, vegetation distribution, vegetation disturbance and recovery, occurrence of weeds and weedy species, erosion and its control, revegetation and restoration, and construction of the fuel gas line. This report presents background, information on the region, detailed results of the road thaw subsidence and dust investigations, and summaries of revegetation, fuel gas line, vegetation distribution, soil, and weed studies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: xv, 187 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-19
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6433
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Chapter 1. The road and its environment Introduction General physiography Regional climate Surficial and bedrock geology Permafrost and ground ice General biota Vegetation Floristic survey Vegetation mapping Soils and mapping Chapter 2. Roadbed performance and associated investigations Roadbed investigations Roadbed performance Performance of drainage features Performance of sideslopes Conclusions from road, drainage and sideslope performance studies Fuel gas line construction Chapter 3. Distribution and properties of road dust along the northern portion of the Haul Road Introduction Methods Results of wind direction and velocity measurements Dust load and distribution Particle size analyses of dust Chemical composition properties of dust and related samples Soil cation composition Dust impacts on vegetation Discussion and conclusions Chapter 4. Revegetation and restoration investigations Introduction Revegetation approaches Alyeska erosion control and revegetation program Weeds and weedy plants Performance of revegetation Alyeska willow cutting program CRREL restoration experiments Conclusions Revegetation recommendations General report recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: General environmental guidelines applicable to subarctic and arctic road construction Appendix B: University-based studies along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road Appendix C: CRREL maps of Haul Road showing locations of all study Sites Appendix D: Additional Haul Road cross-sectional profiles Appendix E: Clay mineralogy of road-related materials Appendix F: List of reports in the Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Ad­visory Team series
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  • 24
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    Snow pads used for pipeline construction in Alaska, 1976 : construction, use and breakup (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/17
    In: CRREL Report, 80-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Construction pads made of snow were used to build two sections of the Trans Alaska Pipeline and a small gas pipeline during the winter of 1975-76. Construction during the winter has become increasingly common in the Arctic. Surface travel and the use of heavy construction equipment on the unprotected tundra have been severely restricted, even during the winter, so the use of temporary winter roads and construction pads built of snow and ice has been advocated and is being adopted. The three snow construction pads mentioned above were the first snow roads and construction pads used on a large scale in Alaska. Snow roads and construction pads have two objectives: to protect the underlying vegetation and upper layers of the ground, and to provide a hard, smooth surface for travel and the operation of equipment. Several types have been built, and a brief discussion is given of their history and classification systems. The three snow construction pads used in construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and the small gas pipeline in 1975-76 were visited and observed while in use. The Globe Creek snow pad, about 50 miles north of Fairbanks, was built primarily of manufactured snow hauled to the site and watered. With very high densities this pad withstood heavy traffic and use by heavy construction equipment except on one steep slope. There, the use of tracked vehicles and vehicles without front wheel drive disaggregated the snow on and near the surface so that vehicles without front wheel drive were unable to climb the hill. The Toolik snow pad, just north of the Brooks Range, was built of compacted snow and proved capable of supporting the heaviest traffic and construction equipment. The fuel gasline snow pad ran from the northern Brooks Range to the Arctic Coast and also proved capable of supporting the necessary traffic. Both the Toolik snow pad and the fuel gasline snow pad failed in very early May because of unseasonably warm and clear weather before the associated construction projects were completed. However, the three snow pads must be considered successful. Common problems were the lack of snow, slopes, unseasonably warm spring weather, and inexperience on the part of contractors and construction personnel.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a090521.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction History of snow and ice roads Classification of snow and ice roads Snow pads used by Alyeska during the winter of 1975-1976 The Globe Creek snow pad The Toolik snow pad The gasline snow pad Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 25
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    Time constraints on measuring building R-values (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/15
    In: CRREL Report, 80-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report discusses the time constraints on measuring the thermal resistance (R-value) of building components. Temperature changes on either side of a building component perturb measurement accuracy. Long measurement times and measurement times corresponding to a consistent diurnal cycle can be satisfactory; however, individual temperature changes cause significant error for shorter measurement periods. This report shows how to scale the thermal properties of individual constituent materials in a building element to determine its characteristic thermal time constant. The report then demonstrates the size of measurement error resulting from a variety of changes in temperature with representative walls of different time constants.
