ALBERT

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Table of Contents: 1. Data description. - Origin. - Changes in Operational Analysis Systems. - Geopotential grid processing. - Temperature, wind and wave flux calculations. - 2. Statistical calculations. - 3. References. - 4. Results. - Monthly average meridional cross sections. - Means and variances of zonal mean winds, temperatures and wave fluxes, plus stationary and transient wave statistics. - Hemispheric polar projections for January, April, July and October. - Mean geopotential height, temperature, wind speed and daily geopotential variance maps for 700, 500, 300, 100, 50, 10 and 1 mb. - Ensemble average latitude-time diagrams. - Zonal mean winds and temperatures, and stationary and transient eddy geopotential height, temperature and wave flux quantities. - Ensemble average height-time diagrams. - Zonal mean winds and temperatures, and stationary and transient eddy geopotential heights and temperatures. - Latitude-time and height-time diagrams of zonal winds and rms geopotential, height wave amplitudes for individual years 1979-1990. - Tables of monthly mean temperatures and zonal winds.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Nr. 1 Untersuchung der Polarisation und anderer Eigenschaften der langperiodischen Mikroseismik von Uwe Walzer (1969) , Nr. 2 Durchführung spezieller geophysikalischer Analogieexperimente und ihre Deutung von Horst Hänsel und Hans-Joachim Wilke (1969) , Nr. 3 Zur Einwirkung der Stativelastizität auf Amplituden und Phasen von Schwerependeln von Claus Elstner (1969)

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Univ., Diplomarbeit--Bochum, 1992

