ALBERT

Note: In span., engl., franz. und port. Sprache

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements 1. Determining Timescales for Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport / Peter G. Cook and John-Karl Bohlke 2. Inorganic Ions as Tracers / Andrew L. Herczeg and W. Mike Edmunds 3. Isotope Engineering - Using Stable Isotopes of the Water Molecule to Solve Practical Problems / Tyler B. Coplen, Andrew L. Herczeg and Chris Barnes 4. Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater Systems / Robert M. Kalin 5. U-Series Nuclides as Tracers in Groundwater Hydrology / J. Kenneth Osmond and James B. Cowart 6. Radon-222 / L. DeWayne Cecil and Jaromy R. Green 7. Sulphur and Oxygen Isotopes in Sulphate / H. Roy Krouse and Bernhard Mayer 8. Strontium Isotopes / Robert H. McNutt 9. Nitrate Isotopes in Groundwater Systems / Carol Kendall and Ramon Aravena 10. Chlorine-36 / Fred M. Phillips 11. Atmospheric Noble Gases / Martin Stute and Peter Schlosser 12. Noble Gas Radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85 Kr, 39Ar, 81 Kr / Heinz H. Loosli, Bernhard E. Lehmann and William M. Smethie, Jr. 13. 3H and 3He / D. Kip Solomon and Peter G. Cook 14. 4He in Groundwater / D. Kip Solomon 15. Chlorofluorocarbons / L. Niel Plummer and Eurybiades Busenberg 16. δ11 B, Rare Earth Elements, δ 37Cl, 32 Si, 35S, 129I / Avner Vengosh, Arthur J. Spivack, Kevin J. Johannesson, W. Berry Lyons, Tamie R. Weaver, Uwe Morgenstern, Robert L. Michel, June Fabryka-Martin Appendix 1: Stable Isotope Notation and Fractionation Appendix 2: Decay Constants and Half-Lives of Radioactive Isotopes Appendix 3: Solubilities of Environmental Gas Tracers Appendix 4: Liquid and Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients Index

Note: Contents: Abstract. - Acknowledgements. - Introduction: Environmental change, paleolimnology, and diatoms. - Chapter 1: Diatoms as indicators of salinity and brine composition. - Chapter 2: Diatoms as indicators of lake trophic status. - References. - Plates. - Appendices. - Species Index.

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - 1. Lakes, limnology and limnetic ecology: towards a new synthesis. - 2. The origin of lake basins. - 3. The hydrology of lakes. - 4. Chemical processes regulating the composition of lake waters. - 5. Physical properties of water relevant to limnology and limnetic ecology. - 6. The motion of lake waters. - 7. Regulatory impacts of humic substances in lakes. - 8. Sedimentation and lake sediment formation. - 9. Organisation and energetic partitioning of limnetic communities. - 10. Phytoplankton. - 11 Aquatic plants and lake ecosystems. - 12. Benthic invertebrates. - 13. Pelagic microbes - protozoa and the microbial food web. - 14. Zooplankton. - 15. Fish population ecology. - 16. Fish community ecology. - 17. Self-regulation of limnetic ecosystems. - 18. Palaeolimnology. - Index.

Note: Inhalt: Abstract. - Abstract in russischer Sprache. - Einleitung. - Material. - Ergebnisse und Diskussion. - Tabelle 1: Kosmopolitsche und holarktisch verbreitete Taxa, die in NW-Sibirien und in Mitteleuropa gleichermaßen vorkommen. - Tabelle 2: Taxa, die bisher in Mitteleuropa noch nicht identifiziert werden konnten. - Neue Taxa, neue Kombinationen und andere besonders bemerkenswerte Diatomeen aus der sibirischen Arktis (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge). - Neidiopsis nov. gen. - Dank. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Bildtafeln mit Legenden. - Index der Taxa. - Appendices. - Kobayasiella Nov. Nom. für Kobayasia Lange-Bertalot. - Neue Kombinationen von Taxa aus Achnanthes Bory (Sensu Lato). - Neue Kombinationen von Taxa in der Gattung Microcostatus Johansen & Spay 1998. - Validierung von Cymbopleura Nov. Gen. - Kurze Bemerkung zu Didymosphenia Dentata (Dorogost.) Skvortzow & Meyer. , Text lat. u. dt. , Zsfass. in engl. u. russ. Sprache

Note: Teilw. zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1994

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - 1. Zielsetzung und Ablauf der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition 1978 / D. Barsch und L. King. - 2. Das Borup-Fjord-Gebiet in N-Ellesmere Island, N. W. T., Kanada: Entdeckung und Begehung des Gebietes, vorhandene Karten und offizielle Namen / L. King. - 3. Geodätische und photogrammetrische Arbeiten an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, im Rahmen der "Heidelberg-Ellesmere-Island-Expedition 1978" / G. Hell. - 4. Geologie, Tektonik und strukturelle Verzeichnung der geomorphologischen Großformen im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay - Neil Peninsula, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 5. Witterungsverlauf im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, vom 24. Juni bis zum 4. August 1978, ein statistischer Wertevergleich / W. A. Flügel. - 6. Das Sommerklima von N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - eine Beurteilung von Stationswerten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Sommers 1978 / L. King. - 7. Zur Geomorphologie des Expeditionsgebietes Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 8. Studien zur gegenwärtigen Geomorphodynamik im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 9. Terassen, Flußarbeit und das Modell der exzessiven Talbildungszone im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 10. Die Gletscher im Einzugsgebiet des Borup-Fjord, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 11. Gletschergeschichtliche Arbeiten im Gebiet zwischen Oobloyah Bay und Esayoo Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 12. Glaziologische Beobachtungen an der Stirn des Weber-Gletschers, Borup-Fjord-Gebiet, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch, L. King und R. Mäusbacher. - 13. Jungquartäre Delta- und Flußentwicklung im glazialisostatischen Hebungsraum der Oobloyah Bay auf N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 14. Hydrologische Studien zum Wasserhaushalt hocharktischer Einzugsgebiete im Bereich des Oobloyah-Tals, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 15. Hydrochemische Untersuchungen von Niederschlägen, Bodenwasser, Seen und Flüssen im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 16. Geomorphologische Kartierung im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 17. Gesteinstemperaturen und Insolationsverwitterung im hocharktischen Bereich, Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. Eichler. - 18. Kleinformen der hocharktischen Verwitterung im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - Formengenese und Prozesse / H. Eichler. - 19. Oberflächennahe Bodentemperaturmessungen in Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 20. Recent iron ore deposition and heavy metal accumulation in Access Lake, Oobloyah Valley, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und G. Müller. - 21. Die Meereisentwicklung im Inneren des östlichen kanadischen Arktisarchipels und ihre Bedeutung für die Arbeiten der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 22. Gefäßpflanzen von Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada; eine kommentierte Pflanzenliste und phänologische Beobachtungen / R. Mäusbacher. - 23. The mosses of peat mounds, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / L. King. - 24. Beobachtungen zu organischen Kleinformen im Oobloyah Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel und R. Mäusbacher. - 25. Faunal notes of the Heidelberg Ellesmere Island Expedition 1978, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und L. King. - Anlage 1: Orthophotokarte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 2: Geomorphologische Karte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 3: Radiocarbondaten. - Anlage 4: Planung, Einkauf und Lagerung der Nahrungsmittel. , Beiträge teilweise in deutsch, teilweise in englisch

Note: Contents Foreword by Y. I. Chernov Introduction Explanations to tables Table 1: Distribution of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 2: The main characteristics of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 3: List of the weedy and adventitious vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Conclusion Acknowledgements References

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Publisher's Credits. - Part I Basic Concepts. - Chapter 1 Composition, Structure, and State. - 1.1 Composition of the Atmosphere. - 1.2 Composition of the Ocean. - 1.3 Pressure. - 1.4 Density. - 1.5 Temperature. - 1.6 Kinetic-Molecular Model of the Ideal Gas. - 1.7 Equation of State for Air. - 1.8 Equation of State for Seawater. - 1.9 Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients. - 1.10 Hydrostatic Equilibrium. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 2 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. - 2.1 Work. - 2.2 Heat. - 2.3 First Law. - 2.4 Applications of the First Law to Ideal Gases. - 2.5 Entropy. - 2.6 Second Law. - 2.7 Equilibrium and the Combined First and Second Laws. - 2.8 Calculation of Thermodynamic Relations. - 2.9 Heat Capacity. - 2.10 Dry Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere. - 2.11 Adiabatic Processes in the Ocean. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 3 Transfer Processes. - 3.1 Time-dependent Thermodynamics. - 3.2 Radiant Energy. - 3.3 Radiative Transfer. - 3.4 Diffusive Transfer Processes. - 3.5 Turbulence and Turbulent Transport. - 3.6 Time-dependent Equations for the Ocean and Atmosphere. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 4 Thermodynamics of Water. - 4.1 Molecular Structure and Properties of Water. - 4.2 Thermodynamic Degrees of Freedom. - 4.3 Phase Equilibria. - 4.4 Atmospheric Humidity Variables. - 4.5 Colligative Properties of Water Solutions. - 4.6 Simple Eutectics. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 5 Nucleation and Diffusional Growth. - 5.1 Surface Tension. - 5.2 Nucleation of the Liquid Phase. - 5.3 Nucleation of the Ice Phase. - 5.4 Diffusional Growth of Cloud Drops. - 5.5 Ice Crystal Morphology and Growth. - 5.6 Formation of the Initial Sea Ice Cover. - 5.7 Formation of Sea Ice Transition and Columnar Zones. - Notes. - Problems. - Part II Applications. - Chapter 6 Moist Thermodynamic Processes in the Atmosphere. - 6.1 Combined First and Second Laws. - 6.2 Isobaric Cooling. - 6.3 Cooling and Moistening by Evaporation of Water. - 6.4 Saturation by Adiabatic, Isobaric Mixing. - 6.5 Saturated Adiabatic Cooling. - 6.6 The Ice Phase. - 6.7 Conserved Moist Thermodynamic Variables. - 6.8 Aerological Diagrams. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 7 Static Stability of the Atmosphere and Ocean. - 7.1 Stability Criteria. - 7.2 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere. - 7.3 Processes Producing Changes in Stability. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 8 Cloud Characteristics and Processes. - 8.1 Cloud Classification and Characteristics. - 8.2 Precipitation Processes. - 8.3 Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere. - 8.4 Fogs, Stratus Clouds, and Stratocumulus Clouds. - 8.5 Cumuliform Clouds. - 8.6 Parameterization of Cloud Microphysical Processes. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 9 Ocean Surface Exchanges of Heat and Freshwater. -