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    Pages: iii, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a089712.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Field measurement and analysis of transient heat flow A closer look at handling the constraints Random change Step change Ramp change Application of theory Literature cited Appendix A. Percentage error from a step input Appendix B. Time constraints of sample walls Appendix C. Percentage error from a ramp input Appendix D. Percentage error from a sinusoidal input Appendix E. Percentage error programs for a Hewlett-Packard HP-25 calculator Appendix F. Experimental determination of time constants Appendix G. Derivation of time constant formula for multiple layers
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  • 26
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    Crystal alignments in the fast ice of Arctic Alaska (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/22
    In: CRREL Report, 79-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Field observations at 60 Sites located in the fast or near-fast ice along a 1200-km stretch of the north coast of Alaska between Bering Strait and Barter Island have shown that the great majority of the ice samples (95%) exhibit striking c-axis alignments within the horizontal plane. Such alignments were usually well developed by the time the ice was 50 cm thick and in some cases when the ice was 20 cm thick. In all cases the degree of preferred orientation increased with depth in the ice. Representative standard deviations around a mean direction in the horizontal plane are commonly less than ± 10° for samples collected near the bottom of the ice. The general patterns of the alignments support a correlation between the preferred c-axis direction and the current direction at the ice/water interface. A comparison between c-axis alignments and spot current measurements made at 42 locations shows that the most frequent current direction coincides with the mean c-axis direction. Such alignments are believed to be the result of geometric selection with the most favored orientation being that in which the current flows normal to the (0001) plates of ice that compose the dendritic sea ice/sea water interface.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a077188.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9142
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Techniques and sampling Observations Crystal alignments “Odd” sites Causes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Current observations
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  • 27
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    Sedimentological analysis of the western terminus region of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/9
    In: CRREL Report, 79-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Sedimentation at the terminus of the Matanuska Glacier has been found to be primarily subaerial in a 100- to 300-m wide, ice-cored zone paralleling the edge of the active ice. Certain physical and chemical characteristics of the ice and debris of the superglacial, englacial and basal zones of the glacier indicate the debris of the basal zone, the primary source of sediment, is entrained during freeze-on of meltwater, probably surficially derived, to the glacier sole. Till formation results from the melting of buried ice of the basal zone. Melt-out till inherits the texture and particle orientations of basal ice debris; other properties are not as well preserved. Most deposits result from resedimentation of till and debris by sediment gravity flows, meltwater sheet and rill flow, slump, spall, and ice ablation. Depositional processes are interrelated in the process of backwasting of ice-cored slopes. Sediment flows are the primary process of resedimentation. Their physical characteristics, multiple mechanisms of flow and deposition, and characteristics of their deposits vary with the water content of the flow mass. Deposits of each process are distinguished from one another by detailed analysis of their internal organization, geometry and dimensions, and the presence of other internal and related external features. Genetic facies are defined by these characteristics. The interrelationship of processes develops a composite depositional sequence defined in terms of genetic facies associations; an upper, resedimented facies association, a middile, till facies association, and a lower, subglacial-resedimental facies association. The lateral and vertical distribution of genetic facies within the associations is mainly nonrepetitive.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: X, 112 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA072000
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9016
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Field site Historical background Chapter 2. Characteristics of the debris and ice Characteristics of the facies and subfacies Basal zone Characteristics of the debris Discussion Chapter 3. Oxygen isotope analysis Sampling and analysis Results Discussion Chapter 4. Depositional processes—till formation Methods of analysis Environmental setting Till formation Chapter 5. Depositional processes—resedimentation Sediment flows Other resedimentation processes Resedimentation process relationships Chapter 6. Process distribution, sediment dispersal and depositional patterns Physical characteristics Sediment dispersal Sedimentary facies Patterns of terminus sedimentation Chapter 7. Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 28
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    Towing ships through ice-clogged channels by warping and kedging (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/21
    In: CRREL Report, 79-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The report studies the question of whether Great Lakes freighters could move effectively through ice-clogged channels with the aid of tows provided by warping or kedging systems. Ten operational concepts are outlined, and their advantages and disadvantages are noted. The crushing resistance of floating brash ice is then analyzed. The neutral, active and passive states of stress for laterally confined brash ice are considered, and the resistance to horizontal thrusting by a smooth vertical wall is calculated for cohesionless brash ice, and for ice in which there is finite cohesion between the ice fragments. The thickening of the ice cover in the vicinity of a "pusher", and the formation of pressure ridges, are analyzed in order to estimate the amount of pile-up that can occur against a ship hull. The analysis then moves on to consideration of ship resistance by brash ice, taking into account crushing resistance at the bow, tangential friction at the bow, and hull friction aft of the bow section. Comparisons are made between thrust from the ship’s screws and the calculated ice resistance. The next section of the report estimates the force requirements for a warping or kedging system in terms of thrust augmentation for existing vessels. Tow cable requirements are given, and estimates are made for cable anchors and for anchorage of underwater structures. The force and power requirements for winches and windlasses are given, the practical problems involved in the pickup or transfer of cables are mentioned, and the report concludes with a brief appraisal. The conclusion is that a simple warping tug system is appropriate for a full scale experiment, a chain ferry with auxiliary barge seems attractive for an operational system, and a chain ferry plow may be an efficient way to clear ice from channels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a077801.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9051
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Operational concepts A. Warping tug system B. Chain ferry system C. Chain ferry with auxiliary barge D. Ski tow system E. Dual winch warping system F. Simple kedging G. Trailing-line system H. Above-surface dual winch system I. Pulley systems J. Chain ferry plow Crushing resistance of fragmented ice covers Resistance to ship passage by broken ice Crushing resistance at the bow Tangential friction at the bow Hull friction aft of the bow section Total ship resistance from brash ice Comparison of ship thrust and ice resistance Force requirements for a warping or kedging system Tow cable requirements Anchors and anchorages Force and power requirements for winches and windlasses Pickup or transfer of cable General appraisal Literature cited
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  • 29
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    Environmental analysis of the Upper Susitna River Basin using Landsat imagery (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/4
    In: CRREL Report, 80-4
    Description / Table of Contents: The primary objectives of this study were to 1) prepare a map from Landsat imagery of the Upper Susitna River Basin drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, 2) identify possible faults and lineaments within the upper basin and within a 100-km radius of the proposed Devil Canyon and Watana dam sites as observed on Landsat imagery, and 3) prepare a Landsat-derived map showing the distribution of surficial geologic materials and poorly drained areas. The EROS Digital Image Enhancement System (EDIES) provided computer- enhanced images of Landsat-1 scene 5470-19560. The EDIES false color composite of this scene was used as the base for mapping drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, six surficial geologic materials units and poorly drained areas. We used some single-band and other color composites of Landsat images during interpretation. All the above maps were prepared by photointerpretation of Landsat images without using computer analysis, aerial photographs, field data, or published reports. These other data sources were used only after the mapping was completed to compare and verify the information interpreted and delineations mapped from the Landsat images. Four Landsat-1 MSS band 7 winter scenes were used in the photomosaic prepared for the lineament mapping. We mapped only those lineaments related to reported regional tectonics, although there were many more lineaments evident on the Landsat photomosaic.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-4
