ALBERT

Note: Chapter 1. Introduction by Charles T. Prewitt, p. 1 - 4 Chapter 2. Crystal Chemistry of Silicate Pyroxenes by Maryellen Cameron and James J. Papike, p. 5 - 92 Chapter 3. Pyroxene Spectroscopy by George R. Rossman, p. 93 - 116 Chapter 4. Subsolidus Phenomena in Pyroxene by Peter R. Buseck, Gordon L. Nord, Jr., and David R. Veblen, p. 117 - 212 Chapter 5. Pyroxene Phase Equilibria at Low Pressure by J. Stephen Huebner, p. 213 - 288 Chapter 6. Phase Equilibria of Pyroxenes at Pressure 〉1 Atmosphere by Donald H. Lindsley, p. 289 - 308 Chapter 7. Phase Equilibria at High Pressure of Pyroxenes Containing Monovalent and Trivalent Ions by Tibor Gasparik and Donald H. Lindsley, p. 309 - 340 Chapter 8. Thermodynamics of Pyroxenes by J. E. Grover, p. 341 - 418 Chapter 9. The Composition Space of Terrestrial Pyroxenes - Internal and External Limits by Peter Robinson, p. 419 - 494 Chapter 10. Pyroxene Mineralogy of the Moon and Meteorites by James J. Papike, p. 495 - 525

Note: Table of Contents: FOREWORD. - CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1. Definitions. - 1.2. Practical Scope. - a. The Water Budget. - b. The Energy Budget. - 1.3. Global Climatology. - 1.4. The Transfer of Other Admixtures at the Earth-Atmosphere Interface. - CHAPTER 2. HISTORY OF THE THEORIES OF EVAPORATION - A CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCH. - 2.1. Greek Antiquity. - 2.2. The Roman Period and the Middle Ages. - 2.3. The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Initial Measurements and Experimentation. - 2.4. Foundations of Present Theories in the Nineteenth Century. - CHAPTER 3. THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE. - 3.1. Moist Air. - a. Some Parameter Definitions. - b. Useful Forms of the First Law of Thermodynamics. - c. Saturation Vapor Pressure. - 3.2. Hydrostatic Stability of Partly Saturated Atmosphere. - a. Small Adiabatic Displacements. - b. Potential Temperature. - 3.3. Atmospheric Transport of Water Vapor. - a. Conservation of Water Vapor. - b. Other Conservation Equations. - c. Solution of the Transport Equations . - 3.4. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. - CHAPTER 4. MEAN PROFILES AND SIMILARITY IN A STATIONARY AND HORIZONTALLY UNIFORM ABL. - 4.1. The Dynamic Sublayer. - a. The Logarithmic Profile. - b. The Power Law Approximation. - 4.2. The Surface Sublayer. - a. The Mean Profiles. - b. Some Flux-Profile Functions. - 4.3. Bulk Parameterization of the Whole ABL. - a. Similarity for the Mean Profiles in the Outer Sublayer. - b. Bulk Transfer Equations for the ABL. - 4.4. The Interfacial Sublayers. - a. Similarity for the Mean Profiles. - b. Interfacial Bulk Transfer Equations for Scalar Admixtures. - c. Smooth Surfaces: The Viscous Sublayer. - d. Surfaces with Bluff Roughness Elements. - e. Surfaces with Permeable Roughnesses: The Canopy Sublayer. - CHAPTER 5. THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERIZATION. - 5.1. The Momentum Roughness. - a. Land Surfaces. - b. Water Surfaces. - 5.2. The Scalar Roughness. - a. Calculation from Interfacial Transfer Coefficients. - b. Values Over Water. - CHAPTER 6. ENERGY FLUXES AT THE EARTH'S SURFACE. - 6.1. Net Radiation. - a. Global Short Wave Radiation. - b. Albedo. - c. Long-Wave or Terrestrial Radiation. - 6.2. Energy Absorption by Photosynthesis. - 6.3. Energy Flux at Lower Boundary of the Layer. - a. Land Surfaces. - b. Whole Water Bodies. - c. Water Surfaces. - 6.4. Remaining Terms. - a. Energy Advection. - b. Rate of Change of Energy Stored in the Layer. - CHAPTER 7. ADVECTION EFFECTS NEAR CHANGES IN SURFACE CONDITIONS. - 7.1. The Internal Boundary Layer. - a. Equations for the Mean Field. - b. Methods of Closure for Disturbed Boundary Layers: A Brief Survey. - c. Some General Features of Local Momentum Advection. Fetch Requirement. - 7.2. Evaporation with Local Advection. - a. Analytical Solutions with Power Laws. - b. Numerical Studies. - CHAPTER 8. METHODS BASED ON TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS. - 8.1. Direct or Eddy-Correlation Method. - a. Instruments. - b. Requirements on Instrumentation. - 8.2. The Dissipation Method. - a. The Direct Variance Dissipation Method. - b. The Inertial Dissipation (or Spectral Density) Method. - CHAPTER 9. METHODS BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF MEAN PROFILES. - 9.1. Mean Profile Method With Similarity Formulations. - a. Measurements in the Surface Sublayer. - b. Measurements in the Dynamic Sublayer. - c. Upper-Air Measurements: The ABL Profile Method. - 9.2. Bulk Transfer Approach. - a. Over a Uniform Surface. - b. Evaporation From Lakes. - 9.3. Sampling Times. - CHAPTER 10. ENERGY BUDGET AND RELATED METHODS. - 10.1. Standard Application. - a. With Bowen Ratio (EBBR). - b. With Profiles of Mean Wind and of One Scalar (EBWSP). - 10.2. Simplified Methods for Wet Surfaces. - a. Some Comments on Potential Evaporation. - b. The EBWSP Method With Measurements at One Level. - c. Advection-Free Evaporation from Wet Surfaces. - 10.3. Simplified Methods for Actual Evapotranspiration. - a. Adjustment of Penman's Approach With Bulk Stomatal Resistance. - b. Complementary Relationships between Actual and Potential Evaporation. - c. Extensions of Equilibrium Evaporation Concept. - CHAPTER 11. MASS BUDGET METHODS. - 11.1 Terrestrial Water Budget a. Soil Water Depletion and Seepage. - b. River Basins and Other Hydrological Catchments. - c. Lakes and Open-water Reservoirs. - d. Water Budget-Related Instruments; Evaporimeters. - 11.2. Atmospheric Water Budget a. Concept and Formulation b. Application of the Method . - HISTORICAL REFERENCES (PRIOR TO 1900). - REFERENCES. - INDEX.

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Introduction. - SESSION I - ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS AND CLIMATE SIMULATIONS. - Large-scale climate modelling and small-scale physical processes / J. Smagorinsky. - Simulation of climate by general circulation models with hydrologic cycles / S. Manabe. - Current parameterizations of land-surface processes in atmospheric general circulation models / D. J. Carson. - The sensitivity of numerically simulated climates to land surface conditions / Y. Mintz. - SESSION II - THE MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES OF MOMENTUM, HEAT AND WATER TRANSFERS ACROSS AND NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE LAND. - Vertical flux of moisture and heat at a bare soil surface / W. H. Brutsaert. - The vertical fluxes of heat and moisture at a vegetated land surface / L. J. Fritschen. - Vertical flux of heat and moisture in snow and ice / M. Kuhn. - SESSION III - MESOSCALE PARAMETERIZATIONS OF THE TRANSFER PROCESSES. - Parameterization of hydrologic processes / J. C. I. Dooge. - Dynamic hydro-thermal balances at macroscale / P. S. Eagleson. - SESSION IV - LAND SURFACE GLOBAL DATA SETS. - Use of regional and global soils data for climate modelling/ M. J. Gardiner. - Land surface processes: Vegetation / A. Perrier. - Data on snow cover and glaciers for the global climatic models / V. M. Kotliakov and A. N. Krenke. - The shortwave albedo and the surface emissivity / K. Ya. Kondratyev, V. I. Korzov, V. V. Mukhenberg and L. N. Dyachenko. - Water balance / A. Baumgartner. - SESSION V - ACQUISITION OF LAND SURFACE DATA. - Possibilities for remote sensing of surface characteristics / K. I. Itten.

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Paleogeography. - Ancient vegetation - the fossil record. - The Steppe-Tundra concept and its application in Beringia. - Paleoclimate. - Primary production and the Pleistocene ungulates - the productivity paradox. - Man in ancient Beringia. - Paleoecology of Beringia - a synthesis. - References. - General index. - Index to faunal and floral taxa.

Note: Text in ungarischer Sprache , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Inhalt: I. Zoologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation "Bellinghausen" / R. BANNASCH und K. ODENING. - II. Deuterium- und 18O-Variationen in Seen der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika) / W. RICHTER und G. STRAUCH. - III. Stable isotope investigations in Antarctica / H. SCHÜTZE, G. STRAUCH, K. WETZEL. - IV. The influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitation / R. DER. - V. Sommerliche Eisvariationen in der Olaf-Prydz-Bucht / H. GERNANDT. - VI. Zur Geologie des nördlichen Teils des Neptune Range / Pensacola-Gebirges (Antarktika) / W. WEBER und L. V. FEDOROV. - VII. Beobachtungen am Krill (Euphausia superba DANA) im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis in der Sommersaison 1978 und 1979 / S. HOLZLÖHNER. - VIII. Forschungsreise eines Zubringertrawlers in die Antarktis / G. GUBSCH und U. HOFFMANN.

Note: Contents: Preface. - New introduction. - I. Introductory. - II. From Hobart to South Victoria Land. - III. Life in South Victoria Land. - IV. Cut off from all the world. - V. The winter in Victoria Land. - VI. Sledge Journey in winter. - VII. Among the penguins. - VIII. Return of the Southern Cross. - IX. Farthest south. - X. Towards civilization. - Appendix I. Appendix II.