Note: 1 INTRODUCTION 9 --- 1.1 General Remarks 11 --- 1.2 Remote Sensing and Forest Damage 11 --- 1.3 Aerial and terrestrial Inventory 13 --- 2 COLOUR-INFRARED FILM 15 --- 2.1 General characteristics of films 17 --- 2.1.1 Film structure and dimensions 17 --- 2.1.2 Image structure characteristics 17 --- 2.1.3 Sensitometric characteristics 17 --- 2.1.4 Other characteristics 19 --- 2.2 Film material 19 --- 2.2.1 Characteristics of KODAK Aerochrome II Infrared 2443 (second edition) 19 --- 2.2.1.1 Properties 19 --- 2.2.1.2 Film handling and processing for small format cameras 21 --- 2.2.1.3 Control and standardisation of colour quality 21 --- 2.2.2 Characteristics of KODAK Aerochrome II Infrared Special Order 134 22 --- 2.2.3 Characteristics of other CIR- film material 22 --- 2.3 General recommendations 22 --- 2.3.1 Storage of unexposed films 22 --- 2.3.2 Processing of exposed film 23 --- 2.3.3 Clearance 23 --- 2.3.4 Storage of the aerial photographs and organisation of a library 23 --- 3 FLIGHT PARAMETERS 25 --- 3.1 Preliminary remarks 27 --- 3.2 Equipment and Material 27 --- 3.2.1 The aircraft 27 --- 3.2.2 The camera 27 --- 3.3 Pre-flight planning and flight conditions 29 --- 3.4 Call for tenders and the contract for the aerial photography 31 --- 4 INVENTORY CONCEPT 35 --- 4.1 Preliminary remarks 37 --- 4.2 Selection criteria foran inventory concept 37 --- 4.3 Systematics for forest damage inventories 38 --- 4.4 Inventory concepts for inventories on a regional or countrywide scale 38 --- 4.4.1 One-stage sampling 39 --- 4.4.2 Multistage Sampling 39 --- 4.4.2.1 Sample Level: Aerial photography 39 --- 4.4.2.2 Sample Level: Aerial photographs to be evaluated 41 --- 4.4.2.3 Sample Level: Sample points to be selected 42 --- 4.4.2.4 Sample Level: Selection of trees 43 --- 4.5 Inventories for forest districts or local areas 44 --- 4.5.1 One-stage sampling 44 --- 4.5.2 Two-stage sampling 46 --- 4.6 Assessment and monitoring of permanent test sites and specific stands 47 --- 4.6.1 General remarks 47 --- 4.6.2 Inventory concept 47 --- 4.6.3 How to find the test site in aerial photographs 47 --- 4.6.4 General evaluation techniques 48 --- 4.6.5 Application of terrestrial photographs 49 --- 4.6.6 The application of remote sensing to the intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems (Level 2 Programme) 50 --- 4.6.6.1 Description of each option 50 --- 4.6.6.2 Repetition 53 --- 4.6.6.3 Output 53 --- 4.6.6.4 Critical review of aerial photography versus terrestrial survey 54 --- 5 PHOTOINTERPRETATION 57 --- 5.1 Interpretation of CIR aerial photographs for the assessment of forest conditions 59 --- 5.1.1 Preliminary-remark 59 --- 5.1.2. Requirements 59 --- 5.1.3 Applicability 60 --- 5.1.4 Construction of Interpretation Keys 60 --- 5.1.5 Main criteria of classification 60 --- 5.1.5.1 Crown thinning characteristics 60 --- 5.1.5.2 Chlorosis characteristics 61 --- 5.1.5.3 Special characteristics 61 --- 5.1.6 Verification and adjustment 62 --- 5.1.7 Glossary 62 --- 5.2 Interpretation Keys for the assessment of crown condition of European tree species 65 --- 5.2.1 Interpretation Key for Norway Spruce (Picea abies) 65 --- 5.2.2 Interpretation Key for Beech (Fagus sylvatica) 77 --- 5.2.3 Interpretation Key for Oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petrea) 85 --- 5.2.4 Interpretation Key for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) 93 --- 5.2.5 Interpretation Key for Silver Fir (Abies alba) 103 --- 5.2.6 Interpretation Key for Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris) 111 --- 5.2.7 Interpretation Key for European Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 117 --- 5.2.8 Interpretation Key for Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) 123 --- 5.2.9 Interpretation Key for Machia 129 --- 5.2.10 Interpretation Key for Umbrella Pine (Pinus pinea) 135 --- 5.2.11 Interpretation Key for Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) 141 --- 5.2.12 Interpretation Key for Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) 147 --- 5.2.13 Interpretation Key for Black Pine (Pinus nigra, var.austriaca) 153 --- 5.2.14 Interpretation Key for Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) 157 --- 5.2.15 Interpretation Key for Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) 163 --- 5.2.16 Interpretation Key for European Larch (Larix decidua) 169 --- 5.2.17 Interpretation Key for Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 175 --- 5.3 Interpretation Key for stand damage levels in medium scaled CIR- aerial photographs. 181 --- 5.4 Interpretation key for determining the natural age class of forest stands 185 --- 5.5 Compilation of additional Interpretation Keys 193 --- 5.6 Requirement profile for aerial photograph - interpreters and their training 194 --- 5.7 Preparation of interpretation work 195 --- 5.8 Conduction of interpretation work 196 --- 5.8.1 Perception and interpretation of aerial photographs 196 --- 5.8.2 Control check of the interpretation 197 --- 5.9 Visual interpretation versus densitometric measurement 198 --- 5.10 Interpretation instruments 198 --- 6 STATISTICS 201 --- 6.1 Statistical analysis 203 --- 6.1.1 Selection of single trees 203 --- 6.1.2 Selection of trees on sample plots 204 --- 6.1.3 Confidence intervals for more than 2 classes 204 --- 6.1.4 Sample size for estimating proportions 205 --- 6.2 Estimation of changes over time 206 --- 6.2.1 Overlap of confidence intervals 206 --- 6.2.2 Proportion of plots or trees without any change 207 --- 6.2.3 Change matrices 207 --- 6.2.4 Coefficients of agreement 208 --- 6.3 Spatial statistics 210 --- 6.4 Statistical software 210 --- 7 Bibliography 211

