ALBERT

Note: Uwe Ring, Mark T. Brandon, Sean D. Willett, and Gordon S. Lister: Exhumation processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:1-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.01 --- Subduction-Related Accretionary Wedges (B-type Subduction) --- Richard L. Sedlock: Evaluation of exhumation mechanisms for coherent blueschists in western Baja California, Mexico / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:29-54, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.02 --- Uwe Ring and Mark T. Brandon: Ductile deformation and mass loss in the Franciscan Subduction Complex: implications for exhumation processes in accretionary wedges / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:55-86, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.03 --- Stuart N. Thomson, Bernhard Stöckhert, and Manfred R. Brix: Miocene high-pressure metamorphic rocks of Crete, Greece: rapid exhumation by buoyant escape / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:87-107, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.04 --- T. J. Rawling and G. S. Lister: Oscillating modes of orogeny in the Southwest Pacific and the tectonic evolution of New Caledonia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:109-127, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.05 --- R. P. Wintsch, T. Byrne, and M. Toriumi: Exhumation of the Sanbagawa blueschist belt, SW Japan, by lateral flow and extrusion: evidence from structural kinematics and retrograde P-T-t paths / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:129-155, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.06 --- Collisional Belts and Intra-Continental Convergence (A-type Subduction) --- Fritz Schlunegger and Sean Willett: Spatial and temporal variations in exhumation of the central Swiss Alps and implications for exhumation mechanisms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:157-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.07 --- Olivier Vanderhaeghe, Jean-Pierre Burg, and Christian Teyssier: Exhumation of migmatites in two collapsed orogens: Canadian Cordillera and French Variscides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:181-204, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.08 --- Andrew T. Calvert, Phillip B. Gans, and Jeffrey M. Amato: Diapiric ascent and cooling of a sillimanite gneiss dome revealed by 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology: the Kigluaik Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:205-232, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.09 --- Allen F. Glazner: Exposure of deep, dense rocks: interplay between erosion and sinking / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:233-239, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.10 --- J. McL. Miller, R. T. Gregory, D. R. Gray, and D. A. Foster: Geological and geochronological constraints on the exhumation of a high-pressure metamorphic terrane, Oman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:241-260, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.11 --- Geoffrey E. Batt, Barry P. Kohn, Jean Braun, Ian McDougall, and Trevor R. Ireland: New insight into the dynamic development of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, from detailed thermochronological investigation of the Mataketake Range pegmatites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:261-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.12 --- John I. Garver, Mark T. Brandon, Mary Roden-Tice, and Peter J. J. Kamp: Exhumation history of orogenic highlands determined by detrital fission-track thermochronology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:283-304, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.13 --- Lithospheric Extension: Divergent Plate Motions (Rifting) --- M. A. Forster and G. S. Lister: Detachment faults in the Aegean core complex of Ios, Cyclades, Greece / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:305-323, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.14 --- Laurel B. Goodwin: Controls on pseudotachylyte formation during tectonic exhumation in the South Mountains metamorphic core complex, Arizona / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:325-342, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.15 --- David A. Foster and Barbara E. John: Quantifying tectonic exhumation in an extensional orogen with thermochronology: examples from the southern Basin and Range Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154:343-364, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.16

