ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1997. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1997 schedule. - Overview of 1997 schedule. - Camp layout. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1997 sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of reference during the field operation. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1997. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1997. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP, Central Camp. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of NGRIP area. - Map of Greenland. - Map of the ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1997 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contents: 1. Personnel at DC. - 2. Summary timetable of events for EPICA personnel. - 3. Transport to/from DC for EPICA personnel. - 4. Building period. - 5. Scientific activity - equipment layout. - 6. Science processing line. - 7. Results from this season. - 8. General comments on communications, logistics and general status of the camp. - 9. Tasks that EPICA personnel need to do next season. - 10. Recommendations for 1998/99. - 11. Acknowledgements.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Velocity problem Heat and mass transfer problem - A single drop Heat and mass transfer - A system of drops Literature cited Appendix A: FORTRAN IV program to calculate final drop temperature, air temperatureand humidity

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Chapter 1. The road and its environment Introduction General physiography Regional climate Surficial and bedrock geology Permafrost and ground ice General biota Vegetation Floristic survey Vegetation mapping Soils and mapping Chapter 2. Roadbed performance and associated investigations Roadbed investigations Roadbed performance Performance of drainage features Performance of sideslopes Conclusions from road, drainage and sideslope performance studies Fuel gas line construction Chapter 3. Distribution and properties of road dust along the northern portion of the Haul Road Introduction Methods Results of wind direction and velocity measurements Dust load and distribution Particle size analyses of dust Chemical composition properties of dust and related samples Soil cation composition Dust impacts on vegetation Discussion and conclusions Chapter 4. Revegetation and restoration investigations Introduction Revegetation approaches Alyeska erosion control and revegetation program Weeds and weedy plants Performance of revegetation Alyeska willow cutting program CRREL restoration experiments Conclusions Revegetation recommendations General report recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: General environmental guidelines applicable to subarctic and arctic road construction Appendix B: University-based studies along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road Appendix C: CRREL maps of Haul Road showing locations of all study Sites Appendix D: Additional Haul Road cross-sectional profiles Appendix E: Clay mineralogy of road-related materials Appendix F: List of reports in the Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Ad­visory Team series

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction History of snow and ice roads Classification of snow and ice roads Snow pads used by Alyeska during the winter of 1975-1976 The Globe Creek snow pad The Toolik snow pad The gasline snow pad Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Research setting Objectives Materials, mixture designs, and tests Materials Mixture design tests Brazil test Resilient modulus test Data analysis Marshall tests Asphalt grade Compactive effort Aggregate type Data analysis Brazil tests Indirect tensile strength Tensile strain Vertical deformation Summary of Brazil test results Data analysis-resilIient modulus. Comparison of mixture susceptibility to temperature cracking General asphalt concrete stiffness Thermal cracking. Influence of asphalt cement properties Summary Comparison of mixture susceptibility to traftic-load-associated distress Stress/strain analysis Fatigue damage analysis Rutting analysis Strength correlations Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength Indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus Summary Summary and conclusions Recapitulation of investigations Summary of results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Asphalt adggregate mixture properties by Marshall method Appendix B: Equations for calculating specimen properties from Brazil tests Appendix C: Calculated displacements, strains and stresses

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Objectives Conclusions Introduction Background Previous cooperative investigations Project rationale and coordination Approach Landsat imagery Interpretation techniques Part I. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping the drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields (Lawrence W. Gatto) Objective Methods Results Conclusions Part II. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping and evaluating geologiclineaments and possible faults (Carolyn J. Merry) Objective Geologic structure Methods Results Conclusions Part Ill. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping surficial materials Section A. Landsat mapping (Harlan L. McKim) Objective Methods Results Section B. Field evaluation (Daniel E. Lawson) Objectives Methods Results Discussion Section C. Conclusions (Daniel E. Lawson and Harlan L. McKim) Literature cited Glossary

Note: Introduction -- An etymology of ecocide -- Agent Orange before Vietnam -- Gadgets and guerrillas -- Herbicidal warfare -- Science, ethics, and dissent -- Surveying a catastrope -- Against protocol -- Conclusion: ecocide and international security..

Note: Contents List of contributors Preface I Introductory Chapters 1 The Ecological Value of Biyophytes as Indicators of Climate Change / NANCY G. SLACK 2 Bryophyte Physiological Processes in a Changing Climate: an Overview / ZOLTÁN TUBA II Ecophysiology 3 Climatic Responses and Limits of Biyophytes: Comparisons and Contrasts with Vascular Plants / MICHAEL C. F. PROCTOR 4 Effects of Elevated Air C02 Concentration on Bryophytes: a Review / ZOLTÁN TUBA, EDIT ÖTVÖS, AND ILDIKÓ JÓCSÁK 5 Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Light and UV Acclimation in Mosses / NIINA M. LAPPALAINEN, ANNA HYYRYLÄINEN, AND SATU HUTTUNEN III Aquatic Bryophytes 6 Ecological and Physiological Effects of Changing Climate on Aquatic Bryophytes / JANICE M. GLIME 7 Aquatic Bryophytes under Ultraviolet Radiation / JAVIER MARTÍNEZ-ABAIGAR AND ENCARNACIÓN NÚÑEZ-OLIVERA IV Desert and Tropical Ecosystems 8 Responses of a Biological Crust Moss to Increased Monsoon Precipitation and Nitrogen Deposition in the Mojave Desert / LLOYD R. STARK, D. NICHOLAS MCLETCHIE, STANLEY D. SMITH, AND MELVIN J. OLIVER 9 Ecology of Bryophytes in Mojave Desert Biological Soil Crusts: Effects of Elevated CO2 on Sex Expression, Stress Tolerance, and Productivity in the Moss Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. / JOHN C. BRINDA, CATHERINE FERNANDO, AND LLOYD R. STARK 10 Responses of Epiphytic Bryophyte Communities to Simulated Climate Change in the Tropics / JORGE JÁCOME, S. ROBBERT GRADSTEIN, AND MICHAEL KESSLER V Alpine, Arctic, and Antarctic Ecosystems 11 Effects of Climate Change on Tundra Bryophytes / ANNIKA K. JÄGERBRAND, ROBERT G. BJÖRK, TERRY CALLAGHAN, AND RODNEY D. SEPPELT 12 Alpine Bryophytes as Indicators for Climate Change: a Case Study from the Austrian Alps / DANIELA HOHENWALLNER, HAROLD GUSTAV ZECHMEISTER, DIETMAR MOSER, HARALD PAULI, MICHAEL GOTTFRIED, KARL REITER, AND GEORG GRABHERR 13 Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Climate: An Antarctic Perspective / RODNEY D. SEPPELT VI Sphagnum and Peatlands 14 Living on the Edge: The Effects of Drought on Canada's Western Boreal Peatlands / MELANIE A. VILE, KIMBERLI D. SCOTT, ERIN BRAULT, R. KELMAN WlEDER, AND DALE H . VlTT 15 The Structure and Functional Features of Sphagnum Cover of the Northern West Siberian Mires in Connection with Forecasting Global Environmental and Climatic Changes / ALEKSEI V. NAUMOV AND NATALIA P. KOSYKH 16 The Southernmost Sphagnum-dominated Mires on the Plains of Europe: Formation, Secondary Succession, Degradation, and Protection / JÁNOS NAGY VII Changes in Bryophyte Distribution with Climate Change: Data and Models 17 The Role of Bryophyte Paleoecology in Quaternary Climate Reconstructions / GUSZTÁV JAKAB AND PÁL SÜMEGI 18 Signs of Climate Change in the Bryoflora of Hungary / TAMÁS PÓCS 19 Can the Effects of Climate Change on British Bryophytes be Distinguished from those Resulting from Other Environmental Changes? / JEFFREY W. BATES AND CHRISTOPHER D. PRESTON 20 Climate Change and Protected Areas: How well do British Rare Bryophytes Fare? / BARBARA J. ANDERSON AND RALF OHLEMÜLLER 21 Modeling the Distribution of Sematophyllum substrumulosum (Hampe) E. Britton as a Signal of Climatic Changes in Europe / CECÍLIA SÉRGIO, RUI FIGUEIRA, AND RUI MENEZES 22 Modeling Bryophyte Productivity Across Gradients of Water Availability Using Canopy Form-Function Relationships / STEVEN K. RICE, NATHALI NEAL, JESSE MANGO, AND KELLY BLACK VIII Conclusions 23 Bryophytes as Predictors of Climate Change / L. DENNIS GIGNAC 24 Conclusions and Future Research / NANCY G. SLACK AND LLOYD R. STARK Index

Note: Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift. , Text in russischer, englischer und französischer Sprache