Note: Contents: Abbreviations. - Partial List of Symbols. - 1 THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS. - 1-1 Introduction. - 1-2 Equation of Motion. - 1-3 Continuity Equation. - 1-4. - Equation of State. - 1-5 First Law of Thermodynamics. - 1-6 The Complete System of Equations. - 1-7 Coordinate Systems. - 1-8 Map Projections. - 1-8-1 Polar Stereographic Projection. - 1-8-2 Mercator Projection. - 1-8-3 Lambert Conformal Projection. - 1-8-4 Additional Remarks. - 1-9 Alternate Vertical Coordinates. - 1-9-1 Pressure Vertical Coordinate. - 1-9-2 Isentropic Vertical Coordinate Θ. - 1-10 Some Energy Relations. - 1-10-1 Kinetic Energy. - 1-10-2 Potential Energy. - 1-11 Available Potential Energy. - 1-12 Vorticity and Divergence Equations. - 1-12-1 Divergence Equations. - 2 WAVE MOTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE: PART 1. - 2-1 Introduction. - 2-2 Linearized Equations. - 2-3 Pure Sound Waves. - 2-4 Sound Waves and Internal Gravity Waves. - 2-5 Surface Gravity Waves. - 2-6 Inertial Gravity Waves and Rossby Waves. - 2-7 Response to Initial Conditions. - 2-8 Geostrophic Adiustment. - 3 SCALE ANALYSIS. - 3-1 Introduction. - 3-2 Shallow-Water Equations. - 3-3 Baroclinic Equations. - 3-4 Midlatitude Analysis. - 3-5 Tropics. - 3-6 Planetary Scale. - 3-7 Balance System. - 4 ATMOSPHERIC WAVES: PART. - 4-1 Introduction. - 4-2 Rossby Waves. - 4-3 Conditions for Barotropic Instability. - 4-4 Some Unstable Profiles. - 4-5 Linear Shear. - 4-6 Barotropic Effects in the Atmosphere. - 4-7 Baroclinic Instability. - 4-8 Baroclinic Instability with Linear Shear. - 4-9 Two-Level Model. - 4-10 Wave Structure. - 4-11 Vertical Energy Propagation. - 4-12 Barotropic Equatorial Waves. - 4-13 Vertical Structure of Equatorial Waves. - 5 NUMERICAL METHODS. - 5-1 Introduction. - 5-2 Finite Difference Methods. - 5-3 The Advection Equation. - 5-4 Some Basic Concepts. - 5-5 Stability Analysis. - 5-5-1 The Matrix Method. - 5-5-2 Von Neumann Method. - 5-5-3 The Energy Method. - 5-6 Examples of the Von Neumann Method. - 5-6-1 Euler Scheme. - 5-6-2 Uncentered Differencing, Von Neumann Method. - 5-6-3 Trapezoidal Implicit Scheme. - 5-6-4 Euler Backward Scheme. - 5-6-5 Fourth-Order Space Differencing. - 5-6-6 Oscillation Equation. - 5-6-7 Two-Dimensional Advection Equation. - 5-6-8 External Gravity Waves, Leapfrog Scheme. - 5-6-9 Staggered Grid. - 5-7 Forward-Backward Scheme, Pressure Averaging, and Semi-Implicit Methods. - 5-7-1 Forward-Backward Scheme. - 5-7-2 Pressure Averaging. - 5-7-3 Time Averaging. - 5-7-4 Semi-Implicit Method. - 5-7-5 Lax Wendroff Scheme. - 5-8 A Summary of Some Difference Schemes. - 5-9 Parabolic Equations. - 5-10 Elliptic Equations. - 5-10-1 Relaxation Method. - 5-10-2 Direct Methods. - 5-10-3 Gaussian Elimination. - 5-10-4 Buneman Variant. - 5-10-5 Helmholtz Equation on a Sphere. - 5-10-6 Reduction of a Three-Dimensional Elliptic Equation to Two-Dimensional Equations. - 5-11 Nonlinear Instability and Aliasing. - 5-11-1 Discrete Mesh. - 5-11-2 Primitive Equations Considerations. - 6 GALERKIN METHODS. - 6-1 Introduction. - 6-2 Example with Spectral and Finite Element Methods. - 6-3 Time Dependence. - 6-4 Barotropic Vorticity Equation with Fourier Basis Functions. - 6-5 Transform Method. - 6-6 Spectral Model of Shallow-Water Equations. - 6-7 Advection Equation with Finite Elements. - 6-8 Barotropic Vorticity Equation with Finite Elements. - 7 NUMERICAL PREDICTION MODELS. - 7-1 Filtered Models. - 7-1-1 Quasi-Geostrophic Equivalent Barotropic Model. - 7-1-1-1 Energetics of the Barotropic Model. - 7-1-2 Quasi-Geostrophic Multilevel Baroclinic Model. - 7-1-3 Linear Balanced Model. - 7-1-4 Nonlinear Balanced Model. - 7-2 Primitive Equation Models. - 7-2-1 Constraints from Continuous Equations. - 7-2-2 Vertical Differencing. - 7-3 Staggered Grid Systems. - 7-4 Example of a Staggered Primitive Equation Model. - 7-4-1 Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates. - 7-4-2 Horizontal Differencing. - 7-4-3 Energy Conservation. - 7-5 Potential Enstrophy Conserving Scheme. - 7-5-1 Continuous Integral Constraints. - 7-5-2 Difference Equations. - 7-5-3 Constraints Enforced. - 7-6 Spherical Grids. - 7-7 Fine Mesh Modeling. - 7-7-1 One-Way Influence. - 7-7-2 Boundary Conditions. - 7-7-3 Two-Way Interaction. - 7-7-4 Initialization on a Bounded Region. - 7-8 Baroclinic Spectral Models. - 7-9 Isentropic Coordinate Models. - 7-10 Upper Boundary Conditions. - 7-11 Mountain Effects. - 8 BOUNDARY LAYER REPRESENTATIONS. - 8-1 Introduction. - 8-2 Reynolds Equations. - 8-3 Bulk Formulas. - 8-4 Eddy Viscosity, K-Theory. - 8-5 Combined Prandtl and Ekman Layers. - 8-5-1 Prandtl Layer (Neutral Stratification). - 8-5-2 Ekman Layer. - 8-6 Nonneutral Surface Layer. - 8-6-1 Matching Ekman Spiral. - 8-7 Similarity Solutions for the Entire PBL. - 8-7-1 Deardorff Mixed Layer Model. - 8-7-2 Surface Layer. - 8-7-3 Matching Solutions for the Surface and Mixed Layers. - 8-7-4 Surface Wind Direction. - 8-7-5 Modified Transfer Coefficients. - 8-8 A Prediction Equation for h. - 8-8-1 Further Comments on PBL Parameterization. - 8-9 High-Resolution Model. - 8-9-1 The Coefficient of Eddy Viscosity. - 8-9-2 Surface Temperature. - 8-9-3 Some Prediction Model Details. - 8-10 Mean Turbulent Field Closure Models (Second-Order Closure). - 9 INCLUSION OF MOISTURE. - 9-1 Moisture Conservation Equation. - 9-1-1 Modified Thermodynamic Equation. - 9-1-2 Equivalent Potential Temperature and Static Energy. - 9-2 Convective Adjustment. - 9-2-1 Case A. Dry Convection, q 〈 qs. - 9-2-2 Case B. Moist Adjustment q ≥ qs. - 9-3 Modeling Cloud Processes. - 9-3-1 Nonconvective Condensation. - 9-4 Cumulus Parameterization. - 9-4-1 Introduction. - 9-4-2 Kuo Method. - 9-5 Parameterizations Involving Cloud Models. - 9-6 Arakawa and Schubert Model. - 9-6-1 Large-Scale Budget Equations. - 9-6-2 Cloud Budget Equations. - 10 RADIATION PARAMETERIZATION. - 10-1 Terrestrial Radiation. - 10-2 Absorbing Substances. - 10-3 Simplified Transmission Functions. - 10-4 Discretization, Long-Wave Radiation. - 10-4-1 Clear Sky. - 10-4-2 Cloudy Sky. - 10-5 Solar Radiation. - 10-5-1 Clear Sky. - 10-5-2 Cloudy Sky, One Cloud Layer. - 10-5-3 Two Contiguous Cloud Layers. - 10-5-4 Two Separated Cloud Layers. - 10-6 Miscellany. - 11 OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS AND INITIALIZATION. - 11-1 Introduction. - 11-2 A Three-Dimensional Analysis. - 11-3 Statistical Methods, Multivariate Analysis. - 11-4 Initialization. - 11-4-1 Introduction. - 11-4-2 Damping Techniques. - 11-4-3 Static Initialization. - 11-4-4 Variational Method. - 11-4-5 Normal Mode Expansions. - 11-4-6 Variational Normal Mode Initialization. - 11-5 Dynamic Balancing. - 11-6 Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation. - 11-7 Newtonian Relaxation or "Nudging". - 11-8 Smoothing and Filtering. - 11-8-1 Two-Dimensional Smoothers. - 11-8-2 Bandpass Filters. - 11-8-3 Boundary Effects. - 12 OCEAN DYNAMICS AND MODELING. - 12-1 Introduction. - 12-2 Wind-Driven Barotropic Models. - 12-3 Nonlinear Effects. - 12-4 Barotropic Numerical Models. - 12-5 Simple Thermohaline Models. - 12-6 Baroclinic Numerical Models. - 12-7 Bottom Topography Effects. - 12-8 Synoptic Scale Eddies. - 12-9 Mixed Layer Models. - 12-10 Problems in Ocean Modeling. - 13 WEATHER AND CLIMATE PREDICTION. - 13-1 Introduction. - 13-2 Current Forecasting Skill. - 13-2-1 Short Range. - 13-2-2 Medium and Longer Ranges. - 13-2-3 Additional Comments on Forecasting. - 13-3 Predictability of the Atmosphere. - 13-4 Statistical-Dynamical Prediction. - 13-4-1 Simple Empirical Corrections. - 13-4-2 Stochastic-Dynamical Prediction. - 13-5 Climate and Climate Prediction. - Appendix Mathematical Relations. - References. - Index.

Note: In engl., franz. und russ. Sprache. , Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Chapter 1. Classification of Silicates by Friedrich Liebau, p. 1 - 24 Chapter 2. Silicate Garnets by R. Patrick Meagher, p. 25 - 66 Chapter 3. Zircon by J. Alexander Speer, p. 67 - 112 Chapter 4. The Actinide Orthosilicates by J. Alexander Speer, p. 113 - 136 Chapter 5. Titanite (Sphene) by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 137 - 154 Chapter 6. Chloritoid by Paul H. Ribbe. p. 155 - 170 Chapter 7. Staurolite by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 171 - 188 Chapter 8. Kyanite, Andalusite and Other Aluminum Silicates by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 189 - 214 Chapter 9. Topaz by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 215 - 230 Chapter 10. The Humite Series and Mn-Analogs by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 231 - 274 Chapter 11. Olivines and Silicate Spinels by Gordon E. Brown, Jr., p. 275 - 382 Chapter 12. Miscellaneous Orthosilicates by J. Alexander Speer and Paul H. Ribbe, p. 383 - 428 Chapter 13. Orthosilicates with SiO4 Polymerized to Other Tetrahedral Polyanions by J. Alexander Speer and Paul H. Ribbe, 429 - 450

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - 1. Zielsetzung und Ablauf der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition 1978 / D. Barsch und L. King. - 2. Das Borup-Fjord-Gebiet in N-Ellesmere Island, N. W. T., Kanada: Entdeckung und Begehung des Gebietes, vorhandene Karten und offizielle Namen / L. King. - 3. Geodätische und photogrammetrische Arbeiten an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, im Rahmen der "Heidelberg-Ellesmere-Island-Expedition 1978" / G. Hell. - 4. Geologie, Tektonik und strukturelle Verzeichnung der geomorphologischen Großformen im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay - Neil Peninsula, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 5. Witterungsverlauf im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, vom 24. Juni bis zum 4. August 1978, ein statistischer Wertevergleich / W. A. Flügel. - 6. Das Sommerklima von N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - eine Beurteilung von Stationswerten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Sommers 1978 / L. King. - 7. Zur Geomorphologie des Expeditionsgebietes Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 8. Studien zur gegenwärtigen Geomorphodynamik im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 9. Terassen, Flußarbeit und das Modell der exzessiven Talbildungszone im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 10. Die Gletscher im Einzugsgebiet des Borup-Fjord, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 11. Gletschergeschichtliche Arbeiten im Gebiet zwischen Oobloyah Bay und Esayoo Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 12. Glaziologische Beobachtungen an der Stirn des Weber-Gletschers, Borup-Fjord-Gebiet, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch, L. King und R. Mäusbacher. - 13. Jungquartäre Delta- und Flußentwicklung im glazialisostatischen Hebungsraum der Oobloyah Bay auf N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 14. Hydrologische Studien zum Wasserhaushalt hocharktischer Einzugsgebiete im Bereich des Oobloyah-Tals, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 15. Hydrochemische Untersuchungen von Niederschlägen, Bodenwasser, Seen und Flüssen im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 16. Geomorphologische Kartierung im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 17. Gesteinstemperaturen und Insolationsverwitterung im hocharktischen Bereich, Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. Eichler. - 18. Kleinformen der hocharktischen Verwitterung im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - Formengenese und Prozesse / H. Eichler. - 19. Oberflächennahe Bodentemperaturmessungen in Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 20. Recent iron ore deposition and heavy metal accumulation in Access Lake, Oobloyah Valley, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und G. Müller. - 21. Die Meereisentwicklung im Inneren des östlichen kanadischen Arktisarchipels und ihre Bedeutung für die Arbeiten der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 22. Gefäßpflanzen von Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada; eine kommentierte Pflanzenliste und phänologische Beobachtungen / R. Mäusbacher. - 23. The mosses of peat mounds, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / L. King. - 24. Beobachtungen zu organischen Kleinformen im Oobloyah Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel und R. Mäusbacher. - 25. Faunal notes of the Heidelberg Ellesmere Island Expedition 1978, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und L. King. - Anlage 1: Orthophotokarte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 2: Geomorphologische Karte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 3: Radiocarbondaten. - Anlage 4: Planung, Einkauf und Lagerung der Nahrungsmittel. , Beiträge teilweise in deutsch, teilweise in englisch

Note: Contents: Introduction. - Information concerning the Taxonomic Arrangement and the Material Examined. - Notes on Keys and Descriptions. - Glossary. - List of Abbreviations. - Salicaceae. - Myricaceae. - Corylaceae. - Betulaceae. - Fagaceae. - Ulmaceae. - Cannabaceae. - Urticaceae. - Santalaceae. - Loranthaceae. - Polygonaceae. - Chenopodioneae. - Amaranthaceae. - Portulacaceae. - Caryophyllaceace. - Nymphaeaceae. - Ceratophyllaceae. - Ranunculaceae. - Paeoniaceae. - Berberidaceae. - Aristolochiaceae. - Papaveraceae. - Cruciferae. - References. - Index of Taxa. - Plates. - Simple Symmetrical Plane Shapes.