Note: Chapter 1. Radioactivity and the 20th Century by Rodney C. Ewing, p. 1 - 22 Chapter 2. The Crystal Chemistry of Uranium by Peter C. Burns, p. 23 - 90 Chapter 3. Systematics and Paragenesis of Uranium Minerals by Robert Finch and Takaski Murakami, p. 91 - 180 Chapter 4. Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Uranium Deposits by Mostafa Fayek and T. Kurtis Kyser, p. 181 - 220 Chapter 5. Environmental Aqueous Geochemistry of Actinides by William M. Murphy and Everett. L. Shock, p. 221 - 254 Chapter 6. Uranium Ore Deposits: Products of the Radioactive Earth by Jane Plant, Peter R. Simpson, Barry Smith, and Brian F. Windley, p. 255 - 320 Chapter 7. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Natural Fission Reactors in Gabon by Janusz Janeczek, p. 321 - 392 Chapter 8. Geomicrobiology of Uranium by Yohey Suzuki and Jillian F. Banfield, p. 393 - 432 Chapter 9. Uranium Contamination in the Subsurface: Characterization and Remediation by Abdessalam Abdelouas, Werner Lutze, and H. Eric Nuttall, p. 433 - 474 Chapter 10. Uranium Mineralogy and the Geologic Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel by David Wronkiewicz and Edgar Buck, p. 475 - 498 Chapter 11. Spectroscopic Techniques Applied to Uranium in Minerals by John M. Hanchar, p. 499 - 520 Chapter 12. Infrared Spectroscopy and Thermal Analysis of the Uranyl Minerals by Jiri Cejka, p. 521- 622 Chapter 13. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Uranium in Geological and Environmental Materials by Stephen F. Wolf, p. 623 - 652 Chapter 14. Identification of Uranium-bearing Minerals and Inorganic Phases by X-ray Powder Diffraction by Frances C. Hill , p. 653 - 680

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 1999 , Table of Contents: Acknowledgements. - Table of Contents. - Abstract. - Kurzfassung. - List of figures. - List of tables. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Study area. - 2.1. Late Pleistocene history and Holocene transition. - 2.2. Present climate and vegetation. - 2.3. Studied lakes. - 2.3.1. Basaltsø. - 2.3.2. Lake B1. - 2.3.3. Noa Sø. - 2.3.4. Lake N1. - 2.3.5. Raffles Sø. - 3. Methods. - 4. Holocene climate history of geographical Society Ø, East Greenland - evidence from lake sediments. - 4.1. Abstract. - 4.2. Introduction. - 4.3. Geographical setting. - 4.4. Material and methods. - 4.4.1. Subbottom profiling, coring and physical properties. - 4.4.2. Grain-size and biogeochemical analyses. - 4.4.3. Palynological and analyses and radiocarbon dating. - 4.5. Lithofacies classification and interpretation. - 4.6. Climate history. - 4.6.1. Pleistocene / Holocene transition. - 4.6.2. Early Holocene. - 4.6.3. Middle Holocene. - 4.6.4. Late Holocene. - 4.7. Conclusions. - 5. Holocene climatic and oceanic changes at East Greenland - evidences from seabird affected lake sediments on Raffles Ø. - 5.1. Abstract. - 5.2. Introduction. - 5.3. Geographical setting. - 5.4. Material and methods. - 5.5. Results and discussion. - 5.5.1. Lithology and chronology. - 5.5.2. Vegetation. - 5.5.3. Biogeochemistry. - 5.5.4. Ecology of seabirds. - 5.5.5. Climatic and oceanic implications. - 5.6. Conclusions. - 6. Deglaciation and Holocene marine transgression on western Ymer Ø, East Greenland. - 6.1. Abstract. - 6.2. Introduction. - 6.3. Study area. - 6.4. Material and methods. - 6.5. Results and discussion. - 6.5.1. History of Noa Sø. - 6.5.2. History of lake N1. - 6.5.3. Holocene marine transgression. - 6.6. Conclusions. - 7. Synthesis. - 7.1 The need of a multi-disciplinary approach for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. - 7.2. Reconstruction of the Holocene environmental history of East Greenland. - References.