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Принципы и методика построения тектонических карт нефтегазоносных территорий СССР / Г. Х. Дикенштейн, Ю. Н. Швембергер, И. М. Алиев Требования к содержанию и принципы построения тектонических карт нефтегазоносных территорий / В. С. Старосельцев Количественные подходы к тектоническому районированию нефтегазоносных областей (на примере Енисей-Ленского регионального мегапрогиба) / Ю. Н. Карогодин, А. И. Прокопенко Тектоника палеозойского нефтегазоносного комплекса юга Западно-Сибирской плиты / Н. П. Запивалов, В. И. Московская, И. И. Плуман Тектоника и генезис Западно-Сибирской плиты в свете новых геолого-геофизических данных / М. Я. Рудкевич Связь трещиноватости пород с пликативными структурами первого порядка (на примере Западно-Сибирской плиты и Вилюйской гемисинеклизы) / К. И. Микуленко, Е. Д. Глухманчук, Л. А. Сечкина, Г. Г. Шемин Эпикаледонские наложенные впадины и их газоносность / Е. Д. Думнов Особенности строения фундамента Минусинского межгорного прогиба / Я. В. Шатов, П. С. Долгушин, 3. В. Разилова Структурные особенности платформенного чехла западной части Сибирской платформы в связи с оценкой перспектив поисков месторождений нефти и газа / В. Д. Накаряков, К. Н. Васильева, А. М Иванов, В. Е. Кучеров, В. Г. Сибгатуллиn, Ю. А. Шарыгин Анализ палеотектонических движений Сибирской платформы в связи с оценкой генерации и аккумуляции углеводородов и консервация их залежей в домезозойских отложениях / Т. К Баженова, Ю. И. Ипатов, К. К. Макаров, Ю. М. Шуменкова Тектоническое районирование Вилюйской гемисинеклизы в связи с ее нефтегазоносностью / В. Е. Бакин, В. А. Богдашев, А. А. Гудков, К. И. Микуленко, В. С. Ситников О блоковом строении и иефтегазоносности Тунгусского бассейна / Б. А.Соколов, В. А. Егоров, Ю. Р. Мазор, Ю. В. Пискарев История формирования и перспективы нефтегазоносности Момо-3ырянской впадины / Б. И. Ким Результаты и проблемы изучения тектоники западной части Сибирской платформы и Енисей-Хатангского прогиба по геолого-геофизическим данным / В. И. Яскевич, Ю. К. Яковлев, А. П. Четвергов, В. П. Ключко, В. И. Степанов Тектонический анализ платформенных структур методом построения графиков амплитуд / Е, М. Максимов Тектоника о. Сахалин и прилегающего шельфа / В. В Харахинов, В. Э. Kононов, Ю. С. Мавринский, А. А. Терещепков, Ю. А. Тронов Разломы о. Сахалин и прилегающего шельфа / В. В Харахинов, С. Д. Гальцев-Безюк, Ю. С. Мавринский, А. А. Терещенко, И. М. Альперович Основные структурные елементы Хоккайдо-Сахалинской складчатой области / В. И. Головинский, И. И. Тютрин Прогибы зоны сочленения Сихотэ-Алинской и Хоккайдо-Сахалинской складчатых систем / Н. В. Kуликов, А. А. Терещенков Эндогенный режим Сахалина / Д. Ф. Семенов, Л. С. Маргулис, А. А. Апдреев, В. Ф. Евсеев О тектонике Охотского моря / Ю. С. Мавринский, В. А. Бабошина, Н. В. Kуликов, В. В. Харахинов Строение, развитие и перспективы нефтегазоносности подводных окраин Западной Африки и Восточной Азии / А. Ю. Юнов Формационный анализ осадочных бассейнов северо-западной части Тихоокеанскоrо пояса / Ю. K. Вурлин, О. K. Важенова Методика неотектонического анализа переходной зоны от континента к океану / Г. Ф. Уфимцев , Translation of Contents Preface Principles and methods for constructing tectonic maps of oil and gas-bearing territories of the USSR / G. Kh. Dikenshtein, Yu. N. Shvemberger, I. M. Aliev Content requirements and principles for constructing tectonic maps of oil and gas-bearing territories / V. S. Staroseltsev Quantitative approaches to tectonic zoning of oil and gas-bearing regions (on the example of the Yenisei-Lena regional megatrough) / Yu. N. Karogodin, A. I. Prokopenko Tectonics of the Paleozoic oil and gas complex of the south of the West Siberian Plate / N. P. Zapivalov, V. I. Moskovskaya, I. I. Pluman Tectonics and genesis of the West Siberian plate in the light of new geological and geophysical data / M. Ya. Rudkevich Relationship between rock fracturing and first-order plicative structures (using the example of the West Siberian Plate and the Vilyui hemisyneclise) / K. I. Mikulenko, E. D. Glukhmanchuk, L. A. Sechkina, G. G. Shemin Epicaledonian superimposed depressions and their gas content / E. D. Dumnov Features of the structure of the foundation of the Minusinsk intermountain trough / Ya. V. Shatov, P. S. Dolgushin, Z. V. Razilova Structural features of the platform cover of the western part of the Siberian platform in connection with the assessment of prospects for prospecting for oil and gas fields / V. D. Nakaryakov, K. N. Vasilyeva, A. M. Ivanov, V. E. Kucherov, V. G. Sibgatullin, Yu. A. Sharygin Analysis of paleotectonic movements of the Siberian platform in connection with the assessment of the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons and the conservation of their deposits in pre-Mesozoic deposits / T. K. Bazhenova, Yu. I. Ipatov, K. K. Makarov, Yu. M. Shumenkova Tectonic zoning of the Vilyui hemisyneclise in connection with its oil and gas potential / V. E. Bakin, V. A. Bogdashev, A. A. Gudkov, K. I. Mikulenko, V. S. Sitnikov On the block structure and oil and gas content of the Tunguska basin / B. A. Sokolov, V. A. Egorov, Yu. R. Mazor, Yu. V. Piskarev History of formation and prospects for oil and gas potential of the Momo-3yryansk depression / B. I. Kim Results and problems of studying the tectonics of the western part of the Siberian platform and the Yenisei-Khatanga trough based on geological and geophysical data / V. I. Yaskevich, Yu. K. Yakovlev, A. P. Chetvergov, V. P. Klyuchko, V. I. Stepanov Tectonic analysis of platform structures by constructing amplitude graphs / E, M. Maksimov Tectonics o. Sakhalin and the adjacent shelf / V. V. Kharakhinov, V. E. Kononov, Yu. S. Mavrinsky, A. A. Tereshchepkov, Yu. A. Tronov Faults o. Sakhalin and the adjacent shelf / V. V. Kharakhinov, S. D. Galtsev-Bezyuk, Yu. S. Mavrinsky, A. A. Tereshchenko, I. M. Alperovich Main structural elements of the Hokkaido-Sakhalin folded region / V. I. Golovinsky, I. I. Tyutrin Deflections of the junction zone of the Sikhote-Alin and Hokkaido-Sakhalin fold systems / N. V. Kulikov, A. A. Tereshchenkov Endogenous regime of Sakhalin / D. F. Semenov, L. S. Margulis, A. A. Apdreev, V. F. Evseev On the tectonics of the Sea of Okhotsk / Yu. S. Mavrinsky, V. A. Baboshina, N. V. Kulikov, V. V. Kharakhinov Structure, development and prospects for oil and gas potential of the underwater margins of West Africa and East Asia / A. Yu. Yunov Formational analysis of sedimentary basins of the northwestern part of the Pacific belt / Yu. K. Vurlin, O. K. Vazhenova Methodology for neotectonic analysis of the transition zone from the continent to the ocean / G. F. Ufimtsev , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: 1. Environmental Challenges of the 21st Century and the Need for Interdisciplinary Political Economy ; Part 1: Foundations ; 2. Climate Change: Lessons for Our Future from the Distant Past ; 3. Managerial, Institutional and Evolutionary Approaches to Environmental Economics: Theoretical and Policy Implications ; 4. Behavioural Economics: Seven Key Principles for Environmental Policy ; 5. The Whole Systems Approach in Ecological Economics ; Part 2: Innovation ; 6. Systems of Innovation: National, Regional and Technological Innovation Systems ; 7. Policy Support for Environmental Innovation ; 8.A Paradigm Shift in Economics: Endogenous Technological Change in Economic Models of Climate Change Policy ; 9.Modeling Biased Technical Change: Implications for Climate Policy ; Part 3: Sustainability ; 10. Confronting Consumption: Challenges for Economics and for Policy ; 11.Social and Psychological Drivers of Energy Consumption Behaviour and Energy Transitions ; 12.Management of North Sea Fisheries

Note: Contents: Front Matter ; Introduction ; Reconstruction of Phase Space ; Choosing Time Delays ; Choosing the Dimension of Reconstructed Phase Space ; Invariants of the Motion ; Modeling Chaos ; Signal Separation ; Control and Chaos ; Synchronization of Chaotic Systems ; Other Example Systems ; Estimating in Chaos: Cramér-Rao Bounds ; Summary and Conclusions

