ALBERT

Note: Oglavlenie: Predislovie. - 1. Detstvo i junost'. Pervye šagi v nauke (1880-1906 gg.). - 2. Pervaja grenlandskaja ėkspedicija (1906-1908 gg.). - 3. Pervyj marburgskij period. Roždenie gipotezy peremeščenija kontinentov (1908-1912 gg.). - 4. Vtoraja grenlandskaja ėkspedicija (1912-1913 gg.). - 5. Vtoroj marburgskij period (1913-1918 gg.). Pervaja mirovaja vojna. - 6. Tretij marburgskij i gamburgskij periody (1919-1924 gg.). Proischoždenie lunnych kraterov i luny. Razvitie gipotezy peremeščenija kontinentov i klimaty geologičeskogo prošlogo v ee svete. - 7. Sčastlivye gody professury v grace (1924-1930 gg.). - 8. Tret'ja grenlandskaja ėkspedicija Vegenera i ego tragičeskaja smert' (1929-1930 gg.). - 9. Mobilistskaja koncepcija Vegenera i ee pol' v chode razvitija nauk o zemle v XX v. - Literatura. - Osnovnye daty žizni i dejatel'nosti Vegenera. - Ukazatel' imen. , In kyrill. Schr

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Section 1. Weather rankings -- Section 2. Major storm events -- Section 3. State chapters -- Section 4. Appendices.

Note: CONTENTS: Report on the 2000 activities of NGRIP Operations. - Objective. - Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord). - Preparation of the field season. - Start of the field season. - Starting the camp. - Drilling. - Drill recovery. - Summary. - Medevac. - Acknowledgement. - Logger results. - NGRIP 2000 sub programs. - Automatic weather stations. - GLA TIS, seismic program. - 2000 Field Season, Diary. - Communication. - Schedule for camp close down. - Maintenance/Logistics after the season. - Bulk Supplies. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Table of LC130 flights. - NGRIP documentation. - NGRIP camp load. - Sitreps. - Daily reports from NGRIP. - Surface topography near NGRIP. - Surface topography around the NGRIP site, July 1998. - Map of trenches, not updated. - Tower and roof opening of original trench. - Inclined drill pit, 1996. - Map of Greenland. - ERS1 based Topography of North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Map of ice divide north of Summit. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contents: Executive Summary. - Introduction. - Objectives. - ANTOSTRAT background. - Summary statements. - Input needs for Antarctic paleoclimate modelling. - ANTOSTRAT data management with the information system PANGEA. - Ocean Drilling Programme. - Cape Roberts drilling. - Marine shallow drilling. - Dreging/coring. - Under-ice drilling. - Lake coring. - Terrestrial shallow drilling. - Cosmogenic surface exposure dating in Antarctica: progress and potential. - Synthesis and directions. - Summary. - References. - Acknowledgements. - Appendices. - 1. Workshop agenda. - 2. Workshop participants. - 3. Meeting Report published in EOS. - 4. Acronyms and abbreviations.

Note: In kyrill. Schr., russ.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 2001. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 2001 schedule. - Overview of 2001 schedule. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 2001 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 2001. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP documentation. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 2001. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Minutes of NGRIP SC meeting. - Map of NGRIP camp (not all updated). - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches (not updated). - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway and local topography. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contents: Preface / Helle V. Goldman, Bruce Forbes & Gary Kofinas. - Research planning in the face of change: the human role in reindeer/caribou systems / Gary Kofinas, Gail Osherenko, David Klein & Bruce Forbes. - Reindeer husbandry/hunting in Russia in the past, present and future / Leonid M. Baskin. - Chukotkan reindeer husbandry in the post-socialist transition / Patty A. Gray. - Nenets reindeer herders on the lower Yenisei River: traditional economy under current conditions are responses to economic change / Konstantin B. Klokov. - Reindeer pastoralism in modern Siberia: research and survival during the time of crash / Igor Krupnik. - Managing reindeer and wildlife on Alaska's Seward Peninsula / Jim Dau. - Response of reindeer and caribou to human activities / Scott A. Wolfe, Brad Griffith & Carrie A. Gray Wolfe. - High voltage transmission lines and their effect on reindeer: a research programme in progress / Eigil Reimers, Kjetil Flydal & Rune Stenseth. - Responses of West Greenland caribou to the approach of humans on foot / Peter Aastrup. - Arctic grazing systems and industrial development: can we minimize conflicts? / David R. Klein. - Regional effects of climate change on reindeer: a case study of the Muotkatunturi region in Finnish Lapland / Susan E. Lee, Malcolm C. Press, John A. Lee, Tim Ingold & Terhi Kurttila. - Reindeer in tundra ecosystems: the challenges of understanding system complexity / Feodor V. Kryazhimskii & Alexey N. Danilov. - Status, directions and priorities of reindeer husbandry research in Sweden / Öje Danell. - Need and opportunity for a North American caribou knowledge cooperative / Don Russell, Gary Kofinas & Brad Griffith. - Native reindeer herders' priorities for research / Johan Mathis Turi. - Letter from Varandei / Andrei V. Golovnev.

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Science as the open society and its ideological deformations -- Role of scale in the scope of scientific governance -- Historical interdependence of the university and knowledge production -- Multiculturalism's challenge to academic integrity: or a tale of two churches -- University as capitalism's final frontier: or the fading hope for enlightenment in a complex world -- Sociology as both sanctifier and secularizer of science -- Road not taken: revisiting the original New Deal -- Elements for a new constitution of science..

Note: One way to shape technology and its embedding in society in the 21st century is through the visions that guide their development, especially concerning the long-term societal perspective. A critical discussion and assessment of these visions is a prerequisite for influencing the course of development. Technology assessment, therefore, has to provide a methodological repertoire for assessing and constructing visions, taking into account the requirements for long-term orientation and the need for public legitimation. This volume draws upon insights from technology assessment (TA), political sciences, epistemology, sociology and ethics. It contributes to the recent literature on "shaping technology", taking into account the "co-evolution of technology and society". It is connected to the TA literature that emphasises TA's pro-active role and its contricution to political judgement. It uses those insights from policy planning and epistemology that may help to reconcile long-term planning and public legitimacy

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2 . Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Wenn ein Eisrücken dem Wind im Weg steht = An ice ridge being an obstacle to the wind / Thomas Garbrecht, Christof Lüpkes Das Klima hat seine ganz eigene Dynamik = The climate has its own dynamics / Dörte Handorf, Antje Weisheimer, Klaus Dethloff Wenn die großen Gletscher kommen = The appearance of large glaciers / Katrin Meissner, Rüdiger Gerdes Molekularbiologen auf der Jagd nach toxischen Algenblüten = Development of methods for early warning systems / Linda Medlin, Christian Schütt Schlechte Aussichten für Kalkbildner im Meer = Poor prospects for marine calcifying organisms / Ulf Riebesell, Ingrid Zondervan, Björn Rost Der etwas andere Krill: Leben im kalten wie im warmen Wasser = Krill, a bit different: Life in both cold and warm waters / Friedrich Buchholz, Reinhard Saborowski, Markus Salomon Multidrug Resistenz - eine alte Überlebensstrategie von Meeresorganismen = Multidrug-Resistance - an ancient survival strategy for marine organisms / Angela Köhler-Günther, Alexander Lüdeking, Tilman Alpermann Nährstoffbelastung des Wattenmeeres und der angrenzenden Küstengewässer = Eutrophication of the Wadden Sea and adjacent coastal zone / Justus van Beusekom, Ragnhild Asmus, Victor de Jonge (RIKZ, NL), Eike Rachor Magnesium als Faktor für die Verbreitung von Krebsen in den Polarmeeren = Magnesium as a factor limiting the distribution of polar crustaceans / Franz-Josef Sartoris, Markus Frederich, Hans-Otto Pörtner Gebirge unter dem antarktischen Eis entdeckt = Discovery of a mountain range under the ice / Daniel Steinhage, Uwe Nixdorf, Uwe Meyer, Heinrich Miller Seesedimente Ostgrönlands als Zeugen von Klimaschwankungen und veränderten Meeresströmungen = Lacustrine sediments of East Greenland give evidence for changes in the climate and in the oceanic circulation pattern / Bernd Wagner, Martin Melles, Holger Cremer, Hans-W. Hubberten Östliche Karasee bereits früh eisfrei = Early deglaciation in the eastern Kara Sea / Hans Peter Kleiber, Frank Niessen 3. Forschung = Research 3.1 Klimasystem = 3.1 Climate system 3.2 Pelagische Ökosysteme = 3 .2 Pelagic ecosystems 3.3 Benthische Ökosysteme = 3.3 Benthic ecosystems 3.4 Geosystem = 3.4 Geosystem 3.5 Projektgruppen = 3.5 Project groups 4. Logistik und Expeditionen = Logistics and operational activities 5. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 6. Informationszentrum = Information center 7. Presse-und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 8. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 9. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex I. Personal = I. Personnel II. Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen = II. Scientific events III. Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten = III. Completed theses and dissertations