Note: Contents: ONE Introduction ; TWO The Hopfield Model ; THREE Extensions of the Hopfield Model ; FOUR Optimization Problems ; FIVE Simple Perceptrons ; SIX Multi-Layer Networks ; SEVEN Recurrent Networks ; EIGHT Unsupervised Hebbian Learning ; NINE Unsupervised Competitive Learning ; TEN Formal Statistical Mechanics of Neural Networks ; APPENDIX Statistical Mechanics

Note: Contents: Executive summary. - Introduction. - Consensus statement developed at workshop plenary session. - Summary statements on data bases, current and planned projects, technology and thematic and regional earth science issues. - Introduction. - Late phanerozoic global change challenges. - Data bases, current and planned projects, and technology issues. - ANTOSTRAT Seismic Data Library System (SDLS). - ANTOSTRAT Antarctic Margin Ocean Drilling Program Initiatives. - Deep Stratigraphic Drilling outside the ODP Organization. - Shallow Drilling Technology and Sampling of Late Phanerozoic Targets. - Thematic issues. - Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic plate tectonic and crustal history of Antarctica. - Geological time, and relative and absolute dating systems. - Continental shelf sedimentary basins. - Paleoceanography and circum-Antarctic deep sea marine biosphere history. - Glaciomarine sedimentary processes, events and stratigraphy. - Terrestrial geology. - Antarctic seismic stratigraphy. - Seismic Characterization and physical properties. - Paleoclimate modeling of glacial and climatic history. - Regional Earth Science Issues. - Antarctic Peninsula. - Weddell Sea. - Prydz Bay Region. - Wilkes Land Margin. - Ross Sea. - Acknowledgements. - Figures and captions. - APPENDICES. - 1. ANTOSTRAT Steering Committee. - 2. Workshop Participants. - 3. Selected References. - 4. ANTOSTRAT Workshop Program: Agenda and Format. - 5. Report on Hobart Workshop published in EOS. - 6. Three documents related to the evolution and implementation of the ANTOSTRAT subcommittee - July 1997 to July 1998. - 6a. Response to Consensus Statement on Hobart Workshop, by SCAR Executive Committee - August 1997. -

Note: CONTENT: Introduction / M. Latif. - Graphic & Design at the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology / Norbert P. Noreiks. - Atmospheric Modelling. - First results from ECHAM-5 / Erich Roeckner. - QBO experiments with MA/ECHAM4 and ECHAMS / Marco A. Giorgetta. - Using prognosed sub-grid scale cloud variability in shortwave radiation code / Georg Bäuml, Adrian Tompkins, Erich Roeckner. - Using ClearCase for ECHAMS Development / Monika Esch. - Estimation of Systematic Errors Using ECHAM in Data Assimilation Mode / Ingo Kirchner. - Atmospheric data assimilation activities at MPI-M / Andreas Rhodin, Luis Komblueh. - Software Design / Uwe Schulzweida. - Ocean and Coupled Modelling. - On the status of the new global coupled atmosphere-ocean model and applications of a limited area model to tackle regional aspects of climate and socio-economic issues / Michael Botzet. - The C-HOPE Ocean Model: Status of the Model Development / Johann Jungclaus. - Simulating Variabilty of the North Atlantic Ocean / Helmut Haak. - Taking C-HOPE's temperature / Scott Johnson. - C-HOPE simulation of the Southern Ocean/sea ice coupled system / Simon Marsland. - Land Surface and Vegetation Modelling. - Hydrological Cycle in ERA-40 and a refined surface runoff/drainage formulation based on the ARNO scheme / Stefan Hagemann. - Land Surface and Biogeochemical Modelling in Hamburg and Jena - Status, Co-operation, Outlook / Wolfgang Knorr. - Towards an improved land surface scheme in ECHAM / Reiner Schnur. - Impact of vegetation feedback on climate variability in the coupled ECHAM -land-vegetation model / Karl-Georg Schnitzler. - Impact of dynamic vegetation on the carbon cycle / Marko Scholze. - Natural Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change Intraseasonal variability in the Tropics / Stefan Liess. - Study on Monsoon Predictability with ECHAM4.5 / Y. Zhao, L. Diimenil. - Simulation of the rainfall variability in West-Africa Project ,IMPETUS" / Jürgen Bader. - Influence of SST on the NAO Variability / Holger Pohlmann. - The impact of ENSO on tropical and extratropical storms as simulated in high resolution ECHAM4 experiments / Ute Merkel. - Low-frequency variability in the tropical Indian Ocean / Astrid Baquero Bernal. - Assimilation of altimeter and temperature data for ENSO hindcasting / Sigrid Schöttle. - The heat content of the world ocean in ECHAM4/0PYC3 and observations / Katja Lohmann. - Trends in daily precipitation characteristics: transient climate change simulations with a coupled A OGCM / Vladimir Semenov and Lennart Bengtsson.