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Sir Douglas Mawson. - Symposium Opening Ceremony. - The Mawson Lecture. - Symposium Topics. - 1. Precambrian East Antarctic Craton. - 2. East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary and the Ross Orogen, including Northern Victoria Land. - 3. Beacon Supergroup and Associated Igneous Rocks. - 4. West Antarctica. - 5. Scotia Arc and Antarctic Peninsula. - 6. Marine Geology. - 7. Antarctic Resources. - 8. Glacial Geology and Geomorphology. - 9. Crusta! Structure of Antarctica. - 10. Cenozoic Tectonics and Climatic Record-Onshore and Offshore Evidence. - 11. Antarctica in Gondwanaland. - 12. Plate Tectonics. - 13. Antarctic Meteorites. - 14. Subantarctic Islands. - 15. Cenozoic Igneous Activity. - I. Precambrian East Antarctic Craton. - The Precambrian Geological Evolution of the East Antarctic Metamorphic Shield: a Review / P.R. James and R.J. Tingey. - Geological History of the Archaean Napier Complex of Enderby Land / L.P. Black and P.R. James. - The Geology of the Fyfe Hills-Khmara Bay Region, Enderby Land / M.A. Sandiford and C.J.L. Wilson. - The Napier and Rayner Complexes of Enderby Land, Antarctica: Contrasting Styles of Metamorphism and Tectonism / D.J. Ellis. - Regional Geobarometry-Geothermometry and Metamorphic Evolution of Enderby Land, Antarctica / S.L. Harley. - Sm-Nd Isotopic Systematics of Enderby Land Granulites. Evidence for the Redistribution of Sm and Nd During Metamorphism (Abstract) / M. T. McCulloch and L.P. Black. - Geology and Petrology of Prince Olav Coast, East Antarctica / Y. Hiroi, K. Shiraishi, Y. Nakai, T. Kano and S. Yoshikura. - Tectonic Situation of Lützow-Holm Bay in East Antarctica and its significance in Gondwanaland / M. Yoshida and K. Kizaki. - Sapphirine-Garnet and Associated Parageneses in Antarctica / E.S. Grew. - A Review of the Tectonic and Metamorphic History of the Lützow-Holm Bay Region, East Antarctica / M. Yoshida, M. Suzuki, H. Shirahata, H. Kojima and K. Kizaki. - Spinels in Calc-silicate Rocks from the coast of Lützow-Holm Bay and surrounding areas (Abstract) / H. Matsueda, Y. Matsumoto and Y. Motoyoshi. - Petrochemical Study of Metamorphic Rocks in the Lützow-Holm Bay Area, East Antarctica (Abstract) / S. Kanisawa and K. Yanai. - Geology and Petrology of the Yamato Mountains / K. Shiraishi, M. Asami and Y. Ohta. - Geology and Petrology of the Belgica Mountains (Abstract) / H. Kojima, K. Yanai and T. Nishida. - Lead Isotopic Composition in Metamorphic Rocks from Skarvsnes, East Antarctica / H. Shirahata. - Sr-Isotopic Studies of some Intrusive Rocks in the Ahlmann Ridge and Annandagstoppane, Western Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / J.M. Barton Jr. and Y.E. Copperthwaite. - Preliminary Report on the Geochemistry and Petrology of some Igneous Rocks in the Ahlmanryggen and Giaeverryggen, Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (Abstract) / J.R. Krynauw. - Petrology and Zircon Geochronology of Herring Island and Commonwealth Bay and Evidence for Gondwana Reconstruction / R.L. Oliver, J.A. Cooper and A .F. Truelove. - Manganese-Rich Chemical Sediments from Wilkes Land, Antarctica / l.R. Plimer and J.R Lovering. - A Reassessment of the Age of the Windmill Metamorphics, Casey Area / l.S. Williams, W. Compston, K.D. Collerson, P.A. Arriens and J.R Lovering. - Lithological and Sr-Nd Isotopic Relationships in the Vestfold Block: Implications for Archaean and Proterozoic Crustal Evolution in the East Antarctic / K.D. Collerson, E. Reid, D. Millar and M. T. McCulloch. - Structure, Fabric Development and Metamorphism in Archaean Gneisses of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica / A.J. Parker, P.R. James, R.L. Oliver and V. Mielnik. - 2. East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary and the Ross Orogen, including Northern Victoria Land. - A Review of the Ross Fold Belt of the Transantarctic Mountains as a Boundary Structure between East Antarctica and West Antarctica (Abstract) / G.E. Grikurov. - The East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary between the Ice Shelves: a Review / C. Craddock. - The Pre-Beacon Geology of Northern Victoria Land: a Review / J.D. Bradshaw and M. G. Laird. - The Sedimentology of the Robertson Bay Group, Northern Victoria Land / B. D. Field and R.H. Findlay. - Tectonic Significance of Deformations affecting the Robertson Bay Group and Associated Rocks, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / R.H. Findlay and B.D. Field. - Geology of the Daniels Range, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: a Preliminary Report / C. C. Plummer, R.S. Babcock, J. W. Sheraton, C.J.D. Adams and R.L. Oliver. - Geology of the Daniels Range Intrusive Complex Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica (Abstract) / R.S. Babcock, C.C. Plummer, J.S. Sheraton, C.J. Adams, R.L. Oliver. - Trends in Regional Metamorphism and Deformation in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / G. Kleinschmidt. - New Data on the Lower Palaeozoic Bowers Supergroup, Northern Victoria Land / M. G. Laird and J.D. Bradshaw. - Geosynclinal Sedimentation and Ross Orogeny in Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / R. Tessensohn. - Age and Correlation of the Cambrian-Ordovician Bowers Supergroup, Northern Victoria Land / R.A. Cooper, J.B. Jago, A.J. Rowell and P. Braddock. - Post-Mindyallan Late Cambrian Trilobite Faunas from Antarctica (Abstract) / J.H. Shergold. - Post-Ross Orogeny Cratonisation of Northern Victoria Land / G. W. Grindley and P.J. Oliver. - Geochemistry, Petrography and Geochronology of the Cambro-Ordovician and Devonian-Carboniferous Granitoids of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / U. Vetter, N. W. Roland, H. Kreuzer, A. Hohndorf, H. Lenz and C. Besang. - Chemistry of Palaeozoic Granites of Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / D. Wyborn. - Chemical Control on Stratigraphic Relations in Northern Victoria Land and Some Possible Relations with SE Australia (Abstract) / D. Wyborn. - Results of Palaeomagnetic Investigations in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / G. Delisle. - The Geology of Terra Nova Bay / D.N.B. Skinner. - The Petrology and Origin of Orbicular Tonalite from Western Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / P.S. Dahl and D.R Palmer. - The Granites and Two Orogenies of Southern Victoria Land / D.N.B. Skinner. - A Re-interpretation of the Basement Granites, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (Abstract) / R.H. Findlay. - Petrology and Geochemistry of the Queen Maud Batholith, Central Transantarctic Mountains, with Implications for the Ross Orogeny / S.G. Borg. - Type Locality of the Ackerman Formation, La Gorce Mountains, Antarctica / E. Stump. - The Structural Development of Selected Areas in the Pensacola Mountains (Abstract) / A. Frischbutter, W. Weber, J. Hojmann and H.J. Paech. - A Gcochronological Investigation of the Shackleton Range / R.J. Pankhurst, P.D. Marsh, P.D. Clarkson. - Tectonics and Relationships between Structural Stages in the Precambrian of the Shackleton Range, Western Margin of the East Antarctic Craton / J. Hojmann and H.J. Paech. - The Late Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic History of The Shackleton Range, Coats Land / P.D. Marsh. - Structure and Outline of Geologic History of the Southern Weddell Sea Basin / E.N. Kamenev and V.L. Ivanov. - Magnetic Studies of Upper Crusta! Structure in West Antarctica and the Boundary with East Antarctica / E.J. Jankowski, D.J. Drewry and J.C. Behrendt. - Crust and Upper Mantle Study of McMurdo Sound / L.D. McGinnis, D.D. Wilson, W.J. Burdelik and T.H. Larson. - 3. Beacon Supergroup and Associated Igneous Rocks. - The Beacon Supergroup of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / B.C. Walker. - Trace Fossils of the Permian-Triassic Takrouna Formation, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / J.M. Zawiskie, J. W. Collinson and W.R. Hammer. - Permian-Triassic Sedimentary Sequence in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / J. W. Collinson and N.R. Kemp. - Late Palaeozoic Glacigene Strata in Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / B. C. McKelvey and B.C. Walker. - Deposition of the Weller Coal M

Note: Contents: 1. Main factors affecting the composition of natural waters / Owen P. Bricker and Blair F. Jones. - 2. Trace chemistry processes / Petr Beneš and Eiliv Steinnes. - 3. Strategies of sampling, fractionation, and analysis / Brit Salbu and Deborah H. Oughton. - 4. Data analysis and statistical methods / Nils B. Vogt, Sjur Andersen, Morten Schaanning, and Rolf D. Vogt. - 5. Precipitation / Howard B. Ross and Stephen J. Vermette. - 6. Interstitial Waters / Jihua Hong, Wolfgang Calmano, and Ulrich Förstner. - 7. Groundwater / Bert Allard. - 8. Trace elements in lakes / Hans Borg. - 9. Trace elements in rivers / Barry T. Hart and Tina Hines. - 10. Trace metals in estuaries / Geoffrey E. Millward and Andrew Turner. - 11. Trace elements in the oceans / John R. Donat and Kenneth W. Bruland. - 12. State of the art and future trends / Brit Salbu and Eiliv Steinnes. - Index.

Note: Contents 1. An Introduction to Mountain Effects 2. The Flow over Hills and the Generation of Mountain Waves 2.1 Buoyancy Forces 2.2 The Theory of Two- Dimensional Mountain Waves 2.3 Observations of Mountain Waves 2.4 The Three-Dimensional Flow over Isolated Hills 2.5 Large-Amplitude Mountains and Blocking 2.6 The Observed Barrier Effect of Mountains-The Fohn and Bora 2. 7 The Influence of the Boundary Layer on Mountain Flows 2.8 Slope Winds and Mountain and Valley Winds 3. The Flow near Mesoscale and Synoptic-Scale Mountains 3.1 Quasi-geostrophic Flow over a Mountain 3.2 The Effect of Inertia on the Flow over Mesoscale Mountains 3.3 Theories of Lee Cyclogenesis 4. Orographic Control of Precipitation 4.1 Observations of Rainfall Distribution 4.2 The Mechanism of Upslope Rain 4.3 The Redistribution of Rainfall by Small Hills 4.4 Orographic-Convective Precipitation 5. Planetary-Scale Mountain Waves 5.1 A Vertically Integrated Model of Topographically Forced Planetary Waves 5.2 The Vertical Structure of Planetary Waves on a ,8-Plane between Bounding Latitudes 5.3 Models of Stationary Planetary Waves Allowing Meridional Propagation and Lateral Variation in the Background Wind References

Note: Contents Contributors Abbreviations and symbols Introduction Section 1. Isotope sources, analysis and interpretation of organic composition 1. High-precision deuterium and BC measurement by continuous flow-lRMS: organic and position-specific isotope analysis / J. T Brenna, H.J. Tobias and T.N. Corso Introduction CF-IRMS analysis of HD/H2 Carbon isotopes: automated position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA) References 2. Carbon isotope effects on key reactions in plant metabolism and 13C-patterns in natural compounds / H.-L. Schmidt and G. Gleixner Introduction Influence of carboxylations on the initial 13C distribution pattern Influence of aldol reactions and decarboxylations on secondary distribution patterns Ester and aldol reactions during secondary metabolism Effect of other lyase reactions Reactions involving C1-metabolism Isotope effects on reactions introducing hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in biological compounds Conclusion References 3. Interpretation of oxygen isotope composition of leaf material/ G.D. Farquhar, M.M. Barbour and B.K. Henry Why are we interested in the oxygen isotope ratio of organic matter? Oxygen isotopes in plant organic matter: a historical perspective On the enrichment of 18O in water within the plant Variation within the leaf 30 Isotopic exchange of oxygen during metabolism Isotopic history of oxygen in organic molecules The potential for oxygen isotopes in evaluating plant water use Oxygen isotope composition of organic matter: methodology and analysis References Appendix 1 Appendix 2 4. lntramolecular deuterium distributions and plant growth conditions / J. Schleucher Introduction Methodology Variation of intramolecular D distributions Discussion and outlook References Section 2. Soils, nutrients and plants 5. Stable isotope studies of soil nitrogen / D.W. Hopkins, R.E. Wheatley and D. Robinson Introduction Transformations of soil nitrogen Distribution of soil nitrogen Spatial variability of soil N Use of 15N natural abundance to investigate soil processes Conclusions References 6. 15N at natural abundance levels in terrestrial vascular plants: a précis / L.L. Handley, C.M. Scrimgeour and J.A. Raven Introduction What are the patterns in the δ15N signal? Experimental systems Needs for research References 7. Variations in fractionation of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in higher plants : N metabolism and partitioning in phloem and xylem / T. Yoneyama, H. Fujiwara and J.M. Wilson Introduction Acquisition of nitrogen Metabolism of nitrogen Translocation of nitrogen C and N concentration and isotope composition in castor bean (Ricinus communis) Conclusions and future directions References Section 3. Photosynthesis, plants and water 8. Carbon isotope discrimination in terrestrial plants: carboxylations and decarboxylations / J.S. Gillon, A.M. Borland, K.G. Harwood, A. Roberts, M.S.J. Broadmeadow and H. Griffiths Introduction Net carbon isotope discrimination Photosynthetic discrimination Respiratory discrimination Refixation of respiratory CO2 Discrimination under natural conditions Conclusions References 9. Carbon isotope discrimination in structural and non-structural carbohydrates in relation to productivity and adaptation to unfavourable conditions / E. Brugnoli, A. Scartazza, M. Lauteri, M.C. Monteverdi and C. Máguas 133 Introduction Theoretical background to carbon isotope discrimination WUE and plant productivity 1 Carbon isotope discrimination in soluble carbohydrates and productivity Soluble carbohydrate Δ13C and CO2 mesophyll conductance Concluding remarks References 10. Oxygen-18 of leaf water: a crossroad for plant-associated isotopic signals / D. Yakir Introduction Evaporative enrichment Source water Atmospheric moisture and boundary layers Bulk leaf water 2-D simulation of 18O in leaf water 18O of water in chloroplasts Conclusions References 11. The role of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in understanding water movement along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum / T.E. Dawson, R.C. Pausch, H.M. Parker Introduction Stable isotopes and our understanding of water movement along the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum Future research on isotopes and the SPAC References Section 4. Integration of terrestrial ecosystems 12. Oxygen isotope effects during CO2 exchange: from leaf to ecosystem processes / L.B. Flanagan Introduction Discrimination against C18O16O during photosynthetic gas exchange Oxygen isotope effects during respiratory CO2 exchange Relative influence of photosynthesis, respiration and turbulent fluxes on the isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 in plant canopies Regional and global variation in the influence of terrestrial ecosystems on the oxygen isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 References 13. Carbon isotope discrimination of terrestrial ecosystems / N. Buchmann, R.J. Brooks, L.B. Flanagan and J.R. Ehleringer Introduction Methodology Variation in Δe estimates Conclusions References 14. Assessing sensitivity to change in desert ecosystems - a stable isotope approach / J.R. Ehleringer, R.D. Evans and D. Williams Introduction Deserts as pulse-driven ecosystems Water uptake patterns by aridland plants Stomatal limitations as inferred from carbon isotope ratios Nitrogen sources Sensitivity of Colorado Plateau arid land ecosystems to invasions Conclusions References Section 5. Integration of marine ecosystems 15. Carbon stable isotope fractionation in marine systems: open ocean studies and laboratory studies / A.M. Johnston and H. Kennedy Introduction Open ocean studies Laboratory studies Recommendations for future research References 16. 15N and the assimilation of nitrogen by marine phytoplankton: the past, present and future? / N.J.P Owens and L.J. Watts Introduction The past - a short historical review Natural abundance v tracer studies The present - methods and techniques The present - a discussion of results from recent studies The future - possible developments for 15N studies in biological oceanography Summary and conclusions References Section 6. The immediate past: the Holocene 17. Archaeological reconstruction using stable isotopes / A.M. Pollard Introduction Isotope archaeology Dietary reconstruction using stable isotopes Isotopes and human mobility Summary References 18. Stable isotopes in tree ring cellulose / R. Switsur and J. Waterhouse Introduction Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon stable isotope ratios Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios References Section 7. Palaeoclimatic reconstructions from Precambrian to Quaternary 19. Phylogeny, palaeoatmospheres and the evolution of phototrophy / J.A. Raven Introduction The phylogeny of O2-producing phototrophs and their carboxylases Timing of origin of taxa of O2-evolving phototrophs in relation to changes in atmospheric composition The contribution of 13C/12C measurements to our understanding of the evolution of phototrophy Is the 13CO2/12CO2 discrimination factor of RUBISCO subject to direct natural selection? Conclusions and prospects References 20. Modelling changes in land plant function over the Phanerozoic / D.J. Beerling and F.I. Woodward Introduction Atmospheric evolution Phanerozoic changes in leaf function Terrestrial productivity in the Carboniferous Global patterns of leaf carbon isotope composition Concluding remarks References 21. Carbon isotopes, diets of North American equids, and the evolution of North American C4 grasslands / T.E. Cerling, J.M. Harris and B.J. McFadden Introduction Sampling protocol and sources of material Transition to C4 diet in equids: occurrence of C4-dominated diets, hypsodonty, and the radiation of equid genera Geographical and temporal distribution of C4 grasses in North America Regional patterns and variations History of C4 grasses versus C4 grasslands in North America Equid diversity during the Neogene Global expansion of C4 ecosystems Summary and implications References 22. Carbon isotopes in lake sediments and peats of last glacial age: implicati

