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Note: Contents: Introduction ; 1. Climate Change: What's the Big Deal? ; 2. Business as Usual: What Are the Costs? ; 3. Why Do Economists Like a Carbon Tax? ; 4. Isn't There a Better Way? (No, There Isn't) ; 5. Cap and Trade: The Other Way to Price Pollution ; 6. What To Do With $200 Billion: Give It Back ; 7. So You Want a Carbon Tax: How Do You Design It? ; 8. Objections to a Carbon Tax ; 9. Enacting a Carbon Tax: How Do We Get There? ; Afterword - What Next?

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - PART I SETTING THE SCENE. - 1. Introduction: Why Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction (S2S)? / Frédéric Vitart, Andrew W. Robertson. - 1 History of Numerical Weather and Climate Forecasting. - 2 Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Forecasting. - 3 Recent National and International Efforts on Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction. - 4 Structure of This Book. - 2. Weather Forecasting: What Sets the Forecast Skill Horizon? / Zoltan Toth, Roberto Buizza. - 1 Introduction. - 2 The Basics of Numerical Weather Prediction. - 3 The Evolution of NWP Technique. - 4 Enhancement of Predictable signals. - 5 Ensemble Techniques: Brief Introduction. - 6 Expanding the forecast skill Horizon. - 7 Concludmg Remarks: Lessons for S2S Forecasting. - Acknowledgements. - 3. Weather Within Climate: Sub-seasonal Predictability of Tropical Daily Rainfall Characteristics / Vincent Moron, Andrew W. Robertson, Lei Wang. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Data and Methods. - 3 Results. - 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks. - 4. Identifying Wave Processes Associated With Predictability Across Time Scales: An Empirical Normal Mode Approach / Gilbert Brunet, John Methven. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Partitioning Atmospheric Behavior Using Its Conservation Properties. - 3 The ENM Approach to Observed Data and Models and Its Relevance to S2S Dynamics and Predictability. - 4 Conclusion. - Acknowledgments. - PART II SOURCES OF S2S PREDICTABILITY. - 5. The Madden-Julian Oscillation / Steven J. Woolnough. - 1 Introduction. - 2 The Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index. - 3 Observed MJO Structure. - 4 The Relationship Between the MJO and Tropical and Extratropical Weather. - 5 Theories and Mechanisms for MJO Initiation, Maintenance, and Propagation. - 6 The Representation of the MJO in Weather and Climate Models. - 7 MJO Prediction. - 8 Future Priorities for MJO Research for S2S Prediction. - Acknowledgments. - 6. Extratropical Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Oscillations and Multiple Regimes: The Dynamical Systems View / Michael Ghil, Andreas Groth, Dmitri Kondrashov, Andrew W. Robertson. - 1 Introduction and Motivation. - 2 Multiple Midlatitude Regimes and Low-Frequency Oscillations. - 3 Extratropical Oscillations in the S2S Band. - 4 Low-Order, Data-Driven Modeling, Dynamical Analysis, and Prediction. - 5 Concluding Remarks. - Acknowledgments. - 7. Tropical-Extratropical Interactions and Teleconnections / Hai Lin, Jorgen Frederiksen, David Straus, Christiana Stan. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Tropical Influence on the Extratropical Atmosphere. - 3 Extratropical Influence on the Tropics. - 4 Tropical-Extratropical, Two-Way Interactions. - 5 Summary and Discussion. - Appendix. Technical Matters Relating to Section 4.2. - 8. Land Surface Processes Relevant to Sub-seasonal to Seasonal (S2S) Prediction / Paul A. Dirmeyer, Pierre Gentine, Michael B. Ek, Gianpaolo Balsamo. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Process of Land-Atmosphere Interaction. - 3 A Brief History of Land-Surface Models. - 4 Predictability and Prediction. - 5 Improving Land-Driven Prediction. - 9. Midlatitude Mesoscale Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Relevance to S2S Prediction / R. Saravanan, P. Chang. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Data and Models. - 3 Mesoscale Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. - 4 Local Tropospheric Response. - 5 Remote Tropospheric Response. - 6 Impact on Ocean Circulation. - 7 Implications for S2S Prediction. - 8 Summary and Conclusions. - Acknowledgments. - 10. The Role of Sea Ice in Sub-seasonal Predictability / Matthieu Chevallier, François Massonnet, Helge Goessling, Virginie Guémas, Thomas Jung. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Sea Ice in the Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 3 Sea Ice Distribution, Seasonality, and Variability. - 4 Sources of Sea Ice Predictability at the Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Timescale. - 5 Sea Ice Sub-seasonal to Seasonal - Predictability and Prediction Skill in Models. - 6 Impact of Sea Ice on Sub-seasonal Predictability. - 7 Concluding Remarks. - Acknowledgments. - 11. Sub-seasonal Predictability and the Stratosphere / Amy Butler, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Daniela I. V. Domeisen, Chaim Garfinkel, Edwin P. Gerber, Peter Hitchcock, Alexey Yu. Karpechko, Amanda C. Maycock, Michael Sigmond, Isla Simpson, Seok-Woo Son. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Stratosphere-Troposphere Coup ling in the Tropics. - 3 Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling in the Extratropics. - 4 Predictability Related to Extratropical Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling. - 5 Summary and Outlook. - PART Ill S2S MODELING AND FORECASTING. - 12. Forecast System Design, Configuration, and Complexity / Yuhei Takaya. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Requirements and Constraints of the Operational Sub-seasonal Forecast. - 3 Effect of Ensemble Size and Lagged Ensemble. - 4 Real-Time Forecast Configuration. - 5 Reforecast Configuration. - 6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - Acknowledgments. - 13. Ensemble Generation: The TIGGE and S2S Ensembles / Roberto Buizza. - 1 Global Sub-seasonal and Seasonal Prediction Is an Initial Value Problem. - 2 Ensembles Provide More Complete and Valuable Information Than Single States. - 3 A Brief Introduction to Data Assimilation. - 4 A Brief Introduction to Model Uncertainty Simulation. - 5 An Overview of Operational, Global, Sub-seasonal, and Seasonal Ensembles, and Their Initialization and Generation Methods. - 6 Ensembles: Considerations About Their Future. - 7 Summary and Key Lessons. - 14. GCMs With Full Representation of Cloud Microphysics and Their MJO Simulations / In-Sik Kang, Min-Seop Ahn, Hiroaki Miura, Aneesh Subramanian. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Global CRM. - 3 Superparameterized GCM. - 4 GCM With Full Representation of Cloud Microphysics and Scale-Adaptive Convection. - 5 Summary and Conclusion. - Acknowledgments. - 15. Forecast Recalibration and Multimodel Combination / Stefan Siegert, David B. Stephenson. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Statistical Methods for Forecast Recalibration. - 3 Regression Methods. - 4 Forecast Combination. - 5 Concluding Remarks. - Acknowledgments. - 16. Forecast Verification for S2S Timescales / Caio A. S. Coelho, Barbara Brown, Laurie Wilson, Marion Mittermaier, Barbara Casati. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Factors Affecting the Design of Verification Studies. - 3 Observational References. - 4 Review of the Most Common Verification Measures. - 5 Types of S2S Forecasts and Current Verification Practices. - 6 Summary, Challenges, and Recommendations in S2S Verification. - PART IV S2S APPLICATIONS. - 17. Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction of Weather Extremes / Frédérik Vitart, Christopher Cunningham, Michael Deflorio, Emanuel Dutra, Laura Ferranti, Brian Golding, Debra Hudson, Charles Jones, Christophe Lavaysse, Joanne Robbins, Michael K. Tippett. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Prediction of Large-Scale, Long-Lasting Extreme Events. - 3 Prediction of Mesoscale Events. - 4 Display and Verification of Sub-seasonal Forecasts of Extreme Events. - 5 Conclusions. - 18. Pilot Experiences in Using Seamless Forecasts for Early Action: The "Ready-Set-Go!" Approach in the Red Cross / Juan Bazo, Roop Singh, Mathieu Destrooper, Erin Coughlan de Perez. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Why Sub-seasonal?. - 3 Case Study: Peru El Niño. - 4 Reflections on the Use of S2S Forecasts. - 5 Conclusions. - 19. Communication and Dissemination of Forecasts and Engaging User Communities / Joanne Robbins, Christopher Cunningham, Rutger Dankers, Matthew Degennaro, Giovanni Dolif, Robyn Duell, Victor Marchezini, Brian Mills, Juan Pablo Sarmiento, Amber Silver, Rachel Trajber, Andrew Watkins. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Sector-Specific Methods and Practices in S2S Forecast Communication, Dissemination, and Engagement. - 3 Guiding principles for improved communication Practices. - 4 Summary and Recommendations for Future Research. - 20. Seamless Prediction of Monsoon Onset and Active/Break Phases / A.

