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  • English  (4,033)
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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Call number: M 93.0227 ; M 304
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: X, 323 S.
    ISBN: 0444415661
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Ann Arbor
    Call number: 93.0201
    Pages: VI, 265 S.
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin [u.a.] : Springer
    Associated volumes
    Call number: G 7148(2. Ex.) ; 10/G 7724 ; M 93.0092/12 ; G 7148(1. Ex.)
    In: Minerals and rocks
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IX, 229 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Minerals and rocks 12
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Location: Reading room
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  • 4
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    New York [u.a.] : Wiley
    Call number: M 93.0160
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 319 S.
    ISBN: 0471029343
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    New York [u.a.] : Pergamon Press
    Call number: M 93.0234
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IX, 288 S. : Ill.
    Edition: 2. print.
    ISBN: 0080195946
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Falls Church : American Geological Inst.
    Call number: M 93.0008
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 79 S.
    ISBN: 0913312134
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley
    Call number: M 93.0152
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XII, 622 S.
    Edition: reprinted
    ISBN: 0471813834
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    New York [u.a.] : Springer
    Call number: PIK N 630-92-0608
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 237 S.: Ill., Kt.
    Edition: 3. print.
    ISBN: 0387900462 , 3-540-90046-2
    Series Statement: Heidelberg science library 15
    Uniform Title: Vegetationszonen und Klima
    Language: English
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
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  • 9
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    New York [u.a.]: Wiley
    Call number: M 93.0155
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VIII, 481 S.
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Call number: MOP 40426 / Mitte
    In: Israel meteorological research papers
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: ii, 175 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Israel meteorological research papers 1
    Language: English
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 11
    Call number: G 7862 ; M 93.0149/11
    In: Physics and chemistry of the earth
    In: International series of monographs on earth sciences
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 909 S. : graph. Darst.
    Edition: 1. ed.
    Series Statement: Physics and chemistry of the earth 11
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 12
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 11443 ; M 93.0232/2
    In: Metallization associated with acid magmatism
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 166 S. : graph. Darst.
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 13
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 13/M 97.0131
    In: Elsevier oceanography series
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIII, 231 S.
    ISBN: 0444414908
    Series Statement: Elsevier oceanography series 14
    Classification:
    Oceanology
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/28
    In: CRREL Report, 78-28
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: x, 112 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-28
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points
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  • 15
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/25
    In: CRREL Report, 78-25
    Description / Table of Contents: The objectives of this investigation were to describe channel characteristics and geographic settings of ice jam sites from aerial photographic interpretation, to indicate which characteristics may be important in causing ice jams, and to suggest additional uses of aerial photographs. Aerial photographs were taken of 19 sites with a Zeiss RMK 15/23 aerial camera on 17, 19, and 21 April 1976. Uncontrolled photomosaics of each site were assembled and major river characteristics were delineated on the photomosaics. Characteristics described include: manmade structures, falls, rapids, changes in channel depths, channel islands, mid-channel shoals or bars, river bed material, river sinuosity, meanders, floodplain width, riparian vegetation, and types of development on the floodplain. River channel widths were measured from the photographs along rivers where ground truth data were available for comparison. Lengths of channel riffles and pools were measured along the rivers where variations in river depths were evident on the photographs. Seventy-nine percent of the sites have some form of flow control structure which causes a pool with a backwater condition of low velocity. The low flow condition in the pool allows a solid ice cover to form which impedes ice movement and initiates ice jams. Aerial photographs provide a regional perspective for evaluating channel characteristics at an ice jam site and for analyzing the geographic setting at each site during ice-free conditions. Photographs taken after ice jams have formed are useful in monitoring ice jam formation, in analyzing ice characteristics, and in documenting ice jam breakup and movement.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 60 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-25
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/19
    In: CRREL Report, 78-19
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column
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  • 17
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/18
    In: CRREL Report, 78-18
    Description / Table of Contents: The primary objective of this project was to demonstrate the utility of remote sensing techniques as an operational tool in the acquisition of data required by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, in the Grays Harbor dredging effects project, and related projects. Aerial imagery was used to map surface circulation and suspended sediment patterns near the hopper dredge pump site at the harbor entrance and near pulpmill outfalls in Aberdeen, and to map the areal distribution and extent of intertidal habitats. The surface circulation maps prepared from the aerial photographs and thermal imagery compared favorably with the large-scale circulation patterns observed in the Grays Harbor hydraulic model at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Of the imagery provided by NASA, the thermal imagery was more useful than the color or color infrared (CIR) photographs for mapping circula­tion, while the CIR photographs were more useful than the thermal imagery or the color photographs for mapping intertidal habitats. Current velocities estimated from dye dispersion patterns and drifting dye drogues were comparable at some locations to velocities measured by in situ current meters and in the hydraulic model. Based on a cursory evaluation of LANDSAT-1 imagery acquired in January, February, and October 1973, it had limited utility in providing data on surface circulation patterns in Grays Harbor. The areal distribution and extent of nine wetland vegetation types, dune vegetation, and three types of eelgrass were mapped using primarily aerial C IR photographs and ground sur­veys. Color photographs were also used for areas not covered by the C IR photographs. Wetland vegetation types mapped were: low silty marsh, low sandy marsh, sedge marsh, high immature marsh, high mature marsh, salt marsh, diked pasture, freshwater marsh, and wooded swamp. Undiked salt marsh (first five types) covered 5540 acres (22.3 km2) in Grays Harbor.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site description Background and objectives Project history Approach General Aircraft imagery and sensor data LANDSAT imagery Ground truth data Results and discussion Remote sensing techniques Conventional techniques Comparison of results Conclusions Advantages and disadvantages Applications Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 18
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/16
    In: CRREL Report, 78-16
    Description / Table of Contents: A model investigation of drifting snow conditions was conducted in a hydraulic flume using a sand-water analog. Model results were evaluated to define modeling parameters that would allow quantitative correlation between measured prototype drift conditions and the model. The modeled structure was the standard plan snow fence designed by the Wyoming Highway Department and installed along Interstate Highway 80 in 1971. The performance of this system was documented by the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station of the U.S. Forest Service. Models of the fence were constructed for three heights and two geometric scales. Geometric scaling was based on terrain roughness and boundary layer thickness considerations, while velocity scaling was based on particle fall velocity and threshold of motion characteristics. Simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer was found to be of primary importance. Velocity scaling analysis suggested the use of a 'significant wind' concept based on a combination of velocity magnitude and frequency. Similarity of precipitation rate was not essential, and could be altered within limits to adjust the time scale. The response of the model to the shape of model elements was significant. Although the model is distorted and inexact similarity is achieved, it appears useful on a practical basis.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A
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  • 19
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/27
    In: CRREL Report, 78-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Uniaxial compression and tension tests were conducted on polycrystalline snow-ice to determine the effect of temperature on its strength. Test temperatures ranged from -O.1C to -54C. Two machine speeds, 0.847 mm/s and84.7 mm/s were used for the constant displacement rate tests. The compressive strength at -54C was about oneorder of magnitude higher than at -0.1C. The tensile strength at -18C was about 20% higher than at 0.1C. The initial tangent and 50% strength moduli are given for the compression tests, while the secant modulus to failure is given for the tension tests.The mode of fracture is discussed and the test results are compared with data from other investigations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-27
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/14
    In: CRREL Report, 78-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The analytical solution and the numerical study of the eigenvalue problem for determining the buckling pressure of an infinite elastic plate floating on water and stressed uniformly along the periphery of an internal hole is presented. The boundary conditions considered are the clamped-, simple-, and free-edge conditions. Small buckling pressure occurs only for the free-edge condition. The shape of the deflection for the free-edge condition suggests that buckling is an important mechanism of failure.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling
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  • 21
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/26
    In: CRREL Report, 78-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice fog suppression experiments on the Fort Wainwright Power Plant cooling pond were conducted during the winters of 1974-76. Baseline information studies occupied a sizable portion of the available ice fog weather in 1974-75. Then hexadecanol was added to the pond and dramatically improved visibility by reducing fog generated from water vapor released by the pond at -14 C. Although this temperature was not low enough to create ice fog, the cold vapor fog created was equally as devastating to visibility in the vicinity of the pond. During the winter of 1975-76, suppression tests were continued using films of hexadecanol, mixes of hexadecanol and octadecanol, and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGME). Suppression effectiveness at colder temperatures was stuided and limits to the techniques were probed. A reinforcing grid was constructed that prevented breakup of the film by wind and water currents. Lifetime tests indicated that EGME degrades much more slowly than either hexadecanol or the hexadecanol-octadecanol mix. The films were found to be very effective fog reducers at warmer temperatures but still allowed 20% to 40% of normal evaporation to occur. The vapor thus produced was sufficient to create some ice fog at lower temperatures, but this ice fog occurred less frequently and was more quickly dispersed than the thick fog that was present before application of the films.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-26
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data
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  • 22
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/13
    In: CRREL Report, 78-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Field observations of the growth fabrics of the fast and near-fast ice along the coasts of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas show that, at depths of more than 60 cm below the upper ice surface, the sea ice crystals show striking alignments within the horizontal plane. At one site this alignment was well developed at a depth of 15 cm and in all cases the degree of preferred orientation increased with depth, with the strongest orientations occurring at the bottom of the ice sheet. In general the c-axes of the crystals were aligned roughly E-W parallel to the coast. In the vicinity of islands the alignment roughly paralleled the outlines of the islands and in narrow passes between islands the alignment paralleled the channel. Our observations, as well as similar observations made in the Kara Sea by Cherepanov, can be explained if it is assumed that the c-axes of the crystals are aligned parallel to the 'long-term' current direction at the sea ice/sea water interface. The alignments are believed to be the result of geometric selection among the growing crystals, with the most favored orientation being that in which the current flows normal to the (0001) plates of ice that make up the dendritic ice/water interface characteristics of sea ice. It is hypothesized that current flow in this direction reduces the thickness of the solute boundary layer as well as the salinity in the liquid at the interface. This lowered salinity allows crystals in the favored orientation to extend farther into the melt than neighboring crystals with less favored orientations. In addition the current tends to induce a continuous flux of supercooled seawater against the sides of the crystals that extend ahead of the interface.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited
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  • 23
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/9