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a084900.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9039
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Objectives Conclusions Introduction Background Previous cooperative investigations Project rationale and coordination Approach Landsat imagery Interpretation techniques Part I. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping the drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields (Lawrence W. Gatto) Objective Methods Results Conclusions Part II. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping and evaluating geologiclineaments and possible faults (Carolyn J. Merry) Objective Geologic structure Methods Results Conclusions Part Ill. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping surficial materials Section A. Landsat mapping (Harlan L. McKim) Objective Methods Results Section B. Field evaluation (Daniel E. Lawson) Objectives Methods Results Discussion Section C. Conclusions (Daniel E. Lawson and Harlan L. McKim) Literature cited Glossary
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  • 30
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    Electron microscope investigations of frozen and unfrozen bentonite (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/28
    In: CRREL Report, 79-28
    Description / Table of Contents: Transmission and scanning electron micrographs of Umiat bentonite revealed thin, mica-like grains with irregular shapes. Most of the bentonite showed electron diffraction ring patterns, but some showed hexagonal net patterns as well as ring patterns. The lengths of the unit cells were calculated to be 5.18 A along the a-axis and 8.97 A along the b-axis. Semiquantitative analyses were made using an energy dispersive spectrometer. Common elements such as Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Na and K were determined. The molecular ratio of SiO2:Al2O3 was calculated to be 492:100 for the bulk sample, indicating that Umiat bentonite is similar in most respects to Wyoming bentonite, and is classified as a mont-morillonite. The microstructure of frozen Umiat bentonite was observed at a specimen temperature of -100 C using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a cold stage. Frozen bentonite and segregated ice patterns formed from wet bentonite were examined using an X-ray map and Si X-ray line scan. Sublimation processes of ice in the frozen bentonite were observed at specimen temperatures of -60 and -80 C. After sublimation of the ice the bentonite displayed a honeycomb structure. It was concluded that the freezing-sublimation cycle in frozen soil increases the permeability of water vapor due to the three-dimensional structure of the coagulated clay formed by freezing.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-28
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7067
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9104
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Asphalt concrete for cold regions : a comparative laboratory study and analysis of mixtures containing soft and hard grades of asphalt cement (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/5
    In: CRREL Report, 80-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This research comprised laboratory testing to determine the properties of asphalt-aggregate mixtures containing three grades of asphalt cements, and analyses to project the performance of pavements containing each of the asphalts, in resisting thermally induced distress and traffic-associated distress. From the results it is concluded that only the softest asphalt cement tested (AC 2.5) would perform satisfactorily in a cold climatic zone. The moderately soft (AC 5) and moderately hard (AC 20) asphalt cements showed little susceptibility to thermal cracking in a moderate and a warm climatic zone, respectively. The AC 2.5 and AC 5 asphalts are not recommended for use in warm climates, however, owing to increased susceptibility to rutting under traffic.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082198
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9528
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Research setting Objectives Materials, mixture designs, and tests Materials Mixture design tests Brazil test Resilient modulus test Data analysis Marshall tests Asphalt grade Compactive effort Aggregate type Data analysis Brazil tests Indirect tensile strength Tensile strain Vertical deformation Summary of Brazil test results Data analysis-resilIient modulus. Comparison of mixture susceptibility to temperature cracking General asphalt concrete stiffness Thermal cracking. Influence of asphalt cement properties Summary Comparison of mixture susceptibility to traftic-load-associated distress Stress/strain analysis Fatigue damage analysis Rutting analysis Strength correlations Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength Indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus Summary Summary and conclusions Recapitulation of investigations Summary of results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Asphalt adggregate mixture properties by Marshall method Appendix B: Equations for calculating specimen properties from Brazil tests Appendix C: Calculated displacements, strains and stresses
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  • 32
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    Maximum thickness and subsequent decay of lake, river and fast sea ice in Canada and Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/6
    In: CRREL Report, 80-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Weekly measurements of the thickness of lake, river and fast sea ice made over a period of 10 to 15 years at 66 locations in Canada and Alaska are analyzed, and the portion of the data relating to maximum ice thickness and decay (i.e. the decrease in ice thickness) is examined. Ice thickness curves revealed individual patterns of ice decay, and comparisons between locations disclosed major contrasts in the amount of ice accretion and the times of maximum ice and ice clearance. Although many factors affect the ice decay process, this study investigates in detail the effect of thawing temperatures. Concurrent measurements of the air temperature at each location made it possible to analyze the relationship between accumulated thawing degree-days (ATDD) and ice cover decay. Other factors affecting ice ablation and breakup, such as snow-ice formation, snow cover depth, solar radiation and wind are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 160 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-6
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6395
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9526
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources and literature review Canada Alaska Data tabulation Station selection Description of tabulated data Station location and ice measurement site descriptions Review of previous studies on maximum ice in North America Maximum ice thickness maps Date of maximum ice Plotting of the ice decay curves General procedures Categories of water bodies Ice decay at sea ice locations Envelope curves Average curves Snow-ice formation Ice decay at lake ice locations Average curves Regional variations and similarities Ice decay at river ice locations Variations in ice thickness Rapid ice clearance Comparison between Alaskan and Canadian river ice decay curves Incremental extraction of ice decay data for analysis purposes Selection of ice decay intervals Preliminary evaluation of the methodology Further considerations of the methodology Relationships between ice decay and thawing air temperatures Average daily vs maximum daily air temperature 10-day increments vs accumulated values Total years vs year-to-year analysis Evaluation of use of 0°C as a base Final format of the relationship between ice decay and ATDD Evaluation of the final form Possible causes for variations in slope values Decreasing sea ice thickness and thawing air temperatures Factors affecting sea ice decay Relationship between ATDD and sea ice decay Influence of solar radiation and wind on sea ice decay Literature cited Selected bibliography Appendix A. Ice thickness measurements and other related (or associated) observations for stations in Canada and Alaska Appendix B. Maps of least and greatest ice thickness observed at the time of maximum growth, and average date of occurrence Appendix C. Annual ice decay curves for stations in Canada and Alaska
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  • 33
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    Suppression of river ice by thermal effluents (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/30
    In: CRREL Report, 79-30
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice suppression resulting from discharge of warm water into rivers during winter is analyzed with emphasis on two different cases. In Part 1 the case of a thermal effluent fully mixed across the flow section is analyzed to include the effects of unsteadiness in the effluent temperature and the meteorological variations. The location of the ice edge is determined either by a 0 C water temperature criterion or an equilibrium ice melting analysis. The choice of the applicable criterion emerges naturally from the analysis even though the location of the ice edge may be considerably different when a steady-state analysis is done. In Part 2 the case of a side discharge of heated effluent is analyzed, also in an unsteady manner, and the effects of transverse dispersion are included in the analysis. Comparisons are made in both Parts 1 and 2 to limited field data that are available.