Note: Contents Preface The Arctic and Antarctic – natural realms at the poles A brief history of the polar regions The human conquest of the polar regions Conclusion: The Arctic and Antarctic – two fundamentally different polar regions The polar regions as components of the global climate system Why it is so cold in the polar regions Ice floes, ice sheets and the sea Conclusion: A chain reaction with an icy end Climate change impacts in the polar regions The pathways of heat Retreating ice Conclusion: More heat – much less ice Polar flora and fauna Living in the cold Marine life Polar ecosystems in retreat Conclusion: Highly specialized and greatly threatened Polar politics and commerce The Arctic and Antarctic as political arenas An economic boom with side effects Conclusion: Growing interest in the polar regions Overall Conclusion Glossary Abbreviations Bibliography Contributors Index Partners and Acknowledgements Table of figures Publication details

Note: CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS PREFACE FROM THE ASSOCIATION OF POLAR EARLY CAREER SCIENTISTS PREFACE FROM THE INTERACT STATION MANAGERS’ FORUM ABOUT INTERACT ABOUT APECS INTERACT STATIONS INTRODUCTION 1. Getting started – Outlining your field project 1.1 Scientific rationale and objectives 1.2 Methods and data requirements 1.3 What scientific equipment will you need? 1.4 Study site(s) 1.5 Risk assessment 1.5.1 Risk identification 1.5.2 Risk assessment 1.5.3 Risk mitigation 1.5.4 Contingency plans 1.6 Time schedules 1.6.1 Logistical organisation 1.6.2 Fieldwork activities 1.7 Project budget 1.8 Data and sample management 1.8.1 Data management plan 1.8.2 Sample labelling 1.8.3 Field instrumentation 1.9 Environmental compliance 1.10 Output Chapter resources 2. Further planning – Practicalities and legal issues 2.1 Applying for access to the station 2.2 Transport to the station and conditions for visiting 2.2.1 Access to the station 2.2.2 Conditions for visiting 2.3 Visas and permits required by national authorities 2.3.1 Visas 2.3.2 Permits 2.4 Working with local communities 2.5 Equipment transport 2.6 Checklists and equipment 2.6.1 Checklists 2.6.2 Personal clothing 2.7 Import and export regulations 2.7.1 Import and export permits 2.7.2 Transporting hazardous goods 2.7.3 Handling cooled and frozen materials 2.8 Insurance 2.9 Check-ups and chronical illness 2.10 Training activities 2.11 Financial and other administrative issues 2.12 Final checks before leaving Chapter resources 3. Safety 3.1 General safety guidelines 3.2 Safety barriers 3.2.1 Knowledge, experience, and skills 3.2.2 Attitude and culture 3.2.3 Judgement and leadership 3.2.4 Trip plan 3.3 Education and training 3.4 Health and first aid 3.4.1 Medicine and chronic illness 3.4.2 First aid 3.5 Transport 3.5.1 Aircraft 3.5.2 Boats 3.5.3 Snowmobiles 3.5.4 Vehicles (Automobiles and ATV’s) 3.6 Risks at the station 3.6.1 Fire 3.6.2 In the kitchen 3.6.3 Electricity 3.6.4 Hygiene 3.6.5 Laboratory work and chemicals 3.6.6 Workshops and equipment use 3.7 Risks in the field and at the camp 3.7.1 Field camps 3.7.2 Cooking and water treatment 3.7.3 Firearms 3.7.4 Extreme activities 3.8 Natural hazards 3.8.1 Weather change 3.8.2 Glacier fieldwork 3.8.3 Snow avalanches and cornice falls 3.8.4 Steep terrain: Rock avalanches, rock falls, and mud slides 3.8.5 Sea-ice or frozen lakes and rivers 3.8.6 River crossings 3.8.7 Wildlife 3.9 Means of communication 3.9.1 Fieldwork plans and sign in/out boards 3.9.2 Routine calls 3.9.3 Non-routine calls 3.9.4 Emergency calls 3.10 Safety equipment 3.10.1 Communication equipment 3.10.2 Navigation equipment 3.10.3 Clothing 3.10.4 Field camp equipment 3.10.5 Specific safety equipment 3.11 Emergency preparedness Chapter resources 4. Arrival at the station and your time in the field 4.1 Getting to know your team 4.2 Arrival at the station 4.3 Working at field sites 4.4 In case something does not go according to plan 4.4.1 Handling delays 4.4.2 Handling conflicts 4.4.3 Harassment and discrimination 4.5 Environmental considerations 4.5.1 Pollution prevention 4.5.2 Waste management 4.5.3 Reducing energy use 4.5.4 Respect protected areas, fauna, and flora 4.6 Working with local communities 4.7 Communication with the outside world 4.8 Leaving the field Chapter resources 5. After fieldwork 5.1 Reporting to the station, funders, and local communities 5.2 Data preservation, backup, and submission APPENDICES Appendix A: Checklists Appendix B: Equipment lists Appendix C: Health risks

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Chapter One: From the New Deal to Trump America ; Chapter Two: Forgotten Men ; Chapter Three: The Coalminer's Granddaughter ; Chapter Four: In Search of Redemption ; Chapter Five: Something We Never Had ; Chapter Six: Democracy Denied? ; Conclusion

Note: Contents: 1 Trajectories: or common patterns of growth ; 2 Nature: or growth of living matter ; 3 Energies: or growth of primary and secondary converters ; 4 Artifacts: or growth of man-made objects an their performances ; 5 Populations, Societies, Economies: or growth of the most complex assemblies ; 6 What comes after growth: or demise and continuity ; Coda

Note: Vectors, tensors, and fourier transforms Stress, strain, and seismic waves Reflection and transmission of plane waves Surface waves, head waves, and normal modes Waves in heterogeneous media Data transformations Synthetic seismograms Seismic migration Plane waves in anisotropic media Plane waves in anelastic media Answers to selected exercises

Note: Part I. Physical Properties of Unconventional Reservoirs: 1. Introduction; 2. Composition, fabric, elastic properties and anisotropy; 3. Strength and ductility; 4. Frictional properties; 5. Pore networks and pore fluids; 6. Flow and sorption; 7. Stress, pore pressure, fractures and faults; Part II. Stimulating Production from Unconventional Rservoirs: 8. Horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing; 9. Reservoir seismology; 10. Induced shear slip during hydraulic fracturing; 11. Geomechanics and stimulation optimization; 12. Production and depletion; Part III. Environmental Impacts and Induced Seismicity: 13. Environmental impacts and induced seismicity; 14. Managing the risk of injection-induced seismicity; References; Index.

Note: Contents: Introduction: Analyzing Qualitative Data with Software ; Getting to Know the Interface of MAXQDA ; Setting Up a Project and Importing Data ; Transcribing Audio and Video Recordings ; Exploring the Data ; Coding Text and PDF Files ; Coding Video Data, Audio Data, and Images ; Building a Coding Frame ; Working with Coded Segments and Memos ; Adding Variables and Quantifying Codes ; Working with Paraphrases and Summaries, Creating Case Overviews ; Comparing Cases and Groups, Discovering Interrelations, and Using Visualizations ; Analyzing Mixed Methods Data ; Working with Bibliographic Information and Creating Literature Reviews ; Analyzing Focus Group Data ; Analyzing (Online) Survey Data with Closed and Open-Ended Questions ; MAXMaps: Creating Infographics and Concept Maps ; Collaborating in Teams ; Analyzing Intercoder Agreement ; Documenting and Archiving the Research Process

Note: Contents: Sea of data : apophenia and pattern recognition / Hito Steyerl -- Crapularity hermeneutics : interpretation as the blind spot of analytics, artificial intelligence, and other algorithmic producers of the post-apocalyptic present / Florian Cramer -- Queerying homophily / Wendy Hui Kyong Chun -- Data paranoia : how to make sense of pattern discrimination / Clemens Apprich