Note: Contents: Introduction. - 1 Atmosphere: Origin, Composition, and Structure. - Understanding the Atmosphere. - Evolution of the Atmosphere. - Probing the Atmosphere. - Temperature Profile of the Atmosphere. - The Ionosphere and the Aurora. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Martian Atmosphere. - Special Topic: The Ionosphere and Radio Transmission. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 2 Radiation. - Electromagnetic Radiation. - Radiation Laws. - Input of Solar Radiation. - Solar Radiation and the Atmosphere. - The Ozone Shield. - Solar Radiation and the Earth's Surface. - Solar Radiation Budget. - Infrared Response and the Greenhouse Effect. - Radiation Measurement. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Why Is the Sky Blue?. - Special Topic: The Hazards of Sunbathing. - Weather Fact: Greenhouse Effect on Mars and Venus. - Mathematical Note: Blackbody Radiation Laws. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 3 Heat and Temperature. - Distinguishing Heat and Temperature. - Temperature Scales. - Temperature Measurement. - Heat Units. - Transport of Heat. - Specific Heat. - Heating and Cooling Degree-days. - Windchill. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Temperature and Human Comfort. - Special Topic: Temperature and Crop Yields. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 4 Heat Imbalances and Weather. - Heat Imbalance: Atmosphere Versus Earth's Surface. - Heat Imbalance: Variation by Latitude. - Weather: Response to Heat Imbalances. - Variation of Air Temperature. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Unique Thermal Properties of Water. - Special Topic: Solar Power. - Weather Fact: Why Mountaintops Are Cold. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions . - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 5 Air Pressure. - Defining Air Pressure. - Pressure Balance. - Variation with Altitude. - Horizontal Variations. - Highs and Lows. - Air Pressure Measurement. - Pressure Units. - The Gas Law. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Human Response to Changes in Air Pressure. - Special Topic: Altimetry. - Mathematical Note: The Gas Law. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 6 Humidity and Stability. - The Hydrologic Cycle. - How Humid Is It?. - The Saturation Concept. - Relative Humidity. - Humidification. - Humidity Measurement. - Achieving Saturation. - Atmospheric Stability. - Lifting Processes. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Humidity and Human Comfort. - Special Topic: Clouds by Mixing. - Weather Fact: The Rainiest Place on Earth. - Mathematical Note: Energy Conservation and the Dry Adiabatic Process. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 7 Dew, Frost, Fog, and Clouds. - Low-Level Saturation Processes. - Cloud Development. - Classification of Clouds. - Unusual Clouds. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Freeze Prevention. - Special Topic: Jack Frost and Autumn Color. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 8 Precipitation, Weather Modification, and Atmospheric Optics. - Precipitation Processes. - Forms of Precipitation. - Precipitation Measurement. - Weather Modification. - Atmospheric Optics. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: When Is It Too Cold or Too Warm to Snow?. - Special Topic: Mirages. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 9 The Wind. - The Forces. - Joining Forces. - Continuity of Wind. - Scales of Weather Systems. - Wind Pressure. - Wind Measurement. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Wind Power. - Special Topic: Wind Gusts, Wind Shear, and Atmospheric Stability. - Weather Fact: The Windiest Place on Earth. - Mathematical Note: Geostrophic and Gradient Winds. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 10 Planetary-Scale Circulation. - Idealized Circulation Pattern. - Pressure Systems and Wind Belts. - Upper-Air Westerlies. - El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The ENSO Event of 1982-83. - Mathematical Note: The Polar Front and the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 11 Air Masses, Fronts, Cyclones, and Anticyclones by Patrìda M. Pauley. - Air Masses. - Frontal Weather. - Midlatitude Cyclones. - Anticyclones. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Case of the Missing Storm. - Mathematical Note: Vorticity. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 12 Local and Regional Circulation Systems. - Monsoons. - Land and Sea (or Lake) Breezes. - Lake-Effect Snows. - Heat Island Circulation. - Katabatic Winds. - Chinook Winds. - Desert Winds. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Conclusion. - Special Topic: Monsoon Failure and Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 13 Thunderstorms. - Thunderstorm Life Cycle. - Thunderstorm Genesis. - Geographical Distribution. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Thunderstorm Hazards. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Lightning Safety. - Special Topic: Hail Suppression. - Weather Fact: The Rumble of Thunder. - Key Terms. - Summary Statement. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 14 Tornadoes. - Tornado Characteristics. - Distribution of Tornadoes. - Hazards of Tornadoes. - The F-Scale. - The Tornado-Thunderstorm Connection. - Tornado Look-Alikes. - Weather Radar. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Wind Profilers. - Weather Fact: Tornado Oddities. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 15 Hurricanes. - Hurricane Characteristics. - Distribution of Hurricanes. - Hazards of Hurricanes. - Life Cycle of Tropical Storms. - Hurricane Threat to the Southeast. - Hurricane Modification. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Atlantic Hurricanes and West African Rainfall. - Weather Fact: Naming Hurricanes. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 16 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - World Meteorological Organization. - Acquisition of Weather Data. - Meteorology by Satallite. - Data Depiction on Weather Maps. - Weather Prediction. - Communication and Dissemination. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Weather Proverbs: Fact or Fiction?. - Special Topic: Aviation Weather Hazards. - Mathematical Note: Some Orbital Characteristics of Weather Satellites. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 17 Air Pollution Meteorology. - Air Pollutants. - Air Pollution Episodes. - Air Pollution's Impact on Weather. - The Ozone Shield. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Principal Air Pollutants. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 18 World Climates. - Describing Climate. - Climate Controls. - Global Patterns of Climate. - Climate Classification. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: 1816, The Year Without a Summer?. - Special Topic: Agroclimatic Compensation: The Be