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction / Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 1: Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems / Thomas F. Anderson and Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 2: Stable isotopes of sulfur, nitrogen and deuterium in recent marine environments / Ian R. Kaplan. - Chapter 3: Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique / Ján Veizer. - Chapter 4: The application of stable isotopes to studies of the origin of dolomite and to problems of diagenesis of clastic sediments / Lynton S. Land. - Bibliography.

Note: Table of Contents: Winifred Tutin - a personal note / John W. G. Lund. - 1 Chemical stratigraphy of lake sediments as a record of environmental change / D. R. Engstrom and H. E. Wright. - 2 Organic geochemistry of lacustrine sediments: triterpenoids of higher-plant origin reflecting post-glacial vegetational succession / P. A. Cranwell. - 3 Empirical testing of 210Pb-dating models for lake sediments / F. Oldfield. - 4 The transfer of natural and artificial radionuclides to Brotherswater from its catchment / J. D. Eakins ... - 5 A global review of palaeomagnetic results from wet lake sediments / R. Thompson. - 6 Stratigraphic changes in algal remains (diatoms and chrysophytes) in the recent sediments of Blelham Tarn, English Lake District / Elizabeth Y. Haworth. - 7 The preservation of algal remains in recent lake sediments / David Livingstone. - 8 Stress, strain, and stability of lacustrine ecosystems / Edward S. Deevey, Jr. - 9 Pollen recruitment to the sediments of an enclosed lake in Shropshire, England / Anne P. Bonny and Peter V. Allen. - 10 Sediment focusing and pollen influx / Margaret Bryan Davis ... - 11 Stages in soil development reconstructed by evidence from hypha fragments, pollen and humus contents in soil profiles / Svend T. Andersen. - 12 Pollen diagrams from Cross Fell and their implication for former tree-lines / Judith Turner. - 13 The Holocene vegetation of the Burren, western Ireland / W. A. Watts. - 14 Late-Quaternary pollen and plant macrofossil stratigraphy at Lochan an Druim, north-west Scotland / Hilary H. Birks. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Ackowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition and extent 1.2 The role of the cryosphere in the climate system 1.3 The organization of cryospheric observations and research 1.4 Remote sensing of the cryosphere Part I The terrestrial cryosphere 2A Snowfall and snow cover 2.1 History 2.2 Snow formation 2.3 Snow cover 2.4 Snow cover modeling in land surface schemes of GCMs 2.5 Snow interception by the canopy 2.6 Sublimation 2.7 Snow metamorphism 2.8 In situ measurements of snow 2.9 Remote sensing of snowpack properties and snow-cover area 2.10 Snowmelt modeling 2.11 Recent observed snow cover changes 2B Avalanches 2.12 History 2.13 Avalanche characteristics 2.14 Avalanche models 2.15 Trends' in avalanchf:' conditions 3 Glaciers and ice caps 3.1 History 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Glacier characteristics 3.4 Mass balance 3.5 Remote sensing 3.6 Glacier flow and flowlines 3.7 Scaling 3.8 Glacier modeling 3.9 Ice caps 3.10 Glacier hydrology 3.11 Changes in glaciers and ice caps 4 Ice sheets 4.1 History of exploration 4.2 Mass balance 4.3 Remote sensing 4.4 Mechanisms of ice sheet changes 4.5 The Greenland Ice Sheet 4.6 Antarctica 4.7 Overall ice sheet changes 4.8 Ice sheet models 4.9 Ice sheet and ice shelf interaction 4.10 Ice sheet contributions to sea level change 5 Frozen ground and permafrost 5.1 History 5.2 Frozen ground definitions and extent 5.3 Thermal relationships 5.4 Vertical characteristics of permafrost 5.5 Remote sensing 5.6 Ground ice 5.7 Permafrost models 5.8 Geomorphological features associated with permafrost 5.9 Changes in permafrost and soil freezing 6 Freshwater ice 6.1 History 6.2 Lake ice 6.3 Changes in lake ice cover 6.4 River ice 6.5 Trends in river ice cover 6.6 Icings Part II The marine cryosphere 7 Sea ice 7.1 History 7.2 Sea ice characteristics 7.3 Ice drift and ocean circulation 7.4 Sea ice models 7.5 Leads, polynyas, and pressure ridges 7.6 Ice thickness 7.7 Trends in sea ice extent and thickness 8 Ice shelves and icebergs 8.1 History 8.2 Ice shelves 8.3 Ice streams 8.4 Conditions beneath ice shelves 8.5 Ice shelf buttressing 8.6 Icebergs 8.7 Ice islands Part Ill The cryosphere past and future 9 The cryosphere in the past 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Snowball Earth and ice-free Cretaceous 9.3 Phanerozoic glaciations 9.4 Late Cenozoic polar glaciations 9.5 The Quaternary 9.6 The Holocene 10 The future cryosphere: impacts of global warming 10.1 Introduction 10.2 General observations 10.3 Recent cryospheric changes 10.4 Climate projections 10.5 Projected changes to Northern Hemisphere snow cover 10.6 Projected changes in land ice 10.7 Projected permafrost changes 10.8 Projected changes in freshwater ice 10.9 Projected sea ice changes Part IV Applications 11 Applications of snow and ice research 11.1 Snowfall 11.2 Freezing precipitation 11.3 Avalanches 11.4 Ice avalanches 11.5 Winter sports industry 11.6 Water resources 11.7 Hydropower 11.8 Snow melt floods 11.9 Freshwater ice 11.10 Ice roads 11.11 Sea ice 11.12 Glaciers and ice sheets 11.13 Icebergs 11.14 Permafrost and ground ice I 1.15 Seasonal ground freezing Glossary References Index

Note: Text. engl. und russ. - Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents Preface Prelude 1 The Earth-atmosphere system 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Descriptions of atmospheric behavior 1.1.2 Mechanisms influencing atmospheric behavior 1.2 Composition and structure 1.2.1 Description of air 1.2.2 Stratification of mass 1.2.3 Thermal and dynamical structure 1.2.4 Trace constituents 1.2.5 Cloud 1.3 Radiative equilibrium of the Earth 1.4 The global energy budget 1.4.1 Global-mean energy balance 1.4.2 Horizontal distribution of radiative transfer 1.5 The general circulation 1.6 Historical perspective: Global-mean temperature 1.6.1 The instrumental record 1.6.2 Proxy records Suggested references Problems 2 Thermodynamics of gases 2.1 Thermodynamic concepts 2.1.1 Thermodynamic properties 2.1.2 Expansion work 2.1.3 Heat transfer 2.1.4 State variables and thermodynamic processes 2.2 The First Law 2.2.1 Internal energy 2.2.2 Diabatic changes of state 2.3 Heat capacity 2.4 Adiabatic processes 2.4.1 Potential temperature 2.4.2 Thermodynamic behavior accompanying vertical motion 2.5 Diabatic processes 2.5.1 Polytropic processes Suggested references Problems 3 The Second Law and its implications 3.1 Natural and reversible processes 3.1.1 The Carnot cycle 3.2 Entropy and the Second Law 3.3 Restricted forms of the Second Law 3.4 The fundamental relations 3.4.1 The Maxwell Relations 3.4.2 Noncompensated heat transfer 3.5 Conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium 3.6 Relationship of entropy to potential temperature 3.6.1 Implications for vertical motion Suggested references Problems 4 Heterogeneous systems 4.1 Description of a heterogeneous system 4.2 Chemical equilibrium 4.3 Fundamental relations for a mufti-component system 4.4 Thermodynamic degrees of freedom 4.5 Thermodynamic characteristics of water 4.6 Equilibrium phase transformations 4.6.1 Latent heat 4.6.2 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Suggested references Problems 5 Transformations of moist air 5.1 Description of moist air 5.1.1 Properties of the gas phase 5.1.2 Saturation properties 5.2 Implications for the distribution of water vapor 5.3 State variables of the two-component system 5.3.1 Unsaturated behavior 5.3.2 Saturated behavior 5.4 Thermodynamic behavior accompanying vertical motion 5.4.1 Condensation and the release of latent heat 5.4.2 The pseudo-adiabatic process 5.4.3 The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate 5.5 The pseudo-adiabatic chart Suggested references Problems 6 Hydrostatic equilibrium 6.1 Effective gravity 6.2 Geopotential coordinates 6.3 Hydrostatic balance 6.3.1 Hypsometric equation 6.3.2 Meteorological Analyses 6.4 Stratification 6.4.1 Idealized stratification 6.5 Lagrangian interpretation of stratification 6.5.1 Adiabatic stratification: A paradigm of the troposphere 6.5.2 Diabatic stratification: A paradigm of the stratosphere Suggested references Problems 7 Static stability 7.1 Reaction to vertical displacement 7.2 Stability categories 7.2.1 Stability in terms of temperature 7.2.2 Stability in terms of potential temperature 7.2.3 Moisture dependence 7.3 Implications for vertical motion 7.4 Finite displacements 7.4.1 Conditional instability 7.4.2 Entrainment 7.4.3 Potential instability 7.4.4 Modification of stability under unsaturated conditions 7.5 Stabilizing and destabilizing influences 7.6 Turbulent dispersion 7.6.1 Convective mixing 7.6.2 Inversions 7.6.3 Life cycle of the nocturnal inversion 7.7 Relationship to observed thermal structure Suggested references Problems 8 Radiative transfer 8.1 Shortwave and longwave radiation 8.1.1 Spectra of observed SW and LW radiation 8.2 Description of radiative transfer 8.2.1 Radiometric quantities 8.2.2 Absorption 8.2.3 Emission 8.2.4 Scattering 8.2.5 The Equation of Radiative Transfer 8.3 Absorption characteristics of gases 8.3.1 Interaction between radiation and molecules 8.3.2 Line broadening 8.4 Radiative transfer in a plane parallel atmosphere 8.4.1 Transmission function 8.4.2 Two-stream approximation 8.5 Thermal equilibrium 8.5.1 Radiative equilibrium in a gray atmosphere 8.5.2 Radiative-convective equilibrium 8.5.3 Radiative heating 8.6 Thermal relaxation 8.7 The greenhouse effect 8.7.1 Feedback in the climate system 8.7.2 Unchecked feedback 8.7.3 Simulation of climate Suggested references Problems 9 Aerosol and cloud 9.1 Morphology of atmospheric aerosol 9.1.1 Continental aerosol 9.1.2 Marine aerosol 9.1.3 Stratospheric aerosol 9.2 Microphysics of cloud 9.2.1 Droplet growth by condensation 9.2.2 Droplet growth by collision 9.2.3 Growth of ice particles 9.3 Macroscopic characteristics of cloud 9.3.1 Formation and classification of cloud 9.3.2 Microphysical properties of cloud 9.3.3 Cloud dissipation 9.3.4 Cumulus detrainment: Influence on the environment 9.4 Radiative transfer in aerosol and cloud 9.4.1 Scattering by molecules and particles 9.4.2 Radiative transfer in a cloudy atmosphere 9.5 Roles of cloud and aerosol in climate 9.5.1 Involvement in the global energy budget 9.5.2 Involvement in chemical processes Suggested references Problems 10 Atmospheric motion 10.1 Description of atmospheric motion 10.2 Kinematics of fluid motion 10.3 The material derivative 10.4 Reynolds'transport theorem 10.5 Conservation of mass 10.6 The momentum budget 10.6.1 Cauchy's Equations of Motion 10.6.2 Momentum equations in a rotating reference frame 1 0.7 The first law of thermodynamics Suggested references Problems 11 Atmospheric equations of motion 11.1 Curvilinear coordinates 11.2 Spherical coordinates 11.2.1 The traditional approximation 11.3 Special forms of motion 11.4 Prevailing balances 11.4.1 Motion-related stratification 11.4.2 Scale analysis 11.5 Thermodynamic coordinates 11.5.1 Isobaric coordinates 11.5.2 Log-pressure coordinates 11.5.3 Isentropic coordinates Suggested references Problems 12 Large-scale motion 12.1 Ceostrophic equilibrium 12.1.1 Motion on an f plane 1 2.2 Vertical shear of the geostrophic wind 12.2.1 Classes of stratification 12.2.2 Thermal wind balance 12.3 Frictional geostrophic motion 1 2.4 Curvilinear motion 12.4.1 Inertial motion 12.4.2 Cyclostrophic motion 12.4.3 Gradient motion 12.5 Weakly divergent motion 12.5.1 Barotropic nondivergent motion 12.5.2 Vorticity budget under baroclinic stratification 12.5.3 Quasi-geostrophic motion Suggested references Problems 13 The planetary boundary layer 13.1 Description of turbulence 13.1.1 Reynolds decomposition 13.1.2 Turbulent diffusion 13.2 Structure of the boundary layer 13.2.1 The Ekman Layer 13.2.2 The surface layer 1 3.3 Influence of stratification 1 3.4 Ekman pumping Suggested references Problems 14 Wave propagation 14.1 Description of wave propagation 14.1.1 Surface water waves 14.1.2 Fourier synthesis 14.1.3 Limiting behavior 14.1.4 Wave dispersion 14.2 Acoustic waves 14.3 Buoyancy waves 14.3.1 Shortwave limit 14.3.2 Propagation of gravity waves in an inhomogeneous medium 14.3.3 The WKB approximation 14.3.4 Method of geometric optics 1 4.4 The Lamb wave 14.5 Rossby waves 14.5.1 Barotropic nondivergent Rossby waves 14.5.2 Rossby wave propagation in three dimensions 14.5.3 Planetary wave propagation in sheared mean flow 14.5.4 Transmission of planetary wave activity 14.6 Wave absorption 14.7 Nonlinear considerations Suggested references Problems 15 The general circulation 15.1 Forms of atmospheric energy 15.1.1 Moist static energy 15.1.2 Total potential energy 15.1.3 Available potential energy 1 5.2 Heat transfer in a zonally symmetric circulation 1 5.3 Heat transfer in a laboratory analogue 1 5.4 Quasi-permanent features 15.4.1 Thermal properties of the Earth's surface 1 5.4.2 Surface pressure and wind systems 1 5.4.3 Tropical circulations 15.5 Fluctuations of the circulation 15.5.1 Interannual changes 15.5.2 Intraseasonal variations Suggested references Problems 16 Dynamic stability 16.1 Inertial instability 16.2 Shear instability 16.2.1 Necessary conditions for instability 16.2.2