Note: Table of Contents: Foreword / Margot Böse. - Depositional architecture and palaeogeographic significance of Middle Pleistocene glaciolacustrine ice marginal deposits in northwestern Germany: a synoptic overview / Jutta Winsemann, Christian Brandes, Ulrich Polom, Christian Weber. - Chronology of Weichselian main ice marginal positions in north-eastern Germany / Christopher Lüthgens, Margot Böse. - Deglaciation of a large piedmont lobe glacier in comparison with a small mountain glacier - new insight from surface exposure dating. Two studies from SE Germany / Anne U. Reuther, Markus Fiebig, Suan Ivy-Ochs, Peter W. Kubik, Jürgen M. Reitner, Hermann Herz, Klaus Heine. - Casting new light on the chronology of the loess/paleosol sequences in Lower Austria / Birgit Terharst, Christine Thiel, Robert Peticzka, Tobias Sprafke, Manfred Frechen, Florian A. Fladerer, Reinhard Roetzel, Christine Neugebauer-Maresch. - Editorial / Markus Fiebig. - Quaternary glaciation history of northern Switzerland / Frank Preusser, Hans Rudolf Graf, Oskar Keller, Edgar Krayss, Christian Schlüchter. - The Quaternary of the southwest German Alpine Foreland (Bodensee-Oberschwaben, Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany) / Dietrich Ellwanger, Ulrike Wielandt-Schuster, Matthias Franz, Theo Simon. - Quaternary Stratigraphy of Southern Bavaria / Gerhard Doppler, Ernst Kroemer, Konrad Rögner, Johannes Wallner, Hermann Jerz, Walter Grottenthaler. - An outline of the quaternary stratigraphy of Austria / Dirk van Husen, Jürgen M. Reitner. , Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache

Note: CONTENT Preface / M. Dergacheva, A. Makeev Description of study area and paleosol / M. Dergacheva, N. Mironycheva-Tokareva, S. Ponomarev, D. Gavrilov LECTURES Essentials of the paleopedology and a review of Quaternary paleosols of the Northern Hemisphere: main items, presented in the lectures / A. Makeev Paleosols in geologic history of the Earth / A. Makeev Possibilites and limits of pedohumus method used at investigations types and environment of ancient pedogenesis / M. Dergacheva Classification system of paleosols / I. Fedeneva Indicating function of pedogenic carbonates in paleoclimatic reconstruction of Holocene and Pleistocene / O. Khokhlova Miromorphological capacities for reseaching of palaeosoils / M. Lebedeva (Verba) Three-dimensional morphology of soil / A. V. Zakharchenko Paleomagnetic method for studing Pliocene and Quaternary deposits of Siberia (current status, problems, prospects) / Z. N. Gnibidenko Specific chemical state anthropogenic transformed soil of the ancient settlements / O. Yakimenko Geochemical peculiarities of soils as an indicator of specific of their formation and anthropogenic transformation / L. Rikhvanov REPORTS Problem of paleosols weed / A. Blagodatnova Spatial distribution of mobile phosphates in Kamennyi Ambar settlement (Chelyabinsk region) / K. Bojtsova Review of literature data for the study of humus horizon chernozem rate formation / E. Burnatova Pedogenic features in paleosols of Samara Volga region archaeological sites / D. Vassilieva Paleosols of Early Iron Age double kurgan of burial ground Kuigenzhar (Northern Kazakhstan) / D. Gavrilov, R. Ishmuratov, A. Toguzbaev Salt soils of Central-Tuva depression / Ch. Danchai-ool Humus composition of Zaural' e forest-steppe and steppe zones on example of archaeological sites / T. Zhdanova Properties variation of the upper part of the modern soils and surface paleosols of key site Volodarka (Barnaul Priobye) / H. Zhaharova Chernozems morphological properties of key area «Volodarka» / O. Kazachenok Comparative characteristics of the modern turf-podzolic soil and the soil buried under centenary dump (Sysert' District, Middle Urals) / L. Kirilyuk Paleopedology: objects and article of researches (review of publications in a «Soil Science» magazine for 2008-2010) / M. Komarova Soils with a buried humus horizon / B. Mongush Paleogeography formation conditions of Tuva sandy landscapes / Ch. Mongush, S. Kurbatskaya The comparative characteristic of 700-year-old and background soil near Sovetskiy city (middle taiga) / O. Nekrasova Humus soil memory: the conditions and time limits for the conservation of steppe / A. Nikiforov Study Holocene evolution of Central Tuva soil and soil formation / K. Ochur Estimation of restoration rate of damaged soils (on materials of studying archaeological objects of the foreststeppe zone) / E. Politova, V. Valdayskih Some polygenetic chernozem characteristics of the Ob Plateau Eastern edge (for example, the key area "Volodarka") / S. Ponomarev Vertical zonality soils in the Sayan mountains in Tuva / V. Sanchaiban Soil physical properties as a soil memory flash / E. Surkova Peculiarities of soddy-alluvial soil of the river Sysert' water-meadow (The Middle Urals) / A. Uchaev Aqueous extract composition of anthropogenically disturbed soils of Kamennyi Am bar settlement / D. Filimonova Environmental conditions of steppe soils for example near the village of Volodarka / H. Cherepanova New investigations at Tokaj-Csorgukut II. Loess section, Northeast Hungary / D. G. Páll, G. Persaits, P. Sümegi P Preliminary results on the phytoliths of the dutch neolithic site Swifterbant as seen from samples retrieved from soils, pig droppings and molars / G. Persaits, D. C. M. Raemaekers , In kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in englischer, teilweise in russischer Sprache