    In: CRREL Report, 78-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Large, simply supported beams of temperate lake ice were found, generally, to yield significantly higher flexural strengths than the same beams tested in the cantilever mode. Data support the view that a significant stress concentration may exist at the fixed corners of the cantilever beams. Maximum effects are experienced with beams of cold, brittle ice substantially free of structural imperfections; for this kind of ice the strength difference factor, here attributed to the effect of stress concentrations, may exceed 2.0; that is, simply supported beams test a factor of 2 or more stronger than the same beams tested in the cantilever mode. In ice that has undergone extensive thermal degradation, the stress concentration effect may be eliminated entirely. Simply supported beams generally yield higher strengths when the top surfaces are placed in tension. This behavior is attributed to differences in ice type; the fine-grained, crack-free top layer of snow-ice which constituted up to 50% of the ice cover in the current series of tests usually reacted more strongly in tension than the coarse-grained crack-prone bottom lake ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 24
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/8
    In: CRREL Report, 78-8
    Description / Table of Contents: The interaction of a 5.1-GHz transverse electric surface wave with a dielectric slab is experimentally investigated. The wave is initially supported by a dielectric substrate resting upon a metallic ground-plane. A slab, made of the same dielectric material as the substrate and variable in height, is then placed upon the waveguide. The results for a small slab sitting on the substrate showed that the discontinuity was a very inefficient launcher of reflected surface waves. Investigations of these reflections with a trough waveguide showed that, for values of slab height comparable to the exponential decay height of the surface wave, the reflections remain very small. However, as the slab height is increased beyond the decay height, the reflected amplitude approaches the theoretical value for a plane wave reflected from the interface between air and the same dielectric. The results are applicable to surface wave methods of microwave deicing of wings and helicopter rotors.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Background Objective and procedure Theory of plane surface waves Waveguide design and characteristics Physical apparatus Frequency characteristics Spatial distribution of Ey above the guide Guide wave length Surface wave interaction with a slab discontinuity Experiments with a trough Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 25
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/7
    In: CRREL Report, 78-7
    Description / Table of Contents: The theory of non-coaxial in-plane plastic deformation of soils that obey the Coulomb yield criterion is presented. The constitutive equations are derived by use of the geometry of the Mohr circle and the theory of characteristic lines. It is found that, for solving a boundary value problem, the non-coaxial angle must be given such values that enable us to accommodate the presupposed type of flow in the given domain satisfying the given boundary conditions. The non-coaxial angle is contained in the constitutive equations as a parameter. Therefore, the plastic material obeying the Coulomb yield criterion is a singular material whose constitutive equations are not constant with material but are variable with flow conditions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-7
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 26
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/6
    In: CRREL Report, 78-6
    Description / Table of Contents: A new freezing mechanism, called segregation freezing, is proposed to explain the generation of the suction force that draws pore water up to the freezing surface of a growing ice lens. The segregation freezing temperature is derived by applying thermodynamics to a soil mechanics concept that distinguishes the effective pressure from the neutral pressure. The frost-heaving pressure is formulated in the solution of the differential equations of the simultaneous flow of heat and water, of which the segregation freezing temperature is one of the boundary conditions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Segregation freezing Analysis Heat conduction in the nascent ice layer Water flow in the unfrozen soil Heat transfer in the unfrozen soil Energy balance at the segregation-freezing front Numerical computation Literature cited Appendix A. Essence of Portnov’s method Appendix B. Frost-heaving without air available
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  • 27
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/5
    In: CRREL Report, 78-5
    Description / Table of Contents: The viscoelastic deflection of an infinite floating ice plate subjected to a circular load was solved, assuming the Maxwell-Voigt type four-element model. An effective method of numerical integration of the solution integrals was developed, of which each integrand contains a product of Bessel functions extending to infinity. The theoretical curve was fitted to the field data, but the material constants thus found varied with time and location.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The problem The solution Method of numerical integration Ramp/steady loading Curve fitting to time lapse deflections Asymptotic deflection Deflection profiles Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix I. Analytical background Appendix II. Computer programs, ramp time profiles and steady time profiles
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  • 28
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/3
    In: CRREL Report, 78-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The mathematical theory for the bearing capacity of river ice for vehicles is presented. The floating ice sheet is assumed to have simple supports at the shore line. Solutions are presented for loads uniformly distributed over circular and rectangular areas. Numerical evaluations are made for a number of vehicles and the results presented in graphical form
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-3
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Theory Solution by superposition Solution by Fourier integral Solution by Fourier series Application and results Literature cited Appendix A: Bearing capacity of river ice for military vehicles Appendix B: Vehicle specifications Appendix C: Fortran II computer program
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  • 29
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/4
    In: CRREL Report, 78-4
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of radio-echo sounding records to indicate the presence of internal layers within large ice sheets is of interest to glaciologists because it offers a means of tracking the internal properties of the ice sheets over large distances. The interpretation of the reflections obtained in this manner is more valuable, however, if a physical property change relating to the glaciological regime can be related to the dielectric property change producing the radio-echo reflections. In this report, we use the measured physical properties of core to bedrock taken at Cape Folger, East Antarctica (66 deg 22 min s, 111 deg (E), 324-m depth), to compute a profile of dielectric properties and from this, a depth-reflection coefficient profile for comparison with observed radio-echo reflections. The measurements available on physical properties are: density variations, bubble size and shape changes, and crystal fabric variations. The depths of the strong reflections shown on the available radio-echo records are in reasonable agreement with the depths corresponding to the highest reflection coefficients computed from the combined physical property measurements. In calculations to differentiate the separate effects of different physical properties, it appears that density variations account for the primary contributions to the calculated dielectric property changes corresponding to the highest reflection coefficients. However, bubble changes alone can also account for reasonable, though lower, reflection coefficients at the appropriate depths. Crystal fabric variations correspond poorly with the reflection locations. Density variations are normally associated with depositional events in the history of the ice sheet.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 30
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/2
    In: CRREL Report, 78-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the technical questions relating to iceberg transport are given brief, but quantitative, consideration. These include iceberg genesis and properties, the mechanical stability of icebergs at sea, towing forces and tug characteristics, drag coefficients, ablation rates, and handling and processing the iceberg at both the pick-up site and at the final destination. In particular the paper attempts to make technical information on glaciological and ice engineering aspects of the problem more readily available to the interested planner or engineer. Specific conclusions include: (1) No unprotected iceberg, no matter how long or wide, would be likely to survive the ablation caused by a long trip to low latitudes. (2) Icebergs that have a horizontal dimension exceeding 2 km may well be prone to breakup by long wavelength swells. (3) To avoid the dangers associated with an iceberg capsizing, the width of a 200-m thick iceberg should always be more than 300 m. (4) For towing efficiency the length/width ratio of a towed iceberg should be appreciably greater than unity. (5) For a pilot project, the selected iceberg would have to be quite small, if for no other reason than the practical availability of tug power.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 31
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/1
    In: CRREL Report, 78-1
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of axial double point-load tests on disk samples of snow and ice obtained from the area of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, are presented. They show the effects of temperature, sample length, load point diameter and specific gravity on failure load. It was determined that 13 samples should be tested to obtain a representative mean strength index. The results show that the axial double point-load test has good possibilities as a rapid field test for determining the unconfined comrpessive strength of snow and ice but that further evaluation of the variables affecting test results must be made.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 32
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-77/32
    In: CRREL Report, 77-32
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study of forced convective heat transfer over a vertical melting plate has been conducted. This study covers water velocities ranging from 1.7 to 9.8 mm/s and bulk water temperatures from 1.11 to 7.50 C. The experimental results are correlated in terms of Nusselt, Prandtl and Reynolds numbers with a moderate correlation coefficient of 0.843. The results are expected to be useful in predicting the heat transfer characteristics of a much larger prototype ice-water heat sink.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-32
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 33
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-77/31
    In: CRREL Report, 77-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Ten roofs in Concord, New Hampshire, were surveyed for wet insulation using a hand-held infrared camera. Suspected wet areas were marked on the roof with spray paint and roof samples were obtained to verify wet and dry conditions. Recommendations for maintenance and repair were made based on infrared findings, water contents, and visual examinations. An incremental economic study is presented to serve as a guide in determining the most cost-effective approach.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-31
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 34
    Call number: MOP 44979 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 276 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: English
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  • 35
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    København : Nyt Nordisk Forl.
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-553-204,1
    In: Meddelelser om Grønland
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 22 S. + Beil
    ISBN: 8717023785
    Series Statement: Meddelelser om Grønland 204,1
    Language: English
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  • 36
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Warszawa : Wydawn. Komunikacyjne
    Call number: MOP 26543
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXXII, 211 Seiten
    Edition: 2. verbesserte Auflage
    Series Statement: Pánstwowy Instytut Hydrologiczno-meteorologiczny 41
    Language: Polish
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  • 37
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington D.C. : National Science Foundation
    Call number: AWI P6-85-0831
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: Revised July 1978
    Language: English
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  • 38
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Cambridge : University Press
    Call number: AWI G1-19-92304
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVI, 420 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: Fourth edition
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: I The mechanical properties of rocks. - II The theory of elastic waves. - III Observational seismology. - IV The theory of the figures of the earth and moon. - V The figures of the earth and moon. Discussion of observations. - VI Stress-differences in the earth. - VII The variation of latitude and the bodily tide. - VIII Tidal friction. - IX The age of the earth. - X The thermal history of the earth. - XI The origin of the earth's surface features. - XII Special problems. - Appendices. - A Critical stress-difference. - B The straining of a uniform sphere. - C Castigliano's principle. - D Cooling of a sphere. - E Long-period tides. - Notes. - Bibliography. - Index.
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  • 39
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Columbus, Ohio : Institute of Polar Studies, The Ohio State University
    Associated volumes
    Call number: AWI G7-19-92159
    In: Report / Institute of Polar Studies, No. 64
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XVII, 148 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Report / Institute of Polar Studies 64
    Language: English
    Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Abstract. - Acknowledgments. - List of Figures. - List of Plates. - List of Tables. - Value of Microparticle Studies. - Reasons for Variations in Particle Concentration. - Laboratory Techniques. - Particle Concentration and Size Distribution. - Sample Preparation. - Contamination. - Particle Counters. - Laboratory Procedures. - Particle Composition. - Sample Preparation. - Types of Particles and Their Seasonal Variation. - Particle Types. - Variations of Particle Concentrations. - Antarctic Peninsula. - Marie Byrd Land. - Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. - Annual Layers in Deep Ice Cores. - Chronologies for the Byrd and Camp Century Deep Ice Cores. - The Byrd Station Deep Ice Core. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - The Camp Century Deep Ice Core. - Vertical Strain Rates. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - Morphology and Elemental Composition of Microparticles. - Data Analysis. - Results. - Discussion. - The Relationships Among Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Microparticle Variations Over Millennial Time Invervals. - Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Discussion. - Is There A Relationship Between Volcanic Activity and Climatic Change?. - General. - Theory. - Supportive Evidence. - Cycles. - Discussion. - Suggestions for Future Work. - Conclusions. - References. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - Appendix C. - Appendix D.