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Overview of climate variability and climate science. - 1.1 Climate dynamics, climate change and climate prediction. - 1.2 The chemical and physical climate system. - 1.2.1 Chemical and physical aspects of the climate system. - 1.2.2 El Niño and global warming. - 1.3 Climate models: a brief overview. - 1.4 Global change in recent history. - 1.4.1 Trace gas concentrations. - 1.4.2 A word on the ozone hole. - 1.4.3 Some history of global warming studies. - 1.4.4 Global temperatures. - 1.5 El Niño: an example of natural climate variability. - 1.5.1 Some history of El Niño studies. - 1.5.2 Observations of El Niño: the 1997-98 event. - 1.5.3 The first El Niño forecast with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. - 1.6 Paleoclimate variability. - Notes. - 2. Basics of global climate. - 2.1 Components and phenomena in the climate system. - 2.1.1 Time and space scales. - 2.1.2 Interactions among scales and the parameterization problem. - 2.2 Basics of radiative forcing. - 2.2.1 Blackbody radiation. - 2.2.2 Solar energy input. - 2.3 Globally averaged energy budget: first glance. - 2.4 Gradients of radiative forcing and energy transports. - 2.5 Atmospheric circulation. - 2.5.1 Vertical structure. - 2.5.2 Latitude structure of the circulation. - 2.5.3 Latitude-Iongitude dependence of atmospheric climate features. - 2.6 Ocean circulation. - 2.6.1 Latitude-longitude dependence of oceanic climate features. - 2.6.2 The ocean vertical structure. - 2.6.3 The ocean thermohaline circulation. - 2.7 Land surface proeesses. - 2.8 The carbon cycle. - Notes. - 3. Physical processes in the climate system. - 3.1 Conservation of momentum. - 3.1.1 Coriolis force. - 3.1.2 Pressure gradient force. - 3.1.3 Velocity equations. - 3.1.4 Application: geostrophic wind. - 3.1.5 Pressure-height relation: hydrostatic balance. - 3.1.6 Application: pressure coordinates. - 3.2 Equation of state. - 3.2.1 Equation of state for the atmosphere: ideal gas law. - 3.2.2 Equation of state for the ocean. - 3.2.3 Application: atmospheric height-pressure-temperature relation. - 3.2.4 Application: thermal circulations. - 3.2.5 Application: sea level rise due to oceanic thermal expansion. - 3.3 Temperature equation. - 3.3.1 Ocean temperature equation. - 3.3.2 Temperature equation for air. - 3.3.3 Application: the dry adiabatic lapse rate near the surface. - 3.3.4 Application: decay of a sea surface temperature anomaly. - 3.3.5 Time derivative following the parcel. - 3.4 Continuity equation. - 3.4.1 Oceanic continuity equation. - 3.4.2 Atmospheric continuity equation. - 3.4.3 Application: coastal upwelling. - 3.4.4 Application: equatorial upwelling. - 3.4.5 Application: conservation of warm water mass in an idealized layer above the thermocline. - 3.5 Conservation of mass applied to moisture. - 3.5.1 Moisture equation for the atmosphere and surface. - 3.5.2 Sources and sinks of moisture, and latent heat. - 3.5.3 Application: surface melting on an ice sheet. - 3.5.4 Salinity equation for the ocean. - 3.6 Moist processes. - 3.6.1 Saturation. - 3.6.2 Saturation in convection; lifting condensation level. - 3.6.3 The moist adiabat and lapse rate in convective regions. - 3.6.4 Moist convection. - 3.7 Wave processes in the atmosphere and ocean. - 3.7.1 Gravity waves. - 3.7.2 Kelvin waves. - 3.7.3 Rossby waves. - 3.8 Overview. - Notes. - 4. El Niño and year-to-year climate prediction. - 4.1 Recap of El Niño basics. - 4.1.1 The Bjerknes hypothesis. - 4.2 Tropical Pacific climatology. - 4.3 ENSO mechanisms I: extreme phases. - 4.4 Pressure gradients in an idealized upper layer. - 4.4.1 Subsurface temperature anomalies in an idealized upper layer. - 4.5 Transition into the 1997-98 El Niño. - 4.5.1 Subsurface temperature measurements. - 4.5.2 Subsurface temperature anomalies during the onset of El Niño. - 4.5.3 Subsurface temperature anomalies during the transition to La Niña. - 4.6 El Niño mechanisms II: dynamics of transition phases. - 4.6.1 Equatorial jets and the Kelvin wave. - 4.6.2 The Kelvin wave speed. - 4.6.3 What sets the width of the Kelvin wave and equatorial jet?. - 4.6.4 Response of the ocean to a wind anomaly. - 4.6.5 The delayed oscillator model and the recharge oscillator model. - 4.6.6 ENSO transition mechanism in brief. - 4.7 El Niño prediction. - 4.7.1 Limits to skill in ENSO forecasts. - 4.8 El Niño remote impacts: teleconnections. - 4.9 Other interannual climate phenomena. - 4.9.1 Hurricane season forecasts. - 4.9.2 Sahel drought. - 4.9.3 North Atlantic oscillation and annular modes. - Notes. - 5. Climate models. - 5.1 Constructing a climate model. - 5.1.1 An atmospheric model. - 5.1.2 Treatment of sub-grid-scale processes. - 5.1.3 Resolution and computational cost. - 5.1.4 An ocean model and ocean-atmosphere coupling. - 5.1.5 Land surface, snow, ice and vegetation. - 5.1.6 Summary of principal climate model equations. - 5.1.7 Climate system modeling. - 5.2 Numerical representation of atmospheric and oceanic equations. - 5.2.1 Finite-difference versus spectral models. - 5.2.2 Time-stepping and numerical stability. - 5.2.3 Staggered grids and other grids. - 5.2.4 Parallel computer architecture. - 5.3 Parameterization of small-scale processes. - 5.3.1 Mixing and surface fluxes. - 5.3.2 Dry convection. - 5.3.3 Moist convection. - 5.3.4 Land surface processes and soil moisture. - 5.3.5 Sea ice and snow. - 5.4 The hierarchy of climate models. - 5.5 Climate simulations and climate drift. - 5.6 Evaluation of climate model simulations for present-day climate. - 5.6.1 Atmospheric model climatology from specified SST. - 5.6.2 Climate model simulation of climatology. - 5.6.3 Simulation of ENSO response. - Notes. - 6. The greenhouse effect and climate feedbacks. - 6.1 The greenhouse effect in Earth's current climate. - 6.1.1 Global energy balance. - 6.1.2 A global-average energy balance model with a one-layer atmosphere. - 6.1.3 Infrared emissions from a layer. - 6.1.4 The greenhouse effect: example with a completely IR-absorbing atmosphere. - 6.1.5 The greenhouse effect in a one-layer atmosphere, global-average model. - 6.1.6 Temperatures from the one-layer energy balance model. - 6.2 Global warming I: example in the global-average energy balance model. - 6.2.1 Increases in the basic greenhouse effect. - 6.2.2 Climate feedback parameter in the one-layer global-average model. - 6.3 Climate feedbacks. - 6.3.1 Climate feedback parameter. - 6.3.2 Contributions of climate feedbacks to global-average temperature response. - 6.3.3 Climate sensitivity. - 6.4 The water vapor feedback. - 6.5 Snow/ice feedback. - 6.6 Cloud feedbacks. - 6.7 Other feedbacks in the physical climate system. - 6.7.1 Stratospheric cooling. - 6.7.2 Lapse rate feedback. - 6.8 Climate response time in transient climate change. - 6.8.1 Transient climate change versus equilibrium response experiments. - 6.8.2 A doubled-CO2 equilibrium response experiment. - 6.8.3 The role of the oceans in slowing warming. - 6.8.4 Climate sensitivity in transient climate change. - Notes. - 7. Climate model scenarios for global warming. - 7.1 Greenhouse gases, aerosols and other climate forcings. - 7.1.1 Scenarios, forcings and feedbacks. - 7.1.2 Forcing by sulfate aerosols. - 7.1.3 Commonly used scenarios. - 7.2 Global-average response to greenhouse warming scenarios. - 7.3 Spatial patterns of warming for time-dependent scenarios. - 7.3.1 Comparing projections of different climate models. - 7.3.2 Multi-model ensemble averages. - 7.3.3 Polar amplification of warming. - 7.3.4 Summary of spatial patterns of the response. - 7.4 Ice, sea level, extreme events. - 7.4.1 Sea ice and snow. - 7.4.2 Land ice. - 7.4.3 Extreme events. - 7.5 Summary: the best-estimate prognosis. - 7.6 Climate change observed to date. - 7.6.1 Temperature trends and natural variability: scale dependence. - 7.6.2 Is the observed trend consistent with natural variability or anthropogenic forcing?. - 7.6.3 Sea ice, land ice, ocean heat storage and sea level rise. - 7.7 Emissions