Note: Contents: I The mechanical properties of rocks. - II The theory of elastic waves. - III Observational seismology. - IV The theory of the figures of the earth and moon. - V The figures of the earth and moon. Discussion of observations. - VI Stress-differences in the earth. - VII The variation of latitude and the bodily tide. - VIII Tidal friction. - IX The age of the earth. - X The thermal history of the earth. - XI The origin of the earth's surface features. - XII Special problems. - Appendices. - A Critical stress-difference. - B The straining of a uniform sphere. - C Castigliano's principle. - D Cooling of a sphere. - E Long-period tides. - Notes. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1999. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 1999 schedule. - Overview of 1999 schedule. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 2000 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 2000. - NGRIP documentation. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 2000. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp (not all updated). - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches (not updated). - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway and local topography. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 91 - 31 March 92). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 92 - 31 March 93). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 93). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.

Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 90 - 31 March 91). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 91 - 31 March 92). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 92). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS: Report on the 1995 activities of GRIP Operation Center (GOC). - Objective. - Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord). - Preparation of field season. - Start of field season. - Communication. - Medevac. - Acknowledgement. - 1995 Field Season, Diary. - Maintenance / Logistics. - Bulk supplies. - Table of C130 flights. - Table of Twin Otter flights. - List of participants. - GRIP 1995 sub programs. - GRIP summaries 1989-1995. - GOC documentation 1989-1994. - Sitreps. - Daily reports from DOME GRIP. - Map of Northern Greenland. - List of GRIP addresses. - Tasks of GOC.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Mit Zusammenfassung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definition of whiteout Scope of this study Instrumentation and observations Location of project: Fog particle measurements Atmospheric humidity measurements Visibility measurements Air temperature measurements Radiation measurements Atmospheric nuclei Observations of fog whiteout Conditions prior to onset of whiteout Conditions at time of arrival and during whiteout Micro-structure of fog whiteout Analysis of moisture balance during two selected cases Synoptic situation for case 1 Synoptic situation for case 2 Computations Attempts at fog whiteout dispersal References Appendix A - Freezing nuclei observations Appendix B - Absolute humidity gradient data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Review of existing theories The compression characteristic Characteristic directions Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Proof of Yamaguchi's principle Appendix B. Strain-rate tensor in the strain-rate characteristic line coordinates Appendix C. Stress, strain-rate relationship Appendix D. Bearing on the. Drucker and Prager three -dimensional deformation Appendix E. Notation