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword / Klaus Hasselmann. - GROUP HASSELMANN. - Improving the SIAM Economy Module / Volker Barth. - A Nonlinear Impulse Response Model of the Coupled Carbon Cycle-Ocean-Atmosphere Climate System / Georg Hooß. - Potential Impact of Uncertainty and Natural Climate Variability in the Design of Optimal Climate Protection Policies / Victor Ocaña. - Climate Change Detection for the Annual Cycle of Temperature and Precipitation / Reiner Schnur. - Estimating the Sensitivity of a Regional Atmospheric Model to a Sea State Dependent Roughness Using Ensemble Calculations / Ralph Weisse, Hauke Heyen, and Hans von Storch. - CLIMATE MODEL AND DATA SECTION DKRZ. - Modellbetreuungsgruppe - An Update / Ulrich Cubasch. - Prediction of Global Change Using Different Models: An Intercomparison / Ulrich Cubasch. - The ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model on the NEC SX-4 / Stephanie Legutke. - Data Group Activities and Status / Hans Luthardt. - GROUP GRAF. - The Possible Effect of Biomass Burning on Local Precipitation and Global Climate / Hans-F. Graf. - The Leading Variability Mode of the Coupled Troposphere-Stratosphere Winter Circulation in Different Climate Regimes / Judith Perlwitz. - Numerical Simulation of Scavenging Processes in Explosive Volcanic Eruption Clouds / Christiane Textor. - Three-dimensional Simulation of Stratospheric Aerosol / Claudia Timmreck. - GROUP LATIF. - Oceanic Control of Decadal North Atlantic Sea Level Pressure Variability in Winter / Mojib Latif, Klaus Arpe, and Erich Roeckner. - Climatology and Variability in the Tropical Pacific in the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Astrid Baquero. - Large-scale Air-sea Interactions in the Midlatitudes / Dietmar Dommenget. - ENSO Prediction Experiments with the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Anselm Grötzner, Mojib Latif, and Stephan Venzke. - Simulating the Response of an Ocean General Circulation Model to North Atlantic Oscillation-type Forcing / Helmuth Haak. - The Role of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature in Forcing East African Climate Anomalies / Mojib Latif, Dietmar Dommenget, and Mihai Dima. - A Circulation Model for Paleoclimate Studies: Model Description and First Applications / Gerrit Lohmann. - Southern Ocean Investigations with the HOPE Model / Simon J. Marsland. - The Atmospheric Response to SST Anomalies in Midlatitudes / Ute Merkel. - Equatorial Pacific Thermocline Circulation and Decadal Climate Variability / Keith Rodgers. - Ocean Model Intercomparison Project / Frank Röske. - Assimilation of Topex/Poseidon Altimeter Data into an Ocean GCM to Improve ENSO Forecasts / Sigrid Schöttle. - GROUP MIKOLAJEWICZ. - Development of the new C-HOPE OGCM / Uwe Mikolajewicz. - The Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation: Large Scale and Small Scale Aspects / Johann Jungclaus. - The Global Ocean Assimilation System GOAS / Detlev Müller. - Study of the Climate Variability in the Northern European and Arctic Seas Using Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models / Dmitry Sein. - GROUP MAIER-REIMER. - Modeling of Marine Biogeochemistry / Ernst Maier-Reimer. - (1) Optimisation of a Marine Silicon Cycle Model and (2) Artificial Sediment Cores / Christoph Heinze. - Modeling Stable Water Isotopes and Vapor Source Regions over Greenland and Antarctica / Martin Werner. - OTHERS. - Ongoing Work in the Bengtsson Department / Marco Giorgetta. - E-journals and Databases for MPG Scientists: How to's / Carola Kauhs. - INDEX OF AUTHORS. -

Note: pt. 1. Introduction. The need for better theories / Paul A. Sabatier ; The stages approach to the policy process: what has it done? where is it going? / Peter deLeon -- pt. 2. Alternative views of the role of rationality in the policy process. Institutional rational choice: an assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework / Elinor Ostrom ; Ambiguity, time, and multiple streams / Nikolaos Zahariadis -- pt. 3. Frameworks focusing on policy change over fairly long periods. Punctuated-equilibrium theory: explaining stability and change in American policymaking / James L. True, Bryan D. Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner ; The advocacy coalition framework: an assessment / Paul A. Sabatier and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith -- pt. 4. Frameworks comparing policies across a large number of political systems. Innovation and diffusion models in policy research / Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry ; The policy process and large-N comparative studies / William Blomquist -- pt. 5. Conclusions. A comparison of frameworks, theories, and models of policy processes / Edella Schlager ; Fostering the development of policy theory / Paul A. Sabatier..