Note: Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition 1. Images, Arrays, and Matrices 1.1 Multispectral Satellite Images 1.2 Algebra of Vectors and Matrices 1.2.1 Elementary Properties 1.2.2 Square Matrices 1.2.3 Singular Matrices 1.2.4 Symmetric, Positive Definite Matrices 1.2.5 Linear Dependence and Vector Spaces 1.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 1.4 Singular Value Decomposition 1.5 Vector Derivatives 1.6 Finding Minima and Maxima 1.7 Exercises 2. Image Statistics 2.1 Random Variables 2.1.1 Discrete Random Variables 2.1.2 Continuous Random Variables 2.1.3 Normal Distribution 2.2 Random Vectors 2.3 Parameter Estimation 2.3.1 Sampling a Distribution 2.3.2 Interval Estimation 2.3.3 Provisional Means 2.4 Hypothesis Testing and Sample Distribution Functions 2.4.1 Chi-Square Distribution 2.4.2 Student-t Distribution 2.4.3 F-Distribution 2.5 Conditional Probabilities, Bayes' Theorem, and Classification 2.6 Ordinary Linear Regression 2.6.1 One Independent Variable 2.6.2 More Than One Independent Variable 2.6.3 Regularization, Duality, and the Gram Matrix 2.7 Entropy and Information 2.7.1 Kullback-Leibler Divergence 2.7.2 Mutual Information 2.8 Exercises 3. Transformations 3.1 Discrete Fourier Transform 3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform 3.2.1 Haar Wavelets 3.2.2 Image Compression 3.2.3 Multiresolution Analysis 3.2.3.1 Dilation Equation and Refinement Coefficients 3.2.3.2 Cascade Algorithm 3.2.3.3 Mother Wavelet 3.2.3.4 Daubechies D4 Scaling Function 3.3 Principal Components 3.3.1 Primal Solution 3.3.2 Dual Solution 3.4 Minimum Noise Fraction 3.4.1 Additive Noise 3.4.2 Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation in ENVI 3.5 Spatial Correlation 3.5.1 Maximum Autocorrelation Factor 3.5.2 Noise Estimation 3.6 Exercises 4. Filters, Kernels, and Fields 4.1 Convolution Theorem 4.2 Linear Filters 4.3 Wavelets and Filter Banks 4.3.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 4.3.2 Two-Dimensional Arrays 4.4 Kernel Methods 4.4.1 Valid Kernels 4.4.2 Kernel PCA 4.5 Gibbs-Markov Random Fields 4.6 Exercises 5. Image Enhancement and Correction 5.1 Lookup Tables and Histogram Functions 5.2 Filtering and Feature Extraction 5.2.1 Edge Detection 5.2.2 Invariant Moments 5.3 Panchromatic Sharpening 5.3.1 HSV Fusion 5.3.2 Brovey Fusion 5.3.3 PCA Fusion 5.3.4 DWT Fusion 5.3.5 A Trous Fusion 5.3.6 Quality Index 5.4 Topographic Correction 5.4.1 Rotation, Scaling, and Translation 5.4.2 Imaging Transformations 5.4.3 Camera Models and RFM Approximations 5.4.4 Stereo Imaging and Digital Elevation Models 5.4.5 Slope and Aspect 5.4.6 Illumination Correction 5.5 Image-Image Registration 5.5.1 Frequency-Domain Registration 5.5.2 Feature Matching 5.5.2.1 High-Pass Filtering 5.5.2.2 Closed Contours 5.5.2.3 Chain Codes and Moments 5.5.2.4 Contour Matching 5.5.2.5 Consistency Check 5.5.2.6 Implementation in IDL 5.5.3 Resampling and Warping 5.6 Exercises 6. Supervised Classification: Part 1 6.1 Maximum a Posteriori Probability 6.2 Training Data and Separability 6.3 Maximum Likelihood Classification 6.3.1 ENVI's Maximum Likelihood Classifier 6.3.2 Modified Maximum Likelihood Classifier 6.4 Gaussian Kernel Classification 6.5 Neural Networks 6.5.1 Neural Network Classifier 6.5.2 Cost Functions 6.5.3 Backpropagation 6.5.4 Overfitting and Generalization 6.6 Support Vector Machines 6.6.1 Linearly Separable Classes 6.6.1.1 Primal Formulation 6.6.1.2 Dual Formulation 6.6.1.3 Quadratic Programming and Support Vectors 6.6.2 Overlapping Classes 6.6.3 Solution with Sequential Minimal Optimization 6.6.4 Multiclass SVMs 6.6.5 Kernel Substitution 6.6.6 Modified SVM Classifier 6.7 Exercises 7. Supervised Classification: Part 2 7.1 Postprocessing 7.1.1 Majority Filtering 7.1.2 Probabilistic Label Relaxation 7.2 Evaluation and Comparison of Classification Accuracy 7.2.1 Accuracy Assessment 7.2.2 Model Comparison 7.3 Adaptive Boosting 7.4 Hyperspectral Analysis 7.4.1 Spectral Mixture Modeling 7.4.2 Unconstrained Linear Unmixing 7.4.3 Intrinsic End-Members and Pixel Purity 7.5 Exercises 8. Unsupervised Classification 8.1 Simple Cost Functions 8.2 Algorithms That Minimize the Simple Cost Functions 8.2.1 K-Means Clustering 8.2.2 Kernel K-Means Clustering 8.2.3 Extended K-Means Clustering 8.2.4 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering 8.2.5 Fuzzy K-Means Clustering 8.3 Gaussian Mixture Clustering 8.3.1 Expectation Maximization 8.3.2 Simulated Annealing 8.3.3 Partition Density 8.3.4 Implementation Notes 8.4 Including Spatial Information 8.4.1 Multiresolution Clustering 8.4.2 Spatial Clustering 8.5 Benchmark 8.6 Kohonen Self-Organizing Map 8.7 Image Segmentation 8.7.1 Segmenting a Classified Image 8.7.2 Object-Based Classification 8.7.3 Mean Shift 8.8 Exercises 9. Change Detection 9.1 Algebraic Methods 9.2 Postclassification Comparison 9.3 Principal Components Analysis 9.3.1 Iterated PCA 9.3.2 Kernel PCA 9.4 Multivariate Alteration Detection 9.4.1 Canonical Correlation Analysis 9.4.2 Orthogonality Properties 9.4.3 Scale Invariance 9.4.4 Iteratively Reweighted MAD 9.4.5 Correlation with the Original Observations 9.4.6 Regularization 9.4.7 Postprocessing 9.5 Decision Thresholds and Unsupervised Classification of Changes 9.6 Radiometrie Normalization 9.7 Exercises Appendix A: Mathematical Tools A.l Cholesky Decomposition A.2 Vector and Inner Product Spaces A.3 Least Squares Procedures A.3.1 Recursive Linear Regression A.3.2 Orthogonal Linear Regression Appendix B: Efficient Neural Network Training Algorithms B.1 Hessian Matrix B.1.1 R-Operator B.1.1.1 Determination of Rv{n} B.1.1.2 Determination of Rv{δo} B.1.1.3 Determination of Rv{δh} B.1.2 Calculating the Hessian B.2 Scaled Conjugate Gradient Training B.2.1 Conjugate Directions B.2.2 Minimizing a Quadratic Function B.2.3 Algorithm B.3 Kaiman Filter Training B.3.1 Linearization B.3.2 Algorithm B.4 A Neural Network Classifier with Hybrid Training Appendix C: ENVI Extensions in IDL C.1 Installation C.2 Extensions C.2.1 Kernel Principal Components Analysis C.2.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform Fusion C.2.3 A Trous Wavelet Transform Fusion C.2.4 Quality Index C.2.5 Calculating Heights of Man-Made Structures in High-Resolution Imagery C.2.6 Illumination Correction C.2.7 Image Registration C.2.8 Maximum Likelihood Classification C.2.9 Gaussian Kernel Classification C.2.10 Neural Network Classification C.2.11 Support Vector Machine Classification C.2.12 Probabilistic Label Relaxation C.2.13 Classifier Evaluation and Comparison C.2.14 Adaptive Boosting a Neural Network Classifier C.2.15 Kernel K-Means Clustering C.2.16 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering C.2.17 Fuzzy K-Means Clustering C.2.18 Gaussian Mixture Clustering C.2.19 Kohonen Self-Organizing Map C.2.20 Classified Image Segmentation C.2.21 Mean Shift Segmentation C.2.22 Multivariate Alteration Detection C.2.23 Viewing Changes C.2.24 Radiometric Normalization Appendix D: Mathematical Notation References Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Cosmic rays. - 1.1 Origin and nature of cosmic rays. - 1.2 Interaction with magnetic fields. - 1.3 Interactions with the Earth's atmosphere. - 1.4 Interactions with the Earth's surface. - 1.5 Production of cosmogenic nuclides. - 1.6 Detection of cosmic rays. - 2 Cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.1 'Useful' cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.2 Stable cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.3 Cosmogenic radionuclides. - 2.4 Sample preparation. - 2.5 Analytical methods. - 3 Production rates and scaling factors. - 3.1 Deriving production rates. - 3.2 Scaling factors. - 3.3 Building scaling factors. - 4 Application of cosmogenic nuclldes to Earth surface sciences. - 4.1 Exposure dating. - 4.2 Burial dating. - 4.3 Erosion/denudation rates. - 4.4 Uplift rates. - 4.5 Soil dynamics. - 4.6 Dealing with uncertainty. - Appendix A: Sampling checklist. - Appendix B: Reporting of cosrnogenic-nudide data for exposure age and erosion rate determinations. - References. - Index.

Note: Foreword; Acknowledgements; List of participating members of the Expert Group; CONTENTS; List of tables; List of figures; Executive summary; Part I: Methodology and Data on Levelised Costs for Generating Electricity; Chapter 1 Introduction and context; Chapter 2 Methodology, conventions and key assumptions; Chapter 3 Technology overview; Chapter 4 Country-by-country data on electricity generating costs for different technologies; Part 2: Sensitivity analyses and boundary issues; Chapter 5 Median case; Chapter 6 Sensitivity analyses. , Chapter 7 System integration aspects of variable renewable power generationChapter 8 Financing issues; Chapter 9 Levelised costs and the working of actual power markets; Chapter 10 Carbon capture and storage; Chapter 11 Synthesis report on other studies of the levelised cost of electricity; ANNEXES; Annex 1 Issues concerning data from non-OECD countries and assumptions forthe electricity generating cost calculations; Annex 2 List of abbreviations;.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 The environment of the polar regions. - 1.2 The role of the polar regions in the global climate system. - 1.3 Possible implications of high latitude climate change. - 2. Polar climate data and models. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Instrumental observations. - 2.3 Meteorological analysis fields. - 2.4 Remotely sensed data. - 2.5 Proxy climate data. - 2.6 Models. - 3. The high latitude climates and mechanisms of change. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Factors influencing the broadscale climated of the polar regions. - 3.3 Processes of the high latitude climates. - 3.4 The mechanisms of high latitude climate change. - 3.5 Atmospheric circulation. - 3.6 Temperature. - 3.7 Cloud and precipitation. - 3.8 Sea ice. - 3.9 The ocean circulation. - 3.10 Concluding remarks. - 4. The last million years. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The Arctic. - 4.3 The Antarctic. - 4.4 Linking high latitude climate change in the two hemispheres. - 5. The Holocene. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Forcing of the climate system during the Holocene. - 5.3 Atmospheric circulation. - 5.4 Temperature. - 5.5 The ocean circulation. - 5.6 Sea ice and sea surface temperatures. - 5.7 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 5.8 The cryosphere, precipitation and sea level. - 5.9 Concluding remarks. - 6. The instrumental period. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The main meteorological elements. - 6.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation. - 6.4 The ocean environment. - 6.5 Sea ice. - 6.6. Snow cover. - 6.7 Permafrost. - 6.8 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 6.9 Terrestrial ice and sea level. - 6.10 Attribution of recent changes. - 6.11 Concluding remarks. - 7. Predictions for the next 100 years. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Possible future greenhouse gas emission scenarios and the IPCC models. - 7.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation and the modes of climate variability. - 7.4 The main meteorological elements. - 7.5 The ocean circulation and water masses. - 7.6 Sea ice. - 7.7 Seasonal snow cover and the terrestrial environment. - 7.8 Permafrost. - 7.9 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 7.10 Terrestrial ice, the ice shelves and sea level. - 7.11 Concluding remarks. - 8. Summary and future research needs. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Gaining improved understanding of past climate change. - 8.3 Modelling the high latitude climate system. - 8.4 Data required. - 8.5 Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: List of Contributors. - Preface. - Part I. Introduction: 1. Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue ; 2. The diatoms: a primer ; 3. Numerical methods for the analysis of diatom assemblage data ; Part II. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes: 4. Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms ; 5. Diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change in rivers, fluvial lakes and impoundments ; 6. Diatoms as indicators of surface-water acidity ; 7. Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication ; 8. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in shallow lakes ; 9. Diatoms as indicators of water-level change in freshwater lakes ; 10. Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes ; 11. Diatoms in ancient lakes ; Part III. Diatoms as Indicators in Arctic, Antarctic and alpine lacustrine environments: 12. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in subarctic and alpine regions ; 13. Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic ; 14. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in Antarctic and subantarctic freshwaters ; Part IV. Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments: 15. Diatoms and environmental change in large brackish-water ecosystems ; 16. Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments ; 17. Estuarine paleoenvironmental reconstructions using diatoms ; 18. Diatoms on coral reefs and in tropical marine lakes ; 19. Diatoms as indicators of former sea levels, earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes ; 20. Marine diatoms as indicators of modern changes in oceanographic conditions ; 21. Holocene marine diatom records of environmental change ; 22. Diatoms as indicators of paleoceanographic events ; 23. Reconsidering the meaning of biogenic silica accumulation rates in the glacial Southern Ocean ; Part V. Other applications: 24. Diatoms of aerial habitats ; 25. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in wetlands and peatlands ; 26. Tracking fish, seabirds, and wildlife population dynamics with diatoms and other limnological indicators ; 27. Diatoms and archaeology ; 28. Diatoms in oil and gas exploration ; 29. Forensic science and diatoms ; 30. Toxic marine diatoms ; 31. Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport ; 32. Diatoms as nonnative species ; 33. Diatomite ; 34. Stable isotopes from diatom silica ; 35. Diatoms and nanotechnology: early history and imagined future as seen through patents ; Part IV. Conclusions: 36. Epilogue: a view to the future ; Glossary, acronyms, and abbreviations ; Index.