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    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-30
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I. Unsteady suppression of river ice by fully mixed thermal effluents Introduction Governing equations Outline of analysis Location of ice edge Numerical simulation Uncertainties and Imitations Literature cited Part II. Effect of transverse mixing on ice suppression Introduction Analysis of dispersion and heat loss Analysis of ice thickening and melting Numerical simulation Example simulations Field comparison Uncertainties and limitations Literature Cited Appendix A: Computer program for unsteady fully mixed ice suppression Appendix B: Computer program for unsteady lateral mixing ice suppression
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  • 34
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    Revegetation at two construction sites in New Hampshire and Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/3
    In: (DE-B103)105551, CRREL Report
    Description / Table of Contents: Revegetation techniques were investigated for gravel soils in cold regions. Two gravel soil test sites were established in Hanover, New Hampshire, and Fairbanks, Alaska. During three growing seasons, we studied the applicability and cost effectiveness of various nutrient sources and mulch materials. The nutrient sources included sewage sludge (at 40, 60 and 80 tons/acre) and commercial fertilizer (at 200, 400 and 600 lb/acre). The mulching materials were wood fiber mulch with various types of tackifiers, peat moss, and sewage sludge. The effects of refertilization during the second growing season were also studied. At both sites the use of sewage sludge produced superior results in many respects to the use of fertilizer at the application rates studied. Grasses receiving sludge showed better establishment rates and greater plant cover and growth, and were able to withstand the hot drying conditions encountered during the summer months. Slightly quicker grass establishment was noted at the higher rates of application of each nutrient source in Fairbanks, while grass establishment at all sludge rates was good in Hanover. All fertilizer treatments performed poorly in Hanover. No evidence of winter injury to the grasses was noted in any of the treatments. Supplemental applications of nitrogen fertilizer in Hanover during spring of the second growing season proved highly beneficial. The fertilizer helped maintain grass growth even during dry summer conditions. The mulches were applied at the rate of 2,000 lb/acre. They were found to be important in providing a more nearly optimum environment for seedling establishment. Wood fiber mulch and the commercial Wood Fiber Mulch 2000, generally, were the best performers.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082305
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9040
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Literature review Experimental design Climate Results and discussion Nutrient sources Mulches Soil fertility Cost analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 35
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    An analysis of plastic shock waves in snow (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/29
    In: CRREL Report, 79-29
    Description / Table of Contents: An analytical study of the propagation of shock waves in snow was carried out to evaluate the response of medium density snow to high rates of loading. One solution was developed for steady shock waves; this resulted in calculation of pressure jump, density jump and stress wave speed. Correlation with available experimental data was found to be good. Nonsteady shock waves were also considered in order to evaluate wave attenuation rates in snow. Very few data were available to compare with the analytical results, so no definite conclusions on the part of the study could be made. The results show, however, that shock waves that produce plastic deformation attenuate at extremely high rates and that differences in pressure between two waves are quickly eliminated within a short distance. Calculations were also made to evaluate the effect of wave frequency on attenuation rates. The results show that, for plastic waves, frequency is not a predominant factor for determining attenuation rates.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-29
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6071
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9189
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature I. Introduction II. A constitutive law for snow and balance principles III. Compatibility laws and jump equations for stress waves IV. Steady shock waves in snow V. Comparison of steady-wave theory with experimental results VI. A numerical solution to the nonsteady wave problem VII. Jump equations for nonsteady shock waves VIII. Reduced jump equations Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 36
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    Lake Champlain ice formation and ice free dates and predictions from meteorological indicators (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/26
    In: CRREL Report, 79-26
    Description / Table of Contents: A 19-year record of the annual closing and opening dates of operation of the Lake Champlain ferry at Grand Isle, Vermont, which are controlled by the lake's ice cover, was made available to CRREL. These navigation records accurately approximated the freeze-over and breakup dates for the ferry crossing area between Gordon Landing, Vermont, and Cumberland Head, New York. When compared statistically with water temperature and climatological data for the same years at nearby Lake Champlain locations, the dates allowed accurate predictions of ice formation. From nearby air temperature records, cumulative freezing degree-day (deg C) curves were plotted for each year of record, and ice formation dates and standard deviations were predicted with considerable accuracy. Several methods of predicting ice formation on Lake Champlain were attempted. The most accurate approach used a combination of water temperatures and freezing degree-days. The influence of wind speed on ice cover formation and prediction are also discussed in the report.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA079640
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9269
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data tabulation and collection Air temperatures 11-reezing degree-days Water temperatures Closing and opening dates Results Air temperature Freezing degree-days Water temperatures Analysis: Attempted methods of predicting ice formation Predicting air temperatures 8Summer water temperatures Fall water temperatures and freezing degree-days Wind speed influence on closing of the lake Water temperature vs surface air temperature analysis Prediction of ice-out dates Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Freezing degree-day curves with ice notations and watertemperature notations Appendix B. Summary