Note: Inhalt: Abstract. - Abstract in russischer Sprache. - Einleitung. - Material. - Ergebnisse und Diskussion. - Tabelle 1: Kosmopolitsche und holarktisch verbreitete Taxa, die in NW-Sibirien und in Mitteleuropa gleichermaßen vorkommen. - Tabelle 2: Taxa, die bisher in Mitteleuropa noch nicht identifiziert werden konnten. - Neue Taxa, neue Kombinationen und andere besonders bemerkenswerte Diatomeen aus der sibirischen Arktis (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge). - Neidiopsis nov. gen. - Dank. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Bildtafeln mit Legenden. - Index der Taxa. - Appendices. - Kobayasiella Nov. Nom. für Kobayasia Lange-Bertalot. - Neue Kombinationen von Taxa aus Achnanthes Bory (Sensu Lato). - Neue Kombinationen von Taxa in der Gattung Microcostatus Johansen & Spay 1998. - Validierung von Cymbopleura Nov. Gen. - Kurze Bemerkung zu Didymosphenia Dentata (Dorogost.) Skvortzow & Meyer. , Text lat. u. dt. , Zsfass. in engl. u. russ. Sprache

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: Introduction 1 Sedimentology in the earth sciences 1.1 Introduction: sedimentology and earth cycling 1.2 Erosional drainage basins and depositional sedimentary basins 1.3 Global sediment discharge and earth recycling: the rock cycle 1.4 Comparative interplanetary sedimentology 1.5 Practical sedimentology 1.6 A brief history of sedimentology Part 2: Origin and Types of Sediment Grains 2 Water-rock interactions: chemical and physical breakdown of catchment bedrock to soil and elastic sediment grains 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Natural waters as proton donors: pH, acid hydrolysis and limestone weathering 2.3 Metallic ions, electron transfer and Eh-pH diagrams 2.4 Behaviour of silicate minerals during chemical weathering: breakdown products and newly formed minerals 2.5 Acid rain and whole-catchment studies of chemical weathering 2.6 The rates and mechanisms of chemical weathering 2.7 A simple index of chemical alteration (CIA) 2.8 Vegetation, chemical weathering and the Precambrian controversy 2.9 Physical weathering 2.10 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape 3 The inorganic and organic precipitation of sediment: chemical, biochemical and biological 3.1 Marine and freshwater chemical composition: chemical fluxes to and from the oceans 3.2 The carbonate system in the oceans 3.3 Advances in understanding carbonate reaction kinetics and their significance 3.4 Pre-Recent and future CaCO3 reactions 3.5 Ooids 3.6 Carbonate grains from plants and animals 3.7 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks 3.8 Other carbonate grains of biological origins 3.9 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates 3.10 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism 3.11 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation 3.12 Silica and pelagic plankton 3.13 Iron minerals and biomineralizers 3.14 Phosphates Part 3: User's Guide to Sedimentological Fluid Dynamics 4 Back to basics: fluid flow in general 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Material properties of fluids 4.3 Plastic behaviour 4.4 Dimensionless numbers 4.5 Reference frames for flows 4.6 The concepts of flow steadiness and uniformity 4. 7 Visualization of flow patterns 4.8 Ideal (potential) flow 4.9 Dynamics of fluid motion 4.10 Strategies for coping with the dynamic equations 5 Flow in the real world: laminar and turbulent behaviour 5.1 Osborne Reynolds and types of flow 5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer 5.3 Turbulent flow 5.4 The distribution of velocity in turbulent flows 5.5 Shear velocity, bed roughness, bed shear stress and flow power 5.6 The periodic coherent structures of turbulent shear flows 5.7 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents 6 Sediment grains in fluids: settling, transport and feedback 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fall of grains through stationary fluids 6.3 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex 6.4 Fluids as transporting machines 6.5 Initiation of particle motion 6.6 Initiation of motion by air flow 6.7 Paths of grain motion 6.8 Solid transmitted stresses 6.9 A dynamic sediment suspension theory 6.10 A warning: nonequilibrium effects may dominate natural sediment transport systems 6.11 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation Part 4: Sediment Transport and Sedimentary Structures 7 Bedforms and structures formed by unidirectional water flows over granular sediment 7.1 The 'trinity' of flow, transport and bedform 7.2 Current