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  • 40
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Warszawa : Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
    Call number: AWI P6-93-0291
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 224 Seiten , Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen
    ISBN: 83-01-01231-5
    Series Statement: Biblioteka Problemów 252
    Language: Polish
    Note: In polnischer Sprache
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  • 41
    Call number: AWI E3-19-92032
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. Design of the existing base. - 3. Why a new concept. - 4. Considerations for a new base. - 5. Building alternatives for a floating ice shelf. - 6. Design criteria. - 7. Concept adopted. - 8. Technical data. - 9. Services. - 9.1. Electrical. - 9.2. Mechanical. - 9.3. Fire Protection. - 9.4. Toilets. - 10. Stores. - 11. External buildings. - 12. Conclusion.
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  • 42
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/36
    In: CRREL Report, 76-36
    Description / Table of Contents: In the past decade, various workers have investigated the use of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation for breaking and excavating rock and frozen ground. This report reviews the high-frequency dielectric properties of these materials, the physics of heating, and the existing literature on these subjects. The high-frequency dielectric properties of rocks and soils, and the absorption of energy by these materials, are mainly determined by their liquid water contents. Computer modeling was used to calculate absorption energy as a function of distance behind irradiated faces of earth materials. The resulting computations showed that most energy is absorbed in the first few centimeters of frozen ground and weak soils. However, in hard rocks of low water content, electromagnetic waves penetrate more deeply, and significant amounts of energy are also absorbed tens of centimeters behind the irradiated faces. Test results showed that electromagnetic rock breakage is feasible only for excavations in hard rock; test results from the use of electromagnetic radiation for excavating tunnels in weak rocks and frozen ground are not promising.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-36
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 43
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/38
    In: CRREL Report, 76-38
    Description / Table of Contents: Current methods for evaluation of the moisture absorption of plastic insulations (ASTM-C-272-53 and ASTM-C-355-64) due to vapor pressure gradients or immersion rely on short time periods to predict long term performance. This procedure may not provide accurate information on performance since in practice insulations may absorb more moisture than these tests indicate. A series of tests were conducted on extruded polystyrene roof insulation that had been in place, exposed to environmental moisture and pressure gradients, for a maximum of 36 months. Results indicate that moisture absorption of 1.5% by volume can be expected in the field.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-38
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Principal features of a protected membrane roof system Reported advantages of a protected membrane roof system Study sites Stevens Hall, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 41 5, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 1053, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska Gruening Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Consortium Library and K Building, University of Alaska, Anchorage CRREL Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Resources Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Insulation properties Sampling Results Bulksamples Sliced samples Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Moisture contents Appendix B. Photographs
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  • 44
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/42
    In: CRREL Report, 76-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A study of arching of mixed, square fragmented ice floes at an opening in an ice boom is documented, using results from a model study in which two sizes of plastic blocks represented real ice. A power function, relating the upstream ice concentration to the ratio of a characteristic block dimension to the gap opening, is found adequate to distinguish between arching and nonarching events for block mixtures of two component sizes. It is demonstrated that when the respective total areas of the two block components are nearly equal, a minimum ice concentration initiates an arch across the opening. As the mixture of two sizes of blocks approaches a uniform (one-sized) mixture, a higher concentration of ice is needed to initiate the arch. When the ratio of the block dimension to the gap opening is equal to or less than 0.10, arching of the fragmented ice is not possible, even when the upstream ice discharge exceeds the maximum discharge of ice through a gap opening. The distribution of fragmented ice areas is an important parameter in establishing the minimum size of opening at which an ice boom will retain its arching capability.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-42
    Language: English
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  • 45
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/45
    In: CRREL Report, 76-45
    Description / Table of Contents: The maneuverability of air cushion vehicles can become a serious operational problem when the vehicle's travel route is restricted by obstacles, slopes or cross-wind conditions, or when close-quarter turns are required. While improvement and perfection of aerodynamic methods may be a more desirable approach, there is a practical limit to these methods, and the use of ground contact devices requires consideration for providing more positive directional control. Wheels deserve special attention, and therefore are analyzed in more detail because of their obvious application on a variety of land terrains. Brake rods and harrows are more suitable on water, ice and snow. The saucer-shaped ground contact device would cause the least ecological impact on fragile organic terrains such as tundra. Relative directional stability is evaluated in terms of the total yawing moments produced by wheel arrangements (single, dual, tandem), location on the vehicle, and operational modes (free-rolling, braked, or a combination of the two). The available moments are plotted against the yaw angle of the vehicle to determine the most effective operational mode with a particular wheel arrangement for any yaw condition. The analysis is limited to retractable devices which act as moment producing brakes or rollers and do not serve as either propulsion or load support aids. Controlled ground contract with skirt sections having special wearing surfaces may provide a suitable control method and would require the least significant change to the basic design of the vehicle or its components. The concept involves the use of an air flow control mechanism for deflating specific skirt sections.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-45
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Section I: Use of auxiliary devices for ACV control Introduction Discussion of wheels as a control device Dual wheels Single wheel Tandem wheels Application to existing ACV’s Other control devices Turning force Conclusions Section II: Use of flexible skirts for ACV control Introduction The flexible skirt as a control device Model tests Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 46
    Call number: MOP 44444 / Mitte ; 21/SR 90.0917(52/3) ; 21/SR 22.19544(52/3)
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts Physik der Erde, Nr. 52, Teil 3
    Description / Table of Contents: This 3rd International Symposium "Geodesy and Physics of the Earth" was according to its tenor the continuation of the Symposia of 1970 and 1973 dealing with the same basic topic. It was especially devoted to the possibilities of Satellite Geodesy to study geodynamic processes. By this also those problems of the use of observations of artificial satellites for geodetic and geophysical purposes were dealt with that had regularly been treated in the preceding years and will be treated further by A. Massevitsch in the symposia presided by her. Several papers were devoted especially to the problems of the Special Study Group 5.49 of the International Association of Geodesy "Use of Geodetic Data for Studies of Earth-Moon-System" (President E. Tengström). Part 3 : Use of Satellite Observations
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: Seiten 687-1079 , Illustrationen , 30 cm
    Edition: Als Manuskript gedruckt
    ISSN: 0514-8790
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts Physik der Erde Nr. 52, Teil 3
    Language: English , Russian , German
    Note: Use of Satellite Observations Sehnal, L., The Aerodynamic Lift in the Satellite Dynamics Ill, M., Über die Nord-Süd Asymmetrie der hohen Atmosphäre Иллеш-Алмар, Е. Анализ изменения плотности верхней атмосферы с 27-дневным циклом Кутаенко, Б.В., Оценка возможного повышения точности расчета положения ИСЗ при использовании прогнозируемых значений индексов геомагнитной возмущенности в солнечной активности Almár, L.; Horvath, A.; Illes-almár, E., New Results Concerning the Geomagnetic Effect in the Upper Atmosphere Vorbrich, K., Some Results of the Examination of the SBG Camera at Borowiec Георгиев, Н., Использование промежуточной орбиты ИЗС при решении геодезических задач Latka, Jan, The Determination of the Earth Gravity Field by use of Satellite Gradiometry Halme, Seppo J.; Paunonen, Matti; Sharma, A.B.R.; Kakkuri, Juhani; Kalliomäki, Kari (Presented by T.J. Kukkamäki), The Satellite Laser of Finland Neubert, Reinhart; Fischer, Harald, lmprovement of the Potsdam Laser Ranging Equipment Schillak, S.; Wnuk, E., Satellite Laser Ranging Station at Borowiec Hiršl, P.; Krajiček, V.; Pfeifer, M., Event Timer for the Second Generation Laser Radar Wilson, P.; Seeger, H.; Nottarp, K., The new Nd-YAG Laser-Ranging System for the Satellite Observation Station at Wettzell Hovorka, F.; Konrad, M., Utekal, J., Satellite Laser Ranging at Hradec Králové Mihaly, Sz., Possibilities in Improving Claseical Networks by Satellite Geodesy Батраков, Ю.В.; Никольская, Т.К., Об оптимальных условиях определения координат станций полудинамическим методом Stange, L.; Swiatek, K., On the Derivation of Long Terrestrial Distances from Laser Observations of Artificial Satellites Adam, J., Determination of Station Coordinates from Laser Observations Goral, Wladyslaw, Iterative Methods of Determination of Station Co-ordinates and Orbital Satellite Elements from DOPPLER Observations Halmos, F.; Szadeczky-Kardoss, Gy., Computation of Geodesics from Chord-Lengths Marek, K.-H.; Rehse, H., A Technology of Stellar Triangulation by Means of Balloon-Borne Beacons Кабелач, Йосеф, Триангуляция на высокие цели с помощью самолётов, если имеются направления и расстояния Хорват, А.; Хорват, П.; Петер, И., Дигитвизуальный телескоп для наблюдения ИСЗ Maase, E., Fernsehaufnahmesystem für die Ortung von Satelliten Stupak, T.; Vorbrich, K.; Wieckowski, J., Some Experiments with Satellite-Navigation Doppler Receivers Magnavox 'MX-902' and 'ITT-6001' Жагар, Ю.Х., Применение промежуточных орбит для прогнозирования движения ИСЗ Аксёнов, Е.П.; Вашковьяк, С.Н.; Емельянов, Н.В.; Определение орбит по по оптическим и лазерным наблюдениям Kostalecky, J., Tidal Movement of Satellite Stations Klokocnik, Jaroslaw, Determination of the Lumped Coefficients of 14th-Order from the Inclination Changes of the Interkosmos 9 and 10 Satellites Прилепин, М.Т., Заболотный, Н.С., Уточнение поправок на влтяегте атмосферы при изучении колебаний полюса Земли Swierkowska, Stanislawa, Stellar Testing Catalogue Kurzynska, Krystyna, The Influence of Refraction on Positional Observations of Earth's Artificial Satellites Касименко, Т.В.; Янковская, И.А., Исследование вариаций плотности атмосферы Земли по торможению спутника "Ореол" Adam, J., Accuracy Investigation of Simultaneous Photographic and Laser Observations of Artificial Satellites Hiršl, Petr, Retroreflector Shape - One of the Sources of Errors Gesamtinhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 47
    Call number: MOP 44444 / Mitte ; 21/SR 90.0917(52/2) ; 21/SR 22.19544(52/2)
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts Physik der Erde, Nr. 52, Teil 2
    Description / Table of Contents: This 3rd International Symposium "Geodesy and Physics of the Earth" was according to its tenor the continuation of the Symposia of 1970 and 1973 dealing with the same basic topic. It was especially devoted to the possibilities of Satellite Geodesy to study geodynamic processes. By this also those problems of the use of observations of artificial satellites for geodetic and geophysical purposes were dealt with that had regularly been treated in the preceding years and will be treated further by A. Massevitsch in the symposia presided by her. Several papers were devoted especially to the problems of the Special Study Group 5.49 of the International Association of Geodesy "Use of Geodetic Data for Studies of Earth-Moon-System" (President E. Tengström). Part 2 : Global and Planetary Dynamics of the Earth
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: Seiten 235-685 , Illustrationen , 30 cm
    Edition: Als Manuskript gedruckt
    ISSN: 0514-8790
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts Physik der Erde Nr. 52, Teil 2
    Language: English , French , Russian , German