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Temperature correction factors Crushing strength Tensile strength · Shear strength Torsional shear strength Work of disaggregation of snow Angle of internal friction and apparent unit cohesion Discussion of results References

Note: CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Instrumentation Recording of data III. Results Global radiation Albedo of snow Diffuse sky radiation Effect of clouds on radiation Atmospheric and terrestrial radiation Effect of low sun angle on measured radiation Global radiation gradient Atmospheric transmission coefficient Heat balance of snow cover Applied use of solar energy References. Appendix

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Ring tensile strength Flexural strength of small beams Flexural strength of inplace beams Crushing strength Shear strength Discussion of results References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Results at Site 2 Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Chapter I. Introduction Greenland Glaciers and stratigraphy The Greenland ice sheet - a rock formation Region of investigation Chapter II. Methods of investigation Stratigraphy Accumulation measurements Work program at pit stations General description of pits Temperature Hardness Density, stratigraphy, and grain size Accuracy of density measurements Photography Core drilling Air permeability and mechanical tests Elevation measurements Barometric altimetry Transit leveling Chapter III. Basic concepts and definitions Summer melt Soaking Complete soaking Localized percolation Stability Diagenetic facies Chapter IV. Presentation and discussion of results Grain size and morphology Grain size Morphology Temperature Seasonal variation and mean annual temperature Thermal effect of an open pit Constancy of climate Facies in terms of temperature data Hardness Continuity of strata Effect of wind Increase in R with depth below snow surface Facies in terms of hardness data Density Depth vs density data Depth vs load data Attempts to formulate depth vs density Facies in terms of density data Glacier facies - a classification of glaciers Chapter V. Stratigraphy and accumulation Stratigraphy Stratigraphic interpretation at station 1-0 Correlation between stratigraphic and meteorological records Accumulation Integrated qepth-density curves Measurement of accumulation on surface marker plates Pole-marker measurements Stratigraphic correlation Selection of a reference datum in the annual stratigraphic sequence Correlation across the traverse Effects of topography Chapter VI. Meteorological and climatological implications Winds Precipitation Annual heat exchange References Appendix A: Stratigraphy, meteorology and glaciology Appendix B: Logistics and development of the research program Appendix C: Tables

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. APPLICATION OF ISOLINES FOR DEPICTING ASPECTS OF THE SNOW COVER Visual Problems Use of a simplified base map Other solutions Substantive Problems Observational errors Sampling errors Bias error Effect of reliability of data on isolines Conclusion The ''reasoned distribution'' Effects of substantive problems Conclusion II. DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER MEASURES, INDICES, AND METHODS FOR DEPICTING SNOW COVER CONDITIONS Examples of Possible Normal Indices of Snow Cover Average snow depth at end of the maximum month Average monthly snow depths by superimposed or located line graphs Time aspects Snowfall Selected Statistical Parameters of a Particular Value Extreme values Frequency values Measures of variability Conclusion III. SNOW REGIONS: AN APPROACH TO MAPPING SNOW COVER Snow Region Concept Descriptions of Snow Regions 1. Pacific Coast and Coastal Valley Region 2. The Mountain Zone 3. Great Plains Region 4. The Mackenzie-Manitoba Region 5. Upper Ontario Region 6. Northern Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region 7. Labrador Region 8. The Northern Arctic Region 9. Ungava-Baffinland Region Conclusions IV. CURRENT SNOW DATA MAPS Introduction Ground Observer's Code Suggested code for "Ground Observer's Snow Report" Comments Symbols for a comprehensive station model Air Observation Code Comments Station Model for Aircraft Snow Observations A Simplified Snow Observation Report . Introduction Proposed code and symbols for station model based on Simplified Snow Observation Report Conclusion Chapter V. MAPPING SNOW DENSITY Introduction Limitations of Data for Mapping Available data Reliability of the data Natural variations in density Snow Density Maps of Eastern Canada Statistical Investigation of Density: Eastern Canada Test for area differences Estimating regional trends in density: Orthogonal polynomials Regional density changes during the winter Conclusions: Statistical investigations Estimating Snow Density from Meteorological Data Relation of density to wind speed and temperature Application of Dmitrieva's equation Conclusion VI. CONCLUSION Snow Cover Maps: Small Scale Compilations of Various Aspects of Their Parameters Preparation of Synoptic Current Snow Data Maps Snow Density Research Investigation of Drift and Erosional Surfaces Initiation of Systematic Collection and Recording of Snow Data Internationally Research Reports Based on Existing Literature .