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - Overview. - 1.1 The use of diatoms in paleolimnology. - 1.2 Studies of freshwater diatoms in northern Québec and Labrador. - 1.3 Purpose of this project. - 2. Diatoms as indicators of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), alkalinity, and water colour. - Overview. - 2.1 Study area. - 2.2 Methods. - 2.2.1 Sampling and measurement procedures. - 2.2.2 Numerical analysis. - 2.3 Ordination results. - 2.3.1 PCA. - 2.3.2 CCA. - 2.4 Inference models. - 2.4.1 WA-PLS. - 2.4.2 Potential indicator taxa. - 2.5 Implications for paleoecological studies. - 3. Diatom taxa. - Overview. - Diatom flora. - References. - Plates. - Appendix I Raw environmental data for the 59 study sites of Jamésie-Hudsonie. - Appendix II Raw environmental data for the 64 study sites of Québec-Labrador. - Appendix III Taxonomic index of the 218 most abundant diatom species used for CCA plotting in Jamésie-Hudsonie. - Appendix IV Taxonomic index of the 128 most abundant diatom species used for CCA plotting in Québec-Labrador. - Species index

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Colour Illustrations. - List of Tables. - Contributors. - Foreword. - Map. - Introduction / Mark Nuttall and Terry V. Callaghan. - PART 1 THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES OF THE ARCTIC. - 1. The geological development of the Arctic / Maurits Lindstrom. - 2. Glaciology / Martin J. Siegert and Julian A. Dowdeswell. - 3. Permafrost and hydrology / Ming-Koo Woo. - 4. Arctic oceanography, sea ice and climate / Norman Davis. - 5. Upper atmosphere physics and chemistry / Sheila Kirkwood. - 6. The weather and climate of the Arctic / Gunter Weller. - PART 2 LIFE SCIENCES IN THE ARCTIC. - 7. Marine biology: Biomass productivity distributions and their variability in the Barents and Bering Seas / Egil Sakshaug and John Walsh. - 8. Ecology of Arctic lakes and rivers / Warwick F. Vincent and John E. Hobbie. - 9. Biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems / Nadya Matveyeva and Yuri Chernov. - 10. Arctic terrestrial ecosystems and ecosystem function / Sven Jonasson, Terry V. Callaghan, Gaius R. Shaver and Lena A. Nielsen. - 11. Arctic medical science / Bent Harvald and the late Jens Peder Hart Hansen. - 12. Physical anthropology of the Arctic / G. Richard Scott, Scott Legge, Robert W. Lane, Susan L. Steen and Steven R. Street. - PART 3 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE ARCTIC. - 13. Indigenous peoples, self-determination and the Arctic environment / Mark Nuttall. - 14. The social anthropology of the Russian Far North / Peter P. Schweitzer. - 15. Arctic geopolitics then and now / Sanjay Chaturvedi. - 16. The population of the circumpolar north / Gunnar Knapp. - 17. The political economy of renewable resource management in the Arctic / Richard A. Caulfield. - PART 4 ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES AND POLICY RESPONSES. - 18. Integrated global change impact assessments / Manfred A. Lange. - 19. Ozone depletion and UV-B radiation / Edward De Fabo and Lars Olof Björn. - 20. Local and transboundary pollution / Lars Otto Reiersen. - 21. International co-operation in the Arctic environment / Clive Archer and David Scrivener. - 22. Indigenous peoples' organisations and Arctic environmental co-operation / Mark Nuttall. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface 1. Introduction 1.1 The problem of scale transfer 1.2 Aims and scope 1.3 Definitions 1.4 Contents of this book 2. Upscaling 2.1 A classification of upscaling methods 2.2 Averaging of observations or output variables 2.2.1 Exhaustive Information 2.2.2 Design based methods 2.2.3 Geostatistical prediction 2.2.4 Deterministic functions 2.2.5 Combinations and auxiliary information 2.3 Finding representative parameters or input variables 2.3.1 Exhaustive information 2.3.2 Deterministic functions 2.3.3 Indirect stochastic methods 2.3.4 Direct stochastic methods 2.3.5 Inverse modelling 2.4 Averaging of model equations 2.4.1 Deterministic: temporal or volume averaging 2.4.2 Stochastic: ensemble averaging 2.5 Model simplification 2.5.1 Lumped conceptual modelling 2.5.2 Meta-modelling 3. Downscaling 3.1 A classification of downscaling methods 3.2 Empirical functions 3.2.1 Deterministic functions 3.2.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.2.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 3.3 Mechanistic models 3.3.1 Deterministic functions 3.3.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.3.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 3.4 Fine scale auxiliary information 3.4.1 Deterministic functions 3.4.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.4.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 4. A simple DSS for upscaling and downscaling 4.1 Purpose and philosophy of the DSS 4.2 Functionality and options at startup 4.3 Definition of the research chain over the scales 4.3.1 Define a new research chain 4.3.2 Modify parts of research chain 4.4 Enter the DSS from the research chain 4.5 DSS Upscaling and Downscaling Appendix: Random Variables and Stochastic Functions Glossary Contents References Index