Note: Contents: Introduction. - Information concerning the Taxonomic Arrangement and the Material Examined. - Notes on Keys and Descriptions. - Glossary. - List of Abbreviations. - Salicaceae. - Myricaceae. - Corylaceae. - Betulaceae. - Fagaceae. - Ulmaceae. - Cannabaceae. - Urticaceae. - Santalaceae. - Loranthaceae. - Polygonaceae. - Chenopodioneae. - Amaranthaceae. - Portulacaceae. - Caryophyllaceace. - Nymphaeaceae. - Ceratophyllaceae. - Ranunculaceae. - Paeoniaceae. - Berberidaceae. - Aristolochiaceae. - Papaveraceae. - Cruciferae. - References. - Index of Taxa. - Plates. - Simple Symmetrical Plane Shapes.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction to the atmosphere. - Weather and climate. - Atmospheric hazards: assault by the elements. - The atmosphere: a part of the earth system. - Earth's four spheres. - Earth's spheres interact. - The carbon cycle. - Composition of the atmosphere. - Major components. - Carbon dioxide. - Variable components. - Ozone depletion - a global issue. - The ozone hole. - Effects of ozone depletion. - Montreal Protocol. - Probing the atmosphere. - Height and structure of the atmosphere. - Pressure changes. - Temperature changes. - Vertical variations in composition. - The ionosphere. - 2 Heating Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Earth-Sun Relationships. - Earth's Motions. - The Seasons. - Earth's Orientation. - Solstices and Equinoxes. - Energy, Heat, and Temperature. - Types of Energy. - Heat Energy Versus Temperature. - Mechanisms of Energy Transfer. - Conduction. - Convection. - Radiation. - Laws of Radiation. - The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation. - Reflection and Scattering. - Absorption by Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Radiation Emitted by Earth. - Heating the Atmosphere. - The "Greenhouse Effect". - Role of Clouds in Heating Earth. - Heat Budget. - Latitudinal Heat Balance. - 3 Temperature. - For the Record: Air Temperature Data. - Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature. - Land and Water. - Ocean Currents. - Altitude. - Geographic Position. - Cloud Cover and Albedo. - World Distribution of Temperatures. - Cycles of Air Temperature. - Daily Temperature Variations. - Magnitude of Daily Temperature Changes. - Annual Temperature Variations. - Temperature Measurement. - Mechanical Thermometers. - Electrical Thermometers. - Instrument Shelters. - Temperature Scales. - Applications of Temperature Data. - Heating Degree-Days. - Cooling Degree-Days. - Growing Degree-Days. - Temperature and Comfort. - 4 Moisture and Atmospheric Stability. - Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere. - Water's Changes of State. - Water in the Atmosphere. - Vapor Pressure and Saturation. - Relative Humidity. - How Relative Humidity Changes. - Natural Change in Relative Humidity. - Dew Point Temperature. - Humidity Measurement. - Adiabatic Temperature Changes. - Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation. - Lifting Processes. - Orographic Lifting. - Frontal Wedging. - Convergence. - Localized Convective Lifting. - Contents. - The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability. - Types of Stability. - Stability and Daily Weather. - How Stability Changes. - Temperature Changes and Stability. - Vertical Air Movement and Stability. - 5 Forms of Condensation and Precipitation. - Condensation. - Condensation Aloft and Cloud Formation. - Clouds. - Cloud Classification. - Cloud Descriptions. - Fog. - Fogs Formed by Cooling. - Fogs Formed by Evaporation. - Dew and Frost. - How Precipitation Forms. - Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process. - Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process. - Forms of Precipitation. - Rain. - Snow. - Sleet and Glaze. - Hail. - Rime. - Precipitation Measurement. - Standard Instruments. - Measuring Snowfall. - Measurement Errors. - Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar. - Intentional Weather Modification. - Cloud Seeding. - Fog and Cloud Dispersal. - Hail Suppression. - Frost Prevention. - Inadvertent Weather Modification: Urban-Induced Precipitation. - 6 Air Pressure and Winds. - Understanding Air Pressure. - Measuring Air Pressure. - Factors Affecting Air Pressure. - Pressure Changes With Altitude. - Factors Affecting Wind. - Pressure-Gradient Force. - Coriolis Force. - Friction. - Winds Aloft and Geostrophic Flow. - Curved Flow and the Gradient Wind. - Surface Winds. - How Winds Generate Vettical Air Motion. - Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and Anticyclones. - Factors That Promote Vertical Airflow. - Wind Measurement. - 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Scales of Atmospheric Motion. - Large- and Small-Scale Circulation. - Structure of Wind Patterns. - Local Winds. - Land and Sea Breezes. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Chinook (Foehn) Winds. - Katabatic (Fall) Winds. - Country Breeze. - Global Circulation. - Single-Cell Circulation Model. - Three-Cell Circulation Model. - Observed Distribution of Pressure and Winds. - Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts. - Semipermanent Pressure Systems: The Real World. - Monsoons. - The Asian Monsoon. - The North American Monsoon. - The Westerlies. - Why Westerlies?. - Jet Streams. - Origin of the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Subtropical Jet Stream. - Waves in the Westerlies. - Westerlies and Earth's Heat Budget. - Global Winds and Ocean Currents. - The Importance of Ocean Currents. - Ocean Currents and Upwelling. - El Niño and La Niña. - Global Distribution of Precipitation. - Zonal Distribution of Precipitation. - Distribution of Precipitation Over the Continents. - Precipitation Regimes on a Hypothetical Continent. - 8 Air Masses. - What Is an Air Mass?. - Source Regions. - Classifying Air Masses. - Air-Mass Modification. - Properties of North American Air Masses. - Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses. - Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air Over Warm Water. - Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses. - Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses. - Continental Tropical (eT) Air Masses. - 9 Weather Patterns. - Polar-Front Theory. - Fronts. - Warm Fronts. - Cold Fronts. - Stationary Fronts. - Occluded Fronts. - Drylines. - Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Formation: The Clash of Two Air Masses. - Development of Cyclonic Flow. - Occlusion: The Beginning of the End. - Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Cyclogenesis. - Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation. - Divergence and Convergence Aloft. - Traveling Cyclones. - Patterns of Movement. - Anticyclonic Weather and Blocking Highs. - Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Violent Spring Weather. - Weather in Peoria. - 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. - What's in a Name?. - Thunderstorms. - Air-Mass Thunderstorms. - Stages of Development. - Occurrence. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Supercell Thunderstorms. - Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes. - Lightning and Thunder. - What Causes Lightning?. - The Lightning Stroke. - Thunder. - Tornadoes. - The Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes. - Tornado Development. - Tornado Climatology. - Profile of a Tornado. - Tornado Destruction. - Tornado Forecasting. - Tornado Watches and Warnings. - Doppler Radar. - 11 Hurricanes. - Profile of a Hurricane. - Hurricane Formation and Decay. - Hurricane Formation. - Hurricane Decay. - Hurricane Destruction . - Storm Surge. - Wind Damage. - Inland Flooding. - Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes. - The Role of Satellites. - Aircraft Reconnaissance. - Radar and Data Buoys. - Hurricane Watches and Warnings. - 12 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - The Weather Business: A Brief Overview. - Weather Analysis. - Gathering Data. - Weather Maps: Pictures of the Atmosphere. - Weather Forecasting. - Synoptic Weather Forecasting. - Numerical Weather Prediction. - Statistical Methods. - Techniques Used in Short-Range Forecasting. - Long-Range Forecasts. - Forecast Accuracy. - Tools in Weather Forecasting. - Satellites in Weather Forecasting. - What Weather Satellites Reveal. - Measurement by Satellite. - Weather Forecasting and Upper-Level Flow. - The Winter of 1977. - 13 Air Pollution. - A Brief Historical Perspective. - Air Pollution: Not a new Problem. - Some Historic Episodes. - Sources and Types of Air Pollution. - Primary Pollutants. - Secondary Pollutants. - Trends in Air Quality. - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution. - Wind as a Factor. - The Role of Atmospheric Stability. - Acid Precipitation. - Extent and Potency of Acid Precip