Note: Contents: : 1: Climate Justice: Integrating Economics and Philosophy, Ravi Kanbur and Henry Shue ; 2: Poor People on the Front Line: The Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty in 2030, Julie Rozenberg and Stephane Hallegatte ; 3: Governing the Commons to Promote Global Justice: Climate Change Mitigation and Rent Taxation, Michael Jakob, Ottmar Edenhofer, Ulrike Kornek, Dominic Lenzi, and Jan Minx. ; 4: Equity Implications of the COP21 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Adam Rose, Dan Wei, and Antonio Bento ; 5: Climate Change and Inequity: How to Think about Inequities in Different Dimensions, Nicole Hassoun and Anders Herlitz ; 6: Climate Change and Economic Self-Interest, Julie Nelson ; 7: Noncompliers' Duties, Anja Karnein ; 8: Divest-Invest: A Moral Case for Fossil Fuel Divestment, Alex Lenferna ; 9: Justice and Posterity, Simon Caney ; 10: Discounting and the Paradox of the Indefinitely Postponed Splurge, Matthew Rendall ; 11: The Controllability Precautionary Principle: Justification of a Climate Policy Goal under Uncertainty, Eugen Pissarskoi ; 12: The Social Cost of Carbon from Theory to Trump, Paul Kelleher ; 13: Long-term Climate Justice, John Nolt ; Appendix: Declaration on Climate Justice

Note: Contents: What Is Telecoupling? ; Telecoupling: A New Framework for Researching Land-Use Change in a Globalised World ; Explanations in Telecoupling Research ; Mapping Export-Oriented Crop Production ; Telecoupling and Consumption in Agri-Food Systems ; Toolbox: Flow Analysis—Social Metabolism in the Analysis of Telecoupling ; Trade and Land-Use Telecouplings ; Governance for Sustainability in Telecoupled Systems ; Toolbox: Operationalising Telecoupling with Network Analysis ; Environmental Justice in Telecoupling Research ; Livelihoods through the Lens of Telecoupling ; Toolbox: Spatial Analysis and Modelling ; Urban Telecouplings ; Conservation Telecouplings ; Toolbox: Capturing and Understanding Telecoupling through Qualitative Research ; Discursive Telecouplings ; Beyond Integration: Exploring the Interdisciplinary Potential of Telecoupling Research ; Co-producing Knowledge for Sustainable Development in Telecoupled Land Systems

Note: I. Single Degree of Freedom Systems 1. Equations of Motion, Problem Statement, and Solution Methods 2. Free Vibration 3. Response to Harmonic and Periodic Excitations 4. Response to Arbitrary, Step, and Pulse Excitations 5. Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response 6. Earthquake Response of Linear Systems 7. Earthquake Response of Inelastic Systems 8. Generalized Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems II. Multi Degree of Freedom Systems 9. Equations of Motion, Problem Statement, and Solution Methods 10. Free Vibration 11. Damping in Structures 12. Dynamic Analysis and Response of Linear Systems 13. Earthquake Analysis of Linear Systems 14. Analysis of Nonclassically Damped Linear Systems 15. Reduction of Degrees of Freedom 16. Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response 17. Systems with Distributed Mass and Elasticity 18. Introduction to the Finite Element Method III. Earthquake Response, Design, and Evaluation of Multistory Buildings 19. Earthquake Response of Linearly Elastic Buildings 20. Earthquake Analysis and Response of Inelastic Buildings 21. Earthquake Dynamics of Base-Isolated Buildings 22. Structural Dynamics in Building Codes 23. Structural Dynamics in Building Evaluation Guidelines

Note: Contents: 1 Religion: It's a market ; 2 What determines religiousness ; 3 Religion and economic growth ; 4 Islam and economic growth ; 5 State religion ; 6 Religious clubs, terrorist organizations, and Tibetan Buddhism ; 7 When saints come marching in ; 8 The wealth of religions

Note: Contents: 1: Looking Foolish ; 2: The Demographics of Disaffiliation ; 3: Why They Say They Leave ; 4: The Night Before ; 5: Gaudium et spes, luctus et angor ; 6: The Morning After ; 7: Unto the Third and Fourth Generations ; Epilogue: Did the Council Fail?

Note: Table of contents Part 1: Introduction and Key Concepts 1: Introduction to Planetary Health 2: Key Concepts in Planetary Health Part 2: Conceptual Frameworks for Planetary Health 3: The Evolutionary Biology Approach: a Natural Baseline for Human Health 4: The Natural Capital Approach: Opportunities and Challenges 5: The One Earth Approach: Planetary Health in an Era of Limits 6: The Transhuman Approach: Technoscience and Nature Part 3: Human Health in an Era of Global Environmental Change 7: Trends in Human Health 8: The Demographic Transition 9: The Epidemiological Transition 10: The Ecological Transition 11: Agriculture: Land Use, Food Systems and Biodiversity 12: Urbanization, Living Standards and Sustainability 13: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming 14: Environmental Protection: a Key Tool for Planetary Health 15: Conclusions: Equity, Distribution and Planetary Health Part 4: Case Studies of Planetary Health 16: Climate Change, Land Use and Waterborne Infectious Disease 17: Sanitation, Clean Energy and Fertilizer 18: Trees, Well-being and Urban Greening 19: Livestock, Antibiotics and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Note: Contents: Acknowledgments 1. Introduction: The Role of Agents and the Establishment of the REDD+ Regime 2. The Role of Agents in Earth System Governance 3. The Agency of Governments in REDD+ 4. The Agency of Non-State Actors in REDD+ 5. The Assumptions behind REDD+ 6. The Effectiveness of the REDD+ Regime 7. The Economic Efficiency of the REDD+ Regime 8. The Social Equity of the REDD+ Regime 9. Conclusions References Index

Note: Contents Introduction 1 I Discovering Wonder in the Deep 2 I Marine Science for the Nation or for the World? 3 I Scientific Internationalism in a Pacific World 4 I Cold War Science on the Seafloor 5 I Ocean Science and Governance in the Anthropocene Conclusion Notes Acknowledgments Index