    Note: Global and Planetary Dynamics of the Earth Grafarend, E.; Hauer, K., The Equlibrium Figure of the Earth Burša, Milan, Gravity Field of Mars Tscherning, C.C., Models for the Auto- and Cross Covariances between Maas Density Anomalies and First and Second Order Derivatives of the Anomalous Potential of the Earth Holota, Petr Determination of the Free Boundary in Potential Theory, the Boundary Problem of Physical Geodesy Cannon, W.H.; Langley, R.B.; Petrachenko, W.T., Transatlantic Geodesy by Long Baseline Interferometry Jochmann, H., The Determination of the Length of the Chandler-Wobble by Comparison of the Astronomie Determined Annual Period of Polar Motion with the Period Calculated from Air Maas Shifts Hristov, Wladimir K., Bemerkungen zur Ableitung der Bewegung des Poles und der Weltzeit 1 Groten, E.; Schaab, H., Alternative Determinations of Geodetic Datum Shifts Barta, György, The Surface Mass Distribution of the Earth and the Geoid Figure Groten, E., Über den deterministischen Anteil am Geoid in Zentraleuropa im Zusammenhang mit plattentektonischen Aspekten Dobaczewska, Weneda, The Geoid Problem in Nowadays Works Dufour, H.M., Formule de WHITTAKER pour le calcul du potentiel terrestre Lelgemann, D., On the Definition of the Listing-Geoid taking into Consideration Different Height Systems Бодри, Б.; Бодри Л., Динамические влияния жидкого ядра на суточные земные приливы Перцев, Б.П., Влияние морских приливов на гравиметрические земноприливные наблюдения в Восточной Европе Schneider, Martin Manfred; Simon Dietrich, Investigations of Earth Tides at Tiefenort Harwardt, Hans; Simon, Dietrich, Ein druckgekapseltes Drahtstrainmeter für präzise geophysikalische Messungen Altmann, W.; Dittfeld, H.-J., Results of Earth Tide Observations at the Gravimetric Observatory Potsdam Schmitz-Hübsch, Harald, Das Oberbayerische Testnetz für Erdgezeiten - Erstvermessung von 1970-1975 - Elstner, Cl.; Harnisch, G.; Altmann, W.; Conrad, W., Results of High Precision Gravity Measurements along W-E Gravity Profile in GDR Area, in the Period 1970-1975 Gerstenecker, C., Zur Messung des vertikalen Schweregradienten Völgyesi, L., Interpolation of Deflection of the Vertical from Horizontal Gradients of Gravity Galas, Roman, On Some Analysis of Filtered Latitude Variations Ponomarev, D.; Wächter, S., Analyse der Dresdner Breitenbeobachtungen auf systematische Deklinationskorrektionen Dittrich, Johannes; Felsmann, Eva, Untersuchungen zur Jahreswelle in den Breitenbestimmungen aua PZT-Beobachtungen in Potsdam Hurnik, Hieronim, Some Experience with the Electronic Level Kołaczek, B., Application ot the Lunar Laser Ranging Technique for Determinations of the Earth Rotation in View of Accuracy of Computed Topocentric Distances of Lunar Retroreflectors Thurm, H., Bestimmung regionaler horizontaler Krustendeformationen im Süden der DDR aus älteren Triangulationen Harnisch, G., Zur Autokorrelationsfunktion der rezenten vertikalen Krustenbewegungen im Gebiet der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Rother, K.; Wiegank, F., Zur Dynamik der Erdkruste in Europa anhand einer Interpretation paläomagnetischer Daten Meier, S., Rezente Eismassen-, Schwere- und Lotänderungen in der Ostantarktis und ihre möglichen Ursachen Anger, Gottfried, Uniquely Determined Mass Distributions in Inverse Problems Schwahn, W., Stochastic Source Models as the Base for the Statistical Treatment of Geophysical Potential Fields Arnold, K.; Schoeps, D., Lateral Inhomogeneities of the Density in the Upper Mantle of the Earth Ostrocsky, A.E., Long-Period Waves and Tilts of Earth Surtace Preceding Strong Earthquake Парийский, Н.Н; Перцев, Б.П., Учет сил инерции при анализе земнопрнливных наблюдений
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  • 48
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Tucson : The University of Arizona
    Call number: MOP 44619 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: V, 26 Blatt
    Language: English
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  • 49
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Fort Collins : Rocky Mountains Forest and Range Experiment Station
    Call number: MOP 44788 / Mitte
    Description / Table of Contents: A snow particle counter based on a prototype design that originated at the University of Washington, was developed and tested for research in the fundamentals of snow transport by wind. Further work created an electronic system that monitors visual range in blowing snow. The system has been applied to interstate highway traffic control. All design and test data are included in this paper, together with shop drawings for fabrication of the sensor, and an operating and service manual for the visual range monitor.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 80 Seiten
    Series Statement: USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-194
    Language: English
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  • 50
    Call number: MOP 45542 / Mitte ; MOP 44959 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 278 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian , English
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache
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  • 51
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/32
    In: CRREL Report, 76-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Four large grounded multi-year shear ridge formations were found in the grounded ice subzone of the fast ice zone near the Harrison Bay/Prudhoe Bay area of Alaska. A 166-m-long cross section of one of these formations was obtained by leveling and sonar measurements. These measurements revealed that the maximum ridge height was 12.6 m and that the formation was grounded in 17-18 m of water. The salinity, temperature, brine volume and density of the ice were determined on samples obtained by coring. The physical characteristics of the formations as observed in satellite, SLAR and aerial imagery indicate that these formations have not moved between the time of their formation in the fall of 1974 and August of 1976. Evidence of significant aeolian debris discoloring the ice is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-32
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Fast ice study area Results and discussion Literature cited
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  • 52
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Athens : Institute of Geological and Mining Research
    Call number: AWI G1-19-93055
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 58 Seiten, 10 Blätter , Illustrationen
    Language: English
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  • 53
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/37
    In: CRREL Report, 76-37
    Description / Table of Contents: Geophysical studies were conducted during September and October of 1975 in northern Maine to locate rock types suitable for construction purposes for the proposed Dickey-Lincoln School Dam Project. Simultaneous airborne magnetometer and VLF electrical resistivity surveys were performed over an area of approximately 920 km2 surrounding the confluence of the St. John and Allagash rivers. The resulting data were used to construct contour maps of apparent resistivity and of total magnetic intensity above the earth's background magnetic field. During the same time period, ground and multi-elevation surveys were performed over a special test sector of known geology. The ground and airborne study in the test sector aided in interpretation of the data by revealing a strong correlation between igneous geology, resistivity, and magnetic intensity. Lack of a similar correlation between resistivity and magnetic data in the remainder of the survey area suggested an absence of additional areas of igneous rocks. The multi-elevation survey of the test area indicated that changes in flight altitude, necessitated by the topographic relief encountered, would not seriously affect the regional resistivity patterns. Although there was no strong evidence of igneous rocks outside the test sector, suitable rock types may exist within the Dss geologic unit (cyclically bedded gray slate and sandstone) in the central part of the main survey area, where most of the high resistivity contours occur.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-37
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Measurement techniques employed Ground Airborne Magnetometer survey Results Ground control study VLF survey Bedrock geology and resistivity Aeromagnetic survey results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Theory of electromagnetic resistivity surveying Appendix B. Magnetic surveying
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  • 54
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/40
    In: CRREL Report, 76-40
    Description / Table of Contents: Several original methods were developed to photograph artifacts in transparent materials such as ice. The artifacts, occurring in the surface, bulk, and interface, were generally 0.01 mm to 70 mm in size. Sample preparation, illumination, focusing and other technical problems are discussed in detail. Several sample photographs are included.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-40
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Equipment The microscope system The camera system Tools for preparation of sample Laboratory procedure Categorizing artifact Choosing setup Preparing sample llluminating sample Photographing artifact Results Literature cited Selected bibliography Appendix. Reference information for photomacrographic and photo-micrographic applications
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  • 55
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-77/6
    In: CRREL Report, 77-6
    Description / Table of Contents: It has been reported that small arms projectiles are inherently unstable in snow and that snow has an unexpectedly high ability to stop them and other fast-moving projectiles. Field tests showed that the typical subarctic snow of interior Alaska can be used effectively to provide protection from both rifle and machine gun fire. The undisturbed snow had an average density of 0.18 g/cu. cm., but simple processing, such as shoveling, increased the density to around 0.34 g/cu. cm. Further processing increased the density to above o.40 g/cm3 but densities much above that value were difficult to obtain with simple hand equipment. Tests of the M16 rifle and M60 and M2HB machine guns showed that bullet penetration was inversely related to density - the higher the density the lower the bullet penetration. Design values for the three weapons were determined. A number of types of snow trenches and structures were designed and tested. They were found to provide good protection, in part since bullets showed a strong tendency to ricochet from the snow surface when striking it at a low angle. Burlap bags were filled with snow to revet structures and worked very well. Several types of Russian defensive works of snow were tested but proved unsuitable in the light, weak subarctic snow. The times required for troops to build several types of structures using only shovels and scoops were recorded.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Background Objectives Subarctic snow General Snow processing Construction productivity Shovel capacity Snow piles Bullet behavior and penetration in snow Test procedure M16 M60 ball M60 tracers .50 caliber Tumbling Bullet deformation and breakage Design penetration values Defensive works of snow Revetments Snow bags The snow trench The hardened snow trench Breastworks and bunkers Evaluation of foreign technology Russian expedient snow trenches Snow blocks and block structures The snow arch An expedient shelter Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 56
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-77/4
    In: CRREL Report, 77-4
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice booms on the St. Marys River at Sault Ste.Marie, Michigan and Ontario, were operated a second winter, 1976-77, under colder conditions, with less water flow, lower water levels, and 25% fewer ships in the river than during the previous year. The ice cover behind the booms remained frozen to shore for longer periods, and the loads registered in the booms were relatively unaffected by ship passages compared with the previous year's activity. As in the previous year, most structural load changes took place in the west ice boom and were due to movements of the ice cover immediately upstream of the boom. The cover broke free from shore on three occasions: the first and third occasions were minor events, but on the second occasion the cover cracked free, the timbers remained frozen to it, and the boom structure became damaged by the subsequent ice activity. Three anchor line assemblies broke over a period of about 4 hours; the two latter breaks occurred while a ship was operating in the ice. The first break was in an instrumented line and the measured load was unexpectedly low. The most important break was in the main shore anchor and this opened the boom. The maximum force at this anchor was estimated as less than 115 tons (1,023 kN). Some ice moved downstream without serious consequence and the boom was reconnected in two days. These events point out several factors to be considered in ice booms, such as designing the booms to withstand the action of the solid ice cover as well as the fragmented ice cover, keeping the structures and their assembly simple, and inspecting components and assemblies carefully.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice boom basic principles General loading considerations Design ice areas Prediction of ice boom loads Summary Ice cover forces Ice barrier reaction force Ice forces in the structure Analytical relationships Design force summary Special features Extension of west ice boom Pipe restraint structure Diagonal anchor cables Measurement systems Measured anchor cable forces Data records Average and peak loads Ice activity on or about 1 February 1976 C3W cable forces Ship-induced leads Ice cover load check Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. St. Marys River ice booms test data