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  • 37
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    Effects of seasonal changes and ground ice on electromagnetic surveys of permafrost (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/23
    In: CRREL Report, 79-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The performance of surface impedance and magnetic induction electromagnetic subsurface exploration techniques was studied seasonally at various sites in Alaska where permafrost and massive ground ice occurred. The surface impedance method, which uses radiowaves in the LF and VLF bands, and the magnetic induction method, which uses low-frequency magnetic induction fields, distinguish subsurface materials by the electrical resistivity of the materials. The methods used have greatest sensitivity within about 20 m of the surface and are, therefore, most applicable for shallow subsurface investigations. The selection of study sites was based on anticipated contrasts in electrical resistivity between ground ice and adjacent earth materials. A magnetic induction instrument, using a separation of 3.66-m between the transmitter and receiver antennas, in general was able to detect near-surface zones of massive ice and to provide data regarding permafrost distribution in both the Fairbanks and Prudhoe Bay areas. At this antenna separation, the depth of magnetic field penetration was sufficient to include mainly the zone containing maximum contrasts in resistivity between ground ice and other earth materials. In the Fairbanks area, contrasts, in this zone were greatest in late winter when the seasonally thawed surface layer was completely frozen. When thawed, this layer usually becomes more conductive and often masks the deeper resistivity contrasts. In the Prudhoe Bay area, maximum ground resistivity contrasts were detected in late summer when shallow subsurface temperatures had risen sufficiently to permit resistivity contrasts between the massive ice and the ice-rich ground to appear.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA077903
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9110
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Obiectives and procedures Ground electrical resistivity in permafrost regions Electromagnetic techniques General Magnetic induction method Surface impedance fradiowave method Direct current method General description of field sites Results Site 1 CRREL permafrost station, Fairbanks, Alaska Site 2 Planned road cut for Steese Highway near Fox, Alaska Site 3 Relic floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska Site 4 Pingos, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Site 5 Ice wedges, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Comparisons between the surface impedance and magnetic induction methods Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Discussion of the depth of sensitivity of the magnetic induction method using two- and three-layer apparent resistivity curves
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  • 38
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    Some Bessel function identities arising in ice mechanics problems (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/27
    In: CRREL Report, 79-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Some Bessel function identities found by solving problems of the deflection of a floating ice plate by two different methods are rigorously proved. The master formulas from which all the identities are derived are in a Fourier reciprocal relationship, connecting a Hankel function to an exponential function. Many new formulas can be derived from the master formulas. The analytical method presented here now opens the way to study a hitherto impossible type of problem--the deflection of floating elastic plates of various shapes and boundary conditions.
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    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-27
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA078709
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9089
    Language: English
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  • 39
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    Charged dislocation in ice : I. Existence and charge density measurement by X-Ray topography (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/25
    In: CRREL Report, 79-25
    In: Charged dislocation in ice, I.
    Description / Table of Contents: The motion of dislocations in single crystal ice under an electric field was observed by using X-ray topographic methods. Electric charge density on these dislocations was deduced from the amplitude and length of the dislocation segment under the known AC electrical field. The most likely linear charge density was about +5x10^-11 c/m, although considerable variation is possible depending on the effective field acting on the dislocation lines.
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    Pages: iii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-25
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9268
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Experimental apparatus and procedure Results Discussion Concluding remarks Selected bibliography Appendix A. Mosotti type field on core of cylindrical cavity
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  • 40
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    Analysis of the performance of a 140-Foot Great Lakes icebreaker : USCGC Katmai Bay (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/8
    In: CRREL Report, 80-8
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the tests on the new U.S. Coast Guard 140-ft icebreaker Katmai Bay (WTGB-101) in the level plate ice and brash ice in Whitefish Bay and the St. Marys River. The results indicate that the vessel can penetrate 22 in. of level freshwater ice with 2-3 in. of snow cover. It can also penetrate up to 48 in. of brash ice in a continuous mode and at least 30 in. of plate ice by backing and ramming. The installed bubbler system decreased the required power of the vessel from 10 to 30% in brash ice and 25 to 35% in level ice. The low friction coating appears to be effective in decreasing the friction factor when it remains intact; when it peels off it appears to make conditions worse than plain paint. An average dynamic friction factor of 0.15 could be used over the entire hull for these tests.