Note: Table of Contents Introductory perspectives Chapter 1: Introduction: Cold War science in the North American Arctic / by Stephen Bocking, Daniel Heidt Strategic science Chapter 2: Ice and the depths of the ocean: probing Greenland's Melville Bay during the Cold War / by Mark Nuttall Chapter 3: Leadership, cultures, the Cold War and the establishment of Arctic scientific stations: situating the Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS) / by P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Daniel Heidt Chapter 4: Frontier footage: science and colonial attitudes on film in Northern Canada, 1948–1954 / by Matthew S. Wiseman Chapter 5: Portraying America's last frontier: Alaska in the media during the Second World War and the Cold War / by Victoria Herrmann Chapter 6: Making “Man in the Arctic”: academic and military entanglements, 1944–49 / by Matthew Farish Cold War economies Chapter 7: Arctic pipelines and permafrost science: North American rivalries in the shadow of the Cold War, 1968–1982 / by Robert Page Chapter 8: Cold oil: linking strategic and resource science in the Canadian Arctic / by Stephen Bocking Chapter 9: Icebergs in Iowa: Saudi dreams, Antarctic hydrologics and the production of Cold War environmental knowledge / by Rafico Ruiz Chapter 10: Science and Indigenous knowledge in land claims settlements: negotiating the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, 1977–1978 / by Andrew Stuhl Science crossing borders Chapter 11: Knowledge base: polar explorers and the integration of science, security, and US foreign policy in Greenland, from the Great War to the Cold War / by Dawn Alexandrea Berry Chapter 12: Institutions and the changing nature of Arctic research during the early Cold War / by Lize-Marié van der Watt, Peder Roberts, Julia Lajus Chapter 13: Rockets over Thule? American hegemony, ionosphere research and the politics of rockets in the wake of the 1968 Thule B-52 accident / by Henrik Knudsen Chapter 14: Applied science and practical cooperation: Operation Morning Light and the recovery of cosmos 954 in the Northwest Territories, 1978 / by P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Ryan Dean Chapter 15: Melting the ice curtain: indigeneity and the Alaska Siberia Medical Research Program, 1982–1988 / by Tess Lanzarotta Epilogue: global Cold War—the Antarctic and the Arctic Chapter 16: Antarctic science and the Cold War / by Adrian Howkins

Note: Contents: Introduction: Climate Change and our Future ; 1: Global Crisis and the Mandate of COP ; 2: Insuring the Future ; 3: The Kyoto Protocol and its Carbon Market ; 4: The Road to Paris: An Insider’s Timeline ; 5: An Uncertain Future ; 6: Implementing the Carbon Market and its CDM ; 7: The Paris Agreement: Failure as an Opportunity ; 8: Avoiding Extinction ; 9: Four Obscure Articles in the Paris Agreement Hold the Key to Resolve Climate Change ; 10: Reversing Climate Change ; Epilogue: The Future Act of 2018: New U.S. Law Provides Unlimited Tax Credits to Remove CO2 from Air