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  • 57
    Call number: MOP 42980 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Language: English
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  • 58
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/23
    In: CRREL Report, 79-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The performance of surface impedance and magnetic induction electromagnetic subsurface exploration techniques was studied seasonally at various sites in Alaska where permafrost and massive ground ice occurred. The surface impedance method, which uses radiowaves in the LF and VLF bands, and the magnetic induction method, which uses low-frequency magnetic induction fields, distinguish subsurface materials by the electrical resistivity of the materials. The methods used have greatest sensitivity within about 20 m of the surface and are, therefore, most applicable for shallow subsurface investigations. The selection of study sites was based on anticipated contrasts in electrical resistivity between ground ice and adjacent earth materials. A magnetic induction instrument, using a separation of 3.66-m between the transmitter and receiver antennas, in general was able to detect near-surface zones of massive ice and to provide data regarding permafrost distribution in both the Fairbanks and Prudhoe Bay areas. At this antenna separation, the depth of magnetic field penetration was sufficient to include mainly the zone containing maximum contrasts in resistivity between ground ice and other earth materials. In the Fairbanks area, contrasts, in this zone were greatest in late winter when the seasonally thawed surface layer was completely frozen. When thawed, this layer usually becomes more conductive and often masks the deeper resistivity contrasts. In the Prudhoe Bay area, maximum ground resistivity contrasts were detected in late summer when shallow subsurface temperatures had risen sufficiently to permit resistivity contrasts between the massive ice and the ice-rich ground to appear.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-23
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Obiectives and procedures Ground electrical resistivity in permafrost regions Electromagnetic techniques General Magnetic induction method Surface impedance fradiowave method Direct current method General description of field sites Results Site 1 CRREL permafrost station, Fairbanks, Alaska Site 2 Planned road cut for Steese Highway near Fox, Alaska Site 3 Relic floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska Site 4 Pingos, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Site 5 Ice wedges, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Comparisons between the surface impedance and magnetic induction methods Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Discussion of the depth of sensitivity of the magnetic induction method using two- and three-layer apparent resistivity curves
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  • 59
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/12
    In: CRREL Report, 79-12
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of a point source bubbler system used to induce local melting of an ice cover is presented. The analysis leads to a numerical simulation programmed in FORTRAN which may be used to predict the effectiveness of such systems. An example application is presented using a typical record of average daily air temperatures. The FORTRAN program for the point source simulation as well as a FORTRAN program for line source systems are included in the Appendix.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Outline of analysis Plume analysis Heat transfer analysis Temperature of impinging plume Heat transfer coefficient Melting of the ice cover Simulation example Thermal reserve analysis Literature cited Appendix
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  • 60
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/13
    In: CRREL Report, 79-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Heat transfer in turbulent flow was measured in a rectangular channel with a width of 0.254 m and a flow depth of 0.0254 m. Correlations between the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers are given for a range of 3020 Re 22360. A Prandtl number range of 9.90 or = Pr or = 12.28 for water was used in the tests. The results are compared with those of other investigations and show that some well-known correlations underpredict the heat transfer by about 35%.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-13
    Language: English
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  • 61
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/22
    In: CRREL Report, 79-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Field observations at 60 Sites located in the fast or near-fast ice along a 1200-km stretch of the north coast of Alaska between Bering Strait and Barter Island have shown that the great majority of the ice samples (95%) exhibit striking c-axis alignments within the horizontal plane. Such alignments were usually well developed by the time the ice was 50 cm thick and in some cases when the ice was 20 cm thick. In all cases the degree of preferred orientation increased with depth in the ice. Representative standard deviations around a mean direction in the horizontal plane are commonly less than ± 10° for samples collected near the bottom of the ice. The general patterns of the alignments support a correlation between the preferred c-axis direction and the current direction at the ice/water interface. A comparison between c-axis alignments and spot current measurements made at 42 locations shows that the most frequent current direction coincides with the mean c-axis direction. Such alignments are believed to be the result of geometric selection with the most favored orientation being that in which the current flows normal to the (0001) plates of ice that compose the dendritic sea ice/sea water interface.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-22
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Techniques and sampling Observations Crystal alignments “Odd” sites Causes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Current observations
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  • 62
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/20
    In: CRREL Report, 79-20
    Description / Table of Contents: A volumetric constitutive equation was developed to characterize the behavior of snow subjected to large compressive volumetric deformations. By treating the material as a suspension of air voids in a matrix material of polycrystalline ice, a rate-dependent volumetric constitutive law was formulated and found to accurately predict material response to pressure loads for a wide range of load rates. Comparison of the theory with shock wave data was not considered in this paper, although the constitutive law appears to be valid for such load situations. One application to oversnow mobility of tracked vehicles was made. In this case, power requirements due to snow compaction were calculated parametrically in terms of vehicle speed, track loading, and snow density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-20
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Material representation of ice Development of the volumetric constitutive law for snow Fully elastic phase Elastic-plastic phase Fully plastic phase Simplified equation Comparison with experimental data Application to vehicle mobility problems Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 63
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/21
    In: CRREL Report, 79-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The report studies the question of whether Great Lakes freighters could move effectively through ice-clogged channels with the aid of tows provided by warping or kedging systems. Ten operational concepts are outlined, and their advantages and disadvantages are noted. The crushing resistance of floating brash ice is then analyzed. The neutral, active and passive states of stress for laterally confined brash ice are considered, and the resistance to horizontal thrusting by a smooth vertical wall is calculated for cohesionless brash ice, and for ice in which there is finite cohesion between the ice fragments. The thickening of the ice cover in the vicinity of a "pusher", and the formation of pressure ridges, are analyzed in order to estimate the amount of pile-up that can occur against a ship hull. The analysis then moves on to consideration of ship resistance by brash ice, taking into account crushing resistance at the bow, tangential friction at the bow, and hull friction aft of the bow section. Comparisons are made between thrust from the ship’s screws and the calculated ice resistance. The next section of the report estimates the force requirements for a warping or kedging system in terms of thrust augmentation for existing vessels. Tow cable requirements are given, and estimates are made for cable anchors and for anchorage of underwater structures. The force and power requirements for winches and windlasses are given, the practical problems involved in the pickup or transfer of cables are mentioned, and the report concludes with a brief appraisal. The conclusion is that a simple warping tug system is appropriate for a full scale experiment, a chain ferry with auxiliary barge seems attractive for an operational system, and a chain ferry plow may be an efficient way to clear ice from channels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Operational concepts A. Warping tug system B. Chain ferry system C. Chain ferry with auxiliary barge D. Ski tow system E. Dual winch warping system F. Simple kedging G. Trailing-line system H. Above-surface dual winch system I. Pulley systems J. Chain ferry plow Crushing resistance of fragmented ice covers Resistance to ship passage by broken ice Crushing resistance at the bow Tangential friction at the bow Hull friction aft of the bow section Total ship resistance from brash ice Comparison of ship thrust and ice resistance Force requirements for a warping or kedging system Tow cable requirements Anchors and anchorages Force and power requirements for winches and windlasses Pickup or transfer of cable General appraisal Literature cited
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  • 64
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/25
    In: CRREL Report, 76-25
    Description / Table of Contents: The primary objective of this investigation was to compile baseline information pertaining to the ocean circulation, especially the extent and patterns of tidal currents and tidal flushing, in Cook Inlet, Alaska, utilizing aircraft and satellite imagery with corroborative ground truth data. LANDSAT-1 and NOAA-2 and -3 imagery provided repetitive, synoptic views of surface currents, water mass migration and sediment distribution during different seasons and tides. Color, color infrared and thermal infrared imagery acquired on 22 July 1972 with the NASA NP-3A aircraft were used to analyze currents, mixing patterns and sediment dispersion in selected areas. Temperature(C), salinity (0/00) and suspended sediment concentration (mg/l) data and hand-held photography were utilized as ground truth information in the interpretation of the aircraft and satellite imagery. Coriolis effect, semidiurnal tides and the Alaska current govern the estuary circulation. Clear, oceanic water enters the inlet on the southeast during flood tide, progresses northward along the east shore with minor lateral mixing, and remains a distinct water mass to the latitude of Kasilof-Ninilchik. South of the forelands, mixing with turbid inlet water becomes extensive. Turbid water moves south primarily along the north shore during ebb tide and a shear zone between the two water masses forms in mid-inlet south of Kalgin Island. Currents adjacent to and north of the forelands are complicated by tidal action, coastal configuration and bottom effects. Turbulence is greatest throughout the water column along the south shore and stratification is more pronounced in Kamishak and Kachemak Bays, especially when fresh water runoff is high.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ix, 92 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-25
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement. Introduction Background Objectives Project history Approach Aircraft imagery LANDSAT-1 imagery NOAA-2 and -3 satellite imagery Ground truth data Imagery and ground truth data analysis Physical and cultural setting Geography Geology Climate Hydrology Local industry and population density Sources of estuarine pollution Results and discussion Coastal configuration Bathymetry Tides Asymmetry of tidal flow/duration across inlet Suspended sediment distribution and circulation Sea ice Tidal flushing characteristics Summary and conclusions Applications Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. RS-14 infrared scanner imagery
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  • 65
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/19