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    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-8
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA084736
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9522
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Roughness and friction measurements Level plate ice performance Brash ice performance Ramming icebreaking performance Analysis of the data Propulsion efficiency in ice Regression analysis Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 41
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    Mathematical model to correlate frost heave of pavements with laboratory predictions (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/10
    In: CRREL Report, 80-10
    Description / Table of Contents: A mathematical model of coupled heat and moisture flow in soils has been developed. The model includes algorithms for phase change of soil moisture and frost heave and permits several types of boundary and initial conditions. The finite element method of weighted residual (Galerkin procedure) was chosen to simulate the spatial regime and the Crank-Nicholson method was used for the time domain portion of the model. To facilitate evaluation of the model, the heat and moisture fluxes were essentially decoupled; moisture flux was then simulated accurately, as were heat flux and frost heave in a laboratory test. Comparison of the simulated and experimental data illustrates the importance of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. It is one parameter which is difficult to measure and for which only a few laboratory test results are available. Therefore, unsaturated hydraulic conductivities calculated in the computer model may be a significant source of error in calculations of frost heave. The algorithm incorporating effects of surcharge and overburden was inconclusively evaluated. Time-dependent frost penetration and frost heave in laboratory specimens were closely simulated with the model. After 10 days of simulation, the computed frost heave was about 2.3 cm vs 2.0 cm and 2.8 cm in two tests. Frost penetration was computed as 15 cm and was measured at 12.0 cm and 12.2 cm in the two laboratory samples after 10 days.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA084737
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9217
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction One-dimensional equations of simultaneous heat and moisture flux Moisture transport Heat transport Phase change Coupling effects Frost heave algorithm Development of computer model Finite difference vs finite element method Finite element formulation Time domain solution Evaluation of the mathematical model Heat flux Moisture flux Numerical dispersion Frost heave of homogeneous laboratory samples Conclusions Recommended studies to refine the model Literature cited Appendix A. Work plan, staffing and instrumentation requirements for correlating results oflaboratory frost susceptibility tests with field performance Appendix B. Proposed investigation of thaw weakening of subgrade soil and granular unboundbase course Appendix C. Derivation of finite element system matrices
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  • 42
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    High-explosive cratering in frozen and unfrozen soils in Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/9
    In: CRREL Report, 80-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Explosive cratering tests were conducted in seasonally frozen and thawed gravel at Ft. Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska, and in seasonallly frozen and thawed silt overlying permafrost and in silt permafrost at Ft. Wainwright near Fairbanks, Alaska. Explosive charge weights ranged from 26 to 3120 lb and charge burial depths ranged from about 3 to 40 ft. The cube root of the charge weight scaling was used to determine maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled depth of burial of the charge. Test results for frozen and thawed gravel were essentially the same because of the low moisture content and the relatively shallow depth of freezing (5 to 6 ft). The optimum depth of burial of the charge for maximizing the apparent radius and depth and the true radius was about 1.8 times the cube root of the charge weight for both the frozen and thawed conditions. In seasonally frozen silt overlying a talik and silt permafrost the maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled burial depths of the charge were smaller than for the thawed condition except for the true crater dimensions. The channeling of energy in the talik produces maximum crater dimensions and an optimum burial depth for the true crater that is larger than for the thawed condition. The results for the homogeneous silt permafrost were very similar to the frozen gravel results with much smaller maximum crater dimensions and smaller optimum charge burial depths than for the thawed silt overlying permafrost.
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    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA084702
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9543
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Test sites Test procedures and materials Analysis of test data Mobility tests Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 43
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    Antifreeze-thermodrilling for core through the central part of the Ross Ice Shelf (J-9 Camp), Antarctica (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/24
    In: CRREL Report, 79-24
    Description / Table of Contents: By using a new thermocoring technique, a hole was successfully drilled through the 416-m thickness of the Ross Ice Shelf at J-9 Camp. This report provides a description of the drill and an account of this drilling project. A provisional examination of the core shows the ice shelf to consist of 410 m of snow and glacial ice underlain by 6 m of sea ice formed by direct freezing of sea water to the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA078748
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9267
    Language: English
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  • 44
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    Winter thermal structure, ice conditions and climate of Lake Champlain (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/2
    In: CRREL Report, 80-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Winter thermal structure and ice conditions in the land-fast ice cover of Lake Champlain were studied in detail for the winters of 1975-76 and 1976-77. The lake was instrumented to a depth of 8.5 m with a string of highly calibrated thermistors attached to an ice mooring system and connected to a data logger at Shelburne Point, Vermont, during the winter of 1975-76 and at Gordon Landing on Grand Isle, Vermont, during 1976-77. This data logger automatically recorded water temperatures from the surface of the lake though snow, ice and water vertical profiles to the bottom of the lake every four hours. Pertinent meteorological parameters are presented for the appropriate measurement sites during the two winter periods, November '75-April '76, and November '76-April '77. Computations were made of freezing degree days (C) for both winters and correlated with ice formation dates. Predictions of ice growth, using the Stefan equation with an empirical coefficient, were correlated with actual ice growth. Documentation was made of the Lake Champlain Transportation Company's first attempt at wintertime navigation by ferry from Gordon Landing, Vermont, to Cumberland Head, New York, in a land fast ice cover during one of the coldest winters of this century.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082304
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9049
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Climate Site preparation and data collection Instrumentation, measurements and calibration Relocation of measurement site, Fall 1976 Visual observations, ice conditions, and pertinent photography Analysis Air temperature comparisons Degree days of freezing Prediction of ice growth Water and ice temperature Wind Solar radiation Grand Isle ferry operations 1976-77 Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. General observations of ice conditions on Lake Champlain
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  • 45
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    Phase change around a circular pipe (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/27
    In: CRREL Report, 80-27
    Description / Table of Contents: No general, analytical solution exists for phase change around a cylinder, thus, approximate methods have been evaluated. The heat balance integral technique applied to the cylinder gave excellent results when compared to published numerical solutions. Graphical solutions are given for phase change about a cylinder for ranges of the Stefan number, superheat parameter, and property value ratios for typical soils. An approximate, general solution has been derived which is reasonably accurate and can be used for any values of the above-mentioned parameters. The effective thermal diffusivity method has been shown to be useful for practical problems of phase change.