Note: Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 The necessity for measurements 1.2 Definition of a measurement 1.3 Historical aspects 2 Measurement basics 2.1 Overview of methods 2.1.1 Direct and indirect methods 2.1.2 In-situ and remote sensing methods 2.1.3 Instantaneous and integrating methods 2.1.4 On-line and off-line methods, post-processing 2.1.5 Flux measurements 2.2 Main measurement principles 2.3 Measurements by inversion 2.3.1 Inversion with one variable 2.3.2 Inversion with more than one variable 2.3.3 Well-posed and ill-posed problems 2.4 Measurement instruments 2.4.1 Active and passive instruments 2.4.2 Analogue and digital instruments 2.5 Measurement platforms 2.6 Measurement variables 2.7 General characteristics of measured data 2.8 Data logging 2.9 Quality assurance/quality control 3 In-situ measurements of state variables 3.1 Thermometers 3.1.1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers 3.1.2 Bimetal thermometers 3.1.3 Resistance thermometers, thermistors 3.1.4 Thermocouples, thermopiles 3.1.5 Sonic thermometry 3.1.6 Measurement of infrared radiation 3.1.7 Soil thermometer 3.1.8 Recommendations for temperature measurements 3.2 Measuring moisture 3.2.1 Hygrometer 3.2.2 Psychrometers 3.2.3 Dewpoint determination 3.2.4 Capacitive methods 3.2.5 Recommendations for humidity measurements 3.3 Pressure sensors 3.3.1 Barometers 3.3.2 Hypsometers 3.3.3 Electronic barometers 3.3.4 Microbarometer 3.3.5 Pressure balance 3.3.6 Recommendations for pressure measurements 3.4 Wind measurements 3.4.1 Estimation from visual observations 3.4.2 Wind direction 3.4.3 Cup anemometer 3.4.4 Pressure tube 3.4.5 Hot wire anemometer 3.4.6 Ultrasonic anemometer 3.4.7 Propeller anemometer 3.4.8 Recommendations for wind measurements 4 In-situ methods for observing liquid water and ice 4.1 Precipitation 4.1.1 Rain sensors (Present Weather Sensors) 4.1.2 Rain gauges (totalisators) 4.1.3 Pluviographs 4.1.4 Disdrometer 4.1.5 Special instruments for snow 4.1.6 Recommendations for precipitation measurements 4.2 Soil moisture 4.2.1 Gravimetric methods 4.2.2 Neutron probes 4.2.3 Time domain reflectrometry (TDR) 4.2.4 Tensiometers 4.2.5 Resistance block tensiometer 4.2.6 Recommendations for soil moisture measurements 5 In-situ measurement of trace substances 5.1 Measurement of trace gases 5.1.1 Physical methods 5.1.2 Chemical methods 5.1.3 Recommendations for the measurement of trace gases 5.2 Particle measurements 5.2.1 Determination of the particle mass 5.2.2 Measuring particle size distributions 5.2.3 Measurement of the chemical composition of particles 5.2.4 Measuring the particle structure 5.2.5 Saltiphon 5.2.6 Recommendations for particle measurements 5.3 Olfactometry 5.4 Radioactivity 5.4.1 Counter tubes 5.4.2 Scintillation counters 5.4.3 Recommendations for radioactivity monitoring 6 In-situ flux measurements 6.1 Measuring radiation 6.1.1 Measuring direct solar radiation 6.1.2 Measuring shortwave irradiance 6.1.3 Measuring longwave irradiance 6.1.4 Measuring the total irradiance 6.1.5 Measuring chill 6.1.6 Sunshine recorder 6.1.7 Recommendations for radiation measurements 6.2 Visual range 6.3 Micrometeorological flux measurements 6.3.1 Cuvettes 6.3.2 Surface chambers 6.3.3 Mass balance method 6.3.4 Inferential method 6.3.5 Gradient method 6.3.6 Bowen-ratio method 6.3.7 Flux variance method 6.3.8 Dissipation method 6.3.9 Eddy covariance method 6.3.10 Eddy accumulation methods 6.3.11 Disjunct eddy covariance method 6.3.12 Recommendations for the measurement of turbulent fluxes 6.4 Evaporation Atmometers 6.4.2 Lysimeters 6.4.3 Evaporation pans and tanks 6.4.4 Recommendations for evaporation measurements 6.5 Soil heat flux 6.6 Inverse emission flux modelling 7 Remote sensing methods 7.1 Basics of remote sensing 7.2 Active sounding methods 7.2.1 RADAR 7.2.2 Windprofilers 7.2.3 SODAR 7.2.4 RASS 7.2.5 LIDAR 7.2.6 Further LIDAR techniques 7.3 Active path-averaging methods 7.3.1 Scintillometers 7.3.2 FTIR 7.3.3 DOAS 7.3.4 Quantum cascade laser 7.4 Passive methods 7.4.1 Radiometers 7.4.2 Photometers 7.4.3 Infrared-Interferometer 7.5 Tomography 7.5.1 Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique 7.5.2 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) 7.5.3 Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) 8 Remote sensing of atmospheric state variables 8.1 Temperature 8.1.1 Near-surface temperatures 8.1.2 Temperature profiles 8.2 Gaseous humidity 8.2.1 Integral water vapour content 8.2.2 Vertical profiles 8.2.3 Large-scale humidity distribution 8.3 Wind and turbulence 8.3.1 Small-scale near-surface turbulence 8.3.2 Horizontal wind fields 8.3.3 Vertical wind profiles 8.3.4 Turbulence profiles 8.3.5 Cloud winds 8.3.6 Ionospheric winds 8.4 Mixing-layer heights 8.4.1 LIDAR 8.4.2 SODAR 8.5 Turbulent fluxes 8.6 Ionospheric electron densities 8.7 Recommendations for remote sensing of state variables 9 Remote sensing of water and ice 9.1 Precipitation 9.1.1 RADAR 9.1.2 Precipitation measurements from satellites 9.2 Clouds 9.2.1 Cloud base 9.2.2 Cloud cover 9.2.3 Cloud movement 9.2.4 Water content 9.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of liquid water and ice 10 Remote sensing of trace substances 10.1 Trace gases 10.1.1 Horizontal path-averaging methods 10.1.2 Vertical column densities 10.1.3 Sounding methods 10.2 Aerosols 10.2.1 Aerosol optical depths (AOD) 10.2.2 Sounding methods 10.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of trace substances 11 Remote sensing of surface properties 11.1 Properties of the solid surface 11.1.1 Surface roughness 11.1.2 Land surface temperature 11.1.3 Soil moisture 11.1.4 Vegetation 11.1.5 Snow and ice 11.1.6 Fires 11.2 Properties of the ocean surface 11.2.1 Altitudes of the sea surface 11.2.2 Wave heights 11.2.3 Sea surface temperature 11.2.4 Salinity 11.2.5 Ocean currents 11.2.6 Ice cover, size of ice floes 11.2.7 Algae and suspended sediment concentrations 12 Remote sensing of electrical phenomena 12.1 Spherics 12.1.1 Directional analyses 12.1.2 Distance analyses 12.2 Optical lightning detection 13 Outlook on new developments Literature Subject index Appendix: Technical guidelines and standards Index to the Appendix