Note: Contents Introduction 1 Climatic System: Data, Processes, Scales, and Deterministic Models 1.1 Main Components of the Climate System 1.1.1 "Thick" Subsystems 1.1.2 "Thin" Subsystems 1.1.3 Local and Discrete Objects 1.2 Climate Processes 1.2.1 Overview of Climate Processes 1.2.2 External Climate Mechanisms 1.2.3 Internal Mechanisms of Climatie Variations 1.2.4 Transfer-Accumulation Processes 1.3 Scales of Climatic Variability 1.3.1 Spatial Scales 1.3.2 Temporal Scales 1.4 Deterministic Climate Models 1.4.1 General Circulation Models and Coupled Models 1.4.2 Other Types of Climate Models 1.5 Observational Basis for Stochastic Climate Theory 1.5.1 Data on Variability of "Thick" Climatic Subsystems 1.5.1.1 Near-Surface Air Temperature 1.5.1.2 Other Atmospheric Variables 1.5.1.3 Sea Surface Temperature 1.5.1.4 Sea Level 1.5.1.5 lce Sheets 1.5.2 Data on Variables of Thin Earth Covers 1.5.2.1 Snow Cover 1.5.2.2 Sea lce 1.5.2.3 Vegetation Cover 1.5.3 Data on Discrete and Local Climatic Objects 1.5.3.1 River Runoff 1.5.3.2 Lakes 1.5.3.3 Mountain Glaciers 1.5.4 Conclusions on Observational Data 2 Theoretical Foundations of the Stochastic Approach to Climate Variability Studies 2.1 Basic Ideas and Principles of the Stochastic Climate Theory 2.1.1 Mathematical Models and Natural Processes 2.1.2 A Climatic Variable as a Random Variable 2.1.3 Evolution of a Climatic Variable as a Random Function 2.1.4 Stationarity of Climatic Processes 2.2 Introduction to the Theory of Random Functions with Emphasis on Climate Variability 2.2.1 Moments, Mean Value, Correlation Function 2.2.2 The Ergodicity of Climate Variability 2.2.3 Examples of Stationary Random Sequences 2.2.3.1 Uncorrelated Random Variables 2.2.3.2 Moving Averages 2.2.4 Spectral Representation of the Random Process 2.2.5 Climatic Meanings of the Spectral Distribution Function 2.2.6 Spectral Representation of Stationary Sequences 2.2.7 The Markov Sequence 2.2.8 The Discrete Wiener Process 2.2.9 Other Types of Random Functions 2.2.9.1 Autoregressive Models 2.2.9.2 Seasonal Models 2.2.9.3 Threshold Models 2.3 Estimation of Model Parameters 2.3.1 Theoretical Models and the Practice of Model Identification 2.3.2 Informational Approach to the Identification of Stochastic Models 2.3.3 Maximum Entropy Method and Autoregressive Models 2.3.4 Model Identification and Estimation of Model Parameters 2.3.5 An Example ofModel Identification and Parameter Estimation 2.3.6 Frequency Truncation Method of Normalized Spectral Estimates 2.3.7 Other Methods of Time Series Processing 2.3.7.1 Conventional Methods. Moving Average and ARMA models 2.3.7.2 "Deterministic Chaos". Other Methods of Nonlinear Analysis 2.4 Physical Basis of the Stochastic Climate Theory 2.4.1 Atmospheric Forcing ofthe Climate System 2.4.1.1 Observational Evidence 2.4.1.2 Atmospheric Model Results 2.4.1.3 Simple Nonlinear Model as Analog of Atmospheric Forcing 2.4.2 Hasselmann's Stochastic Climate Models 2.4.2.1 Hypothesis on Weather-Climate Two-Scale Separation 2.4.2.2 Classification of Climate Models 2.4.2.3 Analogies with Turbulent Fluid, Brownian Motion, and Other Physical Processes. The Central Limit Theorem 2.4.2.4 Spectra and Correlation Functions of the Stochastic Climate Models. Models Without Feedback 2.4.2.5 Models with Feedback 3 Stochastic Models of Recent Climatic Changes 3.1 Changes in Thick Climatic Subsystems 3.1.1 Local Changes 3.1.1.1 Analysis of Observational Data 3.1.1.2 Local Stochastic Dynamical Models 3.1.2 Regional, Spatially Averaged, and Two-Dimensional Patterns 3.1.2.1 20 Stochastic Patterns of Observational Data 3.1.2.2 Stochastic Dynamical Regional Models 3.1.2.3 Stochastic Models of ENSO Events 3.1.3 Globally Averaged Climate Variables 3.1.3.1 Global Water Mass Exchange. Global Mean Sea Level 3.1.3.2 Global Temperatures 3.1.3.3 "Minus Two" Law of Climatic Variability 3.1.3.4 Stochastic Dynamical Models of Global Temperatures 3.1.3.5 Local-Global Polarization Phenomenon 3.2 Variabilities of Thin Climatic Subsystems 3.2.1 Analyzed Oata 3.2.1.1 37 GHz Polarization Oifference and Related Data 3.2.1.2 Snow and Sea lce Remotely Sensed Data 3.2.1.3 Related Satellite-Based and Conventional Data on Global Air and Sea Temperatures 3.2.2 Comparison of Results for Remotely Sensed and Conventional Data 3.2.2.1 Comparison of Results on Local Scales 3.2.2.2 Globally Averaged 37 GHz Polarization Difference Data. Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 3.2.3 Results of Stochastic Analysis of Local and Regional Hydrological Changes 3.2.3.1 Results of 37 GHz PD Data Analysis for Floodable Areas 3.2.3.2 Results for 37 GHz PD Data on Vegetation Cover in Different Natural Zones 3.2.4 Results of Analysis of Global Changes in Hydrological and Related Parameters 3.2.5 Modeling the Dynamics of Thin Subsystems 3.2.6 Local-Global Polarization Phenomenon and Thin Climatic Subsystems 3.2.7 Discussion on the Global Climatic Subsystems 3.3 Changes in Local and Discrete Climatic Objects 3.3.1 Rivers and River Runoff 3.3.2 Mountain Glaciers 4 Stochastic Models for Glacial Cycles 4.1 Stochastic Analysis of Reconstructed Data on Glacial Cycles 4.1.1 Existing Paleoreconstructed Time Series 4.1.2 Results of Stochastic Analysis of the Last Deglaciation Period, 0 - 18 ka B.P. 4.1.3 Analysis of 200 - 300 ka Time Series 4.1.4 Longer Time Series. Features of Cyclicity 4.1.5 High Resolution Paleorecords 4.2 Zero-Dimensional Model of Glacial Cycles 4.2.1 Hypotheses, Assumptions, and Equations 4.2.2 Results of Numerical Experiments 4.3 Two-Dimensional Stochastic Dynamical Model of Glacial Cycles 4.3.1 Mathematical Model, Parameters, and Experiments 4.3.1.1 Computational Area 4.3.1.2 Equations and Parameters of the Model 4.3.1.3 Numerical Experiments 4.3.2 Results 4.3.2.1 Experiments Without External Forcing 4.3.2.2 Experiments With External Forcing. Globally Averaged Results 4.3.2.3 Zonally Averaged Results 4.3.2.4 Regional Results Conclusion References Index

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements 1. Determining Timescales for Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport / Peter G. Cook and John-Karl Bohlke 2. Inorganic Ions as Tracers / Andrew L. Herczeg and W. Mike Edmunds 3. Isotope Engineering - Using Stable Isotopes of the Water Molecule to Solve Practical Problems / Tyler B. Coplen, Andrew L. Herczeg and Chris Barnes 4. Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater Systems / Robert M. Kalin 5. U-Series Nuclides as Tracers in Groundwater Hydrology / J. Kenneth Osmond and James B. Cowart 6. Radon-222 / L. DeWayne Cecil and Jaromy R. Green 7. Sulphur and Oxygen Isotopes in Sulphate / H. Roy Krouse and Bernhard Mayer 8. Strontium Isotopes / Robert H. McNutt 9. Nitrate Isotopes in Groundwater Systems / Carol Kendall and Ramon Aravena 10. Chlorine-36 / Fred M. Phillips 11. Atmospheric Noble Gases / Martin Stute and Peter Schlosser 12. Noble Gas Radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85 Kr, 39Ar, 81 Kr / Heinz H. Loosli, Bernhard E. Lehmann and William M. Smethie, Jr. 13. 3H and 3He / D. Kip Solomon and Peter G. Cook 14. 4He in Groundwater / D. Kip Solomon 15. Chlorofluorocarbons / L. Niel Plummer and Eurybiades Busenberg 16. δ11 B, Rare Earth Elements, δ 37Cl, 32 Si, 35S, 129I / Avner Vengosh, Arthur J. Spivack, Kevin J. Johannesson, W. Berry Lyons, Tamie R. Weaver, Uwe Morgenstern, Robert L. Michel, June Fabryka-Martin Appendix 1: Stable Isotope Notation and Fractionation Appendix 2: Decay Constants and Half-Lives of Radioactive Isotopes Appendix 3: Solubilities of Environmental Gas Tracers Appendix 4: Liquid and Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients Index