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    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-27
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA094600
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Zero superheat Constant phase change rate Zero sensible heat Finite sensible heat Finite superheat Quasi-steady solution Heat balance integral solution Approximate methods Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 46
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    Block motion from detonations of buried near-surface explosive arrays (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/26
    In: CRREL Report, 80-26
    Description / Table of Contents: A vital concern to the survivability of hardened underground structures in rock is the relative displacement induced along geologic discontinuities by nearby explosions. Such displacement, commonly termed block motion, can occur along faults, joints, bedding planes and other structural weaknesses in rock. This report documents all occurrences of block motion observed during the development of DIHEST, a series of shallow-buried high explosive experiments designed to simulate the direct induced ground motions from a nuclear surface burst. Instances of block motion are described, along with pertinent details of the explosive arrays, geology and ground motion fields. The influence of these and other factors on the direction and magnitude of block motion is discussed.
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    Pages: vi, 62 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-26
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6082
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction STARMET Test description Test results PLANEWAVE II Test description Test results DATEX II Test description Test results HANDEC II Test description Test results ROCKTEST II Test description Test results Summary and discussion Literature cited
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  • 47
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    Single and double reaction beam load cells for measuring ice forces (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/25
    In: CRREL Report, 80-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Two new types of load cells for attachment to bridge piers and direct measurement of ice forces were developed and tested with one type being installed on a pier of the Yukon River Bridge northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Both types of load cells used beams supported by base plates and carried nose plates that were loaded by the ice. The loads were imposed at the beams at locations differing from the support reactions so that the loads developed moments in the beams. By instrumenting them with strain gauges, the loads could be measured. Details of the design of the load cells, the means of calculating the loads and experience obtained with load cells are discussed.
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    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-25
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6038
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors Introduction Estimates and field measurements of ice forces on structures General Indirect estimates Direct measurements Small-scale and laboratory studies Instrumentation plan for measuring ice loads on the Yukon River Bridge Load cell development The single reaction beam system Performance of a single reaction beam load cell The double reation beam load cell Reaction beam design Stress in the beam Deflection Axial tensile stress in the reaction beam Measurement techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Finding load magnitude and location with a single reaction beam device Appendix B. Finding load magnitude and location on a double reaction beam device
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  • 48
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    Measurement of the shear stress on the underside of simulated ice covers (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/24
    In: CRREL Report, 80-24
    Description / Table of Contents: The fluid shear stress applied to the underside of a simulated floating ice cover was measured in a laboratory flume. The measured values were compared with values of the shear stress computed from the von Karman-Prandtl velocity distribution fitted to the velocity profiles measured beneath the cover. For the lower velocity runs (approx 0.079 m/s) the measured and computed values of the shear stress were in close agreement. At the high velocity flows (approx 0.137 m/s) the measured values were roughly one-half those calculated from the velocity distribution. As the underside of the cover became increasingly rougher, the position of maximum velocity moved closer to the bottom of the channel. It was shown that the Darcy friction coefficient is exponentially related to a normalized ice cover thickness, which suggests that it is measure of the roughness of a fragmented ice cover.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA094621
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental procedures Analysis of forces Experimental results Analysis of data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 49
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    Modeling of anisotropic electromagnetic reflection from sea ice (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/23
    In: CRREL Report, 80-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The contribution of brine layers to observed reflective anisotropy of sea ice at 100 MHz is quantitatively assessed. The sea ice is considered to be a stratified, inhomogeneous, anisotropic dielectric consisting of pure ice containing ordered arrays of conducting inclusions (brine layers). Below the transition zone, the ice is assumed to have constant azimuthal c-axis orientation within the horizontal plane, so that the orientation of brine layers is uniform. The brine layers are also assumed to become increasingly well-defined with depth, since adjacent brine inclusions tend to fuse together with increasing temperature. A theoretical explanation for observed reflective anisotropy is proposed in terms of an isotropic electric flux penetration into the brine layers. Penetration anisotropy and brine layer geometry are linked to anisotropy in the complex dielectric constant of sea ice. In order to illustrate the above effects we present a numerical method of approximating the reflected power of a plane wave pulse incident on a slab of sea ice. Mixture dielectric constants are calculated for two polarizations of the incident wave: 1) the electric field parallel to the c-axis direction, and 2) the electric field perpendicular to the c-axis direction. These dielectric constants are then used to calculate power reflection coefficients for the two polarizations. Significant bottom reflection (R ~ 0.08) occurs when the polariza-tion is parallel to the c-axis. However, when the polarization is perpendicular to the c-axis, the return may be almost completely extinguished (R 〈 0.001). This extinction is due primarily to absorptive loss associated with the conduct-ing inclusions and secondarily to an impedance match at the ice/water interface that results in transmission of the wave to the water without reflection.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-23
    URL: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/bitstream/11681/9576/1/CR-80-23.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Anisotropy and sea ice macrostructure Anisotropy and sea ice microstructure A theory of anisotropic radar return from sea ice Anisotropic electric flux penetration into brine layers Implications of normal exclusion, tangential penetration, and brine layer geometry for dielectric behavior of sea ice Modeling of electromagnetic reflection from a stratified, anisotropic, inhomogeneous lossy medium Calculation of mixture complex dielectric constants Calculation of interfacial power reflection coefficients Calculation of bulk power reflection coefficients Calculation of attenuated power reflection coefficients Beam spread Results Anisotropic bottom reflections Anisotropic complex dielectric constants Sensitivity of parameters Internal reflection: the bumps Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 50
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    Fracture behavior of ice in Charpy impact testing (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/13