Note: PART I: BIOSPHERE - 1. Forest disturbance assessment using satellite data of moderate and low resolution / M. A. Korets, V. A. Ryzhkova, A. I. Sukhinin, S. A. Bartalev and I. V. Danilova 2. Fire / climate interactions in Siberia / Heiko Balzter, Kevin Tansey, Jorg Kaduk, Charles George, France Gerard, Maria Cuevas Gonzalez, Anatoly Sukhinin and Evgeni Ponomarev 3. Long-term dynamics of mixed fir-aspen forests in West Sayan (Altai-Sayan Ecoregion) / D. M. Ismailova and D. I. Nazimova 4. Evidence of evergreen conifers invasion into larch dominated forests during recent decades / V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson and M. L. Dvinskaya 5. Potential climate-induced vegetation change in Siberia in the 21st century / N. M. Tchebakova , E. I. Parfenova, and A. J. Soja 6. Wildfire dynamics in mid-Siberian larch dominated forests / V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson and M. L. Dvinskaya 7. Dendroclimatological evidence of climate changes across Siberia / Vladimir V. Shishov, Eugene A. Vaganov 8. Siberian pine and larch response to climate warming in the southern Siberian mountain forest: tundra ecotone / V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson, M. L. Dvinskaya and S. T. Im PART II: HYDROSPHERE 9. Remote sensing of spring snowmelt in Siberia / A. Bartsch, W. Wagner and R. Kidd 10. Response of river runoff in the cryolithic zone of Eastern Siberia (Lena River Basin) to future climate warming / A. G. Georgiadi, I. P. Milyukova and E. A. Kashutina PART III: ATMOSPHERE 11. Investigating regional scale processes using remotely sensed atmospheric CO2 column concentrations from SCIAMACHY / M. P. Barkley, A. J. Hewitt and P. S. Monks 12. Climatic and geographic patterns of spatial distribution of precipitation in Siberia / A. Onuchin and T. Burenina PART IV: INFORMATION SYSTEMS 13. Interoperability, data discovery and access: the e-Infrastructures for Earth Sciences resources / Stefano Nativi, Christiana Schmullius, Lorenzo Bigagli and Roman Gerlach 14. Development of a web based information-computational infrastructure for the Siberia Integrated Regional Study / E. P. Gordov, A. Z. Fazliev, V. N. Lykosov, I. G. Okladnikov and A. G. Titov 15. Conclusions / Heiko Balzter. - Appendix. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS PREFACE PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART ONE GLACIERS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Glacier systems 1.1.1 Mass balance 1.1.2 Meltwater 1.1.3 Glacier motion 1.1.4 Glaciers and sea-level change 1.1.5 Erosion and debris transport 1.1.6 Glacial sediments, landforms and landscapes 1.2 Glacier morphology 1.2.1 Ice sheets and ice caps 1.2.2 Glaciers constrained by topography 1.2.3 Ice shelves 1.3 Present distribution of glaciers 1.3.1 Influence of latitude and altitude 1.3.2 Influence of aspect, relief and distance from a moisture source 1.4 Past distribution of glaciers 1.4.1 'Icehouse' and 'greenhouse' worlds 1.4.2 Cenozoic glaciation 2 SNOW, ICE AND CLIMATE 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Surface energy balance 2.2.1 Changes of state and temperature 2.2.2 Shortwave radiation 2.2.3 Longwave radiation 2.2.4 Sensible and latent heat: turbulent fluxes 2.2.5 Energy supplied by rain 2.2.6 Why is glacier ice blue? 2.3 Ice temperature 2.3.1 The melting point of ice 2.3.2 Controls on ice temperature 2.3.3 Thermal structure of glaciers and ice sheets 2.4 Processes of accumulation and ablation 2.4.1 Snow and ice accumulation 2.4.2 Transformation of snow to ice 2.4.3 Melting of snow and ice 2.4.4 Sublimation and evaporation 2.4.5 The influence of debris cover 2.5 Mass balance 2.5.1 Definitions 2.5.2 Measurement of mass balance 2.5.3 Annual mass balance cycles 2.5.4 Mass balance gradients 2.5.5 The equilibrium line 2.5.6 Glaciation levels or glaciation thresholds 2.5.7 Glacier sensitivity to climate change 2.6 Glacier-climate interactions 2.6.1 Effects of glaciers and ice sheets on the atmosphere 2.7 Ice cores 2.7.1 Ice coring programmes 2.7.2 Stable isotopes 2.7.3 Ancient atmospheres: the gas content of glacier ice 2.7.4 Solutes and particulates 3 GLACIER HYDROLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basic concepts 3.2.1 Water sources and routing 3.2.2 Hydraulic potential 3.2.3 Resistance to flow 3.2.4 Channel wall processes: melting, freezing and ice deformation 3.3 Supraglacial and englacial drainage 3.3.1 Supraglacial water storage and drainage 3.3.2 Englacial drainage 3.4 Subglacial drainage 3.4.1 Subglacial channels 3.4.2 Water films 3.4.3 Linked cavity systems 3.4.4 Groundwater flow 3.4.5 Water at the ice-sediment interface 3.5 Glacial hydrological systems 3.5.1 Temperate glaciers 3.5.2 Polythermal glaciers 3.5.3 Modelling glacial hydrological systems 3.6 Proglacial runoff 3.6.1 Seasonal and shorter-term cycles 3.6.2 Runoff and climate change 3.7 Glacial lakes and outburst floods 3.7.1 Introduction 3.7.2 Moraine-dammed lakes 3.7.3 Ice-dammed lakes 3.7.4 Icelandic subglacial lakes 3.7.5 Estimating GLOF magnitudes 3.8 Life in glaciers 3.8.1 Supraglacial ecosystems 3.8.2 Subglacial ecosystems 3.9 Glacier hydrochemistry 3.9.1 Overview 3.9.2 Snow chemistry 3.9.3 Chemical weathering processes 3.9.4 Subglacial chemical weathering 3.9.5 Proglacial environments 3.9.6 Rates of chemical erosion 4 PROCESSES OF GLACIER MOTION 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Stress and strain 4.2.1 Stress 4.2.2 Strain 4.2.3 Rheology: stress-strain relationships 4.2.4 Force balance in glaciers 4.3 Deformation of ice 4.3.1 Glen's Flow Law 4.3.2 Crystal fabric, impurities and water content 4.3.3 Ice creep velocities 4.4 Sliding 4.4.1 Frozen beds 4.4.2 Sliding of wet-based ice 4.4.3 Glacier-bed friction 4.4.4 The role of water 4.5 Deformable beds 4.5.1 The Boulton-Hindmarsh model 4.5.2 Laboratory testing of subglacial tills 4.5.3 Direct observations of deformable glacier beds 4.5.4 Rheology of subglacial till 4.6 Rates of basal motion 4.6.1 'Sliding laws' 4.6.2 Local and non-local controls on ice velocity 4.7 Crevasses and other structures: strain made visible 4.7.1 Crevasses 4.7.2 Crevasse patterns 4.7.3 Layering, foliation and related structures 5 GLACIER DYNAMICS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Understanding glacier dynamics 5.2.1 Balance velocities 5.2.2 Deviations from the balance velocity 5.2.3 Changes in ice thickness: continuity 5.2.4 Thermodynamics 5.3 Glacier models 5.3.1 Overview 5.3.2 Equilibrium glacier profiles 5.3.3 Time-evolving glacier models 5.4 Dynamics of valley glaciers 5.4.1 Intra-annual velocity variations 5.4.2 Multi-annual variations 5.5 Calving glaciers 5.5.1 Flow of calving glaciers 5.5.2 Calving processes 5.5.3 'Calving laws' 5.5.4 Advance and retreat of calving glaciers 5.6 Ice shelves 5.6.1 Mass balance of k e shelves 5.6.2 Flow of ice shelves 5.6.3 Ice shelf break-up 5.7 Glacier surges 5.7.1 Overview 5.7.2 Distribution of surging glaciers 5.7.3 Temperate glacier surges 5.7.4 Polythermal surging glaciers 5.7.5 Surge mechanisms 6 THE GREENLAND AND ANTARCTIC ICE SHEETS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Greenland Ice Sheet 6.2.1 Overview 6.2.2 Climate and surface mass balance 6.2.3 Ice sheet flow 6.2.4 Ice streams and outlet glaciers 6.3 The Antarctic Ice Sheet 6.3.1 Overview 6.3.2 Climate and mass balance 6.3.3 Flow of inland ice 6.3.4 Ice streams 6.3.5 Hydrology and subglacial lakes 6.3.6 Ice stream stagnation and reactivation 6.3.7 Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet 7 GLACIERS AND SEA LEVEL CHANGE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Causes of sea-level change 7.2.1 Overview 7.2.2 Glacio-eustasy and global ice volume 7.2.3 Glacio-isostasy and ice sheet loading 7.3 Sea-level change over glacial-interglacial cycles 7.3.1 Ice sheet fluctuations and eustatic sea-level change 7.3.2 Sea-level histories in glaciated regions 7.4 Glaciers and recent sea-level change 7.4.1 Recorded sea-level change 7.4.2 Global glacier mass balance 7.5 Future sea-level change 7.5.1 IPCC climate and sea-level projections 7.5.2 Predicting the glacial contribution to sea-level change PART TWO GLACIATION 8 EROSIONAL PROCESSES, FORMS AND LANDSCAPES 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Subglacial erosion 8.2.1 Rock fracture: general principles 8.2.2 Abrasion 8.2,3 Quarrying 8.2.4 Erosion beneath cold ice 8.2.5 Erosion of soft beds 8.3 Small-scale erosional forms 8.3.1 Striae and polished surfaces 8.3.2 Rat tails 8.3.3 Chattermarks, gouges and fractures 8.3.4 P-forms 8.4 Intermediate-scale erosional forms 8.4.1 Roches moutonnees 8.4.2 Whalebacks and rock drumlins 8.4.3 Crag and tails 8.4.4 Channels 8.5 Large-scale erosional landforms 8.5.1 Rock basins and overdeepenings 8.5.2 Basins and overdeepenings in soft sediments 8.5.3 Troughs and fjords 8.5.4 Cirques 8.5.5 Strandflats 8.6 Landscapes of glacial erosion 8.6.1 Areal scouring 8.6.2 Selective linear erosion 8.6.3 Landscapes of little or no glacial erosion 8.6.4 Alpine landscapes 8.6.5 Cirque landscapes 8.6.6 Continent-scale patterns of erosion 9 DEBRIS ENTRAPMENT AND TRANSPORT 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Approaches to the study of glacial sediments 9.2.1 The glacial debris cascade 9.2.2 Spatial hierarchies of sediments and landforms 9.3 Glacial debris entrainment 9.3.1 Supraglacial debris entrainment 9.3.2 Incorporation of debris into basal ice 9.4 Debris transport and release 9.4.1 Subglacial transport 9.4.2 High-level debris transport 9.4.3 Glacifluvial transport 9.5 Effects of transport on debris 9.5.1 Granulometry 9.5.2 Clast morphology 9.5.3 Particle micromorphology 10 GLACIGENIC SEDIMENTS AND DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Sediment description and classification 10.2.1 Sediment description 10.2.2 Deformation structures 10.2.3 Primary and secondary deposits 10.3 Primary glacigenic deposits (till) 10.3.1 Overview 10.3.2 Processes of subglacial till formation 10.3.3 Glacitectonite 10.3.4 Subglacial traction till 10.4 Glacifluvial deposits 10.4.1 Terminology and classification of glacifluvial sediments 10.4.2 Plane bed deposits 10.4.3 Ripple cross-laminated facies 10.4.4 Dunes 10.4.5 Antidunes 10.4.6 Scour and minor channel fills 10.4.7 Gravel sheets 10.4.8 Silt and mud drapes 10.4.9 Hyperconcentrated flow deposits 10.5 Gravitational mass movement deposits and syn-sedimentary deformation structures 10.5.1 Overview 10.5.2 Fall deposits 10.5.3 Slide and slump deposits 10.5.4 Debris (sediment-gravity) flow deposits 10.5.5

Note: Contents: Part 1: Data, Models, and Algorithms. - 1. Overture. - 2. Overview. - 3. Three-way and multiway data. - 4. Component models for fully-crossed designs. - 5. Algorithms for multiway models. - Part 2: Data Handling, Model Selection, and Interpertation. - 6. Preprocessing. - 7. Missing data in multiway analysis. - 8. Model and dimensionality selection. - 9. Interpreting component models. - 10. Improving interpretation through rotations. - 11. Graphical displays for components. - 12. Residuals, outliers, and robustness. - Part 3: Multiway Data and Their Analysis. - 13. Modeling multiway profile data. - 14. Modeling multiway rating scale data. - 15. Exploratory multivariate longitudinal analysis. - 16. Three-mode clustering. - 17. Multiway contingency tables. - 18. Three-way binary data. - 19. From three-way to four-way data and beyond. - Appendix A: Standard notation for mulitway analysis. - Appendix B: Biplots and their interpretation.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache , Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS: PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE GLOBAL SYSTEM 1.1 THE PHYSICAL SETTING 1.2 THE ANTARCTIC CRYOSPHERE 1.3 THE ROLE OF THE ANTARCTIC IN THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM 1.4 OBSERVATIONS FOR STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE ANTARCTIC 1.5 THE CLIMATE OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ITS VARIABILITY 1.6 BIOTA OF THE ANTARCTIC 1.6.1 Terrestrial 1.6.2 Marine 2 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic 2.1.3 In-situ ocean observations 2.1.4 Sea ice observations 2.1.5 Observations of the ice sheet and permafrost 2.1.6 Sea level 2.1.7 Marine biology 2.1.8 Terrestrial biology 2.1.9 Models 2.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND RESEARCH NEEDS 3 ANTARCTIC CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT HISTORY IN THE PREINSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 DEEP TIME 3.2.1 The Greenhouse world: from Gondwana breakup to 34 million years 3.2.2 Into the Icehouse world: the last 34 million years 3.3 THE LAST MILLION YEARS 3.3.1 Glacial interglacial cycles: the ice core record 3.3.2 The transition to Holocene interglacial conditions: the ice core record 3.3.3 Deglaciation of the continental shelf, coastal margin and continental interior 3.3.4 Antarctic deglaciation and its impact on global sea level 3.3.5 Sea ice and climate 3.4 THE HOLOCENE 3.4.1 Holocene climate change: regional to hemispheric perspectives 3.4.2 Changes in sea ice extent through the Holocene 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.5 BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE 3.5.1 The terrestrial environment 3.5.2 The marine environment 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 4 THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION 4.2.1 Modes of variability ..? 4.2.2 Depression tracks 4.2.3 Teleconnections 4.3 TEMPERATURE 4.3.1 Surface temperature 4.3.2 Upper air temperature changes 4.3.3 Attribution 4.4 CHANGES IN ANTARCTIC SNOWFALL OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS 4.4.1 General spatial and temporal characteristics of Antarctic snowfall 4.4.2 Long-term Antarctic snowfall accumulation estimates 4.4.3 Recent trends in Antarctic snowfall 4.5 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 4.5.1 Antarctic stratospheric ozone in the instrumental period 4.5.2 Antarctic tropospheric chemistry 4.5.3 Aerosol, clouds and radiation 4.6 THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Australian sector 4.6.3 The Amundsen/Bellingshausen Seas 4.6.4 Variability and change in Ross Sea shelf waters 4.6.5 The Weddell Sea sector 4.6.6 Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean 4.6.7 Dynamics of the circulation and water masses of the ACC and the polar gyres from model results 4.7 . ANTARCTIC SEA ICE COVER DURING THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Sea ice cover in the pre-satellite era 4.7.3 Variability and trends in sea ice using satellite data 4.8 THE ICE SHEET AND PERMAFROST 4.8.1 Introduction 4.8.2 The Antarctic Peninsula 4.8.3 West Antarctica 4.8.4 East Antarctica 4.8.5 Calving 4.8.6 Sub-glacial water movement 4.8.7 Other changes in the ice sheet 4.8.8 Attribution of changes to the ice sheet 4.8.9 Conclusions regarding the ice sheet 4.8.10 Changes in Antarctic permafrost and active layer over the last 50 years 4.9 LONG TERM SEA LEVEL CHANGE 4.10 MARINE BIOLOGY 4.10.1 The open ocean system 4.10.2 Sea ice ecosystems 4.10.3 ENSO links and teleconnections to vertebrate life histories and population 4.10.4 Invertebrate physiology 4.10.5 Seasonality effect on the high Antarctic benthic shelf communities? 4.10.6 Macroalgal physiology and ecology 4.10.7 Marine/terrestrial pollution 4.11 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE RESPONSE TO HISTORICAL CLIMATE CHANGE 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean 4.11.3 Historical change - observed response 4.11.4 Historical change - simulated view 4.11.5 Changes in CO2 inventories 4.11.6 Concluding remarks 4.12 TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY 5 THE NEXT 100 YEARS 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 CLIMATE CHANGE 5.2.1 IPCC scenarios 5.2.2 Climate models 5.2.3 Atmospheric circulation 5.2.4 Temperature change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.5 Precipitation change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.6 Antarctic stratospheric ozone over the next 100 years 5.3 OCEAN CIRCULATION AND WATER MASSES 5.3.1 Simulation of present-day conditions in the Southern Hemisphere 5.3.2 Projections for the Twenty First Century 5.3.3 Long-term evolution of the Southern Ocean 5.3.4 Conclusions 5.4 SEA ICE CHANGE OVER THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY 5.5 THE TERRESTRIAL CRYOSPHERE 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 East Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.3 West Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.4 Antarctic Peninsula 5.5.5 Conclusions 5.5.6 Summary and needs for future research 5.6 EVOLUTION OF ANTARCTIC PERMAFROST 5.7 PROJECTIONS OF SEA LEVEL IN ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN WATERS BY 2100 5.7.1 Regional projections of mean sea-level rise 5.8 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - RESPONSE OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE TO FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE 5.8.1 Background 5.8.2 Future Southern Ocean carbon response 5.8.3 Response to increased CO2 uptake 5.8.4 Concluding remarks 5.9 BIOLOGY 5.9.1 Terrestrial Biology 5.9.2 Marine Biology 5.9.3 The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 7 REFERENCES.