Note: Contents: Introduction Robert N. Stavins ---- PART I OVERVIEW AND PRINCIPLES ---- 1. Don Fullerton and Robert Stavins (1998), ‘How economists see the environment’, Nature, 395, October, 433–4 ---- 2. R. H. Coase (1960), ‘The problem of social cost’, Journal of Law and Economics, 3, October, 1–44 ---- PART II THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ---- 3. Antoine Dechezleprêtre and Misato Sato (2017), ‘The impacts of environmental regulations on competitiveness’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 11 (2), July, 183–206 ---- 4. Trudy Ann Cameron (2010), ‘Euthanizing the value of a statistical life’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 4 (2), July, 161–78 ---- 5. Richard T. Carson (2012), ‘Contingent valuation: a practical alternative when prices aren’t available’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (4), Fall, 27–42 ---- 6. Catherine L. Kling, Daniel J. Phaneuf and Jinhua Zhao (2012), ‘From Exxon to BP: has some number become better than no number?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (4), Fall, 3–26 ---- 7. Jerry Hausman (2012), ‘Contingent valuation: from dubious to hopeless’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (4), Fall, 43–56 ---- PART III THE GOALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND BENEFIT–COST ANALYSIS ---- 8. Kenneth J. Arrow, Maureen L. Cropper, George C. Eads, Robert W. Hahn, Lester B. Lave, Roger G. Noll, Paul R. Portney, Milton Russell, Richard Schmalensee, V. Kerry Smith and Robert N. Stavins (1996), ‘Is there a role for benefit-cost analysis in environmental, health, and safety regulation?’ Science, 272 (5259), April, 221–2 ---- 9. Lawrence H. Goulder and Robert N. Stavins (2002), ‘An eye on the future’, Nature, 419, October, 673–4 ---- 10. K. Arrow, M. Cropper, C. Gollier, B. Groom, G. Heal, R. Newell, W. Nordhaus, R. Pindyck, W. Pizer, P. Portney, T. Sterner, R. S. J. Tol and M. Weitzman (2013), ‘Determining benefits and costs for future generations’, Science, 341 (6144), July, 349–50 ---- 11. Ted Gayer and W. Kip Viscusi (2016), ‘Resisting abuses of benefit–cost analysis’, National Affairs, 35, Spring, 59–71 ---- PART IV THE MEANS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: COST EFFECTIVENESS AND MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENTS ---- 12. Richard Schmalensee and Robert N. Stavins (2017), ‘Lessons learned from three decades of experience with cap and trade’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 11 (1), Winter, 59–79 ---- 13. Richard Schmalensee and Robert N. Stavins (2013), ‘The SO2 allowance trading system: the ironic history of a grand policy experiment’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27 (1), Winter, 103–22 ---- 14. Karen Fisher-Vanden and Sheila Olmstead (2013), ‘Moving pollution trading from air to water: potential, problems, and prognosis’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27 (1), Winter, 147–72 ---- PART V ECONOMICS OF NATURAL RESOURCES ---- 15. Robert M. Solow (1974), ‘The economics of resources or the resources of economics’, American Economic Review, 64 (2), May, 1–14 ---- 16. Thomas Covert, Michael Greenstone and Christopher R. Knittel (2016), ‘Will we ever stop using fossil fuels?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30 (1), Winter, 117–38 ---- 17. Sheila M. Olmstead (2010), ‘The economics of managing scarce water resources’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 4 (2), Summer, 179–98 ---- 18. Severin Borenstein (2012), ‘The private and public economics of renewable electricity generation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (1), Winter, 67–92 ---- PART VI GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ---- 19. Joseph E. Aldy, Alan J. Krupnick, Richard G. Newell, Ian W. H. Parry and William A. Pizer (2010), ‘Designing climate mitigation policy’, Journal of Economic Literature, 48 (4), December, 903–34 ---- 20. William Nordhaus (2007), ‘Critical assumptions in the Stern Review on climate change’, Science, 317 (5835), July, 201–2 ---- 21. Nicholas Stern and Chris Taylor (2007), ‘Climate change: risk, ethics, and the Stern Review’, Science, 317 (5835), July, 203–4 ---- 22. Richard G. Newell, William A. Pizer and Daniel Raimi (2013), ‘Carbon markets 15 years after Kyoto: lessons learned, new challenges’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27 (1), Winter, 123–46 ---- 23. Daniel M. Bodansky, Seth A. Hoedl, Gilbert E. Metcalf and Robert N. Stavins (2016), ‘Facilitating linkage of climate policies through the Paris outcome’, Climate Policy, 16 (8), 956–72 ---- 24. Richard S. J. Tol (2018), ‘The economic impacts of climate change’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 12 (1), Winter, 4–25 ---- PART VII SUSTAINABILITY, THE COMMONS, AND GLOBALIZATION ---- 25. Robert M. Solow (1992), ‘Sustainability: an economist’s perspective’,National Geographic: Research and Exploration, 8, 10–21 ---- 26. Elinor Ostrom (2009), ‘A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems’, Science, 325 (5939), July, 419–22 ---- 27. Robert N. Stavins (2011), ‘The problem of the commons: still unsettled after 100 years’, American Economic Review, 101 (1), February, 81–108 ---- 28. Forest L. Reinhardt, Robert N. Stavins and Richard H. K. Vietor (2008), ‘Corporate social responsibility through an economic lens’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2 (2), Summer, 219–39 ---- 29. Michael Greenstone and B. Kelsey Jack (2018), ‘Environmental economics in developing countries: an emerging field’ ---- PART VIII BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT ---- 30. Jason F. Shogren and Laura O. Taylor (2008), ‘On behavioral-environmental economics’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2 (1), Winter, 26–44 ---- 31. Cass R. Sunstein and Lucia A. Reisch (2014), ‘Automatically green: behavioural economics and environmental protection’, Harvard Environmental Law Review, 38 (1), 127–58 ---- 32. Todd D. Gerarden, Richard G. Newell and Robert N. Stavins (2017), ‘Assessing the energy-efficiency gap’, Journal of Economic Literature, 55 (4), December, 1486–525 ---- PART IX ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY MAKING ---- 33. A. Myrick Freeman III (2002), ‘Environmental policy since Earth Day I: what have we gained?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16 (1), Winter, 125–46 ---- 34. Robert W. Hahn (2000), ‘The impact of economics on environmental policy’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 39 (3),May, 375–99

Note: Contents: Part I: Departure ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Terminology and Literature Review: Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration ; 3. Theoretical Framework ; 4. Research Design: Grounded Theory Driven Multi-Level System Analysis Based on Two Cases ; 5. Methods ; Part II: Unsettling Settlements ; 6. Case Study 1: Southwestern Bangladesh - Migration as Adaptation to Rapid Onset Disasters ; 7. Case Study 2: Migration in the Marshall Islands as a Response to Sea Level Rise and related Crop Failure ; Part III: Settling Unsettlements ; 8. Conclusions: Risk Exchange through Migration ; 9 Recommendations for Adressing Climate Migration ; Part IV: Arrival ; 10. Outlook: Migration as Adaptation in this Century ; 11. Epilogue: Tales of Hope ; 12. "It takes a village to raise a child" (Acknowledgements) ; 13. Bibliography ; 14. Annex

Note: Contents: Introduction Partha Dasgupta and Peter Raven ; Prologue. Extinction: what it means to us Martin Rees ; 1. Extinction in deep time: lessons from the past? Neil Shubin ; 2. Biodiversity and global change: from creator to victim Timothy Lenton ; 3. The state of the world's biodiversity Stuart Pimm and Peter Raven ; 4. Extinction threats to life in the ocean and opportunities for their amelioration Jenna Sullivan, Vanessa Constant and Jane Lubchenco ; 5. Out of the soil: soil (dark matter biodiversity) and societal 'collapses' from Mesoamerica to the Mesopotamia and beyond Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach and Nicholas Dunning ; 6. The Green Revolution and crop biodiversity Prabhu Pingali ; 7. Population: the current state and future prospects John Bongaarts ; 8. Game over? Drivers of biological extinction in Africa Calestous Juma ; 9. Why we're in the sixth great extinction and what it means to humanity Partha Dasgupta and Paul Ehrlich ; 10. The consequences of biodiversity loss for human well-being Charles Perrings and Ann Kinzig ; 11. Terra incognita: in search of the disconnect Mathis Wackernagel ; 12. How do we stem biodiversity loss? Gretchen Daily and Stephen Polasky ; 13. Can smart villages help to stem biodiversity loss? Brian Heap, John Holmes and Bernie Jones ; 14. The new design condition: planetary urbanism + resource scarcity + climate change John Hoal.