Note: Contents List of Acronyms List of Symbols Foreword Preface Prologue Chapter 1 Introduction to Ocean Dynamics 1.1 Types, Advantages, and Limitations of Ocean Models 1.2 Recent Examples 1.3 Governing Equations 1.4 Vorticity Conservation 1.5 Nondimensional Numbers and Scales of Motion 1.6 Geostrophic Flow and Thermal Wind 1.7 Inertial Motions 1.8 Ekman Layers 1.9 Sverdrup Transport 1.10 Western Boundary Intensification (Stommel Solution) 1.11 Gyre Scale Circulation (Munk Solution) 1.12 Barotropic Currents over Topography 1.13 Baroclinic Transport over Topography 1.14 Coastal Upwelling and Fronts 1.15 Mesoscale Eddies and Variability 1.16 Thermohaline Circulation and Box (Reservoir) Models 1.17 Numerical Models Chapter 2 Introduction to Numerical Solutions 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Architecture 2.1.2 Computational Errors 2.2 Ordinary Differential Equations 2.2.1 Runge-Kutta Method 2.3 Partial.Differential Equations 2.3.1 Consistency, Convergence, and Stability 2.3.2 Elliptic, Hyperbolic, and Parabolic Systems 2.4 Elliptic Equations and Steady-State Problems 2.4.1 Direct Solvers 2.4.2 Iterative Solvers and Relaxation Methods 2.4.3 Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method 2.4.4 Multigrid Methods 2.4.5 Pseudo-transient Method 2.5 Time Dependent Problems 2.5.1 Advection Equation and Hyperbolic Systems 2.5.2 Diffusion Equation and Parabolic Systems 2.6 Finite-Difference (Grid Point) Methods 2.6.1 Staggered Grids 2.6.2 Time Differencing and Filtering 2.6.3 Computational Grids 2.7 Spectral (Spectral Transform) Methods 2.8 Finite-Element Methods 2.8.1 Spectral Element Approach 2.9 Parameterization of Subgrid Scale Processes 2.10 Lateral Open Boundary Conditions 2.11 Computational Issues 2.12 Examples 2.12.1 Inertial Oscillations 2.12.2 Thermohaline Circulation 2.12.3 Normal Modes 2.12.4 Gyre Scale Circulation 2.12.5 Advection Problems 2.12.6 M.I.T. Nonhydrostatic Global Model Chapter 3 Equatorial Dynamics and Reduced Gravity Models Solutions 3.1 Oceanic Dynamical Response to Forcing 3.2 Governing Equations 3.3 Equatorial Waves 3.3.1 Kelvin Waves 3.3.2 Yanai Waves 3.3.3 Rossby Waves 3.3.4 Inertia-Gravity (Poincare) Waves 3.4 Equatorial Currents 3.5 Reduced Gravity Model of Equatorial Processes Chapter 4 Midlatitude Dynamics and Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.1 Linear Motions 4.1.1 Inertia-Gravity (Sverdrup/Poincare) Waves 4.1.2 Kelvin Waves 298 4.1.3 Planetary Ross by Waves 4.1.4 Topographic Rossby Waves 4.2 Continuous Stratification 4.3 Geostrophic Adjustment and Instabilities 4.3.1 Geostrophic Adjustment 4.3.2 Instabilities 4.4 Spinup 4.5 Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.5.1 Governing Equations 4.5.2 Applications Chapter 5 High-Latitude Dynamics and Sea-Ice Models 5.1 Salient Features of Ice Cover 5.2 Momentum Equations for Sea Ice 5.3 Constitutive Law for Sea Ice (Ice Rheology) 5.3.1 Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.3.2 Elastic-Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.4 Continuity Equations for Sea Ice 5.5 Response of Sea Ice to Storm Passage 5.6 Numerics 5.6.1 Governing Equations in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 5.6.2 Solution Technique Chapter 6 Tides and Tidal Modeling 6.1 Description of Tides 6.2 Formulation: Tidal Potential 6.3 Body, Load, Atmospheric, and Radiational Tides 6.3.1 Body (Solid Earth) Tides 6.3.2 Load Tides 6.3.3 Atmospheric Tides 6.3.4 Radiational Tides 6.4 Dynamical Theory of Tides: Laplace Tidal Equations 6.5 Equilibrium Theory of Tides 6.6 Tidal Analysis: Orthotides 6.7 Tidal Currents 6.8 Global Tidal Models 6.9 Regional Tidal Models 6.10 Geophysical Implications 6.10.1 Tidal Dissipation and LOD 6.10.2 Tidal Energetics 6.11 Changes in Earth's Rotation 6.12 Baroclinic (Internal) Tides 6.13 Long-Period Tides 6.14 Shallow Water Tides and Residual Currents 6.15 Summary Chapter 7 Coastal Dynamics and Barotropic Models 7.1 Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Currents 7.2 Tidal Motions 7.3 Continental Shelf Waves 7.4 Modeling Shelf Circulation 7.5 Barotropic Models 7.5.1 Coastal Ocean Response to Wind Forcing 7.5.2 Storm Surges and Storm Surge Modeling 7.5.3 Response to Pressure Forcing Chapter 8 Data and Data Processing 8.1 In Situ Observational Data 8.1.1 XBT, CTD, CM, ADCP, and Drifter Data 8.1.2 Historical Hydrographic Data 8.1.3 Historical Marine Surface Data 8.2 Remotely Sensed Data 8.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature from IR Sensors 8.2.2 Sea Surface Winds from Microwave Sensors 8.2.3 Chlorophyll and Optical Clarity from Color Sensors 8.2.4 Sea Surface Height from Satellite Altimetry 8.3 NWP Products 8.4 Preprocessing of Observational Data and Postprocessing of Model Output 8.4.1 Graphics and Visualization of Model Output 8.4.2 Analyses Chapter 9 Sigma-Coordinate Regional and Coastal Models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Governing Equations 9.3 Vertical Mixing 9.4 Boundary Conditions 9.5 Mode Splitting 9.6 Numerics 9.6.1 Vertical Direction 9.6.2 Horizontal Direction 9.7 Numerical Problems 9.8 Applications 9.9 Code Structure Chapter 10 Multilevel Basin Scale and Global Models 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Governing Equations 10.3 Isopycnal Diffusion 10.4 Architecture and Other Model Features 10.5 Applications 10.6 Hybrid s-Coordinate Models 10.7 Regional z-Level Models Chapter 11 Layered and Isopycnal Models 11.1 Layered Models 11.2 Isopycnal Models Chapter 12 Ice-Ocean Coupled Models 12.1 Sea-Ice Models 12.2 Coupled Ice-Ocean Models Chapter 13 Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Models 13.1 Coupling between the Ocean and the Atmosphere 13.2 Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models 13.3 Regional Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models Chapter 14 Data Assimilation and Nowcasts/ Forecasts 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Direct Insertion 14.3 Nudging 14.4 Statistical Assimilation Schemes 14.4.1 Kalman Filter 14.4.2 Reduced State Space Kalman Filters 14.4.3 Optimal Interpolation (OI) Scheme 14.5 Variational Methods 14.5.1 Adjoint Models 14.6 Predictability of Nonlinear Systems-Low Order Paradigms 14.7 Nowcasts/Forecasts in the Gulf of Mexico Appendix A Equations of State A.1 Equation of State for the Ocean A.2 Equation of State for the Atmosphere Appendix B Wavelet Transforms B.1 Introduction B.1.1 Theory B.1.2 Continuous Wavelet Transforms (CWT) B.1.3 Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) B.2 Examples B.3 Wavelet Transforms and Stochastic Processes B.4 Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transforms B.5 Cross Wavelet Transforms (CrWT) B.6 Error Analysis Appendix C Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Empirical Normal Modes C.1 Empirical Orthogonal Functions C.1.1 Complex EOFs C.1.2 Singular Spectrum Analysis C.1.3 Extended EOFs C.1.4 Coupled Pattern Analysis C.2 Empirical Normal Modes Appendix D Units and Constants D.1 Useful Quantities D.1.1 SI (International System of Units) Units and Conventions D.1.2 Useful Conversion Factors D.1.3 Useful Universal Constants D.1.4 Useful Geodetic Constants D.1.5 Useful Physical Constants D.1.6 Useful Dynamical Quantities D.2 Important Scales and Quantities D.2.1 Length Scales D.2.2 Timescales D.2.3 Velocity Scales D.2.4 Nondimensional Quantities D.3 Useful Websites References Biographies Index