Note: Contents: PART I INTRODUCTION, NUMERICAL OVERVIEW, AND DATA-SETS. - 1 The march towards the quantitative analysis of palaeolimnological data. - 2 Overview of numerical metods in Palaeolimnology. - 3 Data-Sets. - PART II NUMERICAL METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MODERN AND STRATIGRAPHICAL PALAEOLIMNOLOGICAL DATA. - 4 Introduction and overview Part II. - 5 Exploratory data analysis and data display. - Assessment of uncertainities associated with Palaeolimnological laboratory methods and microfossil analysis. - 7 Clustering and partitioning. - 8 From Classical to canonical ordination. - 9 Statistical learning in Palaeolimnology. - PART III NUMERICAL METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF STRATIGRAPHICAL PALAEOLIMNOLOGICAL DATA. - 10 Introduction and overview of Part III. - 11 Analysis of stratigraphical data. - 12 Estimation of age-depth relationships. - 13 Core correlation. - 14 Quantitative environmental reconstructions from biological data. - 15 Analogue methods in Palaeolimnology. - 16 Autocorrelogram and Periodogram analysis of palaeolimnological temporal-series from lakes in Central and Western North America to assess shifts in drought conditions. - PART IV CASE STUDIES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTITATIVE PALAEOLIMNOLOGY. - 17 Introduction and overview of Part IV. - 18 Limnological responses to environmental changes at Inter-annual to decadal time-scales. - 19 Human impacts: applications of numerical methods to evaluate surface-water acidification and eutrophication. - 20 Tracking Holocene climatic change with aquatic biota from lake sediments: case studies of commonly used numerical techniques. - 21 Conclusions and future challenges. - Glossary. - Index.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - Apiaceae. - Asteraceae. - Betulaceae. - Boraginaceae. - Brassicaceae. - Campanulaceae. - Caryophyllaceae. - Crassulaceae. - Cyperaceae. - Diapensiaceae. - Ericaceae. - Fabaceae. - Gentianaceae. - Hippuriadaceae. - Juncaceae. - Lentibulariaceae. - Liliaceae. - Onagraceae. - Papaveraceae. - Parnassiaceae. - Pinaceae. - Plumbaginaceae. - Poaceae. - Polemoniaceae. - Polygonaceae. - Portulacaceae. - Primulaceae. - Pyrolaceae. - Ranunculaceae. - Rosaceae. - Salicaceae. - Saxifragaceae. - Scrophulariaceae. - Valerianaceae. - Index of plants by family. - Alphabetical index of plants. , In englischer und russischer Sprache. , Teilw. in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Advances in 40Ar/39Ar dating: from archaeology to planetary sciences – introduction / Fred Jourdan, Darren F. Mark and Chrystele Verati / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 1-8, 16 January 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.24 Perspectives on 40Ar/39Ar dating / Ian McDougall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 9-20, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.20 Methodological developments Some footnotes to the optimization-based calibration of the 40Ar/39Ar system / Paul R. Renne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 21-31, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.17 Neutron-induced 37Ar recoil ejection in Ca-rich minerals and implications for 40Ar/39Ar dating / F. Jourdan and P. R. Renne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 33-52, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.15 Direct measurement of recoil effects on 40Ar/39Ar standards / Chris M. Hall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 53-62, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.7 FCs-EK: a new sampling of the Fish Canyon Tuff 40Ar/39Ar neutron flux monitor / L. E. Morgan, D. F. Mark, J. Imlach, D. Barfod and R. Dymock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 63-67, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.21 Petrology and geochronology of ‘muscovite age standard’ B4M / Alexandra R. Heri, Martin Robyr and Igor M. Villa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 69-78, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.2 Argon extraction from geological samples by CO2 scanning laser step-heating / D. N. Barfod, D. F. Mark, A. Tait, R. C. Dymock and J. Imlach / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 79-90, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.23 The multi-diffusion domain model: past, present and future / T. Mark Harrison and Oscar M. Lovera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 91-106, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.9 Diffusion of Ar in K-feldspar: Present and absent / Igor M. Villa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 107-116, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.4 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and the diffusion of 39Ar in phengite–muscovite intergrowths during step-heating experiments in vacuo / Marnie A. Forster and Gordon S. Lister / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 117-135, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.16 Ar diffusion and solubility measurements in plagioclases using the ultra-violet laser depth-profiling technique / Jo-Anne Wartho, Simon P. Kelley and Stephen C. Elphick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 137-154, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.13 Modelling effect of sericitization of plagioclase on the 40K/40Ar and 40Ar/39Ar chronometers: implication for dating basaltic rocks and mineral deposits / Chrystèle Verati and Fred Jourdan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 155-174, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.14 The other isotopes: research avenues based on 36Ar, 37Ar and 38Ar / Grenville Turner and Ray Burgess / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 175-188, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.8 Applications: Tectonics 40Ar/39Ar Thermochronology on Central China Orogen: Cooling, uplift and implications for orogeny dynamics / Fei Wang, Rixiang Zhu, Quanlin Hou, Dewen Zheng, Liekun Yang, Lin Wu, Wenbei Shi, Huile Feng, Haiqing Sang, Hongyuan Zhang and Qing Liu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 189-206, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.3 40Ar/39Ar ages of crystallization and recrystallization of rock-forming polyhalite in Alpine rocksalt deposits / C. Leitner, F. Neubauer, J. Genser, S. Borojević-Šoštarić and G. Rantitsch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 207-224, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.5 Persistent long-term (c. 24 Ma) exhumation in the Eastern Alaska Range constrained by stacked thermochronology / Jeff A. Benowitz, Paul W. Layer and Sam Vanlaningham / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 225-243, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.12 40Ar/39Ar hornblende provenance clues about Heinrich event 3 (H3) / Greg E. Downing, Sidney R. Hemming, Anne Jost and Martin Roy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 245-263, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.18 Observation of centimetre-scale argon diffusion in alkali feldspars: implications for 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology / Stephanie Flude, Alison M. Halton, Simon P. Kelley, Sarah C. Sherlock, James Schwanethal and Camilla M. Wilkinson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 265-275, 10 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.25 Applications: Volcanology 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the Haifanggou and Lanqi formations: When did the first flowers bloom? / Su-Chin Chang, Haichun Zhang, Sidney R. Hemming, Gary T. Mesko and Yan Fang / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 277-284, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.1 Timing of geothermal activity in an active island-arc volcanic setting: First 40Ar/39Ar dating from Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) / C. Verati, P. Patrier-Mas, J. M. Lardeaux and V. Bouchot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 285-295, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.19 Applications: Planetary sciences Issues in dating young rocks from another planet: Martian shergottites / Jisun Park, Donald D. Bogard, Laurence E. Nyquist and G. F. Herzog / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 297-316, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.10 A laser probe 40Ar/39Ar investigation of poikilitic shergottite NWA 4797: implications for the timing of shock metamorphism / Erin L. Walton, Simon Kelley, Christopher D. K. Herd and Anthony J. Irving / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 317-332, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.11 40Ar/39Ar ages of impacts involving ordinary chondrite meteorites / Timothy D. Swindle, D. A. Kring and J. R. Weirich / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 333-347, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.6 A high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for hydrated impact glass from the Dellen impact, Sweden / D. F. Mark, P. Lindgren and A. E. Fallick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 349-366, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.22

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Geology as medicine and medics as geologists / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 1-6, 23 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.29 Lithotherapeutical research sources from antiquity to the mid-eighteenth century / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 7-43, 4 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.25 Cryptopalaeontology / Eladio Liñán, María Liñán and Joaquín Carrasco / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 45-64, 10 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.14 The stomatological use of stones cited in the Kitab al-tasrif treatise (Abulcasis, 1000 CE) / Joaquín Carrasco and María Liñán / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 65-80, 11 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.7 The gem electuary / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 81-111, 17 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.9 Medicinal terra sigillata: a historical, geographical and typological review / Arthur Macgregor / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 113-136, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.1 Materia medica in the seventeenth-century Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo / W. D. Ian Rolfe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 137-156, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.3 History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 157-169, 17 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.8 Pharmaceutical use of gold from antiquity to the seventeenth century / Renzo Console / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 171-191, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.12 Bezoar stones, magic, science and art / Maria Do Sameiro Barroso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 193-207, 26 February 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.11 Some early eighteenth century geological Materia Medica / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 209-233, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.13 Religiosity and magic in some lithoiatric practices of European folk medicine / Massimo Aliverti / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 235-242, 23 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.27 Britain’s spa heritage: a hydrogeological appraisal / John D. Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 243-260, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.16 Groundwater – Medicine by the Glassful? / N. S. Robins and P. L. Smedley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 261-267, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.17 Sunday Stone: an enduring metaphor of mining diseases and underground mining conditions / John H. Pearn and Christopher Gardner-Thorpe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 269-278, 11 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.22 The influence of geology in the development of public health / Beverly P. Bergman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 279-287, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.6 From flesh to fossils – Nicolaus Steno’s anatomy of the Earth / Jakob Bek-Thomsen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 289-305, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.15 Diagnosing fossilization in the Nordic Renaissance: an investigation into the correspondence of Ole Worm (1588–1654) / Ella Hoch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 307-327, 17 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.26 Education forms the tender mind / Christopher Gardner-Thorpe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 329-337, 23 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.28 James Parkinson’s ‘system of successive creations’ / Cherry Lewis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 339-348, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.18 From obstetrics to oryctology: inside the mind of William Hunter (1718–1783) / J. J. Liston / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 349-373, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.21 John Jeremiah Bigsby, MD: British Army physician and pioneer North American geologist / Leonard G. Wilson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 375-394, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.20 Five eighteenth-century medical polymaths / Gillian C. Hull / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 395-407, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.5 John Whitaker Hulke, surgeon and palaeontologist / Simon Wills / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 409-427, 22 February 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.10 Dr Arthur Conan Doyle’s contribution to the popularity of pterodactyls / David M. Martill and Tony Pointon / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 429-443, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.19 Physicians and their contribution to the early history of earth sciences in Austria / Daniela Claudia Angetter, Bernhard Hubmann and Johannes Seidl / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 445-454, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.4 Medical geologists during the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration / Henry Guly / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 455-462, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.2 Vomiting stones: mental illness and forensic medicine in 18th century Italy / Alessandro Porro, Carlo Cristini, Bruno Falconi, Antonia Francesca Franchini and Lorenzo Lorusso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 463-468, 4 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.23 Geology, conservation and dissolution of corpses by Paolo Gorini (1813–1881) / Lorenzo Lorusso, Bruno Falconi, Francesca Antonia Franchini and Alessandro Porro / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 469-474, 9 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.24

Note: Part I: Introduction to Data Mining Chapter 1 - What's It All About? Chapter 2 - Input: Concepts, Instances, and Attributes Chapter 3 - Output: Knowledge Representation Chapter 4 - Algorithms: The Basic Methods Chapter 5 - Credibility: Evaluating What's Been Learned Part II: Advanced Data Mining Chapter 6 - Implementations: Real Machine Learning Schemes Chapter 7 - Data Transformations Chapter 8 - Ensemble Learning Chapter 9 - Moving on: Applications and Beyond Part III: The Weka Data Mining Workbench Chapter 10 - Introduction to Weka Chapter 11 - The Explorer Chapter 12 - The Knowledge Flow Interface Chapter 13 - The Experimenter Chapter 14 - The Command-Line Interface Chapter 15 - Embedded Machine Learning Chapter 16 - Writing New Learning Schemes Chapter 17 - Tutorial Exercises for the Weka Explorer