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Series Preface. - Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1 Introduction. - 1 Modeling Dynamic Systems. - 1.1 Model Components. - 1.2 Dynamic Modeling as a Skill and Art. - 1.3 Modeling in STELLA. - 1.4 Principles of Modeling. - Part 2 Some General Methods for Modeling. - 2 Four-Model Set. - 2.1 Stimulus-Response Model. - 2.2 Self-Referencing Model. - 2.3 Goal-Seeking Model. - 2.4 Goal-Setting Model. - 2.5 Examples. - 2.5.1 Exponential Decay of a Stock. - 2.5.2 Newtonian Cooling. - 3 Gradual Development of a Dynamic Model. - 3.1 Modeling Industrialization for a Simple Agrarian Society. - 3.2 Impacts of Per Capita Food Consumption on Population Growth. - 3.3 Adding Agriculture. - 3.4 Adding Industry. - 4 Two Independent Variables. - 4.1 Population Cohorts. - 4.1.1 Basic Cohort Model. - 4.1.2 Population Cohort Array. - 4.1.3 U.S. Population Growth. - 4.2 River Toxins. - 5 Randomness. - 5.1 Flipping a Coin. - 5.2 Intoxication Model. - 6 Positive and Negative Feedback. - 6.1 The Basic Model. - 6.2 Positive Feedback with Fixed Points. - 6.3 Elaborations. - 7 Derivatives and Lags. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Applications of Derivatives and Lags. - 7.2.1 Simple Population Model. - 7.2.2 Two-Population Model. - Part 3 Chemistry Models. - 8 The Law of Mass Action. - 8.1 Breakdown of Nitrogen Dioxide into Nitrogen Oxide and Oxygen. - 8.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 9 Chance-Cleland Model for Enzyme-Substrate Interaction. - 10 The Olsen Oscillator. - Part 4 Genetics Models. - 11 Mating of Alleles. - 11.1 Heterozygosity and Disease Resistance. - 11.2 The Mating of Two Alleles into a Genotype: Proving the Hardy-Weinberg Law. - 12 Natural Selection and Mutation. - 13 Artificial Worms. - Part 5 Ecological Models. - 14 Robin Population. - 15 Two-Stage Insect Model. - 16 The Zebra Mussel. - 17 Single Cell Forest. - 18 Predator-Prey Models. - 18.1 Basic Model of Predator-Prey Interactions. - 18.2 Spatial Predator-Prey Model. - 19 Epidemic Modeling. - 20 Reestablishment of Wolves. - 21 Lyme Disease. - 22 Tragedy of the Commons. - Part 6 Economic Models. - 23 Introduction to Modeling Economic Processes. - 24 The Competitive Firm. - 25 The Monopolistic Firm. - 25.1 Basic Model. - 25.2 Taxing Monopolies. - 26 Competitive Equilibrium. - 27 Substitution. - 27.1 Isoquants. - 27.2 Finding the Profit-Maximizing Output Level and Input Combinations. - 28 Time Value. - 29 Opportunity Cost. - 30 Optimal Tree Cutting. - 31 Fisheries Reserve Model. - 32 Dynamic Scarcity. - 32.1 Competitive Scarcity. - 32.2 Monopoly Scarcity. - 33 Market Game. - 34 Pig Cycle. - Part 7 Engineering Models. - 35 The Assembly Line. - 35.1 Basic Model. - 35.2 Car Assembly Line. - 36 Models of Gravity and Acceleration. - 36.1 Falling Rock. - 36.2 Projectile Motion. - 36.3 Mass-Damper-Spring. - 36.4 Mechanical Amplifier. - 37 Chaos. - 37.1 A New Paradigm. - 37.2 Jenson Chaos. - 37.3 Lorenz Chaos. - 37.4 Two-Well Chaos. - Part 8 Conclusion. - 38 Beginning a Dialog. - Appendixes. - A1 System Requirements. - A1.1 Macintosh. - A1.2 Windows. - A2 Quick Help Guide. - A2.1 Overview of the STELLA(r) Operating Environment. - A2.2 Drawing an Inflow to a Stock. - A2.3 Drawing an Outflow from a Stock. - A2.4 Replacing a Cloud with a Stock. - A2.5 Bending Flow Pipes. - A2.6 Repositioning Flow Pipes. - A2.7 Reversing Direction of a Flow. - A2.8 Flow Define Dialog-Builtins. - A2.9 Moving Variable Names. - A2.10 Drawing Connectors. - A2.11 Defining Graphs and Tables. - A2.12 Dynamite Operations on Graphs and Tables. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. - GENERAL PART. - Introduction. - Area covered. - Abbreviations, scale bars and arrows. - Material examined. - General structure of the podocopid Ostracoda. - Carapace. - Appendages. - Exo- and endoskeleton. - Respiration and blood circulation. - Digestive and nervous systems, eyes and excretory glands. - Reproduction. - Reproductive organs. - Structure of the sperm. - Reproductive modes. - The biological species concept and clonal taxonomy. - Development. - Ecology. - Terminology. - Life histories. - Food and prédation. - Dispersal abilities. - Fossil record. - The utility of the Ostracoda in (palaeo)ecology and evolution. - Ostracon, IRGO, CYPRIS, ISO, and EOM. - The Index and Bibliography of Nonmarine Ostracoda. - NODE - Nonmarine Ostracod Distribution in Europe. - Practical methods. - Previous faunistic synopses and checklists. Numbers of species recorded. - Classification of the Ostracoda. - Diagnosis of the Podocopida. - Evolutionary origin of non-marine Ostracoda. - Classification of the Podocopida. - SYSTEMATIC RECORD OF SPECIES. - Superfamily DARWINULOIDEA Brady &Norman, 1889. - Family Darwinulidae Brady & Norman, 1889. - Genus Darwinula Brady & Robertson, 1885. - 1. Darwinula stevensoni (Brady & Robertson,1870). - Genus Penthesilenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998. - 1. Penthesilenula brasiliensls (Pinto & Kotzian, 1961). - Superfamily CYPRIDOIDEA s. str. Baird, 1845. - Family Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Candoninae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Paracandona Hartwig, 1899. - 1. Paracandona euplectella (Robertson, 1889). - Genus Nannocandona Ekman, 1914. - 1. Nannocandona faba Ekman, 1914. - Genus Candona s. str. Baird, 1845. - 1. Candona Candida (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Candona weltneri Hartwig, 1899. - 3. Candona sanociensis Sywula, 1971. - 4. Candona improvisa Ostermeyer, 1937. - 5. Candona neglecta Sars, 1887. - 6. Candona lindneri Petkovski, 1969. - 7. Candona meerfeldiana Scharf, 1983. - 8. Candona muelleri Hartwig, 1899. - 9. Candona angulata Müller, 1900. - Genus Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972. - 1. Fabaeformiscandona fabaeformis (Fischer, 1851). - 2. Fabaeformiscandona holzkampfi (Hartwig, 1900). - 3. Fabaeformiscandona alexandri (Sywula, 1981). - 4. Fabaeformiscandona fragilis (Hartwig, 1898). - 5. Fabaeformiscandona angusta (Ostermeyer, 1937). - 6. Fabaeformiscandona tyrolensis (Löffler, 1963) nov. comb. - 7. Fabaeformiscandona brisiaca (Klie, 1938). - 8. Fabaeformiscandona fabella (Nüchterlein, 1969). - 9. Fabaeformiscandona balatonica (Daday, 1894). - 10. Fabaeformiscandona acuminata (Fischer, 1851). - 11. Fabaeformiscandona caudata (Kaufmann, 1900). - 12. Fabaeformiscandona siliquosa (Brady, 1910). - 13. Fabaeformiscandona tricicatricosa(Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1969). - 14. Fabaeformiscandona loz.eki (Absolon, 1973) nov. comb. - 15. Fabaeformiscandona levanderi (Hirschmann, 1912). - 16. Fabaeformiscandona hyalina (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 17. Fabaeformiscandona protzi (Hartwig, 1898). - 18. Fabaeformiscandona brevicornis (Klie, 1925). - 19. Fabaeformiscandona wegelini (Petkovski, 1962). - 20. Fabaeformiscandona latens (Klie, 1940). - 21. Fabaeformiscandona breuili (Paris, 1920) nov. comb. - 22. Fabaeformiscandona bilohata (Klie, 1938). - 23. Fabaeformiscandona bilobatoides (Löffler, 1961). - Genus Schellencandona Meisch, 1996. - 1. Schellencandona schellenhergi (Klie, 1934). - 2. Schellencandona insueta (Klie, 1938). - 3. Schellencandona belgica (Klie, 1937). - 4. Schellencandona triquetra (Klie, 1936). - Genus Pseudocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Pseudocandona zschokkei (Wolf, 1920). - 2. Pseudocandona marchica (Hartwig, 1899). - 3. Pseudocandona rostrata (Brady & Norman, 1889). - 4. Pseudocandona sarsi (Hartwig, 1899). - 5. Pseudocandona hartwigi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 6. Pseudocandona lobipes (Hartwig, 1900). - 7. Pseudocandona stagnalis (Sars, 1890). - 8. Pseudocandona semicognita (Schäfer, 1934). - 9. Pseudocandona eremita (Vejdovsky, 1882). - 10. Pseudocandona szoecsi (Farkas, 1958). - 11. Pseudocandona insculpta (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 12. Pseudocandona compressa (Koch, 1838). - 13. Pseudocandona sucki (Hartwig, 1901). - 14. Pseudocandona pratensis (Hartwig, 1901). - 15. Pseudocandona albicans (Brady, 1864). - Genus Cryptocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Cryptocandona vavrai Kaufmann, 1900. - 2. Cryptocandona kieferi (Klie, 1938). - 3. Cryptocandona reducta (Alm, 1914). - 4. Cryptocandona phreaticola (Klie, 1927). - 5. Cryptocandona leruthi (Klie, 1936). - 6. Cryptocandona dudichi (Klie, 1930). - Genus Mixtacandona Klie, 1938. - 1. Mixtacandona laisi (Klie, 1938). - 2. Mixtacandona transleithanica (Löffler, 1960). - 3. Mixtacandona spandli Rogulj & Danielopol, 1993. - Genus Candonopsis Vavra, 1891. - 1. Candonopsis kingsleii (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 2. Candonopsis scourfieldi Brady, 1910. - Subfamily Cyclocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Cypria Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cypria exsculpta (Fischer, 1855). - 2. Cypria ophtalmica (Jurine, 1820). - 3. Cypria subsalsa Redeke, 1936. - 4. Cypria sywulae nom. nov. - 5. Cypria reptans Bronshtein, 1928. - Genus Physocypria Vavra, 1897. - 1. Physocypria kraepelini G.W. Müller, 1903. - Genus Cyclocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Cyclocypris globosa (Sars, 1863). - 2. Cyclocypris serena (Koch, 1838). - 3. Cyclocypris laevis (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 4. Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine, 1820). - 5. Cyclocypris helocrenica Fuhrmann & Pietrzeniuk, 1990. - Family Ilyocyprididae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Ilyocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Ilyocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr, 1808). - 2. Ilyocypris monstrifica (Norman, 1862). - 3. Ilyocypris decipiens Masi, 1905. - 4. Ilyocypris bradyi Sars, 1890. - 5. Ilyocypris inermis Kaufmann, 1900. - 6. Ilyocypris lacustris Kaufmann, 1900. - 7. Ilyocypris getica Masi, 1906. - Family Notodromadidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Notodromadinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Notodromas Lilljeborg, 1853. - 1. Notodromas monacha (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Notodromas persica Gurney, 1921. - Subfamily Cyproidinae Hartmann, 1963. - Genus Cyprois Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cyprois marginata (Straus, 1821). - Family Cyprididae Baird, 1845. - Subfamily Cypridinae Baird, 1845. - Genus Cypris O.F. Müller, 1776. - 1. Cypris pubera O.F. Müller, 1776. - 2. Cypris bispinosa Lucas, 1849. - 3. Cypris striata (Jurine, 1820). - Subfamily Eucypridinae Bronshtein, 1947. - Genus Eucypris Vâvra, 1891. - 1. Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Eucypris kerkyrensis Stephanides, 1937. - 3. Eucypris moravica Jancaffk, 1947. - 4. Eucypris lilljeborgi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 5. Eucypris elliptica (Baird, 1846). - 6. Eucypris crassa (O.F. Müller, 1785). - 7. Eucypris anglica Fox, 1967. - 8. Eucypris pigra (Fischer, 1851). - Genus Koencypris n. gen. - 1. Koencypris ornata (O.F. Müller, 1776). - Genus Prionocypris Brady & Norman, 1896. - 1. Prionocypris zenkeri (Chyzer & Toth, 1858). - Genus Tonnacypris Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1975. - 1. Tonnacypris lutaria (Koch, 1838). - Genus Trajancypris Martens, 1989. - 1. Trajancypris serrata (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 2. Trajancypris clavata (Baird, 1838). - 3. Trajancypris laevis (G.W. Müller, 1900). - Subfamily Cypricercinae McKenzie, 1971. - Genus Bradleycypris McKenzie,1982. - 1. Bradleycypris obliqua (Brady, 1868). - Genus Bradleystrandesia Broodbakker, 1983. - 1. Bradleystrandesia fuscata (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Bradleystrandesia reticulata (Zaddach, 1844). - 3. Bradleystrandesia hirsuta (Fischer, 1851). - Subfamily Herpetocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Herpetocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Herpetocypris reptans (Baird, 1835). - 2. Herpetocypris brevicaudata Kaufmann, 1900. - 3. Herpetocypris chevreuxi (Sars, 1896) 4. Herpetocypris helenae G.W. Müller, 1908. - 5. Herpetocypris interm

Note: Contents: Preface to first edition. - Preface to second edition. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Some basic ideas. - 1.1 Planetary atmospheres. - 1.2 Equilibrium temperatures. - 1.3 Hydrostatic equation. - 1.4 Adiabatic lapse rate. - 1.5 Sandström's theorem. - Problems. - 2 A radiative equilibrium model. - 2.1 Black-body radiation. - 2.2 Absorption and emission. - 2.3 Radiative equilibrium in a grey atmosphere. - 2.4 Radiative time constants. - 2.5 The greenhouse effect. - Problems. - 3 Thermodynamics. - 3.1 Entropy of dry air. - 3.2 Vertical motion of saturated air. - 3.3 The tephigram. - 3.4 Total potential energy of an air column. - 3.5 Available potential energy. - 3.6 Zonal and eddy energy. - Problems. - 4 More complex radiation transfer. - 4.1 Solar radiation: its modification by scattering. - 4.2 Absorption of solar radiation by ozone. - 4.3 Absorption by single lines. - 4.4 Transmission of an atmospheric path. - 4.5 The integral equation of transfer. - 4.6 Integration over frequency. - 4.7 Heating rate due to radiative processes. - 4.8 Cooling by carbon dioxide emission from upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. - 4.9 Bandmodels. - 4.10 Continuum absorption. - 4.11 Global radiation budget. - Problems. - 5 The middle and upper atmospheres. - 5.1 Temperature structure. - 5.2 Diffusive separation. - 5.3 The escape of hydrogen. - 5.4 The energy balance of the thermosphere. - 5.5 Photochemical processes. - 5.6 Breakdown of thermodynamic equilibrium. - Problems. - 6 Clouds. - 6.1 Cloud formation. - 6.2 The growth of cloud particles. - 6.3 The radiative properties of clouds. - 6.4 Radiative transfer in clouds. - Problems. - 7 Dynamics. - 7.1 Total and partial derivatives. - 7.2 Equations of motion. - 7.3 The geostrophic approximation. - 7.4 Cyclostrophic motion. - 7.5 Surfaces of constant pressure. - 7.6 The thermal wind equation. - 7.7 The equation of continuity. - Problems. - 8 Atmospberic waves. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Sound waves. - 8.3 Gravity waves. - 8.4 Rossby waves. - 8.5 The vorticity equation. - 8.6 Three dimensional Rossby-type waves. - Problems. - 9 Turbulence. - 9.1 The Reynolds number. - 9.2 Reynolds stresses. - 9.3 Ekman's solution. - 9.4 The mixing-length hypothesis. - 9.5 Ekman pumping. - 9.6 The spectrum of atmospheric turbulence. - Problems. - 10 The general circulation. - 10.1 Labaratory experiments. - 10.2 A symmetric circulation. - 10.3 Inertial Instability. - 10.4 Barotropic instability. - 10.5 Baroclinic instability. - 10.6 Sloping convection. - 10.7 Energy transport. - 10.8 Transport of angular momentum. - 10.9 The general circulation of the middle atmosphere. - Problems. - 11 Numerical modelling. - 11.1 A barotropic model. - 11.2 Baroclinic models. - 11.3 Primitive equation models. - 11.4 Inclusion of orography. - 11.5 Convection. - 11.6 Moist processes. - 11.7 Radiation transfer. - 11.8 Inclusion of clouds. - 11.9 Sub grid scale processes. - 11.10 Transfer across the surface. - 11.11 Forecasting models. - 11.12 Other models. - Problems. - 12 Global observation. - 12.1 What Observations are required?. - 12.2 ConventionaJ observations. - 12.3 Remote sounding from satellites. - 12.4 Remote sounding of atmospheric temperature. - 12.5 Remote measurements of composition. - 12.6 Other remote sounding observations. - 12.7 Observations from remote platforms. - 12.8 Achieving global coverage. - Problems. - 13 Atmospheric predictability and climatic change. - 13.1 Short-term predictability. - 13.2 Variations of climate. - 13.3 Atmospheric feedback processes. - 13.4 Different kinds of predictability. - 13.5 Jupiter's Great Red Spot. - 13.6 The challenge of climate research. - Problems. - Appendices. - 1 Some useful physical constants and data on dry air. - 2 Properties of water vapour. - 3 Atmospheric composition. - 4 Relation of geopotential to geometric height. - 5 Model atmospheres (0-105 km). - 6 Mean reference atmosphere (110- 500 km). - 7 The Planck function. - 8 Solar radiation. - 9 Absorption of solar radiation by oxygen and ozone. - 10 Spectral band information. - Bibliography. - References to works cited in the text. - Answers to problems and hints to their solution. - Index.