Note: CONTENTS: 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles. - 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere. - 1.4 EnergyJnteractions with Earth Surface Features. - 1.5 Data Acquisition and Interpretation. - 1.6 Reference Data. - 1.7 The Global Positioning System. - 1.8 An Ideal Remote Sensing System. - 1.9 Characteristics of Real Remote Sensing Systems. - 1.10 Successful Application of Remote Sensing. - 1.11 Land and Geographic Information Systems. - 1.12 Organization of the Book. - Selected Bibliography. - 2 Elements of Photographic Systems. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography. - 2.3 Basic Negative-to-Positive Photographic Sequence. - 2.4 Film Exposure 2.5 Film Density and Characteristic Curves. - 2.6 Spectral Sensitivity of Black and White Films. - 2.7 Color Film. - 2.8 Color Infrared Film. - 2.9 Filters. - 2.10 Aerial Film Cameras. - 2.11 Film Resolution. - 2.12 Electronic Imaging. - 2.13 Aerial Videography. - 2.14 Multiband Imaging. - 2.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs. - 3.3 Photographic Scale. - 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs. - 3.5 Area Measurement. - 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features. - 3.7 Image Parallax. - 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography. - 3.9 Mapping with Aerial Photographs. - 3.10 Flight Planning. - 3.11 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 4 Introduction to Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.3 Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment. - 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping. - 4.5 Geologic and Soil Mapping. - 4.6 Agricultural Applications. - 4.7 Forestry Applications. - 4.8 Rangeland Applications. - 4.9 Water Resource Applications. - 4.10 Urban and Regional Planning Applications. - 4.11 Wetland Mapping. - 4.12 Wildlife Ecology Applications. - 4.13 Archaeological Applications. - 4.14 Environmental Assessment. - 4.15 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation. - Selected Bibliography. - 5 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Across-Track Scanning. - 5.3 Along-Track Scanning. - 5.4 Operating Principles of Across-Track Multispectral Scanners. - 5.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Data. - 5.6 Across-Track Thermal Scanning. - 5.7 Thermal Radiation Principles. - 5.8 Interpreting Thermal Scanner Imagery. - 5.9 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.10 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner- Imagery. - 5.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Scanners. - 5.12 Temperature Mapping with Thermal Scanner Data. - 5.13 FLIR Systems. - 5.14 Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 6 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Early History of Space Imaging. - 6.3 Landsat Satellite Program Overview. - 6.4 Landsat-1,-2, and-3. - 6.5 Landsat-4 and -5. - 6.6 Landsat-6 Planned Mission. - 6.7 Landsat-7. - 6.8 Landsat Image Interpretation. - 6.9 New Millennium Program. - 6.10 SPOT Satellite Program. - 6.11 SPOT-1,-2, and-3. - 6.12 SPOT-4. - 6.13 SPOT-5. - 6.14 SPOT Image Interpretation. - 6.15 Other Moderate Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.16 High Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.17 Hyperspectral Satellite Systems. - 6.18 Meteorological Satellites. - 6.19 Ocean Monitoring Satellites. - 6.20 Earth Observing System. - 6.21 Space Station Remote Sensing. - Selected Bibliography. - 7 Digital Image Processing. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Image Rectification and Restoration. - 7.3 Image Enhancement. - 7.4 Contrast Manipulation. - 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation. - 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation. - 7.7 Image Classification. - 7.8 Supervised Classification. - 7.9 The Classification Stage. - 7.10 The Training Stage. - 7.11 Unsupervised Classification. - 7.12 Hybrid Classification. - 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels. - 7.14 The Output Stage. - 7.15 Postclassification Smoothing. - 7.16 Classification Accuracy Assessment. - 7.17 Data Merging and GIS Integration. - 7.18 Hyperspectral Image Analysis. - 7.19 Biophysical Modeling. - 7.20 Scale Effects. - 7.21 Image Transmission and Compression. - 7.22 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 8 Microwave Sensing. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Radar Development. - 8.3 Side Looking Radar System Operation. - 8.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar. - 8.5 Geometric Characteristics of Side-Looking Radar Imagery. - 8.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals. - 8.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics. - 8.8 Radar Image Interpretation. - 8.9 Radar Remote Sensing from Space. - 8.10 Seasat-1. - 8.11 Shuttle Imaging Radar. - 8.12 Almaz-1. - 8.13 ERS-1, ERS-2, and Envisat-1. - 8.14 JERS-1 and ALOS. - 8.15 Radarsat. - 8.16 LightSAR. - 8.17 Spaceborne Radar System Summary. - 8.18 Interferometric Radar. - 8.19 Planetary Exploration. - 8.20 Passive Microwave Sensing. - 8.21 Lidar. - Selected Bibliography. - Appendix. - Remote Sensing Data Sources. - Remote Sensing Periodicals. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS Preface of the Head Editor Preface of Academician V.A.Obruchev I. Reasons and objectives of the compilation of these materials II. History of the problem of soil frost II.1. Reports about soil frost before the construction of a new well (shaft) at Yakutsk II.2. Discoveries from the new shaft at Yakutsk II.3. Preparation for further studies III. On the term 'soil frost' (Bodeneis) IV. Varieties of soil frost IV.1. In terms of its longevity IV.2. In terms of its distribution IV.3. In terms of physics IV.4. Soil frost in terms of geology V. Distribution of continuous soil frost in the Old World V.1. General information V.2. European part of continuous soil frost in the Old World V.3. The Urals mountain chain and West Siberia V.4. Middle Siberia V.5. East Siberia V.6. Kamchatka, Islands, North America VI. Thickness of Siberian soil frost VII. Springs and rivers in soil frost VIII. Physical conditions dictating soil temperature and occurrence of unmelting soil frost VIll.1. Sources of heat in general Vlll.2. Heat of the Earth VIll.3. Heat from the Sun VIll.4. Local sources of heat Appendices 1. Wood about Novaya Zemlya and earlier reports of Frobisher on permanent frost in soils in North America 2. Martens about Spitsbergen 3. Surveys on l'Isle de la Croyeres in Siberia 4. Gmelin' s observations of soil frost at Yakutsk 5. Oldest well at Yakutsk 6. Observations near Kara-Ulach River 7. Soil frost at Argun near the Russian-Chinese border 8. Other early reports from Dauria 9. Mairan. On depth of frost penetration 10. Mairan. On Siberian soils 11. Soil frost near river banks. Pallas' observations 12. Sujew's observations in the far north of Siberia 13. Georgi's observations in the Baikal area and Witim plateau 14. Ice valleys along the road from Yakutsk to Okhotsk 15. Adams' report about the location of mammoth findings in the Arctic seashore 16. So-called ice mountains in the Kotzebue Sound 17. Doubts about large ice thickness 18. An excerpt from the Shukin's letter, Yakutsk, July 1830 19. Addition to the Prof. A.Erman's report cited above 21. Von Gelmersen's note about a well dug at Yakutsk 22. On the beginning of Shergin's undertaking 23. Questions addressed to Shergin 28. Gedenstrom. Study of soil layers near the Siberian Sea 29. Wrangell's observations 30. Observations ofWrangell's companions 34. Doctor Ruprecht's observations on Kolguev Island, Kanin Peninsula and western part of the Samoeds' land (1841) 35. Notes about the European land of Samoeds, soil frost and depth of thawing / Written by Mr.Schrenk in 1836 36. Erman's observations at Nizhnetagilsk 37. Gumboldt. Poggendorfs Annalen XXIII, S.105 und weiter 38. Erman's observations in boreholes at Tobolsk 39. Erman's observations in boreholes at Berezovo 40. Erman's observations in boreholes at Obdorsk 42. From Gedenstorm's manuscript 49. An ice block overgrown with bush is floating on the river 50. Glaciers near Copper Creek in north-western America 51. About the glacier covered by a lava flow 53. Formation of bottom ice in Siberian rivers 54. We travelled along the Aldan River 55. Rivers with no water in winter 56. We covered about forty versts From the Shergin's diary, 1836 and 1937 Linear measures used in K.Baer's "Materials ... " , СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие ответственного редактора . Предисловие академика В.А. Обручева I. Повод и цель собрания этих материалов II. История вопроса о почвенном льде Il.1. Сведения о почвенном льде до проходки нового якутского колодца (шахты) II.2. Открытие в новой якутской шахте II.3. Подготовка к новым исследованиям III. О названии "почвенный лед" (Bodeneis) IV. Разновидности почвенного льда IV .1. В отношении его долговечности IV .2. В отношении его распространения IV .3. В отношении физических норм IV.4. Почвенный лед в геологическом отношении V. Распространение сплошной ледяной почвы в Старом Свете V.1. Общие сведения V.2. Европейская часть сплошной ледяной почвы Старого Света V.3. Цепь Уральских гор и Западная Сибирь V.4. Средняя Сибирь V.5. Восточная Сибирь V.6. Камчатка, Острова, Северная Америка. VI. Мощность сибирской ледяной почвы VII. Содержание в ледяной почве источников и рек VIII. Физические условия, определяющие температуру почвы и существование нетающего почвенного льда VIII.1. Источники тепла вообще VIII.2. Собственное тепло земного шара VIIl.3. Обогревание солнцем VIII.4. Местные источники тепла Приложения 1. Вуд о Новой Земле и более ранние известия Фробишера о постоянном морозе в почве Северной Америки 2. Мартенс о Шпицбергене 3. Изыскания в Сибири Де Лиль дела Кроуайер 4. Наблюдения Гмелина над почвенным льдом в Якутске 5. Древнейший колодец в Якутске 6. Наблюдения у реки Кара-Улах 7. Почвенный лед на Аргуни у русско-китайской границы 8. Другие, более старые сообщения о Даурии 9. Маран. О глубине проникновения холода 10. Маран. О почве Сибири 11. Почвенный лед у речных берегов. Наблюдения Палласа 12. Наблюдения Зуева на крайнем севере Сибири 13. Наблюдения Георги в окрестностях Байкала и на Витимском плоскогорье 14. Ледяные долины по дороге из Якутска в Охотск 15. Сообщение Адамса о месте нахождения мамонта на берегу Ледовитого моря 16. Так называемые ледяные горы в заливе Коцебу 17. Сомнение в большой мощности льда 18. Вьmиска из письма Щукина, Якутск, июль, 1830 г. 19. Добавление к вышеприведенному известию проф. А. Эрмана 21. Заметка г. фон Гельмерсена о разрабатываемом колодце в г. Якутске 22. О начале предприятия Шергина 23. Вопросы, поставленные Шергину 28. Геденштром. Исследование пластов почвы у Сибирского ледовитого моря 29. Наблюдения Врангеля 30. Наблюдения спутников Врангеля 34. Наблюдения доктора Рупрехта на острове Колгуев, полуострове Канин и в западных частях Самоедовской земли ( 1841) 35. Заметки об европейской стране Самоедов, о почвенном льде и глубине, до которой происходит оттаивание земли. Записано г. Шренком в 1836 г. 36. Наблюдения Эрмана в Нижнетагильске 37. Гумбольдт. Poggendorfs Annalen XXIII, S.105 und weiter 38. Буровые исследования Эрмана в Тобольске 39. Буровые исследования Эрмана в Березово 40. Буровые исследования Эрмана в Обдорске 42. Из рукописи Геденштрома 49. Поросший кустарником остров на ледяной глыбе плывет по реке 50. Глетчеры у р. Медной в Северо-Западной Америке 51. О глетчере, покрытом потоком лавы 53. Образование донного льда в реках Сибири 54. Мы прошли по Алдану 55. Реки, которые зимой лишены воды 56. Мы прошли около сорока верст Из дневника Шергина за 1836 и 1837 п. Меры длины, используемые в "Материалах ..." К.М. Бэра , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Summary poem. - Introduction. - 1. Oceanic freshwater fluxes in the climate system / Anders Stigebrandt. - 2. Global atmospheric circulation patterns and relationships to Arctic freshwater fluxes / J. E. Walsh. - 3. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance and their interannual variability / R. G. Barry and M. C. Serreze. - 4. Hydroclimatology of the Arctic drainage basin / L. C. Bowling, D. P. Lettenmaier and B. V. Matheussen. - 5. The Arctic Ocean's freshwater budget: sources, storage and export / Eddy C. Carmack. - 6. The Arctic ocean freshwater budget of a climate general circulation model / Howard Cattle and Douglas Cresswell. - 7. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean bydrologic budget assessed from Rawinsonde data / M. C. Serreze and R. G. Barry. - 8. Reanalyses depictions of the Arctic atmospheric moisture budget / D. H. Bromwich, R. I. Cullather and M. C. Serreze. - 9. Moisture transport to Arctic drainage basins relating to significant precipitation events and cyclogenesis / John R. Gyakum. - 10. Atmospheric climate models: simulation of the Arctic Ocean fresh water budget components / V. M. Kattsov, J. E. Walsh, A. Rinke and K. Dethloff. - 11. Discharge observation networks in Arctic regions: computation of the river runoff into the Arctic Ocean, its seasonality and variability / W. E. Grabs, F. Portmann and T. de Couet. - 12. Arctic river flow: a review of contributing areas / I. A. Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lammers, B. J. Peterson and C. J. Vorosmarty. - 14. River input of water, sediment, major ions, nutrients and trace metals from Russian territory to the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Gordeev. - 15. The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects / I. P. Semiletov, N. I. Savelieva, G. E. Weller, I. I. Pipko, S. P. Pugach, A. Yu. Gukov and L. N. Vasilevskaya. - 16. The variable climate of the Mackenzie River basin: its water cycle and fresh water discharge / R. E. Stewart. - 17. Arctic estuaries and ice: a positive-negative estuarine couple / R. W. Macdonald. - 18. Satellite views of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance / D. A. Rothrock, R. Kwok and D. Groves. - 19. Tracer studies of the Arctic freshwater budget / P. Schlosser, B. Ekwurzel, S. Khatiwala, B. Newton, W. Maslowski and S. Pfirman. - 20. Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic / Humfrey Melling. - 21. The transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget / Bert Rudels and Hans J. Friedrich. - 22. Modelling the variability of exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas / Rüdiger Gerdes. - 23. Sea ice growth, melt and modeling: a survey / Michael Steele and Gregory M. Flato. - 24. Fresh water freezing/melting cycle in the Arctic Ocean / G. V. Alekseev, L. V. Bulatov and V. F. Zakharov. - Colour plates. - Subject index.