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Snow samples Procedure Experimental results Fraction 150-300 µ Fraction 0-150 µ Mixture of fractions Conclusions

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Test apparatus and experimental procedures Experimental results Conclusions References

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental Analysis The shear of glaciers Tunnel closure Conclusions References

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus and technique Preparation of snow fractions Experimental results Aging of snow cylinders Compressive strength as a function of particle size Mixture of fractions Influence of gases on the compressive strength of snow Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Apparatus Materials Procedure Experimental results References

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus and method Experimental results and discussion Historical background Range of Darcy's law Effect of porosity on the permeability of snow Bader's equation Conclusion References Appendix I. Snow conversion table: Density to absolute porosity Appendix II. Effect on permeability of varying porosity in the sample Porosity varies with length Porosity varies with cross section

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Climatic parameters which may affect arctic snow-cover density Results of study Regional variations in snow-cover density Prediction of average monthly snow-cover density in the arctic from air temperature and wind velocity Comparison of observed snow-cover density with density computed from the nomographs Relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature Relation between hardness and density of the snow cover References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction The principle of pendulum steering Analysis of the power requirements The upper heater control Laboratory tests Summary

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Observations on the Nuna ramp Sample collection Distribution of the cryoconite holes Observations in the Thule ramp Physical analyses of the cryoconite Biological assay of the cryoconite References Appendix: A study of the bacteria and fungus content of the cryoconite of the Thule area

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Types of ice Experiments Results Creep curves Flow law References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction and statement of the problem Solution of the boundary value problems for simply supported boundaries Semi-infinite plate Wedge-shaped plate Rectangular corner plate Infinite strip Semi-infinite strip Rectangular plate Remarks on the problem of arbitrary load distribution References Appendix A Appendix B

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary 1. lntroduction General background Previous work The Greenland Ice sheet Present work Ice core studies ll. Field procedures General background Subsurface snow laboratory Core reference datum Core handling and processing Ill. Macroscopic stratigraphy General background Polar stratigraphy General observations and results Discussion of results and conclusions above 100 m IV. Detailed stratigraphic studies General background Macroscopic stratigraphy at 100 m Results of analysis and discussion Summary and conclusions V. Oxygen isotope studies General background Previous work Deep ice core 0-isotope stratigraphy Results of analyses Summary and conclusions Vl. Chemical composition studies General background Previous work Factors influencing the chemistry of glaciers Deep core stratigraphy using chemical variations Results of analyses and discussion Summary and interpretation of the 300 m results Geochemistry of the ice sheet Results of analyses and discussion Summary and conclusions Vll. Cosmic dust studies General background Previous work Origin of extraterrestrial dust Deep ice core and near surface studies Results of analyses Discussion of results Summary and conclusions VIII. Climatological implications General background Recent history of the inland ice Past history from the deep core Summary and conclusions- IX. Summary and conclusions Discussion Post Site l deep drilling programs Selected bibliography Appendix A. Sorge's law Appendix B. Thinning of layers Appendix C. Statistical terms Appendix D. Average density determinations for meter increments from the surface to 411.21 meters , Site 2, Greenland

Note: Table of Contents Introduction Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 1-11, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.01 The symposium meeting Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 13-14, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.02 Part I: Symposium Papers Introduction to Part I Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 15-16, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.03 Life in Pre-Cambrian and early Cambrian times John Watson Cowie Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 17-35, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.04 The significance of certain trace-fossil ranges Roland Goldring Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 37-39, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.05 Fluctuations in the evolution of Palaeozoic intertebrates Michael Robert House Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 41-54, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.06 The origins of some Silurian enteletacean brachiopods Victor Gordon Walmsley Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 55-56, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.07 Permo-Triassic extinction Frank Harold Trevor Rhodes Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 57-76, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.08 Changes in terrestrial vertebrate faunas during the Mesozoic C. B. Cox Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 77-89, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.09 Some Cretaceous-Tertiary marine faunal changes John Michael Hancock Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 91-104, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.10 Major features of the evolution of echinoids Graeme Maxwell Philip Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 105-106, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.11 Plant-insect relationships in Palaeozoic and later time Norman Francis Hughes and John Smart Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 107-117, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.12 Biochemical evolution and the fossil record Lambert Beverly Halstead Tarlo Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 119-132, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.13 Fossil birds and their adaptive radiation James Fisher Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 133-154, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.14 General Discussion Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 155-156, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.15 Part II: Documentation of the Fossil Record Introduction to Part II Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 158-159, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.16 Plantae Plantae N. F. H. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 162, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.17 Chapter 1 Thallophyta—1 H. P. Banks, K. I. M. Chesters, N. F. Hughes, G. A. L. Johnson, H. M. Johnson and L. R. Moore Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 163-180, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.18 Chapter 2 Thallophyta—2 M. Black, C. Downie, R. Ross and W. A. S. Sarjeant Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 181-209, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.19 Chapter 3 Bryophyta and Charophyta* L. J. Grambast and W. S. Lacey Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 211-217, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.20 Chapter 4 Pteridophyta—1 H. P. Banks, W. G. Chaloner and W. S. Lacey Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 219-231, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.21 Chapter 5 Pteridophyta—2 H. P. Banks, M. G. Collett, F. R. Gnauck and N. F. Hughes Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 233-245, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.22 Chapter 6 Gymnospermophyta K.L. Alvin, P. D. W. Barnard, T.M. Harris, N. F. Hughes, R. H. Wagner and A. Wesley Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 247-268, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.23 Chapter 7 Angiospermae K. I. M. Chesters, F. R. Gnauck and N. F. Hughes Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 269-288, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.24 Invertebrata Invertebrata M. J. S. R. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 290, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.25 Chapter 8 Protozoa F. T. Banner, W. J. Clarke, J. L. Cutbill, F. E. Eames, A. J. Lloyd, W. R. Riedel and A. H. Smout Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 291-332, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.26 Chapter 9 Porifera and Archaeocyatha R. M. Finks and D. Hill Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 333-345, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.27 Chapter 10 Coelenterata G. A. L. Johnson, I. D. Sutton, F. M. Taylor and G. Thomas Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 347-378, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.28 Chapter 11 Bryozoa G. P. Larwood, A. W. Medd, D. E. Owen and R. Tavener-Smith Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 379-395, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.29 Chapter 12 Brachiopoda D. V. Ager, P. Copper, G. M. Dunlop, G. F. Elliott, F. A. Middlemiss, A. J. Rowell, A. Williams and A. D. Wright Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 397-421, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.30 Chapter 13 Mollusca: Amphineura, Monoplacophora and Gastropoda D. Curry and N. J. Morris Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 423-430, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.31 Chapter 14 Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Nautiloidea) C.H. Holland Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 431-443, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.32 Chapter 15 Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Ammonoidea) D. T. Donovan, F. Hodson, M. K. Howarth, M. R. House, E. T. Tozer and C. W. Wright Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 445-460, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.33 Chapter 16 Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea) D. T. Donovan and J. M. Hancock Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 461-467, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.34 Chapter 17 Mollusca: Scaphopoda and Bivalvia N. J. Morris Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 469-477, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.35 Chapter 18 Arthropoda: Protarthropoda and Trilobitomorpha J. W. Cowie, W. T. Dean, R. Goldring, W. D. I. Rolfe, A. W. A. Rushton, J. T. Temple and R. P. Tripp Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2, 479-497, 1 January 1967, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1967.002.01.36

Note: Contents Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: Preface --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: On the description and modelling of glacimarine sediments and sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.01 --- G. S. Boulton: Sedimentary and sea level changes during glacial cycles and their control on glacimarine facies architecture / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:15-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.02 --- Ross D. Powell: Glacimarine processes at grounding-line fans and their growth to ice-contact deltas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:53-73, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.03 --- Ellen A. Cowan and Ross D. Powell: Suspended sediment transport and deposition of cyclically interlaminated sediment in a temperate glacial fjord, Alaska, U.S.A. / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:75-89, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.04 --- Eugene W. Domack: Laminated terrigenous sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula: the role of subglacial and marine processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:91-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.05 --- Robert Gilbert: Rafting in glacimarine environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:105-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.06 --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and Tavi Murray: Modelling rates of sedimentation from icebergs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:121-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.07 --- Paul R. Carlson, Terry R. Bruns, and Michael A. Fisher: Development of slope valleys in the glacimarine environment of a complex subduction zone, Northern Gulf of Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:139-153, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.08 --- Alec E. Aitken: Fossilization potential of Arctic fjord and continental shelf benthic macrofaunas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:155-176, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.09 --- James P. M. Syvitski, K. William G. LeBlanc, and R. E. Cranston: The flux and preservation of organic carbon in Baffin Island fjords / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:177-199, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.10 --- Ian J. Fairchild and Baruch Spiro: Carbonate minerals in glacial sediments: geochemical clues to palaeoenvironment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:201-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.11 --- C. M. T. Woodworth-Lynas and J. Y. Guigné: Iceberg scours in the geological record: examples from glacial Lake Agassiz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:217-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.12 --- Jens Bischof, Joachim Koch, Michaela Kubisch, Robert F. Spielhagen, and Jörn Thiede: Nordic Seas surface ice drift reconstructions: evidence from ice rafted coal fragments during oxygen isotope stage 6 / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:235-251, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.13 --- Anders Solheim, Lars Russwurm, Anders Elverhøi, and Mona Nyland Berg: Glacial geomorphic features in the northern Barents Sea: direct evidence for grounded ice and implications for the pattern of deglaciation and late glacial sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:253-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.14 --- Tore O. Vorren, Erland Lebesbye, and Kjell B. Larsen: Geometry and genesis of the glacigenic sediments in the southern Barents Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:269-288, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.15 --- D. Huddart and J. D. Peacock: Early Holocene morainal bank sedimentology and marine ecology, Skjoldungebrae gorge, North Scoresby Land, East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:289-305, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.16 --- Rodney L. Stevens: Proximal and distal glacimarine deposits in southwestern Sweden: contrasts in sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:307-316, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.17 --- A. R. Lord: The Pleistocene—Holocene transition in Southwestern Sweden and the recognition of deglaciation effects in adjacent seas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:317-328, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.18 --- J. D. Scourse, W. E. N. Austin, R. M. Bateman, J. A. Catt, C. D. R. Evans, J. E. Robinson, and J. R. Young: Sedimentology and micropalaeontology of glacimarine sediments from the Central and Southwestern Celtic Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:329-347, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.19 --- M. S. Stoker: Glacially-influenced sedimentation on the Hebridean slope, northwestern United Kingdom continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:349-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.20 --- Carolyn H. Eyles and Martin B. Lagoe: Sedimentation patterns and facies geometries on a temperate glacially-influenced continental shelf: the Yakataga Formation, Middleton Island, Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:363-386, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.21 --- A. C. M. Moncrieff and M. J. Hambrey: Marginal-marine glacial sedimentation in the late Precambrian succession of East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:387-410, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.22

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite [255] - 276. - Includes index