Note: Contents 1. Introductory overview 2. Selected research topics Food availability and microbial activity on the continental slope: from the Siberian shelf to the Arctic basin (Boetius, Damm, Nothig) Ecology of summer sea ice (Cieitz, Kukert, Riebesell, Rutgers v. d. Loeff, Crossmann, Dieckmann) Temperature physiology of marine invertebrates and fish (Hardewig, Sartoris, Sommer, van Dijk, Zielinski, Partner) The 'multistoried' habitat on the Antarctic sea floor (Cutt) The near-surface air flow at Neumayer Station (Handorf) Simulation of atmospheric climate processes over the Arctic (Dethloff, Rinke) Coordinated ozone soundings for determination of ozone depletion rates in the Arctic and sub-Arctic winter (Rex, van der Cathen) Sunshine Simulation (Tüg) Ice-free areas in pack ice - The Northeast Water Polynya in the Greenland Sea (Budeus, Schneider, Kattner, Hirche) Exchange of deep water across the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sills (Beckmann, Doscher) The large-scale distribution of inorganic carbon in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic (Hoppema, Fahrbach) Modelling the circulation under the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (Determann, Cerdes, Crosfeld) Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme (FRISP) (Oerter, Mayer, Hempel, Lambrecht, Nixdorf) Plate tectonics in the Bellingshausen Sea, Southeast Pacific (Cohl, Nitsche, Miller) Small-scale structures from multibeam bathymetry in the Weddell Sea (Schenke, Kuhn) Radiolarians as a paleothermometer in the Southern Ocean - reconstruction of climatic changes (Abelmann, Brathauer, Sieger) Sibiria: Region of origin for Arctic sediments (Rachold, Hoops, Hubberten) Late and postglacial vegetation and climate history of northern Central Siberia (Hahne, Harwart) SEPAN (Sediment and Paleoclimate Data Network) (Diepenbroek, Crobe, Reinke, Schlitzer, Sieger, Siems) 3. Reports by the Scientific Sections 3.1 Oceanic and atmospheric processes in polar regions 3.2 Modelling of ocean processes and circulation 3.3 Marine physics and instrument development 3.4 The bedrock of the polar regions in the Atlantic and the surrounding continental margin 3.5 Glaciology 3.6 Marine geology 3. 7 Marine ecosystem research and ecophysiology 3.8 Biological oceanography 3.9 Ceoscientific studies in ice-margin regions 3.10 Physics and chemistry of the polar atmosphere 3.11 Sea-ice research 3.12 The oceanic carbon cycle 4. Large equipment, expeditions and land-based stations 4.1 'Polarstern' 4.2 'Victor Hensen' 4.3 Polar Aircraft 4.4 Land Expeditions 4.5 Neumayer Station 4.6 Dallmannn Laboratory 4.7 Koldewey Station 4.8 Other small stations 5. Logistics 6. International and National Cooperation 6.1 National Cooperation 6.2 International Cooperation 7. Central Facilities 7.1 Computer Centre 7.2 Libraries 7.3 Public Relations 8. Personnel Structure and Budget Trends 8.1 Staff plan 8.2 Budget 8.3 On the Situation of Women at the AWl 9. Publications 9.1 Publications of the Institute 9.2 Publications of the Staff Annex I. Staff II. Scientific Events Ill. Completed Theses and Dissertations IV 'Polarstern' Expeditions , Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitende Übersicht 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen Vom sibirischen Schelf zur arktischen Tiefsee: Nahrungsverfügbarkeit und mikrobielle Aktivität am Meeresboden (Boetius, Damm, Nöthig) Zur Ökologie des sommerlichen Meereises (Gleitz, Kukert, Riebesell, Rutgers v. d. Loeff, Grossmann, Dieckmann) Temperaturphysiologie von marinen Invertebraten und Fischen (Hardewig, Sartoris, Sommer, van Dijk, Zielinski, Pörtner) Der "mehrstöckige" Lebensraum am Meeresboden der Antarktis (Gutt) Die bodennahe Luftströmung an der Neumayer-Station (Handorf) Die Simulation atmosphärischer Klimaprozesse über der Arktis (Dethloff, Rinke) Koordinierte Ozonsondierungen zur Bestimmung des Ozonabbaus im arktischen und subarktischen Winter (Rex, von der Gathen) Der Sonnenscheinsimulator (Tüg) Eisfreie Stellen im Packeis - Die Nordostwasser-Polynja in der Grönlandsee (Budeus, Schneider, Kattner, Hirche) Der Austausch von Tiefenwasser über die untermeerischen Schwellen zwischen Grönland und Schottland (Beckmann, Döscher) Die großräumige Verteilung des anorganischen Kohlenstoffs im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis (Hoppema, Fahrbach) Modeliierung der Ozeanzirkulation unter dem Filchner-Ronne-Schelfeis (Determann, Gerdes, Grosfeld) Das Filchner- Ronne-Schelfeis-Projekt (Oerter, Mayer, Hempel, Lambrecht, Nixdorf) Die Plattentektonik des Bellingshausenmeeres (Gohl, Nitsche, Miller) Entdeckung neuer Strukturen auf dem Meeresboden des südlichen Weddellmeeres (Schenke, Kuhn) Radiolarien als Paläothermometer im Südpolarmeer (Abelmann, Brathauer, Sieger) Sibirien: Ursprungsregion arktischer Sedimente (Rachold, Hoops, Hubberten) Spät- und postglaziale Vegetations- und Klimageschichte des nördlichen Mittelsibiriens (Hahne, Harwart) Informationssystem SEPAN (Sediment and Paleoclimate Data Network) (Diepenbroek, Grobe, Reinke, Schlitzer, Sieger, Siems) 3. Berichte der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsgruppen 3.1 Ozeanische und atmosphärische Prozesse in den Polargebieten 3.2 Modellierung von Prozessen und Zirkulationssystemen im Ozean 3.3 Meeresphysikalische Messungen und Instrumentenentwicklung 3.4 Der Untergrund der polaren Teile des Atlantik und seiner kontinentalen Umrandung 3.5 Glaziologie 3.6 Meeresgeologie 3.7 Marine Ökosystemforschung und Ökophysiologie (Sektion Biologie I) 3.8 Biologische Meereskunde (Sektion Biologie II) 3.9 Geowissenschaftliche Studien in Eisrandgebieten 3.10 Physik und Chemie der polaren A tmosphäre 3.11 Meereisforschung 3.12 Der Kohlenstoffkreislauf 4. Großgeräte, Expeditionen und Landstationen 4.1 "Polarstern" 4.2 "Victor Hensen" 4.3 Polarflugzeuge 4.4 Landexpeditionen 4.5 Neumayer-Station 4.6 Dallmann-Laboratorium 4.7 Koldewey-Station 4.8 Weitere kleine Stationen 5. Logistik 6. Internationale und nationale Zusammenarbeit 6.1 Nationale Zusammenarbeit 6.2 Internationale Zusammenarbeit 7. Zentrale Einrichtungen 7.1 Rechenzentrum 7.2 Bibliothek 7.3 Presse-und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 8. Personeller Aufbau und HaushaItsentwicklung 8.1 Personal 8.2 Haushalt 8.3 Bericht der Frauenbeauftragten 9. Veröffentlichungen 9.1 Veröffentlichungen des Instituts 9.2 Veröffentlichungen der Mitarbeiter Anhang I. Personal II. Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen III. Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten IV. "Polarstern"-Expeditionen

Note: Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction to the book ; Chapter 2: The nature of qualitative research ; Part I: The design cycle ; Chapter 3: The design cycle ; Chapter 4: Designing participatory research ; Chapter 5: Ethical issues in qualitative research ; Part II: The data collection cycle ; Chapter 6: Sampling and participant recruitment ; Chapter 7: In-depth interviews ; Chapter 8: Focus group discussions ; Chapter 9: Observation ; Part III: The analytic cycle ; Chapter 10: Data preparation and developing codes ; Chapter 11: Textual data analysis ; Chapter 12: From analysis to participatory action ; Chapter 13: Academic writing of qualitative research ; Post Script: Assessing quality in the qualitative research cycle

Note: Bounded rationality and elections -- Aspiration-based adaptive rules -- Party competition -- Turnout -- Voter choice -- An integrated model of two-party elections -- Elections with multiple parties -- Conclusions: bounded rationality and elections -- The computational model..

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Roughness and friction measurements Level plate ice performance Brash ice performance Ramming icebreaking performance Analysis of the data Propulsion efficiency in ice Regression analysis Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction One-dimensional equations of simultaneous heat and moisture flux Moisture transport Heat transport Phase change Coupling effects Frost heave algorithm Development of computer model Finite difference vs finite element method Finite element formulation Time domain solution Evaluation of the mathematical model Heat flux Moisture flux Numerical dispersion Frost heave of homogeneous laboratory samples Conclusions Recommended studies to refine the model Literature cited Appendix A. Work plan, staffing and instrumentation requirements for correlating results oflaboratory frost susceptibility tests with field performance Appendix B. Proposed investigation of thaw weakening of subgrade soil and granular unboundbase course Appendix C. Derivation of finite element system matrices

Note: Contents Introduction Acknowledgements Classification of British diatoms New combinations References Description of plates Index to the genera and plates

Note: Table of Contents Chapter 1 Analysis / John S. Robertson, Karen Bolinger, Lawrence M. Glasser, Neil J.A. Sloane, and Rob Gross Chapter 2 Algebra / Brad Wilson, John Michaels, Patrick J. Driscoll, and Rob Gross Chapter 3 Discrete Mathematics / George K. Tzanetopoulos, Jeff Goldberg, Joseph J. Rushanan, and Mel Hausner Chapter 4 Geometry / Ray McLenaghan and Silvio Levy Chapter 5 Continuous Mathematics / Catherine Roberts and Ray McLenaghan Chapter 6 Special Functions / Ahmed I. Zayed, Nicco M. Temme, and Paul Jameson Chapter 7 Probability and Statistics / William C. Rinaman, Christopher Heil, Michael T. Strauss, Michael Mascagni, and Mike Sousa Chapter 8 Scientific Computing / Gary Stanek Chapter 9 Financial Analysis / Daniel Zwillinger Chapter 10 Miscellaneous / Michael T. Strauss, Rob Gross, and Victor J. Katz List of Notations Index