    In: CRREL Report, 79-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The critical velocities of loads moving over floating ice plates have been determined by several authors. In all these analyses it was assumed that the in-plane force field in the ice cover is zero. However, due to constrained thermal strains, in-plane forces do occur in the field. The purpose of the present paper is to determine their effect upon the critical velocities of the moving loads. It is shown that a uniform compression force field reduces the critical velocity, whereas a tension force field has the opposite effect.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-19
    Language: English
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  • 66
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/18
    In: CRREL Report, 79-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperatures of the subgrade and of sulfur foam insulation test sections in an expedient road were monitored with thermocouples to document freezing and thawing conditions. Vehicular trafficking was conducted on a limited basis to determine the load supporting capabilities of the foam. The sulfur foam, placed directly under a prefabri­cated surface mat, was found to be unsuitable for use as an expedient thermal insulation and traffic load supporting material primarily because of its low tensile strength and high brittleness. The insulating value of sulfur foam pro­duced by the batch process in the field was about one-half that of extruded polystyrene, meaning double the thick­ness for equal protection against thaw.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Site preparation Sulfur foam application Sulfur foaming equipment Environmental aspects Traffic testing and test pad observations Field sampling and temperature readings during pouring Lab tests for physical properties Sulfur foam odor analysis Insulation costs Lab experiments with sulfur foam Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 67
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/17
    In: CRREL Report, 79-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Six test roofs of two different slopes — 16.3° and 39.8°, and three different roof coverings — asphalt shingles, cedar shingles, and corrugated aluminum sheeting, were constructed at USACRREL, Hanover, New Hampshire, and were instrumented with thermocouples, heat flow meters, and calibrated gutters. Measurements were recorded for the winters of 1971-72 and 1972-73. The degree of icing and the chronological changes in the snow cover were recorded on 35-mm Kodachrome slides. It was found that eave icing is a sensitive function of the slope, roof covering composi­tion, and solar radiation. The effects of wind were not investigated; the data were screened to remove all informa­tion corresponding to windspeeds over 8 km/h. In order of increasing tendency to form ice dams on the eaves, the roofs were high-slope asphalt, high-slope cedar, high-slope aluminum, low-slope asphalt, low-slope cedar, and low- slope aluminum.
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    Pages: vi, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Experimental procedure Description of roofs Meteorological data Procedure Analysis General Temperature profiles Temperature rankings Heat flow Snow depths and meltwater volumes Degree of icing Results and conclusions General Temperature profiles of the roofs Comparative temperatures of roofs by section — rankings Heat flow and accumulation Snow depth, coverage, and meltwater Degree of icing Discussion of the icing problem Literature cited
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  • 68
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/16
    In: CRREL Report, 79-16
    Description / Table of Contents: In 1973 two membrane encapsulated soil layer (MESL) test sections were constructed into existing gravel surfaced roads at Elmendorf A FB and at Ft. Wainwright in Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, respectively. The Elmendorf AFB MESL contains a silty clay soil and the Ft. Wainwright MESL contains a nonplastic silt. Both sections were constructed at soil moisture contents of approximately 2% to 3% below optimum for the CE-12 compactive effort. There were no indica­tions of soil moisture migration during freezing in either test section and after-thaw field California Bearing Ratio values were nearly equal to values measured before freezing. There is growing evidence of a slight increase in the overall soil moisture content in the Elmendorf AFB MESL possibly from moisture entering through the single layer polyethylene sidewalls which were not treated with asphalt emulsion. There is good evidence that the membrane of the same section might have received damage during a soil sampling operation which allowed localized moisture infiltration. A two-layer polyethylene membrane used in the Ft. Wainwright MESL is considered a more positive moisture barrier than the single sheet and a justifiable added cost for permanent construction.
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    Pages: v, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Laboratory studies General Elmendorf AFB silty clay Fairbanks silt Field studies Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL Traffic use Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL Performance observations Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL Conclusions Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL General Literature cited Appendix A. The MESL concept Appendix B. Classification, compaction, freezing and CBR test results for Fairbanks silt
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  • 69
    Call number: MOP 45476 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: [400] Seiten , Illustrationen , 28 cm
    Language: English
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  • 70
    Call number: MOP 44965 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: Illustrationen , x, 221 Seiten
    Series Statement: Severe Storms Research No. 45
    Language: English
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  • 71
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    Monograph available for loan
    [Rockville, Md.] : U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Research and Development
    Call number: MOP 44980 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: ii, 73 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Language: English
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  • 72
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    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-52
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 52
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of studies on the physical properties of fog whiteout, as it occurred at Site 2 on the Greenland Ice Cap in the summers of 1956 and 1957, are reported and compared with the results of other studies; the instruments, methods of measurement, and data-reduction techniques used are described; and attempts at dissipating whiteout by AgI (silver iodide) seeding are discussed briefly. Emphasis was given to measurements of fog-particle size distribution, liquid-water content, relative humidity, visibility, and atmospheric nuclei. The data are tabulated. The synoptic situations for 2 selected cases of fog whiteout at relative humidities of less than 100% (possibly because of the presence of salt solutions) are described; and the balance between the rate at which water is made available in the air as it is lifted over the Ice Cap and the rate of water flux to the snow surface is computed using various equations. Efforts at fog dispersal by AgI seeding from the ground were inconclusive.
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    Pages: iv, 18, A1 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 52
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definition of whiteout Scope of this study Instrumentation and observations Location of project: Fog particle measurements Atmospheric humidity measurements Visibility measurements Air temperature measurements Radiation measurements Atmospheric nuclei Observations of fog whiteout Conditions prior to onset of whiteout Conditions at time of arrival and during whiteout Micro-structure of fog whiteout Analysis of moisture balance during two selected cases Synoptic situation for case 1 Synoptic situation for case 2 Computations Attempts at fog whiteout dispersal References Appendix A - Freezing nuclei observations Appendix B - Absolute humidity gradient data
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  • 73
    Call number: MOP 44440 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 105 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Language: English
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  • 74
    Call number: MOP 44719 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 200 Seiten , Illustrationen , 28 cm
    Language: English
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  • 75
    Call number: MOP 44845 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: [186] Seiten , Illustrationen , 28 cm
    Language: English
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  • 76
    Call number: MOP 40923 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VII, 372 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Language: English
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  • 77
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    Köln : Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt
    Associated volumes
    Call number: MOP 44108 / Mitte
    In: Mitteilung / Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 75-25
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 177 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: Als Manuskript gedruckt
    Series Statement: Mitteilung / Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt 75-25
    Language: English
    Note: Mit deutscher Zusammenfassung
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  • 78
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington : Special Committee for Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), National Academy of Sciences
    Call number: MOP 43858/2 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: II, 146 Seiten
    Language: English
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  • 79
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington : Special Committee for Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), National Academy of Sciences
    Call number: MOP 43858/3 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 132 Seiten , 28 cm
    Language: English
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  • 80
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Oak Ridge, Tenn. : U.S. Department of Energy
    Call number: MOP 44436 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 15, 3, 5 Seiten
    Language: English
    Note: The field experiments were continued to estimate convective storm particulate scavenging efficiency in proximity to the St. Louis, Missouri urban-industrial complex. Complementary studies of the urban aerosol characterization, source strength, and removal processes were also studied. The 1975 field effort shifted emphasis from the immediate St. Louis area to the Alton-Wood River industrial complex. Along with the change in size and configuration of the network, there were increases in the numbers of most types of samplers. The new network yielded the following types of samples for analysis and interpretation: 1065 total rain samples from 85 sites; 68 sequential rainwater samples from 2 locations; 272 wet/dry samples from 7 locations; 216 air filter samples from 7 locations; 36 air filter samples from aircraft; and raindrop spectrometer data from 11 sites for the period 17 June-18 August. The analysis procedures require that all water samples undergo filtering for separate analyses of soluble and insoluble fractions of the elemental concentrations. This data collection effort provided a record number of samples for chemical analysis. Approximately 4000 pibals and over 370 radiosondes were released in the operational period, providing wind and thermodynamic data on 33 days. Aircraft missions were flown on 24 days, with one air tracer release of cesium on 19 July 1975. The status of the analysis of all types of data is described.
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  • 81
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    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-18
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 18
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Various strength properties of naturally compacted high-density snows, in the density range of from 0.40 to 0.75 g/cm^3, are reported. Test results are given for: unconfined compression; unconfined and confined double shear; ring, flexural, and centrifugal tensile strength; torsional shear; and work of disaggregation. The work of disaggregation per unit volume was related to crushing, tensile, and shear strength at various lateral pressures, using the same empirical relationship. The results of the various tests measuring the tensile strength of the snow compare favorably with each other. An attempt was made to use the direct shear strength results in Coulomb’s equation for the determination of Mohr’s envelope of rupture for snow. These tests yield higher values than those obtained in unconfined compression tests. However, angles of internal friction obtained considering Mohr’s envelope to be straight line seem to agree with measurements taken on an unconfined compression specimen.