Note: Contents List of Acronyms List of Symbols Foreword Preface Prologue Chapter 1 Introduction to Ocean Dynamics 1.1 Types, Advantages, and Limitations of Ocean Models 1.2 Recent Examples 1.3 Governing Equations 1.4 Vorticity Conservation 1.5 Nondimensional Numbers and Scales of Motion 1.6 Geostrophic Flow and Thermal Wind 1.7 Inertial Motions 1.8 Ekman Layers 1.9 Sverdrup Transport 1.10 Western Boundary Intensification (Stommel Solution) 1.11 Gyre Scale Circulation (Munk Solution) 1.12 Barotropic Currents over Topography 1.13 Baroclinic Transport over Topography 1.14 Coastal Upwelling and Fronts 1.15 Mesoscale Eddies and Variability 1.16 Thermohaline Circulation and Box (Reservoir) Models 1.17 Numerical Models Chapter 2 Introduction to Numerical Solutions 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Architecture 2.1.2 Computational Errors 2.2 Ordinary Differential Equations 2.2.1 Runge-Kutta Method 2.3 Partial.Differential Equations 2.3.1 Consistency, Convergence, and Stability 2.3.2 Elliptic, Hyperbolic, and Parabolic Systems 2.4 Elliptic Equations and Steady-State Problems 2.4.1 Direct Solvers 2.4.2 Iterative Solvers and Relaxation Methods 2.4.3 Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method 2.4.4 Multigrid Methods 2.4.5 Pseudo-transient Method 2.5 Time Dependent Problems 2.5.1 Advection Equation and Hyperbolic Systems 2.5.2 Diffusion Equation and Parabolic Systems 2.6 Finite-Difference (Grid Point) Methods 2.6.1 Staggered Grids 2.6.2 Time Differencing and Filtering 2.6.3 Computational Grids 2.7 Spectral (Spectral Transform) Methods 2.8 Finite-Element Methods 2.8.1 Spectral Element Approach 2.9 Parameterization of Subgrid Scale Processes 2.10 Lateral Open Boundary Conditions 2.11 Computational Issues 2.12 Examples 2.12.1 Inertial Oscillations 2.12.2 Thermohaline Circulation 2.12.3 Normal Modes 2.12.4 Gyre Scale Circulation 2.12.5 Advection Problems 2.12.6 M.I.T. Nonhydrostatic Global Model Chapter 3 Equatorial Dynamics and Reduced Gravity Models Solutions 3.1 Oceanic Dynamical Response to Forcing 3.2 Governing Equations 3.3 Equatorial Waves 3.3.1 Kelvin Waves 3.3.2 Yanai Waves 3.3.3 Rossby Waves 3.3.4 Inertia-Gravity (Poincare) Waves 3.4 Equatorial Currents 3.5 Reduced Gravity Model of Equatorial Processes Chapter 4 Midlatitude Dynamics and Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.1 Linear Motions 4.1.1 Inertia-Gravity (Sverdrup/Poincare) Waves 4.1.2 Kelvin Waves 298 4.1.3 Planetary Ross by Waves 4.1.4 Topographic Rossby Waves 4.2 Continuous Stratification 4.3 Geostrophic Adjustment and Instabilities 4.3.1 Geostrophic Adjustment 4.3.2 Instabilities 4.4 Spinup 4.5 Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.5.1 Governing Equations 4.5.2 Applications Chapter 5 High-Latitude Dynamics and Sea-Ice Models 5.1 Salient Features of Ice Cover 5.2 Momentum Equations for Sea Ice 5.3 Constitutive Law for Sea Ice (Ice Rheology) 5.3.1 Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.3.2 Elastic-Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.4 Continuity Equations for Sea Ice 5.5 Response of Sea Ice to Storm Passage 5.6 Numerics 5.6.1 Governing Equations in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 5.6.2 Solution Technique Chapter 6 Tides and Tidal Modeling 6.1 Description of Tides 6.2 Formulation: Tidal Potential 6.3 Body, Load, Atmospheric, and Radiational Tides 6.3.1 Body (Solid Earth) Tides 6.3.2 Load Tides 6.3.3 Atmospheric Tides 6.3.4 Radiational Tides 6.4 Dynamical Theory of Tides: Laplace Tidal Equations 6.5 Equilibrium Theory of Tides 6.6 Tidal Analysis: Orthotides 6.7 Tidal Currents 6.8 Global Tidal Models 6.9 Regional Tidal Models 6.10 Geophysical Implications 6.10.1 Tidal Dissipation and LOD 6.10.2 Tidal Energetics 6.11 Changes in Earth's Rotation 6.12 Baroclinic (Internal) Tides 6.13 Long-Period Tides 6.14 Shallow Water Tides and Residual Currents 6.15 Summary Chapter 7 Coastal Dynamics and Barotropic Models 7.1 Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Currents 7.2 Tidal Motions 7.3 Continental Shelf Waves 7.4 Modeling Shelf Circulation 7.5 Barotropic Models 7.5.1 Coastal Ocean Response to Wind Forcing 7.5.2 Storm Surges and Storm Surge Modeling 7.5.3 Response to Pressure Forcing Chapter 8 Data and Data Processing 8.1 In Situ Observational Data 8.1.1 XBT, CTD, CM, ADCP, and Drifter Data 8.1.2 Historical Hydrographic Data 8.1.3 Historical Marine Surface Data 8.2 Remotely Sensed Data 8.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature from IR Sensors 8.2.2 Sea Surface Winds from Microwave Sensors 8.2.3 Chlorophyll and Optical Clarity from Color Sensors 8.2.4 Sea Surface Height from Satellite Altimetry 8.3 NWP Products 8.4 Preprocessing of Observational Data and Postprocessing of Model Output 8.4.1 Graphics and Visualization of Model Output 8.4.2 Analyses Chapter 9 Sigma-Coordinate Regional and Coastal Models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Governing Equations 9.3 Vertical Mixing 9.4 Boundary Conditions 9.5 Mode Splitting 9.6 Numerics 9.6.1 Vertical Direction 9.6.2 Horizontal Direction 9.7 Numerical Problems 9.8 Applications 9.9 Code Structure Chapter 10 Multilevel Basin Scale and Global Models 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Governing Equations 10.3 Isopycnal Diffusion 10.4 Architecture and Other Model Features 10.5 Applications 10.6 Hybrid s-Coordinate Models 10.7 Regional z-Level Models Chapter 11 Layered and Isopycnal Models 11.1 Layered Models 11.2 Isopycnal Models Chapter 12 Ice-Ocean Coupled Models 12.1 Sea-Ice Models 12.2 Coupled Ice-Ocean Models Chapter 13 Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Models 13.1 Coupling between the Ocean and the Atmosphere 13.2 Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models 13.3 Regional Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models Chapter 14 Data Assimilation and Nowcasts/ Forecasts 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Direct Insertion 14.3 Nudging 14.4 Statistical Assimilation Schemes 14.4.1 Kalman Filter 14.4.2 Reduced State Space Kalman Filters 14.4.3 Optimal Interpolation (OI) Scheme 14.5 Variational Methods 14.5.1 Adjoint Models 14.6 Predictability of Nonlinear Systems-Low Order Paradigms 14.7 Nowcasts/Forecasts in the Gulf of Mexico Appendix A Equations of State A.1 Equation of State for the Ocean A.2 Equation of State for the Atmosphere Appendix B Wavelet Transforms B.1 Introduction B.1.1 Theory B.1.2 Continuous Wavelet Transforms (CWT) B.1.3 Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) B.2 Examples B.3 Wavelet Transforms and Stochastic Processes B.4 Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transforms B.5 Cross Wavelet Transforms (CrWT) B.6 Error Analysis Appendix C Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Empirical Normal Modes C.1 Empirical Orthogonal Functions C.1.1 Complex EOFs C.1.2 Singular Spectrum Analysis C.1.3 Extended EOFs C.1.4 Coupled Pattern Analysis C.2 Empirical Normal Modes Appendix D Units and Constants D.1 Useful Quantities D.1.1 SI (International System of Units) Units and Conventions D.1.2 Useful Conversion Factors D.1.3 Useful Universal Constants D.1.4 Useful Geodetic Constants D.1.5 Useful Physical Constants D.1.6 Useful Dynamical Quantities D.2 Important Scales and Quantities D.2.1 Length Scales D.2.2 Timescales D.2.3 Velocity Scales D.2.4 Nondimensional Quantities D.3 Useful Websites References Biographies Index