Note: Contents: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. - GENERAL PART. - Introduction. - Area covered. - Abbreviations, scale bars and arrows. - Material examined. - General structure of the podocopid Ostracoda. - Carapace. - Appendages. - Exo- and endoskeleton. - Respiration and blood circulation. - Digestive and nervous systems, eyes and excretory glands. - Reproduction. - Reproductive organs. - Structure of the sperm. - Reproductive modes. - The biological species concept and clonal taxonomy. - Development. - Ecology. - Terminology. - Life histories. - Food and prédation. - Dispersal abilities. - Fossil record. - The utility of the Ostracoda in (palaeo)ecology and evolution. - Ostracon, IRGO, CYPRIS, ISO, and EOM. - The Index and Bibliography of Nonmarine Ostracoda. - NODE - Nonmarine Ostracod Distribution in Europe. - Practical methods. - Previous faunistic synopses and checklists. Numbers of species recorded. - Classification of the Ostracoda. - Diagnosis of the Podocopida. - Evolutionary origin of non-marine Ostracoda. - Classification of the Podocopida. - SYSTEMATIC RECORD OF SPECIES. - Superfamily DARWINULOIDEA Brady &Norman, 1889. - Family Darwinulidae Brady & Norman, 1889. - Genus Darwinula Brady & Robertson, 1885. - 1. Darwinula stevensoni (Brady & Robertson,1870). - Genus Penthesilenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998. - 1. Penthesilenula brasiliensls (Pinto & Kotzian, 1961). - Superfamily CYPRIDOIDEA s. str. Baird, 1845. - Family Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Candoninae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Paracandona Hartwig, 1899. - 1. Paracandona euplectella (Robertson, 1889). - Genus Nannocandona Ekman, 1914. - 1. Nannocandona faba Ekman, 1914. - Genus Candona s. str. Baird, 1845. - 1. Candona Candida (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Candona weltneri Hartwig, 1899. - 3. Candona sanociensis Sywula, 1971. - 4. Candona improvisa Ostermeyer, 1937. - 5. Candona neglecta Sars, 1887. - 6. Candona lindneri Petkovski, 1969. - 7. Candona meerfeldiana Scharf, 1983. - 8. Candona muelleri Hartwig, 1899. - 9. Candona angulata Müller, 1900. - Genus Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972. - 1. Fabaeformiscandona fabaeformis (Fischer, 1851). - 2. Fabaeformiscandona holzkampfi (Hartwig, 1900). - 3. Fabaeformiscandona alexandri (Sywula, 1981). - 4. Fabaeformiscandona fragilis (Hartwig, 1898). - 5. Fabaeformiscandona angusta (Ostermeyer, 1937). - 6. Fabaeformiscandona tyrolensis (Löffler, 1963) nov. comb. - 7. Fabaeformiscandona brisiaca (Klie, 1938). - 8. Fabaeformiscandona fabella (Nüchterlein, 1969). - 9. Fabaeformiscandona balatonica (Daday, 1894). - 10. Fabaeformiscandona acuminata (Fischer, 1851). - 11. Fabaeformiscandona caudata (Kaufmann, 1900). - 12. Fabaeformiscandona siliquosa (Brady, 1910). - 13. Fabaeformiscandona tricicatricosa(Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1969). - 14. Fabaeformiscandona loz.eki (Absolon, 1973) nov. comb. - 15. Fabaeformiscandona levanderi (Hirschmann, 1912). - 16. Fabaeformiscandona hyalina (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 17. Fabaeformiscandona protzi (Hartwig, 1898). - 18. Fabaeformiscandona brevicornis (Klie, 1925). - 19. Fabaeformiscandona wegelini (Petkovski, 1962). - 20. Fabaeformiscandona latens (Klie, 1940). - 21. Fabaeformiscandona breuili (Paris, 1920) nov. comb. - 22. Fabaeformiscandona bilohata (Klie, 1938). - 23. Fabaeformiscandona bilobatoides (Löffler, 1961). - Genus Schellencandona Meisch, 1996. - 1. Schellencandona schellenhergi (Klie, 1934). - 2. Schellencandona insueta (Klie, 1938). - 3. Schellencandona belgica (Klie, 1937). - 4. Schellencandona triquetra (Klie, 1936). - Genus Pseudocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Pseudocandona zschokkei (Wolf, 1920). - 2. Pseudocandona marchica (Hartwig, 1899). - 3. Pseudocandona rostrata (Brady & Norman, 1889). - 4. Pseudocandona sarsi (Hartwig, 1899). - 5. Pseudocandona hartwigi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 6. Pseudocandona lobipes (Hartwig, 1900). - 7. Pseudocandona stagnalis (Sars, 1890). - 8. Pseudocandona semicognita (Schäfer, 1934). - 9. Pseudocandona eremita (Vejdovsky, 1882). - 10. Pseudocandona szoecsi (Farkas, 1958). - 11. Pseudocandona insculpta (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 12. Pseudocandona compressa (Koch, 1838). - 13. Pseudocandona sucki (Hartwig, 1901). - 14. Pseudocandona pratensis (Hartwig, 1901). - 15. Pseudocandona albicans (Brady, 1864). - Genus Cryptocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Cryptocandona vavrai Kaufmann, 1900. - 2. Cryptocandona kieferi (Klie, 1938). - 3. Cryptocandona reducta (Alm, 1914). - 4. Cryptocandona phreaticola (Klie, 1927). - 5. Cryptocandona leruthi (Klie, 1936). - 6. Cryptocandona dudichi (Klie, 1930). - Genus Mixtacandona Klie, 1938. - 1. Mixtacandona laisi (Klie, 1938). - 2. Mixtacandona transleithanica (Löffler, 1960). - 3. Mixtacandona spandli Rogulj & Danielopol, 1993. - Genus Candonopsis Vavra, 1891. - 1. Candonopsis kingsleii (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 2. Candonopsis scourfieldi Brady, 1910. - Subfamily Cyclocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Cypria Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cypria exsculpta (Fischer, 1855). - 2. Cypria ophtalmica (Jurine, 1820). - 3. Cypria subsalsa Redeke, 1936. - 4. Cypria sywulae nom. nov. - 5. Cypria reptans Bronshtein, 1928. - Genus Physocypria Vavra, 1897. - 1. Physocypria kraepelini G.W. Müller, 1903. - Genus Cyclocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Cyclocypris globosa (Sars, 1863). - 2. Cyclocypris serena (Koch, 1838). - 3. Cyclocypris laevis (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 4. Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine, 1820). - 5. Cyclocypris helocrenica Fuhrmann & Pietrzeniuk, 1990. - Family Ilyocyprididae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Ilyocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Ilyocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr, 1808). - 2. Ilyocypris monstrifica (Norman, 1862). - 3. Ilyocypris decipiens Masi, 1905. - 4. Ilyocypris bradyi Sars, 1890. - 5. Ilyocypris inermis Kaufmann, 1900. - 6. Ilyocypris lacustris Kaufmann, 1900. - 7. Ilyocypris getica Masi, 1906. - Family Notodromadidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Notodromadinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Notodromas Lilljeborg, 1853. - 1. Notodromas monacha (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Notodromas persica Gurney, 1921. - Subfamily Cyproidinae Hartmann, 1963. - Genus Cyprois Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cyprois marginata (Straus, 1821). - Family Cyprididae Baird, 1845. - Subfamily Cypridinae Baird, 1845. - Genus Cypris O.F. Müller, 1776. - 1. Cypris pubera O.F. Müller, 1776. - 2. Cypris bispinosa Lucas, 1849. - 3. Cypris striata (Jurine, 1820). - Subfamily Eucypridinae Bronshtein, 1947. - Genus Eucypris Vâvra, 1891. - 1. Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Eucypris kerkyrensis Stephanides, 1937. - 3. Eucypris moravica Jancaffk, 1947. - 4. Eucypris lilljeborgi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 5. Eucypris elliptica (Baird, 1846). - 6. Eucypris crassa (O.F. Müller, 1785). - 7. Eucypris anglica Fox, 1967. - 8. Eucypris pigra (Fischer, 1851). - Genus Koencypris n. gen. - 1. Koencypris ornata (O.F. Müller, 1776). - Genus Prionocypris Brady & Norman, 1896. - 1. Prionocypris zenkeri (Chyzer & Toth, 1858). - Genus Tonnacypris Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1975. - 1. Tonnacypris lutaria (Koch, 1838). - Genus Trajancypris Martens, 1989. - 1. Trajancypris serrata (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 2. Trajancypris clavata (Baird, 1838). - 3. Trajancypris laevis (G.W. Müller, 1900). - Subfamily Cypricercinae McKenzie, 1971. - Genus Bradleycypris McKenzie,1982. - 1. Bradleycypris obliqua (Brady, 1868). - Genus Bradleystrandesia Broodbakker, 1983. - 1. Bradleystrandesia fuscata (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Bradleystrandesia reticulata (Zaddach, 1844). - 3. Bradleystrandesia hirsuta (Fischer, 1851). - Subfamily Herpetocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Herpetocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Herpetocypris reptans (Baird, 1835). - 2. Herpetocypris brevicaudata Kaufmann, 1900. - 3. Herpetocypris chevreuxi (Sars, 1896) 4. Herpetocypris helenae G.W. Müller, 1908. - 5. Herpetocypris interm