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    Pages: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Temperature correction factors Crushing strength Tensile strength · Shear strength Torsional shear strength Work of disaggregation of snow Angle of internal friction and apparent unit cohesion Discussion of results References
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  • 82
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    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-19
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 19
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Measurements were made of global and net radiation between 6 July and 7 August 1955 at a site on the Greenland Ice Cap located near 78°N latitude and at an elevation of 6800 ft. Snow-surface temperatures during this period were below 0°C and mean cloudiness was 0.7. Total incident global radiation measured during the 33-day period amounted to 20,628 ?? of which only 3059 ??, or about 15%, were absorbed by the snow cover. Most of the absorbed global radiation was re-emitted as long-wave radiation, so the net gain during the observation period amounted to not more than 7.6 ??/day. Diffuse sky radiation amounted to only 19% of all incoming global radiation measured at the ice-cap research site. In the temperate zone, diffuse sky radiation amounts to 30% or more of the incoming radiation. The small amount of diffuse sky radiation indicates low atmospheric turbidity in this polar climatic zone. Incident global radiation was reduced by 6% in the presence of a 0.5 cloud cover. Under full overcast conditions the snow surface received 65% of the global radiation measured on clear days. In the temperate zone as little as 30% of global radiation reaches the earth under full cloud cover. The large amount of global radiation received in the Arctic under full cloud cover is the primary cause of one form of arctic white-out. Accompanying the small decrease in global radiation caused by cloudiness is a large decrease in effective outgoing long-wave radiation, with an increase in the net radiation balance. This condition contributes to a greater potential ablation of the snow and ice cover during cloudy seasons. The long-wave radiation balance at this site on the ice cap was always negative during the period covered by this study. Errors associated with the measurement of solar radiation at the low sun angles which prevailed at the research site were found to be about -3%. No correction was applied to the basic data, however, since there were insufficient data to establish the consistency of this error over the period of observation. During periods of blowing and drifting snow, 6% more global radiation was measured at 1.25 m above the snow surface than at 5.7 m elevation. The increase may be due to multiple reflection within the layer of blowing snow. The atmospheric transmission coefficient at the ice-cap site was found to be 0.968. This high value was associated with the low atmospheric turbidity. The heat balance of the snow cover as computed from the radiation measurements and a temperature profile in the snow was found to be 7.6 ??/day at the ice-cap site. This is a negligible heat gain when compared with the 400 ??/day gain by a spring snow pack in the Sierra Nevada of California. For the entire season when the sun is above the horizon, the estimated net gain by the ice cap is 1000 ??, no more than a 2-1/2-day heat supply used in melting the snow of the High Sierra. Some measurements made with a silicon solar battery similar to those developed by the Bell Telephone Laboratories indicate that it may have a significantly higher efficiency on the ice cap than in the more temperate zone. Verification of this apparent increase in efficiency and the causes for it require further study of the performance of the p-n junction cells in the Arctic.
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    Pages: iv, 20, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Instrumentation Recording of data III. Results Global radiation Albedo of snow Diffuse sky radiation Effect of clouds on radiation Atmospheric and terrestrial radiation Effect of low sun angle on measured radiation Global radiation gradient Atmospheric transmission coefficient Heat balance of snow cover Applied use of solar energy References. Appendix
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  • 83
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    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-20
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 20
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Investigations on sea ice at Hopedale, Labrador, March 1956, included: small beam tests and in-place cantilever beam tests for flexural strength; ring tensile-strength tests; unconfined compression tests, with stress-strain studies to determine "Young's modulus"; and double shear tests. The results exhibit a great deal of scatter, primarily due to the inhomogeneity of sea ice. Ring tensile strength values range between 3.3 kg/cm^2 and 22.3 kg/cm2 between -2.5°C and -19.1°C. The small beam tests give flexural strength values from 0.5 to 17.3 kg/cm^2 in a similar temperature range. The in-place pull-up cantilever beam tests give flexural strength values of 2.2 to 4.0 kg/cm^2, with much less scatter. Crushing strength values range from 26.3 to more than 107 kg/cm^2 in the range -4.9°C to -18.3°C. Values for Young's modulus obtained from the slope of the straight line portion of the stress-strain curves in compression ranged between 4520 and 10,225 kg/cm^2. There is a temperature dependence, explained by the effect of change in brine content, on sea-ice structure. The double shear tests give values of 7.8 to 34.2 kg/cm^2 in the range -5.5°C to -12.8°C. These are higher than the tensile-strength values. These failures occurred normal to the direction of growth, while the tensile strength was obtained with failure parallel to it.
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    Pages: 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 20
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Ring tensile strength Flexural strength of small beams Flexural strength of inplace beams Crushing strength Shear strength Discussion of results References
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  • 84
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    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-21
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 21
    Description / Table of Contents: Limited studies of white-outs on the Greenland Ice Cap indicate that five major types of low visibility have been reported as white-out. They are: 1.) Overcast white-out, caused by a continuous cloud cover. 2.) Water-fog white-out, produced by supercooled water droplets in the air. 3.) Ice-fog white-out, produced by ice crystals suspended in the air. 4.) Blowing snow white-out, produced by wind-driven, wind-eroded snow. 5.) Precipitation white-out, produced by falling snow. The first three types are interrelated and appear to be produced by upslope, convective lifting of warm maritime air and the advective transport of the cooled saturated air over the cold snow field. Radiation heat losses from the snow surface may contribute to more rapid formation of the white-out. The fact that there is a shift in the prevailing wind direction prior to the development of a white-out indicates that certain changes in upper air circulation may be associated with white-out formation and duration. There is reason to believe that upper air and surface observations might make it possible to forecast white-outs on the Greenland Ice Cap with some degree of reliability.
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    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Results at Site 2 Discussion References
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  • 85
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    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-26
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 26
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of temperature, density, ram-hardness and grain-size measurements at 118 test sites along a 300-mi. traverse, ranging in elevation from 2000 to 8000 ft, are reported in detail, and their meteorological and climatic implications are discussed. Four types of diagenetically produced facies were recognized: ablation facies, extending from the snout of the glacier to the firn line; soaked facies, extending from the firn line to the saturation line; percolation facies, extending from the saturation line to the dry-snow line; and dry-snow facies, extending across the glacier above the dry-snow line. The well defined saturation line shows marked discontinuities in temperature, density, and ram hardness, while the dry-snow line is a transition 1 zone 10-20 mi. wide. The recognition of facies allows greater resolution of glacier characteristics than Ahlmann's classification, permitting quantitative subdivision of all types of large glaciers. Regional precipitation (entirely from cyclonic storms) is about 5 times greater than at Thule; and the prevailing katabatic winds control the vertical component of the temperature gradient in the snow and firn. The depth density curve of the firn at elevations where melt is negligible is invariant with time, as in Sorge's law, so that the densification can be treated as a steady-state situation with load as the only significant variable.
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    Pages: vii, 62, A4, B2, C2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 26
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Chapter I. Introduction Greenland Glaciers and stratigraphy The Greenland ice sheet - a rock formation Region of investigation Chapter II. Methods of investigation Stratigraphy Accumulation measurements Work program at pit stations General description of pits Temperature Hardness Density, stratigraphy, and grain size Accuracy of density measurements Photography Core drilling Air permeability and mechanical tests Elevation measurements Barometric altimetry Transit leveling Chapter III. Basic concepts and definitions Summer melt Soaking Complete soaking Localized percolation Stability Diagenetic facies Chapter IV. Presentation and discussion of results Grain size and morphology Grain size Morphology Temperature Seasonal variation and mean annual temperature Thermal effect of an open pit Constancy of climate Facies in terms of temperature data Hardness Continuity of strata Effect of wind Increase in R with depth below snow surface Facies in terms of hardness data Density Depth vs density data Depth vs load data Attempts to formulate depth vs density Facies in terms of density data Glacier facies - a classification of glaciers Chapter V. Stratigraphy and accumulation Stratigraphy Stratigraphic interpretation at station 1-0 Correlation between stratigraphic and meteorological records Accumulation Integrated qepth-density curves Measurement of accumulation on surface marker plates Pole-marker measurements Stratigraphic correlation Selection of a reference datum in the annual stratigraphic sequence Correlation across the traverse Effects of topography Chapter VI. Meteorological and climatological implications Winds Precipitation Annual heat exchange References Appendix A: Stratigraphy, meteorology and glaciology Appendix B: Logistics and development of the research program Appendix C: Tables
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  • 86
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    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-27
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 27
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of a study on the feasibility of mapping selected snow-cover characteristics for military purposes, taking into account both current synoptic and average conditions, are reported in detail. Problems associated with the construction of isolines for depicting individual or combination of snow-cover conditions are discussed; the need for other statistical parameters in addition to the means is stressed; and the adaptation of frequency and variability indices is suggested. The use of a regional technique, which identified areas somewhat homogenous or substantially different from adjacent areas, is investigated. Problems in mapping snow density are also considered as well as the possibility of estimating snow density from meteorological data. Three sets of codes for the systematic recording and transmission of data are proposed, including a code for ground observers, a simplified code for use where no instruments or trained personnel are available, and a code for aerial observations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 92 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 27
    Language: English
    Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. APPLICATION OF ISOLINES FOR DEPICTING ASPECTS OF THE SNOW COVER Visual Problems Use of a simplified base map Other solutions Substantive Problems Observational errors Sampling errors Bias error Effect of reliability of data on isolines Conclusion The ''reasoned distribution'' Effects of substantive problems Conclusion II. DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER MEASURES, INDICES, AND METHODS FOR DEPICTING SNOW COVER CONDITIONS Examples of Possible Normal Indices of Snow Cover Average snow depth at end of the maximum month Average monthly snow depths by superimposed or located line graphs Time aspects Snowfall Selected Statistical Parameters of a Particular Value Extreme values Frequency values Measures of variability Conclusion III. SNOW REGIONS: AN APPROACH TO MAPPING SNOW COVER Snow Region Concept Descriptions of Snow Regions 1. Pacific Coast and Coastal Valley Region 2. The Mountain Zone 3. Great Plains Region 4. The Mackenzie-Manitoba Region 5. Upper Ontario Region 6. Northern Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region 7. Labrador Region 8. The Northern Arctic Region 9. Ungava-Baffinland Region Conclusions IV. CURRENT SNOW DATA MAPS Introduction Ground Observer's Code Suggested code for "Ground Observer's Snow Report" Comments Symbols for a comprehensive station model Air Observation Code Comments Station Model for Aircraft Snow Observations A Simplified Snow Observation Report . Introduction Proposed code and symbols for station model based on Simplified Snow Observation Report Conclusion Chapter V. MAPPING SNOW DENSITY Introduction Limitations of Data for Mapping Available data Reliability of the data Natural variations in density Snow Density Maps of Eastern Canada Statistical Investigation of Density: Eastern Canada Test for area differences Estimating regional trends in density: Orthogonal polynomials Regional density changes during the winter Conclusions: Statistical investigations Estimating Snow Density from Meteorological Data Relation of density to wind speed and temperature Application of Dmitrieva's equation Conclusion VI. CONCLUSION Snow Cover Maps: Small Scale Compilations of Various Aspects of Their Parameters Preparation of Synoptic Current Snow Data Maps Snow Density Research Investigation of Drift and Erosional Surfaces Initiation of Systematic Collection and Recording of Snow Data Internationally Research Reports Based on Existing Literature .