ripples 7.3 Lower-stage plane beds and cluster bedforms 7.4 Dunoids (bars, 2D dunes) 7.5 Dunes 7.6 Upper-stage plane beds 7.7 Antidunes, transverse ribs, chutes and pools, and related forms 7.8 Bedforms and sediment transport in poorly sorted sediment 7.9 Bedform phase diagrams 7.10 Bedform 'lag' effects 7.11 Bedform theory 7.12 Measurement of palaeocurrents and problems arising from trough-shaped sets of cross- stratification 8 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows 8.1 Introduction: some contrasts between air and water flows 8.2 Aeolian bedforms in general 8.3 Ballistic ripples and ridges 8.4 Dunes in general 8.5 Flow-transverse dunes 8.6 Flow-parallel dunes 8.7 Complex flow dunes 8.8 Vegetated parabolic dunes 9 Oscillatory water waves, combined flows and tides: their bedforms and structures 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Simple wave theory 9.3 Near-bed flow and bedforms 9.4 Combined flows, wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification 9.5 Tidal flows 10 Bedforms and cohesive sediment transport and erosion 10.1 The 'special' case of clays and cohesive beds 10.2 Flow erosion of cohesive beds 10.3 Erosion by 'tools' 11 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits 11.1 Introduction and static grain aggregates 11.2 Static friction and stability of granular masses 11.3 Grain flow avalanches: from cross-bedding to megabreccias 11.4 Debris flows 11.5 Turbidity flows 12 Liquefaction, liquefaction structures and other 'soft' sediment deformation structures 12.1 Liquefaction 12.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction 12.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps 12.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures Part 5: External Controls on Sediment Derivation, Transport and Deposition 13 Climate and sedimentary processes 13.1 Introduction: climate as a fundamental variable in sedimentology 13.2 Solar radiation: ultimate fuel for the climate machine 13.3 Earth's reradiation and the 'greenhouse' concept 13.4 Radiation balance, heat transfer and simple climatic models 13.5 Climate and the water cycle, 13.6 General atmospheric circulations 13.7 Global climates: a summary 13.8 Climate, mountains and plateaux 13.9 Climate change 13.10 Sedimentological evidence for palaeoclimate 14 Changing sea level and sedimentary sequences 14.1 Introduction: sea level as datum 14.2 Sea-level changes 14.3 Rates and magnitude of sea-level change 14.4 Origins of global sea-level change: slow vs. fast eustasy 14.5 Sequence stratigraphy: layers, cheesewires and bandwagons 15 Tectonics, denudation rates and sediment yields 15.1 Basic geodynamics of uplift 15.2 Elevation and gradients 15.3 Catchment processes 15.4 Erosion and denudation 15.5 Large-scale studies of denudation rates 15.6 Basinal studies of denudation and sediment flux: the inverse approach 15.7 Sediment supply, vegetation and climate change: implications for basin stratigraphy 15.8 Marine strontium isotope ratio and continental erosion rates Part 6: Sediment Deposition, Environments and Facies in Continental Environments 16 Aeolian sediments in low-latitude deserts 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Physical processes and erg formation 16.3 Modern desert bedform associations and facies 16.4 Aeolian architecture 16.5 Climate change, erg abandonment and desert-lake-river sedimentary cycles 16.6 Ancient desert facies 17 Rivers 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Channel magnitude and gradient 17.3 Channel form 17.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures 17.5 The floodplain 17.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges, combing and avulsion 17.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium 17.8 The many causes of channel incision-aggradation cycles 17.9 Fluvial architecture: scale, controls and time 17.10 Fluvial deposits in the geological record 18 Alluvial fans and fan deltas 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Controls on the size (area) of fans 18.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans 18.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans 18.7 Fan deltas 19 Lakes 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Lake stratification 19.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents 19.4 Wind-forced physical processes 19.5 Chemical processes and cycles 19.6 Biological processes and cycles 19.7 Modern temperate lakes and their continental sedimentary facies 19.8 Lakes in the East African rifts 19.9 Lake Baikal 19.10 Shallow saline lakes 19.11 The succes