Note: Contents: Introduction. - 1. An assessment of the natural conditions of contaminant accumulation in the Russian Arctic Seas. - 1.1 Climate. - 1.2. Hydrological and ice conditions. - 1.3. Russian Arctic Sea Bottom Contour. - 1.4. Present-day precipitation in the Russian Arctic Seas. - 2. Sources of Russian Arctic radioactive sea contamination. - 2.1. Novaya Zemlya Nuclear-Weapon Tests. - 2.2. Chemical plants as sources of radioactive sea contamination in the Arctic. - 2.2.1. Plants in Siberia and the Urals. - 2.2.2. Radiochemical plants in Western Europe. - 2.3. Dumping solid and liquid radioactive waste in the Barents and the Kara Seas. - 2.4. The Northern Military Marine and the Atomic Icebreaker Fleet of Murmansk Sea Shipping Company. - 3. The dynamics of mass and technologenic radionuclides in the Russian Arctic Seas. - 3.1. Hydrogenic mass / radionuclide transfer. - 3.2. Gravitational mass flows in Arctic Seas. - 3.3. Transfer by ice in the Arctic Seas. - 3.4. Biogenic mass flows in Arctic Seas. - 3.5. Atmospheric mass flows. - 4. Radionuclide distribution in the Russian Arctic Sea environment. - 4.1. Radioactive contamination of sea water. - 4.2. Radioactive contamination of ice. - 4.3. Radionuclide distribution in sea bottom sediments of the Russian Arctic Seas. - 4.4. Radionuclide distribution in the atmosphere over the Russian Arctic Seas. - 5. Biological accumulation of technogenic radionuclides. - 6. Arctic radioactive contamination and the health of the population. - Conclusion. - Summary. - Terminology. - References. , In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Editor's Preface Translator's Preface Preface to Volume V of the Russian Edition, Salicaceae-Portulacaceae Preface to Volume VI of the Russian Edition, Caryophyllaceae-Ranunculaceae Abbreviations Used in Citing Floristic and Systematic Literature FAMILY XX / Salicaceae — Willow Family GENUS 1 / Populus - Poplar GENUS 2 / Chosenia - Chosenia GENUS 3 / Salix - Willow FAMILY XXI / Betulaceae — Birch Family GENUS 1 / Betula - Birch GENUS 2 / Alnaster - Green Alder GENUS 3 / Alnus - Alder FAMILY XXII / Urticaceae — Nettle Family GENUS 1 / Urtica - Nettle FAMILY XXIII / Polygonaceae — Buckwheat Family GENUS 1 / Oxyria - Mountain Sorrel GENUS 2 / Rumex - Dock, Sorrel GENUS 3 / Rheum - Rhubarb GENUS 4 / Koenigia - Koenigia GENUS 5 / Polygonum - Knotweed, Smartweed FAMILY XXIV / Chenopodiaceae — Goosefoot Family GENUS 1 / Chenopodium - Goosefoot GENUS 2 / Monolepis - Monolepis GENUS 3 / Atriplex - Orache GENUS 4 / Corispermum - Bugseed FAMILY XXV / Portulacaceae — Purslane Family GENUS 1 / Claytonia - Spring Beauty GENUS 2 / Montia - Blinks FAMILY XXVI / Caryophyllaceae — Pink Family GENUS 1 / Stellaria - Chickweed, Stitchwort GENUS 2 / Cerastium - Mouse-ear Chickweed GENUS 3 / Sagina - Pearlwort GENUS 4 / Minuartia - Minuartia GENUS 5 / Honkenya - Sea Sandwort GENUS 6 / Arenaria - Sandwort GENUS 7 / Moehringia - Groue Sandwort GENUS 8 / Merckia - Mercfo'a GENUS 9 / Spergula - Corn Spurry GENUS 10 / Spergularia - Sand Spurry GENUS 11 / Agrostemma - Corn Cockle GENUS 12 / Viscaria - Catchfly GENUS 13 / Silene - Campion GENUS 14 / Lychnis - Lychnis GENUS 15 / Coronaria - Ragged Robin GENUS 16 / Gastrolychnis - Gastrolychnis GENUS 17 / Gypsophila - Baby's-breath GENUS 18 / Dianthus - Pink FAMILY XXVII / Faeoniaceae — Peony Family GENUS 1 /Paeonia - Peony FAMILY XXVIII / Ranunculaceae — Buttercup Family GENUS 1 / Caltha - Marsh Marigold GENUS 2 / Trollius - Globe Flower GENUS 2a / Coptis - Goldthread GENUS 3 / Aquilegia - Columbine GENUS 4 / Delphinium - Larkspur GENUS 5 / Aconitum - Monkshood GENUS 6 7 Anemone - Anemone GENUS 7 / Pulsatilla - Pasque Flower GENUS 8 / Atragene - Alpine Clematis GENUS 9 / Oxygraphis - Oxygraphis GENUS 10 / Beckwithia - Beckwithia GENUS 11 / Batrachium - White Water Crowfoot GENUS 12 / Ranunculus - Buttercup GENUS 13 / Thalictrum - Meadow Rue APPENDIX I / Summary of Data on the Geographical Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic TABLE 5 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Salicaceae-Ranunculaceae Index of Plant Names