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Принципы тектонического районирования / Т. Н. Спижарский Периодизация тектонической истории Земли / Ч. В. Ворукаев Тектоника и "тектоники" / В. Ю Забродин, В. А. Кулындышев, В. А. Соловьев Иерархия тектонических объектов, их геоценозы и тектонические карты / В. И. Драгунов Глубинное строение и тектоника фундамента Сибирской платформы / Э. Э. Фотиади, М. П. Гришин, В. И. Лотышев, В. С. Сурков Место тектоники среди других наук о Земле / Ю. Н. Карогодин К теории дизъюнктивов / В. Ю. Забродин Методологические аспекты и критерии выделения основных структурных элементов земной коры / В. С. Бочкарев Карта разломов территории СССР и сопредельных стран масштаба 1:2 500 000 / Н. А. Беляевский, А. И. Суворов, В.А. Унксов, С. Н. Тихомиров, С. К. Барыкин, Б. В. Ермков, А. Е. Михайлов, Ю. Е. Погребицкий, Г. З. Попова, Ю. М. Саркисов, В. Н. Семов, К. А. Шуркин О размещении промышленно-перспективных районов в поле плотности дизъюнктивов Сибири / В. В. Вогацкий, В. И. Витязь, В. Я. Ероменко, М. А. Чурилин Энергетика и эволюция мантийной циркуляции / К. И. Хейсканен Тектоническая позиция глубинных гранулитов и особенности строения нижних горизонтов земной коры / Л. П. Карсаков Спиральные системы геологических структур и некоторые приемы их выяв-ления / М. А. Чурилин Новая ротационная гипотеза структурообразования и тектоника плит / К. Ф. Тяпкин Значение будинажа при картировании немых толщ докембрия / С. Н. Кудрин Определение простракственной связи трещин отрыва со сместителем при комбинированных тектонических перемещениях / О. А. Сокольников Унаследованные и новообразованные Структуры многоэтапных деформаций / М. М. Константинов Применение дистанционных методов при тектонических исследованиях в западной части Сибирской платформы / Л. М. Герасимов, В. Ю. Лускина Разрывные нарушения Сибирской платформы по данным дешифрирования телевизионных космических снимков / В. Я. Ероменко Структурное районирование и металлогеническая специфика вых областей юга азиатской части СССР / В. А. Амантов, Е. В. Выковская, Г. Л. Добрецов, А. Л. Додин, Е. М. Заблоцкий, П. С. Матросов, У. И. Моисееnко, В. R. Путинцев, Ж. Н. Рудакова, Г. Н. Шапошников, А. Д. Щеглов Основные этапы развития древних платформ / К. Б. Мокшанцев, А. Ф. Петров, Г. С. Фрадкин Континенты и океаны раннего докембрия Сибири / А. М. Лейтес, В. С. Федоровский Тектоническая позиция анортозитовой формации Сибирской платформы и ее место в истории становления земной коры / В. Н. Мошкин , CONTENT Preface Principles of tectonic zoning / T. N. Spizharsky Periodization of the tectonic history of the Earth / Ch. V. Vorukaev Tectonics and “tectonics” / V. Yu Zabrodin, V. A. Kulyndyshev, V. A. Solovyov Hierarchy of tectonic objects, their geocenoses and tectonic maps / V. I. Dragunov Deep structure and tectonics of the foundation of the Siberian Platform / E. E. Fotiadi, M. P. Grishin, V. I. Lotyshev, V. S. Surkov The place of tectonics among other earth sciences / Yu. N. Karogodin On the theory of disjunctive / V. Yu. Zabrodin Methodological aspects and criteria for identifying the main structural elements of the earth's crust / V. S. Bochkarev Map of faults in the territory of the USSR and neighboring countries on a scale of 1:2,500,000 / N.A. Belyaevsky, A.I. Suvorov, V.A. Unksov, S. N. Tikhomirov, S. K. Barykin, B. V. Ermkov, A. E. Mikhailov, Yu. E. Pogrebitsky, G. Z. Popova, Yu. M. Sarkisov, V. N. Semov, K. A. Shurkin On the placement of industrially promising areas in the field of density of disjuncts of Siberia / V. V. Vogatsky, V. I. Vityaz, V. Ya. Eromenko, M. A. Churilin Energy and evolution of mantle circulation / K. I. Heiskanen Tectonic position of deep granulites and structural features of the lower horizons of the earth’s crust / L. P. Karsakov Spiral systems of geological structures and some techniques for their identification / M. A. Churilin New rotational hypothesis of structure formation and plate tectonics / K. F. Tyapkin The importance of boudinage when mapping silent Precambrian strata / S. N. Kudrin Determination of the spatial connection of detachment cracks with a displacement fault during combined tectonic movements / O. A. Sokolnikov Inherited and newly formed Structures of multi-stage deformations / M. M. Konstantinov Application of remote sensing methods in tectonic studies in the western part of the Siberian platform / L. M. Gerasimov, V. Yu. Luskina Discontinuity violations of the Siberian platform according to the interpretation of television space images / V. Ya. Eromenko Structural zoning and metallogenic specificity of the southern Asian parts of the USSR / V. A. Amantov, E. V. Vykovskaya, G. L. Dobretsov, A. L. Dodin, E. M. Zablotsky, P. S. Matrosov, U. I. Moiseenko, V. R. Putintsev, Zh. N. Rudakova, G. N. Shaposhnikov, A. D. Shcheglov The main stages of the development of ancient platforms / K. B. Mokshantsev, A. F. Petrov, G. S. Fradkin Continents and oceans of the Early Precambrian of Siberia / A. M. Leites, V. S. Fedorovsky Tectonic position of the anorthosite formation of the Siberian platform and its place in the history of the formation of the earth’s crust / V. N. Moshkin , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: Making Sediment Introduction Clastic sediment as a chemical and physical breakdown product 1.1 Introduction: clastic sediments—'accidents' of weathering 1.2 Silicate minerals and chemical weathering 1.3 Solute flux: rates and mechanisms of silicate chemical weathering 1.4 Physical weathering 1.5 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape 1.6 Links between soil age, chemical weathering and weathered-rock removal 1.7 Provenance: siliciclastic sediment-sourcing Further reading 2 Carbonate, siliceous, iron-rich and evaporite sediments 2.1 Marine vs. freshwater chemical composition and fluxes 2.2 The calcium carbonate system in the oceans 2.3 Ooid carbonate grains 2.4 Carbonate grains from marine plants and animals 2.5 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks 2.6 Other carbonate grains of biological origins 2.7 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates 2.8 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism 2.9 The carbonate system on land 2.10 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation as sediment 2.11 Silica and pelagic plankton 2.12 Iron minerals and biomineralizers 2.13 Desert varnish 2.14 Phosphates 2.15 Primary microbial-induced sediments: algal mats and stromatolites Further reading 3 Sediment grain properties 3.1 General 3.2 Grain size 3.3 Grain-size distributions 3.4 Grain shape and form 3.5 Bulk properties of grain aggregates Further reading Part 2: Moving Fluid Introduction 4 Fluid basics 4.1 Material properties of fluids 4.2 Fluid kinematics 4.3 Fluid continuity with constant density 4.4 Fluid dynamics 4.5 Energy, mechanical work and power Further reading 5 Types of fluid motion 5.1 Osborne Reynolds and flow types 5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer 5.3 Turbulent flows 5.4 The structure of turbulent shear flows 5.5 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents 5.6 Subcritical and supercritical flows: the Froude number and hydraulic jumps 5.7 Stratified flow generally 5.8 Water waves 5.9 Tidal flow—long-period waves Further reading Part 3: Transporting Sediment Introduction 6 Sediment in fluid and fluid flow—general 6.1 Fall of grains through stationary fluids 6.2 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex 6.3 Fluids as transporting machines 6.4 Initiation of grain motion 6.5 Paths of grain motion 6.6 Categories of transported sediment 6.7 Some contrasts between wind and water flows 6.8 Cohesive sediment transport and erosion 6.9 A warning: nonequilibrium effects dominate natural sediment transport systems 6.10 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation and competence vs. capacity Further reading 7 Bedforms and sedimentary structures in flows and under waves 7.1 Trinity of interaction: turbulent flow, sediment transport and bedform development 7.2 Water-flow bedforms 7.3 Bedform phase diagrams for water flows 7.4 Water flow erosional bedforms on cohesive beds 7.5 Water wave bedforms 7.6 Combined flows: wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification 7.7 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows Further reading 8 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Granular flows 8.3 Debris flows 8.4 Turbidity flows 8.5 Turbidite evidence for downslope transformation from turbidity to debris flows Further reading 9 Liquefaction, fluidization and sliding sediment deformation 9.1 Liquefaction 9.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction 9.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps 9.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures Further reading Part 4: Major External Controls on Sedimentation and Sedimentary Environments Introduction 10 Major external controls on sedimentation 10.1 Climate 10.2 Global climates: a summary 10.3 Sea-level changes 10.4 Tectonics 10.5 Sediment yield, denudation rate and the sedimentary record Further reading Part 5: Continental Sedimentary Environments Introduction 11 Rivers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 River networks, hydrographs,patterns and long profiles 11.3 Channel form 11.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures 11.5 The floodplain 11.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges and avulsion 11.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium 11.8 Alluvial architecture: product of complex responses 11.9 Alluvial architecture: scale, controls and time Further reading 12 Subaerial Fans: Alluvial and Colluvial 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Controls on the size (area) and gradient of fans 12.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans 12.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans 12.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans 12.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans and talus cones Further reading 13 Aeolian Sediments in Low-Latitude Deserts 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Aeolian system state 13.3 Physical processes and erg formation 13.4 Erg margins and interbedform areas 13.5 Erg and draa evolution and sedimentary architecture 13.6 Erg construction, stasis and destruction: climate and sea-level controls 13.7 Ancient desert facies Further reading 14 Lakes 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Lake stratification 14.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents 14.4 Wind-forced physical processes 14.5 Temperate lake chemical processes and cycles 14.6 Saline lake chemical processes and cycles 14.7 Biological processes and cycles 14.8 Modern temperate lakes and their sedimentary facies 14.9 Lakes in the East African rifts 14.10 Lake Baikal 14.11 The succession of facies as lakes evolve 14.12 Ancient lake facies Further reading 15 Ice 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Physical processes of ice flow 15.3 Glacier flow, basal lubrication and surges 15.4 Sediment transport, erosion and deposition by flowing ice 15.5 Glacigenic sediment: nomenclature and classification 15.6 Quaternary and modern glacial environments and facies 15.7 Ice-produced glacigenic erosion and depositional facies on land and in the periglacial realm 15.8 Glaciofluvial processes on land at and within the ice-front 15.9 Glacimarine environments 15.10 Glacilacustrine environments 15.11 Glacial facies in the pre-Quaternary geological record: case of Cenozoic Antarctica Further reading Part 6: Marine Sedimentary Environments Introduction 16. Estuaries 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Estuarine dynamics 16.3 Modern estuarine morphology and sedimentary environments 16.4 Estuaries and sequence stratigraphy Further reading 17. River and Fan Deltas 17.1 Introduction to river deltas 17.2 Basic physical processes and sedimentation at the river delta front 17.3 Mass movements and slope failure on the subaqueous delta 17.4 Organic deposition in river deltas 17.5 River delta case histories 17.6 River deltas and sea-level change 17.7 Ancient river delta deposits 17.8 Fan deltas Further reading 18. Linear Siliciclastic Shorelines 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Beach processes and sedimentation 18.3 Barrier-inlet-spit systems and their deposits 18.4 Tidal flats, salt marsh and chenier ridges 18.5 Ancient clastic shoreline facies Further reading 19 Siliciclastic Shelves 19.1 Introduction: shelf sinks and lowstand bypass 19.2 Shelf water dynamics 19.3 Holocene highstand shelf sediments: general 19.4 Tide-dominated, low river input, highstand shelves 19.5 Tide-dominated, high river input, highstand shelves 19.6 Weather-dominated highstand shelves Further reading 20 Calcium-carbonate-evaporite Shorelines, Shelves and Basins 20.1 Introduction: calcium carbonate 'nurseries' and their consequences 20.2 Arid carbonate tidal flats, lagoons and evaporite sabkhas 20.3 Humid carbonate tidal flats and marshes 20.4 Lagoons and bays 20.5 Tidal delta and margin-spillover carbonate tidal sands 20.6 Open-shelf carbonate ramps 20.7 Platform margin reefs and carbonate build-ups 20.8 Platform margin slopes and basins 20.9 Carbonate sediments, cycles and sea-level change 20.10 Displacement and destruction of carbonate environments: silicicl