    In: CRREL Report, 80-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Specimens prepared from various types of ice without introducing excessive defects were tested at temperatures ranging from -2° to -190°C. These tests indicated slightly higher Charpy values at lower temperatures and in more highly dispersed material concentrations. Three modes of fracture occurred during testing. Depending on the temperature and the material composition, either of the first two modes, normal fracture or multiple fracture, will appear and will show a normal frequency distribution of Charpy values in each type of ice. The third mode, fracture from both ends,which frequently occurred in the NH4F doped ice, gave Charpy values two to five times higher than the mean value for normal fracture. It can, therefore, be concluded that certain types of doping can alter the mode of fracture, through which drastic modifications of impact resistance my be possible.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA089920
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface lntroduction Experimental Sample preparation Testing procedure Results General features Commercial Ice Notched commercial ice Sanded commercial ice Pure ice Single crystal ice Snow-ice Colloidal alumina-dispersed ice Colloidal silica.dispersed ice NH4F doped ice HF doped ice Discussion Literature cited
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  • 51
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    Roof leaks in cold regions : school at Chevak, Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/11
    In: CRREL Report, 80-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Four types of roof leaks occurred at a new school building in Chevak, Alaska: 1) blowing snow entered the roof through eave vents and then melted, 2) slush and ice in roof valleys caused meltwater to overflow the valley flash­ing and run into the building, 3) water entered at a roof/wall intersection and 4) in many areas water entered through gaps in the sloping plywood deck. Sealing the eave vents made it impossible for blowing snow to enter the roof at the eaves. Electric heat tapes eliminated the valley icing problem. Missing flashing was responsible for the roof/wall intersection leaks. The absence of a vapor barrier in the roof was the cause of many leaks. We recom­mended that the roof be repaired from the exterior by removing component elements down to the plywood deck,installing an adhered continuous vapor barrier and reassembling the roof. An alternative roof cladding of compos­ition shingles was discussed as was conversion to a “cold roof.” The roof was repaired and modified following our recommendations, and problems appear to have been solved.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-11
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6434
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Description of school Roof problems Snow infiltration leaks Valley leaks Intersection leaks Condensation leaks Tests to verify the cause of condensation leaks Eliminating the condensation leaks Recommendations for eliminating condensation leaks Repairing existing roof An alternative roof cladding The "cold roof" alternative Repairs and modifications Summary and conclusions
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  • 52
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    Icing on structures (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/31
    In: CRREL Report, 80-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice accretion on structures built on the earth’s surface is discussed. Sources of water are the atmosphere or water bodies near or surrounding the structure. Ice types include frost, rime, glaze, and spray; properties and conditions governing their formation are presented. Methods of estimating accretion rates and total accretion on structures are given, and extracts from U.S. and Canadian codes for ice and wind loads on structures are included. Techniques for preventing or removing ice accretion are presented.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-31
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6072/rec/1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface 1. Types of ice accretion a. Frost b. Rime c. Glaze d. Spray ice 2. Conditions governing type of accreted ice a. Meteorological b. Structural 3. Accretion rates a. Fundamentals b. Effect of height c. Geographical distribution 4. Spray icing 5. Structural design factors a. Dead loads b. Wind field in the boundary layer c. Windloads 6. Techniques for minimizing structural icing 7. Data collection needs 8. Literature cited
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  • 53
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    Clearing ice-clogged shipping channels (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/28
    In: CRREL Report, 80-28
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the feasibility of clearing ice from the shipping channel of the St. Marys River. Four basic concepts are investigated: disposal under the ice, disposal on top of the ice, slurrying, and rafting. Each technique was found to have application in limited portions of the river with the exception of disposal on top of the adjacent ice sheet which is deemed feasible throughout the river system. Disposal onto the adjacent ice sheet will increase the free stream velocity less than 1.0 ft/s (30.5 cm/s) and raise the water level less than 1.0 ft (0.30 m). Further model and field tests are recommended to validate the findings of this report.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-28
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9565
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The Environment Ice Growth and Accumulation Natural Ice Transport Accumulation Sites 1. Under-ice accumulation 2. Accumulation on top of the ice Evaluation of Ice Disposal Techniques 1. General 2. Disposal by displacement under the remaining ice sheet 3. Disposal by ejection on top of adjacent ice cover 4. Disposal by slurrying 5. Disposal by rafting Conclusions and Recommendations Literature Cited
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  • 54
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    The fate and effects of crude oil spilled on subarctic permafrost terrain in interior Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/29
    In: CRREL Report, 80-29
    Description / Table of Contents: This study was conducted to determine the short- and long-term physical, chemical and biological effects of spills of hot Prudhoe Bay crude oil on permafrost terrain near Fairbanks, Alaska. Two experimental oil spills, one in winter and one in summer, of 7570 liters (2000 gallons) were made at a forest site. The winter-spill oil moved within the surface moss layer beneath the snow. The summer-spill oil moved primarily below the moss in the organic soil. The oil moved faster and further downslope in the summer spill. Oil in the winter spill stopped during the first day but remobilized and flowed further downslope in the spring. The total area affected by the summer spill was nearly one and one-half times as large as that affected by the winter spill. The initial heat of the spilled oil had little measurable thermal effect on the soil. However, thaw depth significantly increased following two full thaw seasons. The greatest increases occurred beneath oil blackened surfaces. Evaporation of volatile components is the most significant weathering process in the first two years. Volatiles evaporated faster from surface oil than from oil carried deeper into the soil profile. Microbial degradation has not been observed. The indigenous soil microbial populations responded differently to winter and summer oil applications, ranging from inhibition to stimulation, with stimulation appearing to predominate. Vegetation showed both immediate and long-term damage. Damage was greatest near the top of the slope and in areas with surface oil. Deciduous species showed damage faster than evergreen species.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 67 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-29
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9307
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methods Site description Oil application Physical characterization Thermal characterization Oil and oily soil characterization Soil microbiological methodology Vegetation Results and discussion Oil movement Effects on permafrost Compositional changes Microbiological responses Oil effects on vegetation Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A Physical and thermal information Appendix B Chemical information Appendix C Microbiological information
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