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2019 , Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific Background and Motivation 1.1.1 Arctic Tundra Vegetation 1.1.2 Remote Sensing of Arctic Tundra Vegetation 1.1.3 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Arctic Vegetation 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 Study Area and Data 1.3.1 Toolik Lake Research Natural Area 1.3.2 In-situ Canopy-level Spectral Data 1.3.3 True-colour Digital Photographs 1.3.4 Leaf-level Photosynthetic Pigment Data 1.3.5 Airborne AISA Imagery 1.3.6 Simulated EnMAP and Sentinel-2 Reflectance Spectra 1.3.7 Simulated EnMAP Imagery 1.4 Thesis Structure and Author Contributions 1.4.1 Chapter 2 -A Phenological Approach to Spectral Differentiation of Low-Arctic Tundra Vegetation Communities, North Slope Alaska 1.4.2 Chapter 3 -Monitoring Pigment-driven Vegetation Changes in a Low Arctic Tundra Ecosystem Using Digital Cameras 1.4.3 Implications of Litter and Non-vascular Components on Multiscale Hyperspectral Data in a low-Arctic Ecosystem 2 A Phenological Approach to Spectral Differentiation of Low Arctic Tundra Vegetation Communities, North Slope Alaska 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Study Site and Low Arctic Vegetation Types 2.3.2 Ground-Based Data and Sampling Protocol 2.3.3 EnMAP and Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Simulation 2.3.4 Stable Wavelength Identification Using the InStability Index 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Spectral Characteristics by Phenological Phase 2.4.2 InStability Index and Wavelength Selection of Ground-based Spectra 2.4.3 InStability Index and Wavelength Selection of Simulated Satellite Reflectance Spectra 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Phenological Phase and Wavelength Stability of Ground-based Spectra 2.5.2 Phenological Phase and Wavelength Stability of Satellite Resampled Spectra 2.5.3 Influence of Spatial Scale 2.6 Conclusions 2.7 Acknowledgements 2.8 Supplementary Material 2.8.1 Data Publication 3 Monitoring Pigment-driven Vegetation Changes in a Low Arctic Tundra Ecosystem Using Digital Cameras 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Study Site 3.3.2 Digital Photographs 3.3.3 Field-based Spectral Data 3.3.4 Vegetation Pigment Concentration 3.3.5 Data Analyses 3.4 Results 3.4.1 RGB Indices as a Surrogate for Pigment-driven Spectral Indices 3.4.2 RGB Indices as a Surrogate for Leaf-level Pigment concentration 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Supplementary Material 3.7.1 Data Publication 4 Implications of Litter and Non-vascular Components on Multiscale Hyperspectral Data in a Low Arctic Ecosystem 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Materials and Methods 4.3.1 Study Site 4.4 Remote Sensing Data 4.4.1 Ground-based Image Spectroscopy Data 4.4.2 Airborne AISA Hyperspectral Data 4.4.3 EnMAP Simulation 4.4.4 Spectral Comparison by Wavelength 4.4.5 Linear Mixture Analysis 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Spatial Scaling of Spectral Signals 4.6 Discussion 4.7 Conclusions 4.8 Acknowledgements 5 Synthesis and Discussion 5.1 Phenological Phase: does phenology influence the spectral variability of dominant low Arctic vegetation communities? 5.2 Vegetation Colour: How does canopy-level vegetation colour relate to phenological changes in leaf-level photosynthetic pigment concentration? 5.3 Intrinsic Ecosystem Components: How does spatial aggregation of high spectral resolution data influence low Arctic tundra vegetation signals? 5.4 Key Innovations 5.5 Limitations and Technical Considerations 5.6 Outlook: Opportunities for Future Research 6 References Acknowledgements

Note: Introduction to the hydrologic cycle and drought -- Global hydroclimatology -- Drought in the climate system -- Drought and hydroclimate variability in the Holocene -- Climate change and drought -- Case studies: the Dust Bowl and the Sahel drought -- Desertification and land degradation -- Groundwater and irrigation.

Note: Contents: Preface ; 1. Pragmatism and the policy sciences ; 2. The Chicago School of Pragmatism ; 3. Functions of the decision process ; 4. Functionalism and policy change ; 5. The unity of knowledge and policy ; 6. The roots of misinterpretation ; 7. Conclusions – rediscovering the policy sciences.

Note: Introduction -- Time and frequency metrology in the context of relativistic geodesy -- Chronometric geodesy: methods and applications -- Measuring the gravitational field in General Relativity: From deviation equations and the gravitational compass to relativistic clock gradiometry -- A Snapshot of J. L. Synge -- General Relativistic Gravity Gradiometry -- Reference-ellipsoid and normal gravity field in post-Newtonian geodesy -- Anholonomity in Pre and Relativistic Geodesy -- Epistemic relativity: An experimental approach to physics -- Use of geodesy and geophysics measurements to probe the gravitational interaction -- Operationalization of basic relativistic measurements -- Can spacetime curvature be used in future navigation systems? -- World-line perturbation theory -- On the applicability of the geodesic deviation equation in General Relativity -- Measurement of frame dragging with geodetic satellites based on gravity field models from CHAMP, GRACE and beyond -- Tests of General Relativity with the LARES Satellites