Note: Contents: Foreword. - A second foreword. - Phycogeographic aspects. - Lists of the new taxa. - Acknowledgements. - Description of the taxa. - Centric diatoms. - Araphid diatoms. - Raphid diatoms. - Monoraphid diatoms. - Biraphid diatoms. - Naviculaceae (in traditional sense). - Bacillariaceae. - Auriculaceae. - Epithemiaceae. - Surirellaceae. - Latin - diagnosis. - Plates. - Bibliography. - Index of the taxa.

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000 : the expedition LENA 1999 / by the participants of the expedition edited by Volker Rachold and Mikhail N. Gregoriev , Enthaltener Beitrag: Eurasian ice sheets : German-Russian expedition Polar Ural '99 / Wolf-Dieter Hermichen, Annette Gierlichs, Frank Wischer and Dmitry Bolshiyanov , Contents for "Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000 : the expedition LENA 1999" 1 lntroduction 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Selection of working areas 2.2 General logistics and transport 2.3 Time tables of individual working groups 2.3.1 Team 1 a-C (Samoylov Island) 2.3.2 Team 2 a (Arga Island) 2.3.3 Team 2 b (RV Dunay) 2.3.3 Team 3 (Lyahkovsky Island) 2.3.4 Team 4 (Olenyokskaya Channel) 2.3.5 Team 5 (Bykovsky Peninsula) 2.4 Appendix Table A2-1: List of participants Table A2-2: Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes in Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 General Introduction 3.2 The distribution of soils on Samoylov Island and other comparison sites of the Lena Delta 3.3 Thermal and hydrologic dynamics of the active layer 3.4 Seasonal variability of trace gas emission (CH4,CO2) and in situ process studies 3.4.1 Methode and field experiments 3.4.2 Preliminary Results 3.5 CO2 - Fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.1 Team 1 A (winter) 3.5.1.1 Introduction 3.5.1.2 Field studies 3.5.2 Team 1 B (spring) 3.5.2.1 Introduction 3.5.2.2 Field studies 3.5.3 Team 1 C (summer) 3.5.3.1 lntroduction 3.5.3.2 Methods and first results of field work 3.5.4 Description of the sites and profiles 3.6 Monitoring for bird populations in the Lena Delta 3.6.1 Methods and materials 3.6.2 Results and discussion 3.7 References 3.8 Appendix Table A3-1: List of soil samples Table A3-2: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the nesting period (ind.110 km) Table A3-3: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the brood period (ind.110 km) Table A3-4: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the fall migration period (ind.110 km) 4 Coastal Processes in the Laptev Sea and the Environmental History of the Lena Delta 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Lake sediment studies on Arga Island 4.2.1 lntroduction 4.2.2 Samples and methods 4.2.3 Preliminary results 4.3 Coastal erosion studies in the Laptev Sea 43.1 lntroduction 4.3.2 Methods 4.3.3 Preliminary results 4.4 Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Western and Central Sectors of the Lena Delta 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 Study area 4.4.4 Results of the field studies 4.4.5 Preliminary conclusions 4.5 Observations of water level oscillations in the Olenyokskaya Channel 4.6 Aeolian sedimentation processes in the Lena Delta 4.7 References 4.8 Appendix Table A4-1: List of stations for lake sediment studies on Arga Island Table A4-2: List of samples for lake sediment studies on Arga Island Table A4-3: Boreholes temperature measurments in Nikolay Lake (Arga Island) and Ivashkina lagoon, May 1999 Table A4-4: List of stations for coastal erosion studies Table A4-5: List of samples for coastal erosion studies Table A4-6: Water temperature profiles (°C) along the Laptev Sea coast Table A4-7: Hydrometeorological characteristics along the Laptev Sea coast (bottom water temperature - Tb, air temperature -Ta) Table A4-8: List of samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Lena Delta Table A4-9: Bone samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Lena Delta 5 Paleociimate Signals of Ice-rich Permafrost 5.1 Quaternary deposits of Big Lyakhovsky Island 5.1.1 lntrorfuction 5.1.2 Genlogical-geomorphological situation 5.1.3 Methods of field studies 5.1.4 Description of the outcrop 5.1.5 Cryolithological and sedimentological studies 5.1.6 Geochronometric age determination 5.1.7 Thermokarst processes 5.1.8 Ground ice and water 5.1.9 Paleontological research at the southern coast of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island 5.1.10 Recent and fossil soils 5.1.11 Trip to Khaptagai Tas hills - study of recent Snow patch phenomena 5.2 Ice Complex On Bykovsky Peninsula 5.2.1 Research aims 5.2.2 Site survey and geomorphologic observations 5.2.3 Sampling sites 5.2.4 Stratigraphie and sedimentological observations 5.2.5 Cryolithological observations 5.2.6 The sampling methods and the samples collected 5.2.7 Mammal bone collecting 5.2.8 Conclusion 5.3 References 5.4 Appendix A5-1 : Profile map of sample positions (German version) A5-1-1 : Legend A5-2: Profile map (Russian version) A5-2-1: Schematic profile of permafrost deposits . South coast of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island A5-2-2: Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. south coast. R-side exposure A5-2-3: Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. south coast. L-side exposure A5-3: List of sediment samples collected on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island A5-4: List of OSL-samples A5-5: List of alas samples A5-6: List of water and ice samples collected on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky island during field season 1999 A5-7: List of bone samples A5-8: List of small fossil samples (rodents, insects, ostracodes, seeds) A5-9: List of peat samples for botanical analysis A5-10: List of mollusc samples A5-11: List of sarnples for paleomagnetics A5-12: Description of soll profiles A5-13: List of samples collected by the Bykovsky team at the upper part of MKh main section in 1999 A5-14: The composition of the marnrnal bone collection (Bykovsky Peninsula. 1999) A5-15: Mammal bones, found in 1999 within the Mamontova Khayata cliff (Bykovsky Peninsula)

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Text teilweise in Deutsch, Englisch und Latein

Note: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:1993-

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Science Highlights. - Why Study the Oceans?. - The Role of the Ocean in the Global Carbon Cycle. - The physical and biological pumps. - The “breathing of the oceans”. - Human perturbations to ocean CO2 uptake. - Detecting the human signal in the ocean. - Will the oceans continue to absorb anthropogenic CO2?. - The Components of the Ocean Carbon Cycle. - Measuring global primary production. - Factors that affect the strength of the biological pump. - Quantifying the magnitude of the biological pump. - Fluxes reaching the deep sea. - Assessing Changes Over Time. - Increasing CO2 content in the upper ocean. - Changes in community structure. - Models and Predictions. - Modelling chlorophyll and nitrate in the water column. - Models of the global carbon cycle. - The way forward. - Challenges For the Future. - About JGOFS.