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Preface 1. Fire and brimstone: how volcanoes work 2. Eruption styles, hazards and ecosystem impacts 3. Volcanoes and global climate change 4. Forensic volcanology 5. Relics, myths and chronicles 6. Killer plumes 7. Human origins 8. The ash-giant/sulphur-dwarf 9. European volcanism in prehistory 10. The rise of Teotihuacan 11. Dark Ages: dark nature? 12. The Haze famine 13. The last great subsistence crisis in the western world 14. Volcanic catastrophe risk Appendix A. Volcano trumps: notable eruptions of the past 10,000 years Appendix B. Further reading Index.

Note: Content: Preface. - Polar ecosystems in a changing climate. - Ice edge blooms - Migrating oases in polar seas. - Antarctic: Krill has evolved adaptation strategies to its extreme environment. - Living at -20 degrees: why sea Ice algae don't freeze up. - ocean acidification and Iron deficiency affect Antarctic phytoplankton communities. - The oceans are acidifying: spIder crabs and Ice fIsh are feeling the repercussions of climate change. - melting glaciers - Changing coastal ecosystems in the West Antarctic. - In the service of science: elephant seals explore the Southern Ocean. - Ocean Acoustics - palaoa broadcasts live from the Southern Ocean. - When ice shelves disintegrate - diversity of life on the Antarctic seabed. - RV 'Polarstern' in Antarctica - observations in the ice. - deep-sea observatory in the Arctic: Climate change affects life on the ocean floor. - plankton rain in the vicinity of the Arctic HAUSGARTEN: What do sinking particles tell us?. - pelagic research in the Arctic faces new challenges. - fram observatory - live conference with the Arctic deep sea in preparation. - dom - the oceans' molecular memory. - siberian forests moving north - impact on the climate and biodiversity. - promoting young talent: High school pupils learn together with AWI scientists. - dream job- polar scientist - How a student achieved her goal over an icy path. - marIne biosciences in the scientific-societal context of the 21st. century. - Contact persons at the AWI. - Imprint. - geographic locatIons of the research reports of this brochure

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Beitr. teilw. in dt., teilw. in engl. Sprache

Note: in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Literature review Objectives Materials and methods Results Observations Distribution and environmental tolerances Discussion Morphology Distribution Habitat Summary Conclusions Recommendations for future work Literature cited Appendix A Type descriptions of Acanthoecidae collected from the Weddell Sea

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Field measurement and analysis of transient heat flow A closer look at handling the constraints Random change Step change Ramp change Application of theory Literature cited Appendix A. Percentage error from a step input Appendix B. Time constraints of sample walls Appendix C. Percentage error from a ramp input Appendix D. Percentage error from a sinusoidal input Appendix E. Percentage error programs for a Hewlett-Packard HP-25 calculator Appendix F. Experimental determination of time constants Appendix G. Derivation of time constant formula for multiple layers

Note: Contents Abstract Preface lntroduction Experimental Sample preparation Testing procedure Results General features Commercial Ice Notched commercial ice Sanded commercial ice Pure ice Single crystal ice Snow-ice Colloidal alumina-dispersed ice Colloidal silica.dispersed ice NH4F doped ice HF doped ice Discussion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Description of school Roof problems Snow infiltration leaks Valley leaks Intersection leaks Condensation leaks Tests to verify the cause of condensation leaks Eliminating the condensation leaks Recommendations for eliminating condensation leaks Repairing existing roof An alternative roof cladding The "cold roof" alternative Repairs and modifications Summary and conclusions

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Zero superheat Constant phase change rate Zero sensible heat Finite sensible heat Finite superheat Quasi-steady solution Heat balance integral solution Approximate methods Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface 1. Types of ice accretion a. Frost b. Rime c. Glaze d. Spray ice 2. Conditions governing type of accreted ice a. Meteorological b. Structural 3. Accretion rates a. Fundamentals b. Effect of height c. Geographical distribution 4. Spray icing 5. Structural design factors a. Dead loads b. Wind field in the boundary layer c. Windloads 6. Techniques for minimizing structural icing 7. Data collection needs 8. Literature cited

Note: Contents Chapter 1. Introduction / Lead authors: Morten Skovgaard Olsen, Lars-Otto Reiersen Chapter 2. Arctic Climate: Recent Variations / Lead authors: John E. Walsh, James E. Overland, Pavel Y. Groisman, Bruno Rudolf Chapter 3. Climate Model Projections for the Arctic / Lead authors: James E. Overland, Muyin Wang, John E. Walsh, Jens H. Christensen, Vladimir M. Kattsov, William L. Chapman Chapter 4. Changing Snow Cover and its Impacts / Lead authors: Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson, Ross D. Brown, Pavel Y. Groisman, Niklas Labba, Vladimir Radionov Chapter 5. Changing Permafrost and its Impacts / Lead authors: Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson, Oleg Anisimov, Hanne H. Christiansen, Arne Instanes, Vladimir Romanovsky, Sharon Smith Chapter 6. Changing Lake and River Ice Regimes: Trends, Effects and Implications / Lead authors: Terry Prowse, Knut Alfredsen, Spyros Beltaos, Barrie Bonsal, Claude Duguay, Atte Korhola, James McNamara, Warwick F. Vincent, Valery Vuglinsky, Gesa Weyhenmeyer Chapter 7. Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps / Lead authors: Martin Sharp, Maria Ananicheva, Anthony Arendt, Jon-Ove Hagen, Regine Hock, Edward Josberger, R. Dan Moore, William Tad Pfeffer, Gabriel J. Wolken Chapter 8. The Greenland Ice Sheet in a Changing Climate / Lead authors: Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Jonathan Bamber, Carl E. Bøggild, Erik Buch, Jens H. Christensen, Klaus Dethloff, Mark Fahnestock, Shawn Marshall, Minik Rosing, Konrad Steffen, Robert Thomas, Martin Truffer, Michael van den Broeke, Cornelis van der Veen Chapter 9. Sea Ice / Lead authors: Walter N. Meier, Sebastian Gerland, Mats A. Granskog, Jeffrey R. Key, Christian Haas, Grete K. Hovelsrud, Kit M. Kovacs, Alexander Makshtas, Christine Michel, Donald Perovich, James D. Reist, Bob E.H. van Oort Chapter 10. Arctic Societies, Cultures, and Peoples in a Changing Cryosphere / Lead authors: Grete K. Hovelsrud, Birger Poppel, Bob E.H. van Oort, James D. Reist Chapter 11. Cross-cutting Scientific Issues / Lead authors: Terry V. Callaghan, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Margareta Johansson, Roland Kallenborn, Jeffrey R. Key, Robie Macdonald, Terry Prowse, Martin Sharp, Konrad Steffen, Warwick F. Vincent Chapter 12. SWIPA Synthesis: Implications of Findings / Lead author: James D. Reist Acronyms and abbreviations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Test sites Test procedures and materials Analysis of test data Mobility tests Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The Environment Ice Growth and Accumulation Natural Ice Transport Accumulation Sites 1. Under-ice accumulation 2. Accumulation on top of the ice Evaluation of Ice Disposal Techniques 1. General 2. Disposal by displacement under the remaining ice sheet 3. Disposal by ejection on top of adjacent ice cover 4. Disposal by slurrying 5. Disposal by rafting Conclusions and Recommendations Literature Cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methods Site description Oil application Physical characterization Thermal characterization Oil and oily soil characterization Soil microbiological methodology Vegetation Results and discussion Oil movement Effects on permafrost Compositional changes Microbiological responses Oil effects on vegetation Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A Physical and thermal information Appendix B Chemical information Appendix C Microbiological information