Note: Contents Foreword by Richard Fortey ... vii Preface by A. Behrens ... ix Acknowledgements ... ix TANNER, J., BETTERTON, J., NELLER,R.&CRAIG, J. Introduction: aspects of the life and works of Sir Archibald Geikie ... 1 Geikie’s family history BETTERTON, J. The Geikie Archive at Haslemere Museum: family and professional material ... 7 CRIBB, S. J. Early life in Edinburgh and beyond: 1835–55 ... 27 TAYLOR, M. A. Autobiography and documentable fact in the family background and religious affiliation of Archibald Geikie (1835–1924) ... 39 Geikie’s friendships and professional relationships TAYLOR,M.A.‘Miller’s most important geological discovery’: Archibald Geikie (1835–1924) as pupil and memorialist of Hugh Miller (1802–56) ... 51 BUREK, C. V. Archibald Geikie: his influence on and support for the roles of female geologists ... 67 JOHNSTON, H. H. M. Forster Heddle: an intimate friendship ... 93 SORKHABI, R. Sir Archibald Geikie: the North American connections ... 113 SANDERS, A. J. A long life’s relationship: Archibald Geikie, Alexander Macmillan and his publishing house ... 139 Geikie as a field geologist BUTLER, R. W. H., MATTHEWS,S.J.&MORGAN, R. K. Geikie’sfield researches and theirgeological controversies ... 149 DEWEY, J. F. The Highland Controversy revisited: Geikie’s compounded blunder ... 179 SUMMERHAYES. C. P. Archibald Geikie and the Ice Age controversy ... 183 WORSLEY, P. Archibald Geikie as a glacial geologist ... 191 MORGAN, N. Geikie’s science in the cemetery ... 213 Unpublished Geikie material and archival resources BETTERTON, J. The Geikie Archive at Haslemere Educational Museum ... 223 BETTERTON, J. Unpublished manuscripts of Archibald Geikie ... 255 BETTERTON, J. Archival resources ... 317 Artistic family MORRISON, J. Archibald Geikie and landscape painting ... 319 SCOTT, H. E. The life and art of Walter Geikie (1795–1837) ... 337 Geological collections BENTON, M. J. Archibald Geikie and the Elgin reptiles ... 353 BETTERTON, J. Geikielite: an illustrated account of the co-type specimens ... 361 MENDUM,J.R.& HOWE, M. P. A. Geikie and the development of petrography, particularly in Scotland ... 367 A Scottish industry CRAIG,J.&UNDERHILL, J. R. Archibald Geikie’s role in the establishment of the Scottish oil shale industry ... 379 Index ... 401

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2020 , CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1.1 Context: A rapidly changing Arctic 1.1.1 Documentation of recent changes in the Arctic 1.1.2 Research relevance 1.1.3 Objective: Svalbard as a hotspot for climate change 1.2 Physical Background 1.2.1 Radiation and surface energy balance 1.2.2 Peculiarities of the Arctic climate system 1.2.3 Role of atmospheric circulation 1.3 The regional setup on Svalbard 2 data and methods 2.1 Data description 2.1.1 Era-Interim atmospheric reanalysis 2.1.2 Svalbard Station Meteorology 2.1.3 Sea Ice Extent 2.1.4 Ocean data products 2.1.5 FLEXTRA Trajectories 2.2 Statistical Methods 2.2.1 Trend estimation 2.2.2 Correlation 2.2.3 Coefficient of Determination 3 state of surface climate parameters: pan-svalbard differences 3.1 Motivation 3.2 Surface air temperature 3.2.1 Annual cycle 3.2.2 Annual temperature range 3.2.3 Long-term trends 3.3 Fjord Sea Ice coverage 3.3.1 Climatology 3.3.2 Sea ice cover trends 3.3.3 Regional classification across Svalbard 3.3.4 Drivers of regional differences 3.4 Discussion and Conclusion 3.5 Current state of climate projections for the Svalbard region 4 Air mass back trajectories 4.1 Methodology 4.2 Winter 4.2.1 Source Regions of Ny-Ålesund Air 4.2.2 Circulation changes 4.2.3 Quantification of Advective Warming 4.3 Summer 4.3.1 Source Regions of Ny-Ålesund Air 4.3.2 Circulation changes 4.3.3 Quantification of advective cooling 4.3.4 Observational Case Study: May/June 2017 4.4 Discussion and Conclusion 5 Changing drivers of the arctic near surface temperature budget 5.1 Winter 5.2 Summer 5.3 Summary 6 Summary and conclusion A Details on calculations A.1 SLP composite Index A.2 Derivation of coefficient of determination A.3 Temperature effect of changing source regions over time B Supplementary figures Bibliography

Note: Contents:1. Exact Dynamic Programming ; 2. Approximation in Value Space ; 3. Parametric Approximation ; 4. Infinite Horizon Dynamic Programming ; 5. Infinite Horizon Reinforcement Learning ; 6. Aggregation

Note: CONTENTS PREFACE 1 IASC Internal Development IASC Organization IASC Council IASC Executive Committee Secretariat ISIRA IASC Medal 2019 2 IASC Working Groups Cross-cutting Activities Launching of MOSAiC, an IASC Flagship Initiative Atmosphere Working Group (AWG) Cryosphere Working Group (CWG) Marine Working Group (MWG) Social and Human Working Group (SHWG) Terrestrial Working Group (TWG) 3 Arctic Science Summit Week 2018 POLAR2018: Where the Poles Come Together Upcoming ASSWs 4 Data and Observations#Arctic Data Committee (ADC) Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON) 5 Capacity Building IASC Fellowship Program Fellows’ Voices Overview of Supported Early Career Scientists