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  • 87
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    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-29
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 29
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A microscopic method for the determination of particle-size distributions of pulverized snow was worked out. The method gives satisfactory distribution curves, presenting the number of particles as a function of their cross-sectional "areas". The measurements were made by means of a filar micrometer eyepiece, the snow particles being placed on a ruled glass slide, which was submerged in silicone oil to prevent evaporation. The time for the determination of a distribution can be appreciably shortened by estimating the size of the particles instead of measuring them, though the accuracy is not so high in this case.
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    Pages: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 29
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Snow samples Procedure Experimental results Fraction 150-300 µ Fraction 0-150 µ Mixture of fractions Conclusions
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  • 88
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    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-32
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 32
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Apparatus was built for deforming ice crystals under hydrostatic pressures up to 350 atmospheres. Single crystals were placed in the mounts in such a way that the deformation occurred by gliding on the basal glide plane. It was found that the shear strain rate increased as the pressure was increased at constant temperature, but that the rate is practically independent of hydrostatic pressure when the difference between the ice temperature and the melting point is kept constant.
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    Pages: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 32
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Test apparatus and experimental procedures Experimental results Conclusions References
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  • 89
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    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-33
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 33
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A series of deformation measurements have been selected for preliminary studies on the plasticity of Greenland glacier ice. The measurements to be reported on were obtained in the Red Rock and TUTO tunnels in Northwest Greenland. Both tunnels were excavated during the summer of 1955 with some additional work done during the summer of 1956. Deformation measurements made up to the end of the 1956 summer season, therefore, are of limited reliability, but certain trends appearing in these data seem worth reporting. The topics discussed are (1) the shearing of an initially vertical peg system at Red Rock, (2) the deformation of core holes at TUTO, and (3) tunnel closure at both sites. These data are analyzed on the basis of laminar flow of the Nye type and certain conclusions are derived.
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    Pages: 6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 33
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental Analysis The shear of glaciers Tunnel closure Conclusions References
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  • 90
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    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-34
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 34
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The compressive strength of snow cylinders was investigated as a function of age of snow, snow-particle size, and age of the cylinders. The effect of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia on the strength of snow cylinders has also been studied. The experimental results show that the older the snow from which snow cylinders are made, the smaller the compressive strength. The compressive strength of cylinders decreases with the snow particle size. An equation describing the aging curves for snow cylinders is presented. Whereas carbon dioxide and methane in small quantities have no effect on the compressive strength, ammonia appreciably lowers the compressive strength of snow cylinders. All strength measurements were carried out at -10°C.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 34
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus and technique Preparation of snow fractions Experimental results Aging of snow cylinders Compressive strength as a function of particle size Mixture of fractions Influence of gases on the compressive strength of snow Discussion References
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  • 91
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-36
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 36
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Measurements were made with 22 more or less hydrophobic polymers and lacquers at intervals of 5 or 10 min for periods up to 1 hr. All surfaces were carefully cleaned, and some surfaces were baked. Highest initial (time 0) average contact angles ( 106° - 106.6°) were measured for Foster Snell rain repellant wax, Barrett 25-218 water repellant varnish (air-dried), and Cardolite NRL-7241. After 40 min, contact angles for these substances were 95.6°, 90.9°, and 91.0°. The measurement apparatus is illustrated, and data are tabulated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 36
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Apparatus Materials Procedure Experimental results References
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  • 92
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-37
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 37
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the air permeability of various screened and natural snows are described, and, results are analyzed to determine whether the parameters obtained from the measurements could be used to define a snow type. The permeability of a snow sample of known porosity (calculated from density) was determined over a wide range of air velocities; the sample was then compacted artificially a few mm, its density was determined, and its permeability measured again. The procedure was used to obtain curves for several densities of the same sample. Air flow appeared laminar for velocities less than 5 cm/sec in fine-grained snow (less than 0.8 mm in diam.), 2 cm/sec in medium-grained snow (0.8-1.2 mm diam.), and 1 cm/sec in larger-grained snow. A formula is presented expressing all of the results obtained under laminar-flow conditions in a single relationship, and an equation for estimating grain size from initial permeability and initial porosity is suggested. Snow conversion tables and a discussion of the effect of varying sample porosity on its permeability are appended.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19, A2, B6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 37
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus and method Experimental results and discussion Historical background Range of Darcy's law Effect of porosity on the permeability of snow Bader's equation Conclusion References Appendix I. Snow conversion table: Density to absolute porosity Appendix II. Effect on permeability of varying porosity in the sample Porosity varies with length Porosity varies with cross section
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  • 93
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-39
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 39
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An analysis of snow-cover density, temperature, and hardness data, measured over a period of several years at five stations in Alaska and six stations in the Canadian Arctic, shows the snow cover in the Canadian Archipelago to be colder, denser, and harder than in the interior of Alaska. A series of nomographs were developed to estimate average monthly snow-cover density from mean monthly air temperature and wind velocity. The nomographs are applicable for the months November through March, for the Alaskan and Canadian area north of 62°N latitude, and for elevations below 1500 ft. A comparison of observed snow-cover densities with those derived from the nomographs indicates that the method will provide a reliable regional estimate of snow-cover density. Studies of the relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature from November through March disclosed the snow to be on the average from 4°C to 9°C warmer than the air at the Alaskan stations and 4.5°C warmer at the Canadian Archipelago stations. An investigation of snow-cover hardness revealed regional variations similar to that for density. Measured snow hardness during the period of no melting was found to be related to densities between 0.15 and 0.36 g/cm^3.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 39
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Climatic parameters which may affect arctic snow-cover density Results of study Regional variations in snow-cover density Prediction of average monthly snow-cover density in the arctic from air temperature and wind velocity Comparison of observed snow-cover density with density computed from the nomographs Relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature Relation between hardness and density of the snow cover References
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  • 94
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Greenbelt, Md. : National Space Science Data Center
    Call number: MOP 47091 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Language: English
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 95
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Electric Power Research Institute
    Call number: MOP 41094 / MOP
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xiii, 126 Seiten , Illustrationen , 28 cm
    Series Statement: EPRI EA-270
    Language: English
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 96
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-50
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 50
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Samples of cryoconite from the Nuna ramp area in Northwest Greenland have been analyzed for the mineral and cryptogamic content. The non-mineral content of the blue-black gelatinous, drip-free cryoconite was found to be about 95% of the wet mass. After drying and ashing, the organic matter comprised 13.9 to 20% of the oven-dry sample. The mineral matter was predominately fine-grained, sharp-edged grains from 1 mm or larger to microscopic in size and appeared to have been wind-borne from the adjacent nunataks and moraines. The organic matter was found to be largely algae with inclusion of fungi and a rotifer. Since algae utilize radiation primarily in the blue region between 0.40 μ and 0.65 μ, where ice has the greatest transmissivity, it is possible that the cryoconite holes are at least partly the product of energy released by photosynthetic and metabolic processes rather than by direct absorption of red or heat-wave lengths of solar radiation by the dark cryoconite. The uniformity in the pattern and dimensions of the cryoconite holes supports the assumption that biological processes are dominant in their formation and growth.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12, A2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 50
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Observations on the Nuna ramp Sample collection Distribution of the cryoconite holes Observations in the Thule ramp Physical analyses of the cryoconite Biological assay of the cryoconite References Appendix: A study of the bacteria and fungus content of the cryoconite of the Thule area
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  • 97
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-56
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 56
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of laboratory creep tests in a shear apparatus at -5°C on 2 x2 x 3/8 in. samples of commercial ice, artificial single crystals, and 6 types of ice from the Greenland Ice Cap, at shear stresses of about 0.5-3 kg/cm^2 are reported. Some uniaxial tests were made at stresses from 6-28 kg/cm^2 to supplement the shear tests. Creep data could usually be represented approximately by one or more linear sections on a log-deformation vs log-time plot. The linear sections of the double logarithmic curve imply a creep curve of the form ε=ct^m where ε is the strain. For all samples tested, except single crystals sheared in easy glide, m averaged 0. 5 for shear deformations up to about 1%, and approached unity for more deformation. For single ice crystals oriented for easy glide, m averaged 1.7, implying a strain softening. Single crystals oriented for hard glide behaved similarly to polycrystals, indicating a rate-controlling process such as dislocation climb. For all but single easy-glide crystals, the minimum creep rate was tangent to the deformation curve at the end of the experiment. Creep rates for single easy-glide crystals were several hundred times larger than for the other crystals, the flow laws being similar.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 56
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Types of ice Experiments Results Creep curves Flow law References
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  • 98
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-59
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 59
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The deflection expression of an infinite plate subjected to a concentrated force is used with the "method of images" to obtain solutions for 6 plates with simply supported edges. The semi-infinite plate, the wedge-shaped plate, and its special case, the rectangular corner plate, are solved in closed form; and the infinite strip, the semi-infinite strip, and the rectangular plate are solved as rapidly convergent series. Behavior under a concentrated force is studied in more detail for the semi-infinite plate and the rectangular corner plate. Relationships for obtaining bending moments, shear forces and reaction distributions as well as derivatives of the kei-function with respect to ? and ? are given in the appendices.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 59
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction and statement of the problem Solution of the boundary value problems for simply supported boundaries Semi-infinite plate Wedge-shaped plate Rectangular corner plate Infinite strip Semi-infinite strip Rectangular plate Remarks on the problem of arbitrary load distribution References Appendix A Appendix B
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  • 99
    Call number: 12252/1
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXVI, 1053 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 0306400669
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 100
    Call number: 12252/2
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXII, 1025 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 0306400693
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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