Note: CONTENTS VOLUME 2 Section 6 GULLY DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES Chapter 31 Thresholds of Channel Initiation in Historical and Holocene Times, Southeastern Australia / I. P. Prosser Chapter 32 The Role of Sideslope Gullies in the Production andDelivery of Sediment to Contemporary Terraces, Rambla del Hornillo, Southern Spain / H. Faulkner Chapter 33 Holocene Hillslope Gully Systems in the Howgill Fells, Cumbria / A. M. Harvey Chapter 34 Unsaturated Strength and Preferential Flow as Controls on Gully Head Development / A. J. C. Collison Section 7 SLOPE STABILITY Chapter 35 Landslides and Stability in the Nepalese Middle Hills under Seasonal and Agricultural Land-Use Change Scenarios / K. Wu and J. B. Thornes Chapter 36 Developments in Slope Hydrology-Stability Modelling for Tropical Slopes / M. G. Anderson, A. J. C. Collison, J. Hartshorne, D. M. Lloyd and A. Park Chapter 37 The Mechanics and Landforms of Deep-Seated Landslides / D. Petley Chapter 38 The Assessment and Modelling of Hydrological Failure Conditions of Landslides in the Puriscal Region (Costa Rica) and the Manizales Region (Colombia) / M. T. J. Terlien, P. G. B. De Louw, Th. W. J. Van Asch and R. A. A. Hetterschijt Chapter 39 The Effects of Grass Roots on the Shear Strength of Colluvial Soils in Nepal / C. J. Lawrance, R. J. Rickson and J. E. Clark Chapter 40 Development of an Episodic Landform Change Model based upon the Black Ven Mudslide, 1946-1995 / D. Brunsden and J. H. Chandler Chapter 41 Coastal Slope Development: Temporal and Spatial Periodicity in the Holderness Cliff Recession / J. Pethick Section 8 TROPICAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 42 A New Approach towards the Quantification of Runoff and Eroded Sediment from Bench Terraces in Humid Tropical Steeplands and its Application in South-Central Java, Indonesia / L. A. Bruijnzee/ and W. R. S. Critchley Chapter 43 Hydrological Pathways and Water Chemistry in Amazonian Rain Forests / H. Elsenbeer and A. Lack Chapter 44 Observations on Slope Processes in a Tropical Rain Forest Environment Before and After Forest Plantation Establishment / A. Maimer Chapter 45 Tectonics and Relief in Tropical Forested Mountains: The Gipfelflur Hypothesis Revisited / A. P. Dykes and J. B. Thornes Section 9 SEMI-ARID HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 46 Hillslope Response to Extreme Storm Events: The Example of the Vaison-La-Romaine Event / J. Wainwright Chapter 47 Geomorphological Implications of Vegetation Patchiness on Semi-arid Slopes / J. Puigdefabregas and G. Sanchez Chapter 48 Runoff and Erosion on Semi-arid Hillslopes / A. J. Parsons, J. Wainwright and A. D. Abrahams Chapter 49 Cuesta Scarp Forms and Processes in Different Attitudinal Belts of the Colorado Plateau as Indicators of Climatic Change / K.-H. Schmidt and P. Meitz Chapter 50 Modelling the Complexity of Land Surface Response to Climatic Variability in Mediterranean Environments / M. Mulligan Section 10 PERIGLACIAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 51 Processes of Thaw-Induced Mass Movement in Non-cohesive Soils: Results of an Instrumented Slope Simulation Experiment / C. Harris and M. C. R. Davies Chapter 52 Paraglacial Slope Adjustment during Recent Deglaciation and Its Implication for Slope Evolution in Formerly Glaciated Environments / C. K. Ballantyne and D. I. Benn Chapter 53 Paraglacial or Periglacial? The Sedimentology of Slope Deposits in Upland Northumberland / S. Harrison Chapter 54 Slow Mass Movements and Climatic Relationships, 1972-1994, Kapp Linné, West Spitzbergen / H. J. Akerman Chapter 55 Rock Weathering and the Formation of Summit Blockfield Slopes in Norway: Examples and Implications / B. R. Rea, W. B. Whalley and E. M. Porter Author Index Subject Index

Note: CONTENTS The history of vegetation during the Cenozoic in northern Yakutia / A. I. Tomskaya Paleogene spores pollen complexes from the Kolyma right bank / L. P. Zharikova On a finding of a fossil bison on the Indigirka river / P. A. Lazarev Burial conditions of skeleton and body remains of Pleistocene mammals / P. A. Lazarev On the formation of fish fauna in Yakutian reservoirs / F. N. Kirillov, V. F. Vozin The Iithological-mineraloglcal character of Cenozoic sediments of the Primorsk lowland / O. V. Grinenko, A. I. Sergeyenko Stratigraphy of Paleogene-Neogene loose deposits on the Kolyma right bank / A. S. Kazantsev, L. P. Zharikova Quarternary deposits of the Primorsk lowland (Khallerchinsk tundra) / V. B. Spector Upper Cenozoic deposits of the Kolyma lowland / O. V. Grinenko Main stages in the formation of the relief of the Primorsk lowland, East Jakutia, and its mountain surroundings / A. G. Savchenko Recent crust movements and their geomorphologic expression in the nearshore zone of the Kolyma lowland / Ya. A. Ben A comprehensive investigation of closed territory neotectonics (in the light of the Yano-Kolyma lowland) / V. A. Balandin The geomorphological expression of the Ichen overthrust zone of the Moma range / Ya. A. Ben Variations of the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea level and their role in the formation of shore deposits / K. S. Yefremov Modelling as a method of structural geomorphic analysis / V. A. Balandin , СОДЕРЖАНИЕ История развития растительности севера Якутии в кайнозое / А. И. Томская Палеогеновые спорово-пыльцевые комплексы правобережья реки Колымы / Л. П. Жарикова О находке ископаемого бизона на реке Индигирке / П . А. Лазарев Условия захоронения скелетных и трупных остатков плейстоценовых млекопитающих / П. А. Лазарев О формировании ихтиофауны в водоемах Якутии / Ф. Н. Кириллов, В. Ф. Возин Литолоrо-минералогическая характеристика кайнозойских отложений Приморской низменности / О. В. Гриненко, А. И. Серrеенко Стратиграфия рыхлых палеоген-неогеновых отложений правобережья реки Колымы / А. С. Казанцев, Л. П. Жарикова Четвертичные отложения Приморской низменности (Халлерчинская тундра) / В. Б. Спектор Верхнекайнозойские отложения Колымской низменности / О. В. Гриненко Основные этапы рельефообразования Приморской низменности Восточной Якутии и ее горного обрамления / А. Г. Савченко Современные движения земной коры и их геоморфологическое выражение в прибрежной зоне Колымской низменности / Я. А. Бень Комплексное изучение неотектоники закрытых территорий (На примере Яне-Колымской низменности) / В. А. Баландин Геоморфологическое выражени е Иченской надвиговой зоны Момского хребта / Я. А. Бень Колебания уровней морей Лаптевых и Восточно-Сибирского В голоцене и их роль в формировании прибрежно-морских отложений / К. С. Ефремов Моделирование как метод структурно-геоморфологического анализа / В. А. Баландин , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Part 1: Introduction ; Building the Global Adaptation Community ; Part 2: Describing Impacts at the Local Level ; Introduction: Describing Impacts at the Local Level ; Understanding Potential Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options in Indian Megacities ; Assessment of Climate Change-Induced Vulnerability to Floods in Hyderabad, India, Using Remote Sensing Data ; The Role of Community Resilience in Adaptation to Climate Change: The Urban Poor in Jakarta, Indonesia ; Ecohealth and Climate Change: Adaptation to Flooding Events in Riverside Secondary Cities, West Africa ; Climate Change and Adaptive Capacity of Women to Water Stress in Urban Centers of Nigeria: Emerging Concerns and Reactions ; Urban Climate Strategies Against Future Heat Stress Conditions ; Climate-Proof Urban Transport Planning: Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Cities ; Part 3: Frameworks for Local Action – Challenges and Proactive Recommendations ; Introduction: Frameworks for Local Action – Challenges and Proactive Recommendations ; Inclusive Adaptation: Linking Participatory Learning and Knowledge Management to Urban Resilience ; Urban Adaptation Planning and Governance: Challenges to Emerging Wisdom ; Urban Climate Change Adaptation in the Context of Transformation: Lessons from Vietnam ; Getting Ready for a Changing Climate: Supporting Councillor’s Leadership Role in Adaptation ; Environmental Learning from the Ivory Tower to the Town Square: The Case of Trondheim, Norway ; Plan B:altic: A Social–Ecological Approach to Climate Change Adaptation ; Governance Recommendations for Adaptation in European Urban Regions: Results from Five Case Studies and a European Expert Survey ; Creating Resilient Cities Through Empowered, Deliberative Participation ; Part 4: Local Strategies and Actions in Response to Climate Change ; Introduction: Local Strategies and Actions in Response to Climate Change ; Comparative Research on the Adaptation Strategies of Ten Urban Climate Plans ; Managing Regional Climate Mitigation and Adaptation Co-benefits and Co-costs ; Interdisciplinary and Multi-institutional Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Adaptation Strategies: Evidence from Latin American City-Regions ; Adaptation in UK Cities: Heading in the Right Direction? ; Finding the Balance: Challenges and Opportunities for Climate Change Adaptation at Different Levels of English Local Government ; Local Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation: Urban Planning Criteria for Municipalities of the Basque Country, Spain ; Climate Change Adaptation in Dutch Municipalities: Risk Perception and Institutional Capacity ; Toward a More Flood Resilient Urban Environment: The Dutch Multi-level Safety Approach to Flood Risk Management ; Climate Change and City Development: Resilience Strategies in Bonn ; Integrated Climate Adaptation in Dresden: Insights from Flood Prevention ; Integrated Climate Protection Program for the City of Chemnitz: Climate Diagnosis, Climate Change Prognosis, and Adaptation Measures in the Urban Area ; Adaptation Strategies for the City of Cape Town: Finding the Balance Within Social-Ecological Complexity ; Sharing the Lagos Megacity Experience in the Integrated Management of Sea Level Rise and Flooding ; Community-Based Vulnerability Assessment: Semarang, Indonesia ; Research News for Climate Compliant Cities: The Case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Building Resilience to Climate Change Through Adaptive Land Use Planning in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Climate Change Risk Management for a Suburban Local Government: The Case of Kogarah, Australia ; Climate Change as a Survival Strategy: Soft Infrastructure for Urban Resilience and Adaptive Capacity in Australia’s Coastal Zones ; Curitiba, Brazil: A Model for Resilience in Latin America? ; Part 5: Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities ; Introduction: Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities ; Building Resilience to Climate Change in Asian Cities ; Local Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change and Its Implications: The Case of Gyeonggi-Do, Korea ; Ecosystem-Based Adaptation in the Urban Environment ; Urban Agriculture and Climate Change Adaptation: Ensuring Food Security Through Adaptation ; Cooling the Public Realm: Climate-Resilient Urban Design ; The Role of Transport in Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas ; Urban Green Spaces: Potentials and Constraints for Urban Adaptation to Climate Change ; Urban Climate Framework: A System Approach Towards Climate Proof Cities ; Part 6: Reality Check – Adaptation on the Ground ; Introduction: Reality Check – Adaptation on the Ground ; Preparing for Climate Change While Advancing Local ; Quito’s Climate Change Strategy: A Response to Climate Change in the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador ; Climate Change Implications for Dhaka City: A Need for Immediate Measures to Reduce Vulnerability ; Adaptation in Practise: Durban, South Africa