Note: CONTENTS: 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles. - 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere. - 1.4 EnergyJnteractions with Earth Surface Features. - 1.5 Data Acquisition and Interpretation. - 1.6 Reference Data. - 1.7 The Global Positioning System. - 1.8 An Ideal Remote Sensing System. - 1.9 Characteristics of Real Remote Sensing Systems. - 1.10 Successful Application of Remote Sensing. - 1.11 Land and Geographic Information Systems. - 1.12 Organization of the Book. - Selected Bibliography. - 2 Elements of Photographic Systems. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography. - 2.3 Basic Negative-to-Positive Photographic Sequence. - 2.4 Film Exposure 2.5 Film Density and Characteristic Curves. - 2.6 Spectral Sensitivity of Black and White Films. - 2.7 Color Film. - 2.8 Color Infrared Film. - 2.9 Filters. - 2.10 Aerial Film Cameras. - 2.11 Film Resolution. - 2.12 Electronic Imaging. - 2.13 Aerial Videography. - 2.14 Multiband Imaging. - 2.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs. - 3.3 Photographic Scale. - 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs. - 3.5 Area Measurement. - 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features. - 3.7 Image Parallax. - 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography. - 3.9 Mapping with Aerial Photographs. - 3.10 Flight Planning. - 3.11 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 4 Introduction to Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.3 Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment. - 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping. - 4.5 Geologic and Soil Mapping. - 4.6 Agricultural Applications. - 4.7 Forestry Applications. - 4.8 Rangeland Applications. - 4.9 Water Resource Applications. - 4.10 Urban and Regional Planning Applications. - 4.11 Wetland Mapping. - 4.12 Wildlife Ecology Applications. - 4.13 Archaeological Applications. - 4.14 Environmental Assessment. - 4.15 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation. - Selected Bibliography. - 5 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Across-Track Scanning. - 5.3 Along-Track Scanning. - 5.4 Operating Principles of Across-Track Multispectral Scanners. - 5.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Data. - 5.6 Across-Track Thermal Scanning. - 5.7 Thermal Radiation Principles. - 5.8 Interpreting Thermal Scanner Imagery. - 5.9 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.10 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner- Imagery. - 5.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Scanners. - 5.12 Temperature Mapping with Thermal Scanner Data. - 5.13 FLIR Systems. - 5.14 Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 6 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Early History of Space Imaging. - 6.3 Landsat Satellite Program Overview. - 6.4 Landsat-1,-2, and-3. - 6.5 Landsat-4 and -5. - 6.6 Landsat-6 Planned Mission. - 6.7 Landsat-7. - 6.8 Landsat Image Interpretation. - 6.9 New Millennium Program. - 6.10 SPOT Satellite Program. - 6.11 SPOT-1,-2, and-3. - 6.12 SPOT-4. - 6.13 SPOT-5. - 6.14 SPOT Image Interpretation. - 6.15 Other Moderate Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.16 High Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.17 Hyperspectral Satellite Systems. - 6.18 Meteorological Satellites. - 6.19 Ocean Monitoring Satellites. - 6.20 Earth Observing System. - 6.21 Space Station Remote Sensing. - Selected Bibliography. - 7 Digital Image Processing. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Image Rectification and Restoration. - 7.3 Image Enhancement. - 7.4 Contrast Manipulation. - 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation. - 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation. - 7.7 Image Classification. - 7.8 Supervised Classification. - 7.9 The Classification Stage. - 7.10 The Training Stage. - 7.11 Unsupervised Classification. - 7.12 Hybrid Classification. - 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels. - 7.14 The Output Stage. - 7.15 Postclassification Smoothing. - 7.16 Classification Accuracy Assessment. - 7.17 Data Merging and GIS Integration. - 7.18 Hyperspectral Image Analysis. - 7.19 Biophysical Modeling. - 7.20 Scale Effects. - 7.21 Image Transmission and Compression. - 7.22 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 8 Microwave Sensing. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Radar Development. - 8.3 Side Looking Radar System Operation. - 8.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar. - 8.5 Geometric Characteristics of Side-Looking Radar Imagery. - 8.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals. - 8.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics. - 8.8 Radar Image Interpretation. - 8.9 Radar Remote Sensing from Space. - 8.10 Seasat-1. - 8.11 Shuttle Imaging Radar. - 8.12 Almaz-1. - 8.13 ERS-1, ERS-2, and Envisat-1. - 8.14 JERS-1 and ALOS. - 8.15 Radarsat. - 8.16 LightSAR. - 8.17 Spaceborne Radar System Summary. - 8.18 Interferometric Radar. - 8.19 Planetary Exploration. - 8.20 Passive Microwave Sensing. - 8.21 Lidar. - Selected Bibliography. - Appendix. - Remote Sensing Data Sources. - Remote Sensing Periodicals. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols Commonly Used in the Text. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Properties of Sea Water Relevant to Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Density. - Measurement of density, temperature and salinity. - Relative density, sigma-t and specific volume. - Tables for density and specific volume as functions of temperature, salinity and pressure. - Sources of data. - 3 The Basic Physical Laws Used in Oceanography and Classifications of Forces and Motions in the Sea. - Basic laws. - Classification of forces and motion. - 4 The Equation of Continuity of Volume. - The concept of continuity of volume. - The derivation of the equation of continuity of volume. - An application of the equation of continuity. - 5 Stability and Double Diffusion. - Static stabiIity. - Criterion for static stability (E). - Numerical values for stability. - Double diffusion. - Dynamic stability. - 6 The Equation of Motion in Oceanography. - The form of the equation of motion. - Obtaining solutions to the equations, including boundary conditions. - The derivation of the terms in the equation of motion. - The pressure term. - Transforming from axes fixed in space to axes fixed in the rotating earth. - Gravitation and gravity. - The Coriolis terms. - Other accelerations. - Coordinate systems. - 7 The Role of the Non-Linear Terms in the Equations of Motion. - The non-linear terms in the equation of motion. - The friction term for the instantaneous velocity. - What is the source of the difficulty?. - Scaling and the Reynolds Number. - Reynolds stresses. - Equations for the mean or average motion. - Reynolds stresses and eddy viscosity. - Scaling the equations of motion. - Dynamic stabiIity. - The effect of density variations on dynamic stability. - Effects of rotation. - 8 Currents Without Friction: Geostrophic Flow. - Hydrostatic equiIibrium. - Inertial flow. - GeopotentiaI. - Geopotential surfaces and isobaric surfaces. - The geostrophic equation. - Why worry about the geostrophic equation?. - The geostrophic method for calculating relative velocities. - An example of the calculation of a geostrophic velocity profile. - An alternative derivation of the geostrophic equation. - The 'thermal wind' equations. - Absolute velocities. - Relations between isobaric and level surfaces. - Relations between isobaric and isopycnal surfaces. - Comments on the geostrophic equation. - Justification for using the geostrophic approach to obtain the speeds of strong currents. - 9 Currents With Friction. - Wind-driven circulations - introduction. - Nansen's qualitative argument. - The equations of motion with friction included. - Ekman's solution to the equations of motion with friction present. - Comments on the above experimental observations. - Transport and upwelling. - Upwelling or downwelling away from boundaries. - Bottom friction and shallow water effects. - Limitations of the Ekman theory. - Sverdrup's solution for the wind-driven circulation. - Orders of magnitude of the terms. - Application of the Sverdrup equation. - The general form of the Sverdrup equation. - The mass transport stream function. - Westward intensification - Stommel's contribution. - The planetary wind field. - Munk's solution. - Comments on Munk's solution. - Vorticity. - Relative vorticity. - Planetary vorticity. - Absolute vorticity. - Potential vorticity. - Westward intensification of ocean currents explained using conservation of potential vorticity. - Equatorial undercurrents. - The boundary layer approach. - The use of the boundary layer approach to obtain a solution to Munk's equation. - A simple inertial theory by Stommel. - 10 Thermohaline Effects. - The deep circulation. - Equations for salt and temperature (heat) conservation. - Equations for the average salinity and temperature. - Reynolds fluxes and eddy diffusivity. - Thermoclines and the thermohaline circulation. - The mixed layer of the ocean. - 11 Numerical Models. - Introduction. - Numerical methods. - General approach to numerical modelling of ocean circulations. - Descriptions of some models of individual oceans. - O'Brien's two-dimensional wind-driven model of the North Pacific. - Cox's model of the Indian Ocean. - Holland and Hirschmann's model of the Atlantic Ocean. - Two models of the circulation of the world ocean. - Models of mesoscale eddies. - Comments on the numerical model solutions. - 12 Waves. - Introduction. - Some general characteristics of waves. - Small amplitude waves. - Orbital motion of the water particles. - Refraction and breaking in shallow water; diffraction. - The generation of waves. - Measurement of waves. - ReaI waves. - Wave generation by the wind; semi-empirical relations. - Energy of waves. - Tsunamis or seismic sea waves. - Internal waves. - Effects of rotation. - Modified gravity waves. - Kelvin waves. - Planetary or Rossby waves. - Topographic effects. - 13 Tides. - Introduction. - Tide-producing forces. - Components of the tide-producing forces. - Ocean responses to the tide-producing forces - tidaI theories. - The practical approach to tide prediction. - The measurement of tides. - Types of tides. - Tidal currents. - Tides in bays-resonance. - Storm surges. - 14 Some Presently Active and Future Work. - APPENDIX I Mathematical Review with Some Elementary Fluid Mechanics. - Introduction. - Scalars and vectors. - Derivatives. - The individual or total derivative. - Integrals. - Fields. - Descriptions of fluid flow. - Convergences and divergences. - Hydrostatic pressure. - Slope effects. - CompressibiIity. - Centripetal and centrifugal forces. - APPENDIX 2 Units Used in Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Base units. - Derived and temporary units. - Units used in dynamic oceanography and some numerical values. - SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING AND FOR REFERENCE. - INDEX.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Core OL-92 from Owens Lake: Project rationale, geologic setting, drilling procedures, and summary / G. I. Smith and J. L. Bischoff. - 2. Stratigraphy, lithologies, and sedimentary structures of Owens Lake core OL-92 / G. I. Smith. - 3. Climatic signals in clay mineralogy and grain-size variations in Owens Lake core OL-92, southeast California / K. M. Menking. - 4. Responses of sediment geochemistry to climate change in Owens Lake sediment: An 800-k.y. record of saline/fresh cycles in core OL-92 / J. L. Bischoff, J. P. Fitts, and J. A. Fitzpatrick. - 5. Movement and diffusion of pore fluids in Owens Lake sediments from core OL-92 as shown by salinity and deuterium-hydrogen ratios / I. Friedman, J. L. Bischoff, C. A. Johnson, S. W. Tyler, and J. P. Fitts. - 6. Paleomagnetism and magnetic susceptibility of Pleistocene sediments from drill hole OL-92, Owens Lake, California / J. M. Glen and R. S. Coe. - 7. Age and correlation of tephra layers, position of the Matuyama-Brunhes chron boundary, and effects of Bishop ash eruption on Owens Lake, as determined from drill hole OL-92, southeast California / A. M. Sarna-Wojcicki, C. E. Meyer, and E. Wan. - 8. A time-depth scale for Owens Lake sediments of core OL-92: Radiocarbon dates and constant mass-accumulation rate / J. L. Bischoff, T. W. Stafford, Jr., and M. Rubin. - 9. A diatom-based paleohydrologic record of climate change for the past 800 k.y. from Owens Lake, California / J. P. Bradbury. - 10. Ostracodes in Owens Lake core OL-92: Alternation of saline and freshwater forms through time / C. Carter. - 11. Paleobiotic and isotopic analysis of mollusks, fish, and plants from core OL-92: Indicators for an open or closed lake system / J. R. Firby, S. E. Sharpe, J. F. Whelan, G. R. Smith, and W. G. Spaulding. - 12. An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses / R. J. Litwin, D. P. Adam, N. O. Frederiksen, and W. B. Woolfenden. - 13. Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92 / G. I. Smith, J. L. Bischoff, and J. P. Bradbury. - Index.

Note: Zugl.: Braunschweig, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Summary for Policymakers Synthesis Report Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Working Group Summaries Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Annexes A. Authors and Expert Reviewers B. Glossary of Terms C. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units D. Scientific, Technical, and Socio-Economic Questions Selected by the Panel E. List of Major IPCC Reports

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000 : the expedition LENA 1999 / by the participants of the expedition edited by Volker Rachold and Mikhail N. Gregoriev , Enthaltener Beitrag: Eurasian ice sheets : German-Russian expedition Polar Ural '99 / Wolf-Dieter Hermichen, Annette Gierlichs, Frank Wischer and Dmitry Bolshiyanov , Contents for "Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000 : the expedition LENA 1999" 1 lntroduction 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Selection of working areas 2.2 General logistics and transport 2.3 Time tables of individual working groups 2.3.1 Team 1 a-C (Samoylov Island) 2.3.2 Team 2 a (Arga Island) 2.3.3 Team 2 b (RV Dunay) 2.3.3 Team 3 (Lyahkovsky Island) 2.3.4 Team 4 (Olenyokskaya Channel) 2.3.5 Team 5 (Bykovsky Peninsula) 2.4 Appendix Table A2-1: List of participants Table A2-2: Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes in Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 General Introduction 3.2 The distribution of soils on Samoylov Island and other comparison sites of the Lena Delta 3.3 Thermal and hydrologic dynamics of the active layer 3.4 Seasonal variability of trace gas emission (CH4,CO2) and in situ process studies 3.4.1 Methode and field experiments 3.4.2 Preliminary Results 3.5 CO2 - Fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.1 Team 1 A (winter) 3.5.1.1 Introduction 3.5.1.2 Field studies 3.5.2 Team 1 B (spring) 3.5.2.1 Introduction 3.5.2.2 Field studies 3.5.3 Team 1 C (summer) 3.5.3.1 lntroduction 3.5.3.2 Methods and first results of field work 3.5.4 Description of the sites and profiles 3.6 Monitoring for bird populations in the Lena Delta 3.6.1 Methods and materials 3.6.2 Results and discussion 3.7 References 3.8 Appendix Table A3-1: List of soil samples Table A3-2: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the nesting period (ind.110 km) Table A3-3: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the brood period (ind.110 km) Table A3-4: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the fall migration period (ind.110 km) 4 Coastal Processes in the Laptev Sea and the Environmental History of the Lena Delta 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Lake sediment studies on Arga Island 4.2.1 lntroduction 4.2.2 Samples and methods 4.2.3 Preliminary results 4.3 Coastal erosion studies in the Laptev Sea 43.1 lntroduction 4.3.2 Methods 4.3.3 Preliminary results 4.4 Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Western and Central Sectors of the Lena Delta 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 Study area 4.4.4 Results of the field studies 4.4.5 Preliminary conclusions 4.5 Observations of water level oscillations in the Olenyokskaya Channel 4.6 Aeolian sedimentation processes in the Lena Delta 4.7 References 4.8 Appendix Table A4-1: List of stations for lake sediment studies on Arga Island Table A4-2: List of samples for lake sediment studies on Arga Island Table A4-3: Boreholes temperature measurments in Nikolay Lake (Arga Island) and Ivashkina lagoon, May 1999 Table A4-4: List of stations for coastal erosion studies Table A4-5: List of samples for coastal erosion studies Table A4-6: Water temperature profiles (°C) along the Laptev Sea coast Table A4-7: Hydrometeorological characteristics along the Laptev Sea coast (bottom water temperature - Tb, air temperature -Ta) Table A4-8: List of samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Lena Delta Table A4-9: Bone samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Lena Delta 5 Paleociimate Signals of Ice-rich Permafrost 5.1 Quaternary deposits of Big Lyakhovsky Island 5.1.1 lntrorfuction 5.1.2 Genlogical-geomorphological situation 5.1.3 Methods of field studies 5.1.4 Description of the outcrop 5.1.5 Cryolithological and sedimentological studies 5.1.6 Geochronometric age determination 5.1.7 Thermokarst processes 5.1.8 Ground ice and water 5.1.9 Paleontological research at the southern coast of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island 5.1.10 Recent and fossil soils 5.1.11 Trip to Khaptagai Tas hills - study of recent Snow patch phenomena 5.2 Ice Complex On Bykovsky Peninsula 5.2.1 Research aims 5.2.2 Site survey and geomorphologic observations 5.2.3 Sampling sites 5.2.4 Stratigraphie and sedimentological observations 5.2.5 Cryolithological observations 5.2.6 The sampling methods and the samples collected 5.2.7 Mammal bone collecting 5.2.8 Conclusion 5.3 References 5.4 Appendix A5-1 : Profile map of sample positions (German version) A5-1-1 : Legend A5-2: Profile map (Russian version) A5-2-1: Schematic profile of permafrost deposits . South coast of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island A5-2-2: Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. south coast. R-side exposure A5-2-3: Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. south coast. L-side exposure A5-3: List of sediment samples collected on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island A5-4: List of OSL-samples A5-5: List of alas samples A5-6: List of water and ice samples collected on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky island during field season 1999 A5-7: List of bone samples A5-8: List of small fossil samples (rodents, insects, ostracodes, seeds) A5-9: List of peat samples for botanical analysis A5-10: List of mollusc samples A5-11: List of sarnples for paleomagnetics A5-12: Description of soll profiles A5-13: List of samples collected by the Bykovsky team at the upper part of MKh main section in 1999 A5-14: The composition of the marnrnal bone collection (Bykovsky Peninsula. 1999) A5-15: Mammal bones, found in 1999 within the Mamontova Khayata cliff (Bykovsky Peninsula)

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - 1 Introduction / H.G. Reading. - 1.1 Development of sedimentology and sedimentary geology. - 1.2 Scope and philosophy of this book. - 1.3 Organization of the book. - 2 Controls on the sedimentary rock record / H.G. Reading & B.K. Levell. - 2.1 Controlling factors. - 2.1.1 Sediment supply, Terrigenous systems, Biochemical and chemical systems. - 2.1.2 Climate. - 2.1.3 Tectonic movements and subsidence. - 2.1.4 Sea-level changes. - 2.1.5 Milankovitch processes and orbital forcing. - 2.1.6 Intrinsic sedimentary processes. - 2.1.7 Physical processes. - 2.1.8 Biological activity. - 2.1.9 Water chemistry. - 2.1.10 Volcanic activity. - 2.1.11 Normal vs. catastrophic sedimentation. - 2.1.12 Rates of sedimentation and preservation potential. - 2.2 Facies and sequences. - 2.2.1 Rock facies definitions. - 2.2.2 Facies relationships, associations and sequences. - 2.3 Facies in the subsurface. - 2.3.1 Seismic facies. - 2.3.2 Seismic-stratigraphic units and seismic sequences. - 2.3.3 Rocks from the subsurface. - 2.3.4 Wireline logs and log facies. - 2.4 Sequence stratigraphy. - 2.5 Models. - 3 Alluvial sediments / J.D. Collinson. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Alluvial processes. - 3.2.1 Erosional processes. - 3.2.2 Transport and depositional processes. - 3.2.3 Postdepositional alteration and pedogenesis. - 3.3 Present-day alluvial settings. - 3.3.1 River channel classification and controls. - 3.3.2 Coarse-grained bedload rivers. - 3.3.3 Sandy bedload rivers. - 3.3.4 Mixed-load rivers. - 3.3.5 Suspended-load rivers. - 3.3.6 Overbank areas, Levees and crevasse splays, Floodplains. - 3.3.7 Soils and their distribution. - 3.3.8 Alluvial fans, Gravity-flow fans, Fluvial fans, Terminal fans. - 3.4 Ancient alluvial sediments. - 3.5 Alluvial facies. - 3.5.1 Conglomeratic facies. - 3.5.2 Sandstone channel facies. - 3.5.3 Fine-grained facies. - 3.5.4 Palaeosols. - 3.5.5 Biological and biochemical sediment. - 3.6 Larger-scale geometry, organization and controls. - 3.6.1 Bounding surfaces. - 3.6.2 Architectural elements. - 3.6.3 Fan conglomerates. - 3.6.4 Channel conglomerates. - 3.6.5 Channel sandbodies. - 3.6.6 Overbank sequences and palaeosols. - 3.6.7 Channel-overbank relationships. - 3.6.8 Coal in alluvial settings. - 3.6.9 Incised palaeovalleys. - 3.6.10 Ephemeral stream and terminal fan deposits. - 4 Lakes / M.R. Talbot and P.A. Allen. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Diversity of present-day lakes. - 4.3 Properties of lake water. - 4.4 Kinetics of lake water. - 4.4.1 Surface waves. - 4.4.2 Currents in lakes. - 4.4.3 Seiches. - 4.5 Chemistry of lake waters. - 4.6 Clastic sedimentation. - 4.6.1 Beaches and other nearshore zones. - 4.6.2 Deltas. - 4.6.3 Offshore zones. - 4.7 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation. - 4.7.1 Lacustrine carbonates, Inorganic precipitation, Biogenic carbonate production. - 4.7.2 Siliceous deposits. - 4.7.3 Iron-rich deposits. - 4.7.4 Saline minerals. - 4.7.5 Organic matter. - 4.8 Rhythmites. - 4.9 Lake-level changes. - 4.10 Ancient lake deposits. - 4.10.1 Criteria for recognition of ancient lake deposits. - 4.10.2 Ancient lacustrine facies. - 4.11 Ancient clastic-dominated basins. - 4.11.1 Lakes with steep margins, The Ridge Basin Group. - 4.11.2 Wave-dominated lakes, The Kap Stewart Formation. - 4.11.3 Shallow, low-relief basins, The Mercia Mudstone Group. - 4.12 Ancient carbonate-dominated basins. - 4.12.1 Low energy water bodies. - 4.12.2 High energy margins, The Glenns Ferry Formation. - 4.12.3 Microbial build-ups, The Chalk Hills Formation. - 4.13 Mixed clastic-carbonate basins. - 4.13.1 The Devonian Orcadian Basin of northeast Britain. - 4.14 Evaporitic lake basins. - 4.14.1 The Green River Formation (Palaeogene) of Utah, Wyoming and Colorado. - 4.14.2 The Ebro basin (Oligocene-Miocene), Spain. - 4.15 Organic-matter-dominated basins. - 4.15.1 The Fort Union Formation. - 4.15.2 The Calaf and Mequinenza basins. - 4.15.3 Oil shales. - 4.16 Cycles in lake deposits. - 4.16.1 The Green River Formation. - 4.16.2 The Rubielos de Mora basin. - 4.16.3 The Newark Supergroup. - 4.17 Economic importance of lake deposits. - 5 Desert aeolian systems / G.A. Kocurek. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The desert aeolian system. - 5.2.1 Setting. - 5.2.2 Overview of processes. - 5.3 Aeolian processes and theory. - 5.3.1 Sediment transport. - 5.3.2 Dunes and airflow. - 5.3.3 Lee-face processes and stratification. - 5.3.4 Accumulation. - 5.3.5 Modelling of sets through space and time. - 5.3.6 Generation of bounding surfaces. - 5.3.7 Generation of aeolian sequences. - 5.3.8 Preservation of aeolian sequences. - 5.4 Present-day aeolian systems. - 5.4.1 Occurrence, accumulation and preservation. - 5.4.2 Variations. - 5.4.3 Classification of dunes. - 5.4.4 Dunes, airflow, stratification and cycles. - 5.4.5 Interdune areas. - 5.4.6 Sand sheets. - 5.4.7 Pleistocene—Holocene sequences. - 5.5 Ancient aeolian systems. - 5.5.1 The record. - 5.5.2 Sequences. - 5.5.3 System reconstruction. - 5.5.4 Dune reconstruction. - 6 Clastic coasts / H.G. Reading & J.D. Collinson. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Shoreline processes. - 6.2.1 Sediment supply. - 6.2.2 Sediment delivery to the basin. - 6.2.3 Zonation of the shoreline profile. - 6.2.4 Wave processes. - 6.2.5 Wave-induced nearshore currents. - 6.2.6 Fairweather vs. storm conditions. - 6.2.7 Tides. - 6.2.8 Wind. - 6.2.9 Gravitational processes. - 6.3 Coastal models and classifications. - 6.4 Rocky coasts. - 6.5 Coarse-grained gravel-rich coasts. - 6.5.1 Feeder systems. - 6.5.2 Reworking at the delta front. - 6.5.3 Resedimentation processes and slope failures. - 6.5.4 Coarse-grained coastal facies associations. - 6.5.5 Controls on coarse-grained coastal systems and sequences. - 6.5.6 Ancient coarse-grained coastal depositional systems, Coarse-grained systems in low-energy basins, Wave-affected coarse-grained systems. - 6.6 River deltas. - 6.6.1 Delta plain. - 6.6.2 Delta front. - 6.6.3 Prodelta. - 6.6.4 Deformational features on delta front and prodelta slope, Shallow-water resedimentation processes, Deep-water resedimentation processes. - 6.6.5 Deltaic facies sequences and their boundaries, Progradational sequences, Transgressive sequences, the abandonment phase. - 6.6.6 Ancient river deltas, Ancient fluvial-dominated and fluvial - wave-interaction deltas, Ancient wave-dominated deltas, Ancient tide-dominated deltas, Ancient delta deformation. - 6.7 Non-deltaic siliciclastic coasts. - 6.7.1 Beach-ridge strandplains. - 6.7.2 Chenier plains. - 6.7.3 Tidal flats. - 6.7.4 Barrier-island/lagoons. - 6.7.5 Estuaries. - 6.7.6 Coastal sequences, Progradational sequences, Transgressive sequences, Incised-valley sequences. - 6.7.7 Ancient non-deltaic siliciclastic coasts, Ancient progradational sequences, Ancient transgressive sequences. - 7 Shallow clastic seas / H.D. Johnson & C.T. Baldwin. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.1.1 Definition. - 7.1.2 Historical background. - 7.2 Clastic shelf models and classification. - 7.2.1 Process-response models and shelf hydraulic regimes. - 7.2.2 Dynamic stratigraphic models. - 7.2.3 Modern vs. ancient shelf seas. - 7.3 Modern tide-dominated shallow seas. - 7.3.1 Tides and tidal currents. - 7.3.2 Tide-dominated sand deposition. - 7.3.3 Tidal current transport paths: processes, bedforms and facies. - 7.3.4 Offshore tidal sandridges. - 7.4 Modern wave- and storm-dominated shallow seas. - 7.4.1 Wave-and storm-generated processes. - 7.4.2 Storm-dominated deposition on transgressive shelves. - 7.4.3 Characteristics of modern shelf storm deposits. - 7.4.4 Hydrodynamic models of modern shelf storm deposits. - 7.5 Modern oceanic current-dominated shelves. - 7.6 Modern mud-dominated shelves. - 7.7 Ancient shallow clastic seas: facies recognition and interpretation. - 7.7.1 Ancient tide-dominated offshore facies, Sedimentary structures and facies in offshore tidal deposits. - 7.7.2 Ancient wave- and storm-dominated offshore facies, Sedimentary structures and facies in wave- and storm-dominated dep

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Features of the Arctic Seas of Russia and Their Ecosystems 2.1 Brief History of the Studies 2.2 Physical Geography 2.3 Features of Geological Structure and Sedimentation 2.4 Hydrology 2.5 Hydrochemistry 2.5.1 Oxygen 2.5.2 pH 2.5.3 Alkalinity 2.5.4 Nutrients (P, N, and Si) 3 Biological Production of the Arctic Seas of Russia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Barents Sea 3.3 White Sea 3.4. Kara Sea 3.5. Seas of the East Arctic 4 Particulate Matter and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Water–Bottom System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Barents Sea 4.3 White Sea 4.4 Kara Sea 4.5 Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas 4.6 Carbon Fluxes from the Photic Zone to the Seafloor 4.7 Conclusion 5 Horizontal Carbon Fluxes in the Land–Sea System 5.1 Riverine Runoff and Carbon Fluxes 5.1.1 Water Runoff and Particulate Matter Supply 5.1.2 Carbon runoff 5.2 Coastal Abrasion and Carbon Fluxes 5.3 Aerosols and Eolian Carbon Fluxes 5.4 Underground and Glacial Runoff 5.4.1 Underground Runoff 5.4.2 Ice and Glacial Discharge 5.4.3 Interstitial Waters 6 Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brief History of the Studies of Carbon and Organic Matter Composition 6.3 Selected Features of the Polar Lithogenesis 6.4 Organo-Chemical Composition of the Sediments 6.5 Distribution and Accumulation Rate of Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.1 Contents of TOC and Ccarb in Different Types of the Sediments 6.5.2 Distribution of TOC and its Accumulation Rate in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.3 Distribution of Ccarb and its Accumulation Rates in the Bottom Sediments 7 Elements of Carbon Balance and Cycling in the Arctic Seas of Russia 7.1 Fluxes and Balance of Masses 7.2 Ecological Features of the Arctic Seas and their Influence on Carbon Cycling References Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction I Definition of geocryology and periglacial II Objectives III Processes IV Environments V References 2 Environmental factors I Introduction II Basic factors Ill Dependent factors 3 Frozen ground I Introduction II Seasonally frozen ground Ill Permafrost 4 General frost-action processes I Introduction II Freezing process Ill Estimates of freezing and thawing IV Frost wedging V Frost heaving and frost thrusting VI Mass displacement VII Frost cracking VIII Sorting by frost action 5 Some periglacial forms I Introduction II Patterned ground Ill Periglacial involutions IV Stone pavements V String bogs VI Palsas VII Pingos 6 Mass-wasting processes and forms I Introduction lI Avalanching Ill Slushflow IV Thaw slumping V Frost creep VI Gelifluction VII Frost-creep and gelifluction deposits VIII Rock glaciers IX Taluses X Protalus ramparts 7 Nivation I Introduction II Nivation benches and hollows Ill Cryoplanation terraces and cryopediments 8 Slopewash I Introduction II Grèzes litées 9 Fluvial action I Introduction II Icings Ill Break-up phenomena IV Flat-floored valleys V Asymmetric valleys VI Dry valleys and dells 10 Lacustrine and marine action I Introduction II Lacustrine action Ill Marine action 11 Wind action I Introduction II Loess Ill Dunes IV Niveo-eolian deposits and forms V Deflation VI Ventifacts 12 Thermokarst I Introduction II Collapsed pingos Ill Thaw slumps IV Linear and polygonal troughs V Beaded drainage VI Thaw lakes VII Alases 13 Environmental overview 14 Environmental reconstructions I Introduction II Britain Ill Continental Europe IV USSR V Japan VI North America VII Southern Hemisphere VIII Some estimated temperature changes References Index

Note: In engl., span. und franz. Sprache

Note: Inhalt: I. Zoologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation "Bellinghausen" / R. BANNASCH und K. ODENING. - II. Deuterium- und 18O-Variationen in Seen der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika) / W. RICHTER und G. STRAUCH. - III. Stable isotope investigations in Antarctica / H. SCHÜTZE, G. STRAUCH, K. WETZEL. - IV. The influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitation / R. DER. - V. Sommerliche Eisvariationen in der Olaf-Prydz-Bucht / H. GERNANDT. - VI. Zur Geologie des nördlichen Teils des Neptune Range / Pensacola-Gebirges (Antarktika) / W. WEBER und L. V. FEDOROV. - VII. Beobachtungen am Krill (Euphausia superba DANA) im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis in der Sommersaison 1978 und 1979 / S. HOLZLÖHNER. - VIII. Forschungsreise eines Zubringertrawlers in die Antarktis / G. GUBSCH und U. HOFFMANN.

Note: CONTENTS 1. Preface 2. Features of Land Surface Components, Permafrost, Climate and Hydrology 2.1 Relief and geologic structure (Korzshuev S.S.) 2.2 Soil conditions (Kashutina E.A.) 2.3 Short characteristic of main zonal and height types of vegetation (Tishkov A.A.) 2.4 Permafrost (Balobaev V.T., Lyubomirov A.S.) 2.5 Climatic regime 2.5.1 Climatic regionalization (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.2 Atmospheric circulation (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.3 Precipitation (Zaitseva I.S.) 2.5.4 The state of knowledge about snow cover within Lena river basin (Krenke A.N.) 2.5.5 Thermic regime (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.6 Energy balance (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.6 Water cycle components 2.6.1 Hydrologic regionalization (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.2 River runoff (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.3 Interaction between ground water and river runoff (Sokolov B.L.) 2.6.4 Evapotranspiration (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.5 Evaporation from the water surface (Golubev V.S.) 2.6.6 Soil moisture regime (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.7 Cryogenic hydrologic phenomenon and processes (Sokolov B.L., Markov M.L., Deikin B.N.) 2.8 Glaciers and snow - patches (Osokin N.I.) 2.9 Lakes and reservoirs (Malik L.K.) 2.10 Swamps (Malik L.K.) 2.11 The human impact on natural landscapes, water and energy cycles (Zaitseva I.S.) 3. Land Surface Parameters for Energy Cycle Analysing (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 3.1 Geographical distribution of parameters 3.2 Intraannual variation of albedo 4. Global and Regional Atmospheric Circulation and Hydrometeorological Element Changes 4.1 Global and regional atmospheric circulation indexes (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 4.2. Interannual changes of circulation indexes (Zolotokrylin _A._N.) 17? 4.3. Long-term fluctuations of hydroclimatological characteristics and runoff forecasting of some Siberian rivers (Leonov E.A.) 5. Zonal Features of Energy Cycle (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 5.1 Tundra zone 5.2 Plain Taiga region 6. Overview of Experimental Research of Water and Energy Cycles 6.1. Review of experimental investigations results (Lybomirov A.S.) 6.2. Thermal-water-balance polygon ''Mogot'' (Vasilenko N.G.) 6.3. Thermal and water regime of the icing fields (Deikin B.N .) 6.4. Energy balance of forests and surrounding territories in Lena river vallue (Pavlov A. V.) 6.5. The Experimental energy balance studies at the boundary layer within Lena river basin (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 7. Description of Data Base 7.1 Data of field experiments 7.1.1. Experimental polygon Tynda (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.2. Icing field polygon Mururin (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.3. Experimental polygon Mogot (Vasilenko N.G.) 7.1.4. Catalogization of icing fields of underground waters (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.5 Geocryological data for the regions of planned experimental works (Lyubomirov A.S.) 7.2 Hydrometric station network of Lena River Basin (Georgiadi A.G.) 7.3. Data for Siberia Lena River Basin (Georgiadi A.G.) 7.3.1. Meteorological network (Razuvaev V.N.) 7.3.2 Geocryological network (Lyubomirov A.S.) 7.3.3. Network of soil moisture content measurements (Georgiadi A.G.) References List of Authors

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: York, Univ., Diss., 1997

Note: Contents: List of figures. - List of tables. - Preface to first edition. - Preface to second edition. - Acknowledgements. - PART 1 THE PERIGLACIAL DOMAIN. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The periglacial concept. - 1.2 Periglacial processes. - 1.3 The growth of periglacial geomorphology. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 2 Periglacial landscapes. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Proglacial, paraglacial or periglacial?. - 2.3 Never-glaciated periglacial terrain. - 2.4 Implications. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 3 Periglacial climates. - 3.1 Boundary conditions. - 3.2 Periglacial climates. - 3.3. Periglacial climates and the cryosphere. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - PART 2 PRESENT-DAY PERIGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS. - 4 Frost action and cryogenic weathering. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The freezing process. - 4.3 Ice segregation and frost heave. - 4.4 Freezing and thawing indices. - 4.5 The ground temperature regime. - 4.6 Frost cracking. - 4.7 Cryogenic weathering. - 4.8 Salt weathering. - 4.9 Solution and karstification. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 5 Permafrost. - 5.1 Historical perspective. - 5.2 Moisture in permafrost. - 5.3 Geothermal regimes of permafrost. - 5.4 Distribution of permafrost. - 5.5 Permafrost and terrain conditions. - 5.6 Surface features of permafrost. - 5.7 Permafrost hydrology. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 6 Ground ice. - 6.1 Ground ice description. - 6.2 Types and amounts of ground ice. - 6.3 Ice wedges. - 6.4 Massive ice and massive icy bodies. - 6.5 Ice-cored mounds and pingos. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 7 Thermokarst. - 7.1 Causes of thermokarst. - 7.2 Thermokarst subsidence and thermal erosion. - 7.3 Alas thermokarst relief. - 7.4 Ice-wedge thermokarst terrain. - 7.5 Retrogressive thaw slumps. - 7.6 Thaw lakes and depressions. - 7.7 Fluvio-thermal erosion. - 7.8 Thermokarst involutions. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 8 The active layer. - 8.1 Definition. - 8.2 Thermal regime of the active layer. - 8.3 Unfrozen water in freezing and frozen soils. - 8.4 Frost heave. - 8.5 Thaw consolidation. - 8.6 Thermally induced mass displacement. - 8.7 Cryoturbation and patterned ground. - 8.8 Active layer hydraulics and mud boils. - 8.9 Conclusions. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 9 Hillslope processes. - 9.1 Mass wasting. - 9.2 Solifluction. - 9.3 Slopewash. - 9.4 Rapid mass movement. - 9.5 Frozen slopes. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 10 Slope morphology. - 10.1 The free-face model. - 10.2 Rectilinear debris-mantled slopes. - 10.3 Convexo-concavo debris-mantled slopes. - 10.4 Pediment-like forms. - 10.5 Stepped profiles. - 10.6 Slope evolution. - 10.7 General reflections. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 11 Fluvial processes and landforms. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Major rivers. - 11.3 Channel hydrology. - 11.4 Basin hydrology. - 11.5 Sediment flow, surface transport and denudation. - 11.6 Fluvio-thermal erosion. - 11.7 Channel morphology. - 11.8 Valley asymmetry. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 12 Wind action and coastal processes. - 12.1 The role of the wind. - 12.2 Loess-like silt. - 12.3 Sand dunes and sand sheets. - 12.4 Coastal processes. - 12.5 Cold-climate deltas. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - PART 3 PLEISTOCENE PERIGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS. - 13 Pleistocene periglacial conditions. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 The time scale and climatic fluctuations. - 13.3 Geomorphic considerations. - 13.4 Problems of reconstruction. - 13.5 Extent of late Pleistocene periglacial conditions. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 14 Relict periglacial phenomena. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Perennial or seasonal frost?. - 14.3 Evidence for frost action. - 14.4 Evidence for frozen ground. - 14.5 Pleistocene frost fissures. - 14.6 Frost mounds. - 14.7 Thermokarst forms and structures. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 15 Pleistocene wind action, tundra rivers and periglacial landscape modification. - 15.1 Wind action. - 15.2 Tundra rivers. - 15.3 Asymmetrical valleys. - 15.4 Periglacial landscape modification. - 15.5 Summary. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - PART 4 APPLIED PERIGLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY. - 16 Geotechnical and engineering aspects. - 16.1 Introduction. - 16.2 Human-induced thermokarst and terrain disturbance. - 16.3 Engineering and construction problems. - 16.4 Hydrological problems. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 17 Global change and periglacial environments. - 17.1 Global change and cold regions. - 17.2 Evidence from the present day. - 17.3 Future responses. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - References. - Index.

Note: Introduction 1 Definitions 2 Historical Development of the Term Rockglacier 3 Rockglaciers: Description and Morphometry 3.1 General Description 3.2 Form Types 3.3 Morphometric Parameters 3.3.1 Rockglacier Sizes 3.3.2 Tongue-Shaped Rockg1aciers 3.3.3 Lobate Rockg1aciers 3.3.4 Rockglacier Thickness 3.3.5 Surface Relief 3.3.6 Rockglacier Surface and Source Area 4 Rockglacier Taxonomy 5 Rockglacier Distribution 5.1 General Information 5.2 Local Rockglacier Distribution 5.2.1 The Alps 5.2.2 The Mountains of Northern Europe 5.2.3 The Pyrenees 5.2.4 North American Mountains 5.2.5 The Andes of Central and South America 5.2.6 The Mountains of Asia 5.2.7 The Southern Alps 5.2.8 Antarctic Mountains 5.2.9 Conclusions 6 Rockglacier Material, Surficial Fabric and Internal Structure 6.1 Rock Type and Grain Size at and below the Surface 6.1.1 Rock Type 6.1.2 Grain Sizes at the Surface 6.1.3 Development of the Bouldery Mantle 6.1.4 Surface Fabric 6.1.5 Grain Sizes below the Bouldery Mantle 6.2 Internal Structure 6.2.1 Direct Information 6.2.1.1 Excavations, Outcrops, Tunnels 6.2.1.2 Smaller Boreholes 6.2.1.3 The Deep Borehole through the Rockglacier Murtel I 6.2.2 Indirect Information 6.2.2.1 Seismic Information 6.2.2.2 Geoelectric Soundings 6.2.2.3 Radio-Echo Soundings 6.2.2.4 Gravimetry 6.2.2.5 Borehole Geophysics and Related Measurements 6.2.2.6 BTS Measurements 6.2.2.7 Summary: The Inner Core of an Active Rockglacier 6.3 The Active Layer on Rockglaciers 7 Rockglacier Movement, Velocity, and Rheology 7.1 The Horizontal and Vertical Movement of Active Rockglaciers 7.1.1 Measurement Methods 7.1.2 Annual Horizontal Displacement 7.1.3 Long-Term Annual Averages 7.1.4 Long-Term Estimates 7.1.5 Longer Time Series 7.1.6 Monthly and Seasonal Measurements 7.1.7 Vertical Displacement 7.1.8 Conclusion 7.2 Geometry of Movement 7.2.1 The General Flow Patterns of Active Rockglaciers 7.2.1.1 Gruben Rockglacier 7.2.1.2 Macun Rockglacier 7.2.1.3 Arapaho Rockglacier 7.2.2 Horizontal Velocity on Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Profiles 7.2.3 Surface and Subsurface Velocity 7.3 Rheologic Considerations 7.3.1 Shear Stress and Strain Rates in Active Rockglaciers 7.3.2 The Rheological Description of Active Rockglaciers 7.4 Rockglacier Movement and Climate 7.5 Discussion of Rockglacier Movement 8 Rockglacier Genesis and the Relation to Similar-Looking Landforms 8.1 Rockglacier Genesis 8.1.1 The Formation of Active Rockglaciers 8.1.1.1 Talus Rockglaciers 8.1.1.2 Debris Rockglaciers 8.1.1.3 Special Rockglaciers 8.1.1.4 Problematic Cases 8.1.2 Inactive Rockglaciers 8.1.3 Relict (Fossil) Rockglaciers 8.2 Published Hypotheses of Rockglacier Formation 8.2.1 Mass-Movement Hypotheses 8.2.1.1 The Bergsturz Hypothesis in General 8.2.1.2 Landslide Influences 8.2.2 The Glacial Hypothesis 8.2.2.1 Debris-Covered Glaciers and Thermokarst 8.2.2.2 Transition from True Glaciers to Rockglaciers? 8.2.2.3 The Moraine Hypothesis 8.2.3 The Periglacial (Blockstream) Hypothesis 8.3 True Rockglaciers under Wrong Labels 8.3.1 The Ostrem Ice-Cored Moraine Concept 8.3.2 The Protalus Rampart Concept 9 The Age of Rockglaciers 9.1 The Age of Active Rockglaciers 9.2 The Age of Climatic Inactive Rockglaciers 9.3 The Age of Relict (Fossil) Rockglaciers 10 Rockglaciers and the High Mountain Environment 10.1 Active Rockglaciers and Mountain Permafrost 10.2 Rockglaciers in the Coarse Debris Cycle 10.2.1 Rockglaciers and Talus Production 10.2.2 Rockglacier Size and Source Area 10.2.3 Rockglaciers as a Debris Transport System 10.3 Rockglaciers and Climate 10.3.1 Rockglaciers and Present Climate 10.3.2 Relict Rockglaciers and Paleoclimate Reconstruction 10.3.3 Reactivation of Inactive or Relict Rockglaciers 10.3.4 Rockglaciers and Climatic Change 10.4 Rockglaciers in the Alpine Hydrological Cycle 10.4.1 Rockglaciers as a Water Store 10.4.2 Discharge from Rockglacier Permafrost 10.4.3 Fluctuations in Rockglacier Permafrost Storage 10.5 Rockglaciers as Hazards in Alpine Environments 10.6 The Environment of Active Rockglaciers 11 Summary and Outstanding Problems 12 References Index of Place Names Subject Index

Note: Contents: Acknowledgements. - Translator's Preface. - Preface to Volume Ill of the Russian edition, Cyperaceae. - Preface to Volume IV of the Russian edition, Lemnaceae-Orchidaceae. - Abbreviations Used in Citing Floristic and Systematic Literature. - FAMILY XIV I Cyperaceae-Sedge Family. - GENUS 1 I Eriophorum-Cotton Grass. - GENUS 2 I Trichophorum- Deer Grass. - GENUS 3 I Scirpus-Bulrush. - GENUS 4 I Eleocharis-Spike Rush. - GENUS 5 I Kobresia-Kobresia. - GENUS 6 I Carex-Sedge. - FAMILY XV I Lemnaceae-Duckweed Family. - GENUS 1 I Lemna-Duckweed. - FAMILY XVI I Juncaceae-Rush Family. - GENUS 1/ Juncus-Rush. - GENUS 2 I Luzula-Woodrush. - FAMILY XVII I Liliaceae-Lily Family. - GENUS 1/ Tofieldia-False Asphodel. - GENUS 2 I Zygadenus-Camas. - GENUS 3 I Veratrum-False Hellebore. - GENUS 4 I Gagea-Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem. - GENUS 5 I Allium-Onion. - GENUS 6 / Fritillaria-Fritillary. - GENUS 7 I Lloydia-Lloydia. - GENUS 8 I Smilacina-False Solomon's Seal. - GENUS 9 I Maianthemum-May Lily. - GENUS 10 I Paris-Herb Paris. - FAMILY XVIII I Iridaceae-Jris Family. - GENUS 11 Iris-Iris. - FAMILY XIX I Orchidaceae-Orchid Family. - GENUS 1 I Cypripedium-Lady's Slipper. - GENUS 2 I Corallorhiza-Coralroot. - GENUS 3 I Listera-Twayblade. - GENUS 3A I Epipactis-Helleborine. - GENUS 4 I Goodyera-Rattlesnake Plantain. - GENUS s I Chamaeorchis-Alpine Orchid. - GENUS 6 I Coeloglossum-Frog Orchid. - GENUS 7 I Leucorchis-Small White Orchid. - GENUS 8 I Lysiella-Blunt-leaved Orchid. - GENUS gl Gymnadenia-Rein Orchid. - GENUS 10 I Dactylorchis-Spotted Orchid. - APPENDIX 1 I Summary of Data on the Geographical Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic. - TABLE 3 I Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Cyperaceae. - TABLE 4 I Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Lemnaceae-Orchidaceae. - Index of Plant Names. -