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface; Summary for policymakers; Technical summary; 1. Assessing our nitrogen inheritance; Part I. Nitrogen in Europe: The Present Position: 2. The European nitrogen problem in a global perspective; 3. Benefits of nitrogen for food fibre and industrial production; 4. Nitrogen in current European policies; 5. The challenge to integrate nitrogen science and policies; Part II. Nitrogen Processing in the Biosphere: 6. Nitrogen processes in terrestrial ecosystems; 7. Nitrogen processes in aquatic ecosystems; 8. Nitrogen processes in coastal and marine ecosystems; 9. Nitrogen processes in the atmosphere; Part III. Nitrogen Flows and Fate at Multiple Scales: 10. Nitrogen flows in farming systems across Europe; 11. Nitrogen flows and fate in rural landscapes; 12. Nitrogen flows and fate in urban landscapes; 13. Nitrogen flows from European watersheds to coastal marine waters; 14. Atmospheric transport and deposition of nitrogen in Europe; 15. Geographic variation in terrestrial nitrogen budgets across Europe; 16. Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European scale; Part IV. Key Societal Threats of Nitrogen: 17. Nitrogen as a threat to European water quality; 18. Nitrogen as a threat to European air quality; 19. Nitrogen as a threat to the European greenhouse balance; 20. Nitrogen as a threat to European terrestrial biodiversity; 21. Nitrogen as a threat to European soil quality; Part V. European Nitrogen Policies and Future Challenges: 22. Costs and benefits of nitrogen in the environment; 23. Developing integrated approaches to nitrogen management; 24. Future scenarios of nitrogen in Europe; 25. Coordinating European nitrogen policies between directives and international conventions; 26. Societal choice and communicating the European nitrogen challenge; Glossary; Index.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction STARMET Test description Test results PLANEWAVE II Test description Test results DATEX II Test description Test results HANDEC II Test description Test results ROCKTEST II Test description Test results Summary and discussion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors Introduction Estimates and field measurements of ice forces on structures General Indirect estimates Direct measurements Small-scale and laboratory studies Instrumentation plan for measuring ice loads on the Yukon River Bridge Load cell development The single reaction beam system Performance of a single reaction beam load cell The double reation beam load cell Reaction beam design Stress in the beam Deflection Axial tensile stress in the reaction beam Measurement techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Finding load magnitude and location with a single reaction beam device Appendix B. Finding load magnitude and location on a double reaction beam device

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental procedures Analysis of forces Experimental results Analysis of data Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Anisotropy and sea ice macrostructure Anisotropy and sea ice microstructure A theory of anisotropic radar return from sea ice Anisotropic electric flux penetration into brine layers Implications of normal exclusion, tangential penetration, and brine layer geometry for dielectric behavior of sea ice Modeling of electromagnetic reflection from a stratified, anisotropic, inhomogeneous lossy medium Calculation of mixture complex dielectric constants Calculation of interfacial power reflection coefficients Calculation of bulk power reflection coefficients Calculation of attenuated power reflection coefficients Beam spread Results Anisotropic bottom reflections Anisotropic complex dielectric constants Sensitivity of parameters Internal reflection: the bumps Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field program Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Data analysis procedures

Note: Machine generated contents note: Preface 1. Introduction 2. Whole Earth morphology 3. Large scale morphology: the roles of geophysics 4. Tectonic geomorphology 5. Atmospheric processes and climate 6. Establishing timing in the landscape: dating methods 7. Weathering 8. Glaciers and glacial geology 9. Periglacial forms and processes 10. Hillslopes 11. Water in the landscape 12. Rivers 13. Bedrock channel incision 14. Sediment transport mechanics 15. Eolian processes and forms 16. Coastal geomorphology 17. Geomorphology of big floods 18. Whole landscapes Appendix A. Physics Appendix B. Math References Index

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources and literature review Canada Alaska Data tabulation Station selection Description of tabulated data Station location and ice measurement site descriptions Review of previous studies on maximum ice in North America Maximum ice thickness maps Date of maximum ice Plotting of the ice decay curves General procedures Categories of water bodies Ice decay at sea ice locations Envelope curves Average curves Snow-ice formation Ice decay at lake ice locations Average curves Regional variations and similarities Ice decay at river ice locations Variations in ice thickness Rapid ice clearance Comparison between Alaskan and Canadian river ice decay curves Incremental extraction of ice decay data for analysis purposes Selection of ice decay intervals Preliminary evaluation of the methodology Further considerations of the methodology Relationships between ice decay and thawing air temperatures Average daily vs maximum daily air temperature 10-day increments vs accumulated values Total years vs year-to-year analysis Evaluation of use of 0°C as a base Final format of the relationship between ice decay and ATDD Evaluation of the final form Possible causes for variations in slope values Decreasing sea ice thickness and thawing air temperatures Factors affecting sea ice decay Relationship between ATDD and sea ice decay Influence of solar radiation and wind on sea ice decay Literature cited Selected bibliography Appendix A. Ice thickness measurements and other related (or associated) observations for stations in Canada and Alaska Appendix B. Maps of least and greatest ice thickness observed at the time of maximum growth, and average date of occurrence Appendix C. Annual ice decay curves for stations in Canada and Alaska

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Literature review Experimental design Climate Results and discussion Nutrient sources Mulches Soil fertility Cost analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited