ALBERT

Beschreibung: This dataset and code are related to artificial light emissions in the arctic area. They are a supplement to the report "Capabilities and limitations of advanced optical satellite missions for snow, vegetation, and artificial light source applications in Arctic areas".

Beschreibung: These data are supplementary material to Ziegler & Heidbach (2020) and present the results of a 3D geomechanical-numerical model of the stress state with quantified uncertainties. The average modelled stress state is provided for each of the six components of the full stress tensor. In addition, the associated standard deviation for each component is provided. The modelling approach uses a published lithological model and the used data is described in the publication Ziegler & Heidbach (2020). The reduced stress tensor is derived using the Tecplot Addon GeoStress (Stromeyer & Heidbach, 2017).The model results are provided in a comma-separated ascii file. Each line in the file represents one of the approx. 3 million finite elements that comprise the model.

Beschreibung: This dataset contains catchment average time series of five meteorological or hydrological parameters for 3872 hydrometric stations across Europe from 1960-2010. The parameters are: rainfall, soil moisture saturation, snowmelt, snow cover and convective conditions. All parameters have a daily resolution and were derived from a 0.11x0.11° reanalysis dataset. Daily averages were calculated from the pixels within each catchment, weighted by the fraction of pixel area that lies within the respective catchment. This dataset was originally created for the classification of floods by their generating process, but is also suitable for different hydrological studies.

Beschreibung: During the Egyptian 18th dynasty (c. 1550–1292 BC), cobalt ore was mined, processed and used as a colourant for glass, faience and blue-painted pottery. Co-coloured glass objects have a mid- to dark blue colour and were produced in order to imitate the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli. During this period, the glass objects were manufactured predominantly at two sites: Malqata (25°42'51.2"N 32°35'33.4"E) and Amarna (27°38'40.3"N 30°53'55.0"E). Major, minor and trace element concentration data from 38 blue glass objects from Amarna in the collection of Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection in Berlin are reported in this data publication. For comparison, glass objects from the same period and location, but of different colours (one red, two each of colourless, green and turquoise-blue glass) were analysed with the same method. These objects were originally brought to Berlin subsequent to the 1911–1914 excavations at Amarna carried out under the direction of Ludwig Borchardt on behalf of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft. Unfortunately, most of these have by now lost their specific finds location. In addition, two recent samples of cobalt ore from the region of Ain Asil, near the Dakhla oasis (25°30'59.6"N 29°09'59.8"E), were included in the analysis.

Beschreibung: The dataset presents the electron density derived using the Neural-network-based Upper hybrid Resonance Determination (NURD) algorithm (Zhelavskaya et al., 2016) from plasma wave measurements made with the Van Allen Probes Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) (Kletzing et al., 2013). The method employs feedforward neural networks to derive the upper hybrid resonance frequency from the electric field measurements, and hence electron density, in an automated fashion. The dataset contains electron density for the period from October 1, 2012 to January 14, 2018 for RBSP-A and from October 1, 2012 to July 1, 2016 for RBSP-B (RBSP = Radiation Belt Storm Probes). For convenience, the density data are organized in two ways: in terms of orbits and in terms of days. Directories ../../Orbits_organization/ and ../../Days_organization/ contain files with densities per orbit and per day, respectively. Data are provided in .txt and .cdf formats. Data in .mat format are available at ftp://ftp.gfz-potsdam.de/home/rbm/NURD/. For more information on directory organization and files description, please refer to the associated data description and Zhelaskaya et al. (2016).

Beschreibung: The dataset is composed of AisaEAGLE airborne hyperspectral imagery data acquired during the AIRMETH2016 campaign on August 27th, 2016 within the Toolik Lake Natural Research Area on the Alaskan North Slope. The Toolik Lake Research Natural Area is representative of the North Slope physiographic province of the Southern Arctic Foothills (Walker et al., 1989). Dominant vegetation types are dictated by soil moisture and geology and include moist tussock tundra, wet sedge meadows, and dry upland heaths. The dataset includes three flight lines with 130 spectral bands ranging from VIS to NIR (451.7 – 897 nm) wavelength regions. The dataset also includes Level 2A EnMAP simulated imagery using the end-to-end Simulation tool (EeteS) with 78 bands from VIS to NIR (423 – 903 mn). The overall goal of the campaign was to acquire airborne imagery over the Toolik Vegetation grid encompassing 94 permanent 1 x 1 m vegetation plots where corresponding, comprehensive multi-seasonal spectral reflectance, photosynthetic pigment, and detailed species composition data exists. The remote sensing data are highly novel and can be used for vegetation mapping of species composition, plant biomass, and photosynthetic activity.

Beschreibung: Seismological agencies play an important role in seismological research and seismic hazard mitigation by providing source parameters of seismic events (location, magnitude, mechanism), and keeping these data accessible in the long term. The availability of catalogues of seismic source parameters is an important requirement for the evaluation and mitigation of seismic hazards, and the catalogues are particularly valuable to the research community as they provide fundamental long-term data in the geophysical sciences. This work is well motivated by the rising demand for developing more robust and efficient methods for routine source parameter estimation, and ultimately generation of reliable catalogues of seismic source parameters. Specifically, the aim of this work is to develop some methods to determine hypocentre location and temporal evolution of seismic sources based on regional and teleseismic observations more accurately, and investigate the potential of these methods to be integrated in near real-time processing. To achieve this, a location method that considers several events simultaneously and improves the relative location accuracy among nearby events has been provided. This method tries to reduce the biasing effects of the lateral velocity heterogeneities (or equivalently to compensate for limitations and inaccuracies in the assumed velocity model) by calculating a set of timing corrections for each seismic station. The systematic errors introduced into the locations by the inaccuracies in the assumed velocity structure can be corrected without explicitly solving for a velocity model. Application to sets of multiple earthquakes in complex tectonic environments with strongly heterogeneous structure such as subduction zones and plate boundary region demonstrate that this relocation process significantly improves the hypocentre locations compared to standard locations. To meet the computational demands of this location process, a new open-source software package has been developed that allows for efficient relocation of large-scale multiple seismic events using arrival time data. Upon that, a flexible location framework is provided which can be tailored to various application cases on local, regional, and global scales. The latest version of the software distribution including source codes, a user guide, an example data set, and a change history, is freely available to the community. The developed relocation algorithm has been modified slightly and then its performance in a simulated near real-time processing has been evaluated. It has been demonstrated that applying the proposed technique significantly reduces the bias in routine locations and enhance the ability to locate the lower magnitude events using only regional arrival data. Finally, to return to emphasis on global seismic monitoring, an inversion framework has been developed to determine the seismic source time function through direct waveform fitting of teleseismic recordings. The inversion technique can be systematically applied to moderate- size seismic events and has the potential to be performed in near real-time applications. It is exemplified by application to an abnormal seismic event; the 2017 North Korean nuclear explosion. The presented work and application case studies in this dissertation represent the first step in an effort to establish a framework for automatic, routine generation of reliable catalogues of seismic event locations and source time functions.

Beschreibung: Seismologische Dienste spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der seismologischen Forschung und Gefährdungsanalyse, indem sie Quellparameter für seismische Ereignisse (Lokalisierung, Stärke, Mechanismus) bereitstellen und diese Daten langfristig verfügbar machen. Die Verfügbarkeit von Katalogen seismischer Quellparameter ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Bewertung der seismischen Gefährdung und Minderung der Auswirkungen von Erdbeben. Die seismischen Kataloge sind für die Forschungsgemeinschaft besonders wertvoll, da sie grundlegende Hintergrundsdaten über lange Zeiträume liefern. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist motiviert durch die steigende Nachfrage nach der Entwicklung robusterer und effizienterer Methoden für die routinemäßige Schätzung von Quellparametern und schließlich die Verbesserung der Qualität und Quantität der seismischen Kataloge. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es insbesondere Methoden zu entwickeln, um die Lokalisierung von Hypozentren und die zeitliche Entwicklung der Momentfreisetzung bei einem Erdbeben auf der Grundlage regionaler und teleseismischer Beobachtungen genauer zu bestimmen, und das Potenzial dieser Methoden für eine zeitnahe Verarbeitung zu untersuchen. Um dies zu erreichen, wurde eine Lokalisierungsmethode bereitgestellt, die mehrere Ereignisse gleichzeitig berücksichtigt und die relative Genauigkeit der Hypozentren zwischen benachbarten Ereignissen verbessert. Dieses Verfahren versucht, die Verzerrungen durch Geschwindigkeits-heterogenitäten zu reduzieren, oder äquivalent Einschränkungen und Ungenauigkeiten in dem angenommenen Geschwindigkeitsmodell auszugleichen, indem richtungsabhängige Zeitkorrekturen für jede seismische Station berechnet werden. Die systematischen Fehler, die durch die Ungenauigkeiten in der angenommenen Geschwindigkeitsstruktur in die Lokalisierung projiziert werden, können korrigiert werden, ohne explizit nach einem Geschwindigkeitsmodell zu lösen. Die Anwendung auf Ensemble von Erdbeben in tektonischen Situationen mit stark heterogener, komplexer Struktur wie Subduktionszonen und Plattengrenzregionen zeigt, dass diese Relokalisierung die Hypozentren im Vergleich zu Standardlokalisierungen signifikant verbessert. Um den rechnerischen Anforderungen der Lokalisierung gerecht zu werden, wurde ein neues Open-Source-Softwarepaket entwickelt, das eine effiziente Relokalisierung einer großen Anzahl von Erdbeben unter Verwendung von Ankunftszeitdaten ermöglicht. Daraufhin wird ein flexibler Lokalisierungsrahmen bereitgestellt, der an verschiedene Fälle auf lokaler, regionaler und globaler Ebene angepasst werden kann. Die neueste Version der Software einschließlich Quellcodes, Benutzerhandbuch, Beispieldatensatz und Änderungsverlauf ist für die Öffentlichkeit frei verfügbar. Der entwickelte Relokalisierungs-Algorithmus wurde geringfügig verändert und anschließend seine Leistung in einem simulierten Echtzeit Prozess bewertet. Es zeigte sich, dass die Anwendung der vorgeschlagenen Technik die Verzerrung der Hypozentren der Routineauswertung erheblich verringert und die Fähigkeit zum Lokalisieren der Ereignisse mit niedriger Magnitude unter Verwendung nur regionaler Ankunftsdaten verbessert. Um sich wieder auf die globale seismische Überwachung zu konzentrieren, wurde schließlich ein Inversionssystem entwickelt, um die Zeitfunktion der seismischen Quelle durch direkte Wellenformanpassung von teleseismischen Aufzeichnungen zu bestimmen. Die Inversionstechnik kann systematisch auf seismische Ereignisse mittlerer Größe angewendet werden und hat das Potenzial, in nahezu Echtzeitanwendungen ausgeführt zu werden. Dies wird beispielhaft durch die Anwendung auf ein abnormales seismisches Ereignis veranschaulicht: die nordkoreanische Atomexplosion 2017. Die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten Arbeits- und Anwendungsfallstudien stellen den ersten Schritt dar, um einen Rahmen für die automatische, routinemäßige Erzeugung zuverlässiger Kataloge von seismischen Ereignisorten und Quellzeitfunktion zu schaffen.

Beschreibung: This interactive webpage contains supplementary information for the publication by Kühn et al. 2020: "Probabilistic moment tensor inversion for hydrocarbon-induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field, the Netherlands, part 1: testing". It allows for an easy comparison between the various tests of inversion parameters and velocity models described for the analysis of the 11th of March 2017 Zeerijp ML 2.1 earthquake on the event induced in the Groningen gas field (Netherlands). Inversion runs collected here comprise the parameters employed for inversion (Problem Config), the inversion results and error estimates (Parameter Results) as well as a multitude of figures.

Beschreibung: Decades of photogrammetric records at Bezymianny, one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, allow unveiling morphological changes, eruption and intrusion dynamics, erosion, lava and tephra deposition processes. This data publication releases an almost 7-decade long record, retrieved from airborne, satellite, and UAV platforms. The Kamchatkan Institute of Volcanology and Seismology released archives of high-resolution aerial images acquired in 1967-2013. We complemented the aerial datasets with 2017 Pleiades tri-stereo satellite and UAV images. The images were processed using Erdas Imagine and Photomod software. Here we publish nine quality-controlled point clouds in LAS format referenced to the WGS84 (UTM zone 57N). By comparing the point clouds we were able to describe topographic changes and calculate volumetric differences, details of which were further analyzed in Shevchenko et al. (2020, https://doi.org/...). The ~5-decade-long photogrammetric record was achieved by 8 aerial and 1 satellite-UAV datasets. The 8 sets of near nadir aerial photographs acquired in 1967, 1968, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1994, 2006, and 2013 were taken with various photogrammetry cameras dedicated for topographic analysis, specifically the AFA 41-10 camera (1967, 1968, 1976, and 1977; focal length = 99.086 mm), the TAFA 10 camera (1982 and 1994; focal length = 99.120 mm), and the AFA TE-140 camera (2006 and 2013; focal length = 139.536 mm). These analog cameras have all an 18×18 cm frame size. The acquisition flight altitude above the mean surface of Bezymianny varied from 1,500-2,500 m above mean surface elevation, translating up to 〉5,000 m above sea level. For photogrammetric processing, we used 3-4 consecutive shots that provided a 60-70% forward overlap. The analog photo negatives were digitized by scanning with Epson Perfection V750 Pro scanner in a resolution of 2,400 pixels/inch (approx. pixel (px) size = 0.01 mm). The mean scale within a single photograph depends on the distance to the surface and corresponds on average to 1:10,000-1:20,000. Thus, each px in the scanned image represents about 10-20 cm resolution on the ground. The coordinates of 12 ground control points were derived from a Theo 010B theodolite dataset collected at geodetic benchmarks during a 1977 fieldwork. These benchmarks were established on the slopes of Bezymianny before the 1977 aerial survey and then captured with the AFA 41-10 aerial camera. The most recent was a satellite dataset acquired on 2017-09-09 by the PHR 1B sensor aboard the Pleiades satellite (AIRBUS Defence & Space) operated by the French space agency (CNES). The forward, nadir and backward camera configuration allows revisiting any point on earth and was tasked for the acquisition of Bezymianny to provide a 0.5 m resolution panchromatic imagery dataset. In order to improve the Pleiades data, we complemented them with UAV data collected on 2017-07-29 with DJI Mavic Pro during fieldwork at Bezymianny. This data publication includes a description of the data (in pdf format) and the nine processed and controlled three-dimensional point clouds (in LAS format). The point clouds can be easily interpolated and imported into most open and commercially available geographic information system (GIS) software. Further details on data and data handling are provided in Shevchenko et al. (2020).

Beschreibung: The Central Rift in Kenya (CRK) comprises the lakes Naivasha, Elementaita and Nakuru and the Longonot, Eburru and Menengai volcanos. The alkaline magmas, produced by the volcanoes within the CRK, lead to solid rocks likes trachytes, phonolites, and fewer basalts and accompanied soft rocks like ashes, tuffs, pumices and ignimbrites (e.g. Macdonald et al., 1987; Macdonald, 2014). Lacustrine sediments and beds of diatoms are remnants of former lake level variations caused by climate variability and topographic changes (e.g. Stoof-Leichsenring et al., 2011). The samples have been taken within the frame of a VW-Foundation funded project that tries to detect, map and monitor groundwater pollution from anthropogenic and natural sources. For a previous VW-Foundation funded project (grant 85465), also the groundwater fluoride enrichment in the CRK have been studied (Olaka et al., 2016).

Beschreibung: This data set includes digital image correlation data from thirteen analogue earthquakes generated by means of an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach. The data consists of grids of 3D static coseismic surface displacements. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 8 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the control of geodetic coverage on the slip inversion problem can be found in Kosari et al. (in review) to which this data set is supplementary material. We use an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2017) to generate a catalogue of analogue megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019). To monitor surface deformation of the wedge analogue model a stereoscopic set of two CCD cameras (LaVision Imager pro X 11MPx, 14 bit) monitors images the wedge surface continuously at 2.5 Hz. To derive observational data similar to those from geodetic techniques, i.e. velocities at the location on the surface, we use digital image correlation (DIC, Adam et al., 2005) to derive the 3D incremental surface displacement (or velocity) at high spatial resolution (〈 0.1 mm). The time series of incremental surface displacement data was calculated using LaVision Davis 8 software. The result is an evenly spaced grid of vectors per time step, oriented parallel with respect to the principal dimensions of the box.

Beschreibung: Strokkur_1yr is a one year seismological experiment realized at the most active geyser on Iceland by Eva Eibl (University of Potsdam) in collaboration with Thomas R. Walter, Phillippe Jousset, Torsten Dahm, Masoud Allahbakhshi, Daniel Müller from GFZ Potsdam and Gylfi P. Hersir from ISOR Iceland. The geyser is part of the Haukadalur geothermal area in south Iceland, which contains numerous geothermal anomalies, hot springs, and basins (Walter et al., 2018). Strokkur is a pool geyser and has a silica sinter edifice with a water basin on top, which is about 12 m in diameter with a central tube of more than 20 m depth. The aim of the seismic experiment is to monitor eruptions of Strokkur geyser from June 2017 to June 2018 using four broadband seismic stations (Nanometrics Trillium Compact Posthole 20 s). Sensors were buried 30–40 cm deep in the ground at distances of 38.8 m (G4, SE), 47.3 m (G3, SW), 42.5 m (G2, N), and 95.5 m (G1, NE) from Strokkur center. Data gaps represent 15–44 % of the records as during the winter period maintenance intervals were longer and battery drainage was high. However, at any given time, at least one station recorded the eruptions. From this dataset, converted to MSEED using Pyrocko, a catalogue of 70,000 eruptions was determined and further investigated in Eibl et al. (2020). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 7L.

Beschreibung: The dataset contains hyperspectral imagery acquired during airplane overflights on 8th September 2016 consisting of 242 spectral bands, ranging from VIS to SWIR (423 - 2438 nm) wavelength regions. It covers an area of about 78 km² which is dominated by beech and oak forests. The flight campaign was part of several flight campaigns within the EnMAP project and focused on hyperspectral analysis of plant physiology in deciduous and coniferous forests in the Gerolstein region in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Beschreibung: The West Bohemian Massif as part of the geodynamically active European Cenozoic Rift System is characterised by ongoing magmatic processes in the intra-continental lithospheric mantle. A series of phenomena such as massive degassing of CO2 and repeated earthquake swarms make the Eger Rift a unique target area for European intra-continental geo-scientific research. The ICDP project "Drilling the Eger Rift" was funded to study the field of earthquake-fluid-rock-biosphere interaction. In the framework of this ICDP project, magnetotelluric (MT) experiments have been conducted to image the subsurface distribution of the electrical conductivity down to depths of several tens of kilometres as the electrical conductivity is particularly sensitive to the presence of high-conductive phases such as aqueous fluids, partial melts or metallic compounds. Based on recent MT experiments in 2015/2016, Munoz et al. (2018) presented 2D images of the electrical conductivity structure along a NS profile across the Eger Rift. It reveals a conductive channel at the earthquake swarm region that extend from the lower crust to the surface forming a pathway for fluids up to the region of the mofettes. A second conductive channel is present in the south of the model. Due to the given station setup along a profile, the resulting 2D inversion allows ambiguous interpretations of this feature. As 3D inversion is required to distinguish between the different interpretations, we conducted another MT field experiment at the end of 2018. This data publication (10.5880/GIPP-MT. 201810 .1) encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: The dataset presented here is an earthquake catalog for the Central Sea of Marmara (Turkey) obtained by applying a matched-fliter technic to continuous waveforms. The magnitude of completeness of this catalog is Mc=1.1. We use as templates events published by national agencies (KOERI and AFAD). The matched-fliter technic is described in Bentz et al. (2020). The column of the data file are: event ID, Year, Month, Day, Hour, Minute, Seconds, Matlab time (serial time), Latitude (dec.degrees), Longitude (dec.degrees), Depth (km), Magnitude, Cross-correlation coefficient (CC), Template ID, MAD(ratio between CC and median absolution of daily correlogram), Quality flag The ZIP files contains configuration files for ph2dt and HypoDD applications together with input phase and seismic network data.

Beschreibung: This cumulative thesis is concerned with the evolution of geomagnetic activity since the beginning of the 20th century, that is, the time-dependent response of the geomagnetic field to solar forcing. The focus lies on the description of the magnetospheric response field at ground level, which is particularly sensitive to the ring current system, and an interpretation of its variability in terms of the solar wind driving. Thereby, this work contributes to a comprehensive understanding of long-term solar-terrestrial interactions. The common basis of the presented publications is formed by a reanalysis of vector magnetic field measurements from geomagnetic observatories located at low and middle geomagnetic latitudes. In the first two studies, new ring current targeting geomagnetic activity indices are derived, the Annual and Hourly Magnetospheric Currents indices (A/HMC). Compared to existing indices (e.g., the Dst index), they do not only extend the covered period by at least three solar cycles but also constitute a qualitative improvement concerning the absolute index level and the ~11-year solar cycle variability. The analysis of A/HMC shows that (a) the annual geomagnetic activity experiences an interval-dependent trend with an overall linear decline during 1900–2010 of ~5 % (b) the average trend-free activity level amounts to ~28 nT (c) the solar cycle related variability shows amplitudes of ~15–45 nT (d) the activity level for geomagnetically quiet conditions (Kp〈2) lies slightly below 20 nT. The plausibility of the last three points is ensured by comparison to independent estimations either based on magnetic field measurements from LEO satellite missions (since the 1990s) or the modeling of geomagnetic activity from solar wind input (since the 1960s). An independent validation of the longterm trend is problematic mainly because the sensitivity of the locally measured geomagnetic activity depends on geomagnetic latitude. Consequently, A/HMC is neither directly comparable to global geomagnetic activity indices (e.g., the aa index) nor to the partly reconstructed open solar magnetic flux, which requires a homogeneous response of the ground-based measurements to the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind speed. The last study combines a consistent, HMC-based identification of geomagnetic storms from 1930–2015 with an analysis of the corresponding spatial (magnetic local time-dependent) disturbance patterns. Amongst others, the disturbances at dawn and dusk, particularly their evolution during the storm recovery phases, are shown to be indicative of the solar wind driving structure (Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections vs. Stream or Co-rotating Interaction Regions), which enables a backward-prediction of the storm driver classes. The results indicate that ICME-driven geomagnetic storms have decreased since 1930 which is consistent with the concurrent decrease of HMC. Out of the collection of compiled follow-up studies the inclusion of measurements from high-latitude geomagnetic observatories into the third study’s framework seems most promising at this point.

Beschreibung: The Cheb Basin (CZ) is a shallow Neogene intracontinental basin located in the western Eger Rift. The Cheb Basin is characterized by active seismicity and diffuse degassing of mantle-derived CO2 in mofette fields. Within the Cheb Basin, the Hartoušov mofette field shows a daily CO2 flux of 23–97 tons. More than 99% of CO2 released over an area of 0.35 km2. Seismic active periods have been observed in 2000 and 2014 in the Hartoušov mofette field. Due to the active geodynamic processes, the Cheb Basin is considered to be an ideal region for the continental deep biosphere research focussing on the interaction of biological processes with geological processes. To study the influence of CO2 degassing on microbial community in the surface and subsurface environments, two 3-m shallow drillings and a 108.5-m deep scientific drilling were conducted in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Additionally, the fluid retrieved from the deep drilling borehole was also recovered. The different ecosystems were compared regarding their geochemical properties, microbial abundances, and microbial community structures. The geochemistry of the mofette is characterized by low pH, high TOC, and sulfate contents while the subsurface environment shows a neutral pH, and various TOC and sulfate contents in different lithological settings. Striking differences in the microbial community highlight the substantial impact of elevated CO2 concentrations and high saline groundwater on microbial processes. In general, the microorganisms had low abundance in the deep subsurface sediment compared with the shallow mofette. However, within the mofette and the deep subsurface sediment, the abundance of microbes does not show a typical decrease with depth, indicating that the uprising CO2-rich groundwater has a strong influence on the microbial communities via providing sufficient substrate for anaerobic chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes and multivariate statistics reveals that the pH strongly influences the microbial community composition in the mofette, while the subsurface microbial community is significantly influenced by the groundwater which motivated by the degassing CO2. Acidophilic microorganisms show a much higher relative abundance in the mofette. Meanwhile, the OTUs assigned to family Comamonadaceae are the dominant taxa which characterize the subsurface communities. Additionally, taxa involved in sulfur cycling characterizing the microbial communities in both mofette and CO2 dominated subsurface environments. Another investigated important geo–bio interaction is the influence of the seismic activity. During seismic events, released H2 may serve as the electron donor for microbial hydrogenotrophic processes, such as methanogenesis. To determine whether the seismic events can potentially trigger methanogenesis by the elevated geogenic H2 concentration, we performed laboratory simulation experiments with sediments retrieved from the drillings. The simulation results indicate that after the addition of hydrogen, substantial amounts of methane were produced in incubated mofette sediments and deep subsurface sediments. The methanogenic hydrogenotrophic genera Methanobacterium was highly enriched during the incubation. The modeling of the in-situ observation of the earthquake swarm period in 2000 at the Novy Kostel focal area/Czech Republic and our laboratory simulation experiments reveals a close relation between seismic activities and microbial methane production via earthquake-induced H2 release. We thus conclude that H2 – which is released during seismic activity – can potentially trigger methanogenic activity in the deep subsurface. Based on this conclusion, we further hypothesize that the hydrogenotrophic early life on Earth was boosted by the Late Heavy Bombardment induced seismic activity in approximately 4.2 to 3.8 Ga.

Beschreibung: Das Eger-Becken (CZ) ist ein flaches, intrakontinentales neogenes Becken im westlichen Eger-Graben. Das Eger-Becken zeichnet sich durch aktive Seismizität und die diffuse Entgasung von aus dem Mantel stammenden CO2 in Mofettenfeldern aus. Das Mofettenfeld von Hartoušov weist einen täglichen CO2-Fluss von 23-97 Tonnen auf. Mehr als 99% des CO2 werden auf einer Fläche von 0,35 km2 freigesetzt. Im Untersuchungsgebiet wurden in den Jahren 2000 und 2014 seismisch aktive Perioden beobachtet. Aufgrund der aktiven geodynamischen Prozesse gilt das Egerer Becken als ideale Region für die kontinentale Tiefenbiosphärenforschung, die sich auf die Wechselwirkung von biologischen Prozessen mit geologischen Prozessen konzentriert. Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der CO2-Entgasung auf die mikrobielle Gemeinschaft in der ober- und unterirdischen Umwelt wurden 2015 und 2016 zwei 3 m tiefe Flachbohrungen und eine 108,5 m tiefe wissenschaftliche Bohrung durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurde auch aus dem Tiefbohrloch Flüssigkeit gewonnen. Die verschiedenen Ökosysteme wurden hinsichtlich ihrer geochemischen Eigenschaften, der mikrobiellen Abundanzen und der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaftsstrukturen verglichen. Die Geochemie der Mofetten zeichnet sich durch einen niedrigen pH-Wert und hohe TOC- und Sulfatgehalte aus, während das unterirdische Milieu einen neutralen pH-Wert und verschiedene TOC- und Sulfatgehalte in unterschiedlichen lithologischen Umgebungen aufweist. Auffällige Unterschiede in der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft unterstreichen den erheblichen Einfluss erhöhter CO2-Konzentrationen und stark salzhaltigen Grundwassers auf mikrobielle Prozesse. Generell waren die mikrobiellen Abundanzen in dem tiefen Untergrundsediment im Vergleich zur flachen Mofette gering. Innerhalb der Mofette und des tiefen unterirdischen Sediments zeigt die Häufigkeit der Mikroorganismen jedoch keine typische Abnahme mit der Tiefe, was darauf hinweist, dass das aufsteigende CO2-reiche Grundwasser einen starken Einfluss auf die mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften hat, indem es genügend Substrat für anaerobe chemolithoautotrophe Mikroorganismen bietet. Die Illumina-MiSeq-Sequenzierung der 16S rRNA-Gene und die multivariate Statistik zeigen, dass der pH-Wert die Zusammensetzung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft in der Mofette signifikant bestimmt, während die unterirdische mikrobielle Gemeinschaft signifikant vom Grundwasser beeinflusst wird, das durch das ausgasende CO2 geprägt ist. Azidophile Mikroorganismen zeigen eine viel höhere relative Abundanz in der Mofette, wohingegen die der Familie Comamonadaceae zugeordneten OTUs die dominierenden Taxa der unterirdischen Gemeinschaften darstellen. Zusätzlich charakterisieren Taxa, die am Schwefelzyklus beteiligt sind, die mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften sowohl in der Mofette als auch in der CO2-dominierten unterirdischen Umwelt. Eine weitere wichtige Untersuchung der Geo-Bio-Interaktion ist der Einfluss der seismischen Aktivität. Während seismischer Ereignisse kann freigesetztes H2 als Elektronendonator für mikrobielle hydrogenotrophe Prozesse, wie z.B. die Methanogenese, dienen. Um zu bestimmen, ob die seismischen Ereignisse durch die erhöhten geogenen H2-Konzentrationen möglicherweise methanogene Prozesse auslösen können, führten wir Laborsimulationsexperimente mit Sedimenten durch, die aus den Bohrungen gewonnen wurden. Die Simulationsexperimente weisen darauf hin, dass nach der Zugabe von Wasserstoff beträchtliche Mengen an Methan in inkubierten Mofettensedimenten und tiefen unterirdischen Sedimenten produziert wurden. Die methanogene hydrogenotrophe Gattung Methanobacterium wurde während der Inkubation stark angereichert. Die Modellierung der in-situ-Beobachtung der Erdbeben-Schwarmzeit im Jahr 2000 im Schwerpunktgebiet Novy Kostel/Tschechische Republik und unsere Laborsimulationsexperimente zeigen einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen seismischen Aktivitäten und der biotischen Methanproduktion durch erdbebeninduzierte H2-Freisetzung. Wir kommen daher zu dem Schluss, dass H2 - dass bei seismischer Aktivität freigesetzt wird - möglicherweise methanogene Aktivität im tiefen Untergrund auslösen kann. Basierend auf dieser Schlussfolgerung gehen wir weiter davon aus, dass das frühe hydrogenotrophe Leben, durch die durch Late Heavy Bombardment induzierte seismische Aktivität in etwa 4,2 bis 3,8 Ga verstärkt wurde.

Beschreibung: We study the crustal structure of Sri Lanka by analyzing data from a temporary seismic network deployed in 2016-2017 (Seneviratne et al., 2016) to shed light on the amalgamation process from the geophysical perspective. Rayleigh wave phase dispersion from ambient noise cross-correlation and receiver functions were jointly inverted using a transdimensional Bayesian approach (Bodin et al., 2012, Dreiling et al., 2019).

Beschreibung: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP, 1997-2015) to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. The Geodetic Observatory Pecný (GOPE) is located in the Czech Republic, about 40 km south-east of Prague, in the Central Bohemian hilly land at the elevation of about 500 m. It is surrounded by a mixed wood. Except for one local road the next nearest local road is about 1 km apart, the nearest railway is 5.2 km, the nearest village 1 km (Ondřejov). The bigger river (Sázava) flows through the valley at a distance of 5 km from the observatory at the height of about 300 m. No construction or other technological works (mines, industrial plants etc.) run either in the close surroundings or at longer distance. The hill Pecný is in the old metamorphic paleozoic synclinal zone of the Čerčany Chlum neighbouring with the Central Bohemian granitic massif and the perm massif of Černý Kostelec. From the geological point of view, GOPE was established in very stable region. GOPE is operated by the Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography (RIGTC) and was established in 1957. GOPE has been involved in tidal observations with spring gravimeters since the early seventies of the last century, cooperation with the International Center for Earth Tides (ICET) has been dated since 1990. GOPE belongs to the core stations of ECGN - European Combined Geodetic Network, established by the EUREF IAG Subcommission. Since February 2007, the observatory type of one sphere superconducting gravimeter OSG-050 was running in the old gravimetric laboratory (OGL) of GOPE located in the cellar of the main building of GOPE (Latitude: 49.9137 N, Longitude: 14.7856 E, Elevation: 534.58 m), about 1.8 m under the ground of the surrounding relief. Almost uninterrupted 10-year time series of gravity record with OSG-050 has been carried out till October 2017, when the OSG-050 has been moved to the new gravimetric laboratory (NGL) situated in the top of the hill Pecný, less than 100 m from OGL. NGL (Latitude: 49.9141 N, Longitude: 14.7868 E, Elevation: 545.10 m) provides 3 concrete pillars in the ground level, which are founded to the bedrock (4 m below the ground). Two pillars are used for repeated observations with absolute gravimeters (AG) and in the third pillar, located in a separate room, the OSG-050 is running continuously. All rooms are thermally stabilized by air-conditioning systems. Due to the excellent stability of the station and the facilities to inter-compare different AGs, the GOPE was developed as a regional comparison site which serves as a reference for the Czech Gravimetric Network. Since 2001, repeated absolute measurements with interval of one month have been carried out in OGL and later in NGL to achieve continuous drift-free gravity time series by combination of absolute and superconducting data. At the area of the station, meteorological (precipitation, air temperature, humidity, air pressure) and hydrological (ground water and soil moisture) parameters are measured by different sensors. These data are available through auxiliary data in the IGETS database. Raw gravity and local atmospheric pressure records sampled at second and the same records decimated at 1‐minute samples are provided as Level 1 products of the IGETS network.

Beschreibung: Rivers have always flooded their floodplains. Over 2.5 billion people worldwide have been affected by flooding in recent decades. The economic damage is also considerable, averaging 100 billion US dollars per year. There is no doubt that damage and other negative effects of floods can be avoided. However, this has a price: financially and politically. Costs and benefits can be estimated through risk assessments. Questions about the location and frequency of floods, about the objects that could be affected and their vulnerability are of importance for flood risk managers, insurance companies and politicians. Thus, both variables and factors from the fields of hydrology and sociol-economics play a role with multi-layered connections. One example are dikes along a river, which on the one hand contain floods, but on the other hand, by narrowing the natural floodplains, accelerate the flood discharge and increase the danger of flooding for the residents downstream. Such larger connections must be included in the assessment of flood risk.

Beschreibung: Flüsse haben seit jeher ihre Auen überflutet. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten waren weltweit über 2,5 Milliarden Menschen durch Hochwasser betroffen. Auch der ökonomische Schaden ist mit durchschnittlich 100 Milliarden US Dollar pro Jahr erheblich. Zweifelsohne können Schäden und andere negative Auswirkungen von Hochwasser vermieden werden. Allerdings hat dies einen Preis: finanziell und politisch. Kosten und Nutzen lassen sich durch Risikobewertungen abschätzen. Dabei werden in der Wasserwirtschaft, von Versicherungen und der Politik Fragen nach dem Ort und der Häufigkeit von Überflutungen, nach den Dingen, die betroffen sein könnten und deren Anfälligkeit untersucht. Somit spielen sowohl Größen und Faktoren aus den Bereichen der Hydrologie und Sozioökonmie mit vielschichtigen Zusammenhängen eine Rolle. Ein anschauliches Beispiel sind Deiche entlang eines Flusses, die einerseits in ihrem Abschnitt Überflutungen eindämmen, andererseits aber durch die Einengung der natürlichen Vorländer den Hochwasserabfluss beschleunigen und die Gefährdung für die Anlieger flussab verschärfen. Solche größeren Zusammenhänge müssen in der Bewertung des Hochwasserrisikos einbezogen werden. In derzeit gängigen Verfahren geht dies mit vereinfachenden Annahmen einher. Risikoabschätzungen sind daher unscharf und mit Unsicherheiten verbunden. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Nutzen und die Möglichkeiten neuer Datensätze für eine Verbesserung der Hochwasserrisikoabschätzung. Es werden neue Methoden und Modelle entwickelt, die die angesprochenen Zusammenhänge stärker berücksichtigen und auch die bestehenden Unsicherheiten der Modellergebnisse beziffern und somit die Verlässlichkeit der getroffenen Aussagen einordnen lassen. Dafür werden Daten zu Hochwasserereignissen aus verschiedenen Quellen erfasst und ausgewertet. Dazu zählen neben Niederschlags-und Durchflussaufzeichnungen an Messstationen beispielsweise auch Bilder aus sozialen Medien, die mit Ortsangaben und Bildinhalten helfen können, die Überflutungsflächen abzugrenzen und Hochwasserschäden zu schätzen. Verfahren des Maschinellen Lernens wurden erfolgreich eingesetzt, um aus vielfältigen Daten, Zusammenhänge zwischen Hochwasser und Auswirkungen zu erkennen, besser zu verstehen und verbesserte Modelle zu entwickeln. Solche Risikomodelle helfen bei der Entwicklung und Bewertung von Strategien zur Minderung des Hochwasserrisikos. Diese Werkzeuge ermöglichen darüber hinaus Einblicke in das Zusammenspiel verschiedener Faktoren sowie Aussagen zu den zu erwartenden Folgen auch von Hochwassern, die das bisher bekannte Ausmaß übersteigen. Diese Arbeit verzeichnet Fortschritte in Bezug auf eine verbesserte Bewertung von Hochwasserrisiken durch die Nutzung vielfältiger Daten aus unterschiedlichen Quellen mit innovativen Verfahren sowie der Weiterentwicklung von Modellen. Das Hochwasserrisiko unterliegt durch wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen und klimatische Veränderungen einem steten Wandel. Um das Wissen über Risiken aktuell zu halten sind robuste, leistungs- und anpassungsfähige Verfahren wie sie in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt werden von zunehmender Bedeutung.

Beschreibung: The Central Andean orogeny is caused by the subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South-American continental plate. In Particular, the Southern Central Andes (SCA, 27°-40°S) are characterized by a strong N-S and E-W variation in the crustal deformation style and intensity. Despite being the surface geology relatively well known, the information on the deep structure of the upper plate in terms of its thickness and density configurations is still scarcely constrained. Previous seismic studies have focused on the crustal structure of the northern part of the SCA (~27°-33°S) based upon 2D cross-sections, while 3D crustal models centred on the South-American or the Nazca Plate have been published with lower resolution. To gain insight into the present-day state of the lithosphere in the area, we derived a 3D model that is consistent with both the available geological and seismic data and with the observed gravity field. The model consists on a continental plate with sediments, a two-layer crust and the lithospheric mantle being subducted by an oceanic plate. The model extension covers an area of 700 km x 1100 km, including the orogen, the forearc and the forelands.

Beschreibung: The Atacama Fault System (AFS) in N-Chile is a complex fault system with a variety of fault segments showing different degrees of activity. Initiated as a trench-linked fault system during the Jurassic it is now exposed in the Coastal Cordillera in the forearc of the Nazca-South America convergent plate margin. Fault scarps and surface ruptures indicate varying degrees of reactivation of this fault system that most likely roots into the subduction zone interface at the downdip end of coupling. Therefore, the interaction of these two systems is evident though not well understood. The active fault database for the northernmost segment of the Atacama Fault System (AFS) is the result of creating a comprehensive catalogue of active faults in the forearc to investigate activity patterns of the forearc in relation with megathrust segmentation and upper plate seismicity in the Coastal Cordillera of N-Chile (19°12’S - 25°12’S). The dataset has been compiled in Arc-GIS and is available as .mpk as well as .kmz formats to be visualised in Google Earth. The activity patterns are mapped according to a well-defined set of criteria (see below). The database for activity starts out from a thorough literature review and is supplemented by new evidences combining interpretation of remote sensing data, field work and upper plate seismicity from the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory in Chile (IPOC) (Sippl et al., 2018) and a local seismic catalogues covering the area of the Salar Grande segment (Bloch et al., 2014). It also includes the available age data of offset geological units as references to bracket the chronology of fault activity. Fault activity for this study has been defined according to the Quaternary fault and fold database of the United States (https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/faults?qt-science_support_page_related_con=4#qt-science_support_page_related_con), but is subject to significant error due to slow slip rates (〈 0.2mm/yr), few chronologically constrained fault offsets and lack of historically or instrumentally observed earthquakes along the fault segments. Therefore, this database does not have the aim to serve as active fault database for seismic hazard assessment. It has been created with the clear aim to serve as database for general aspects of upper plate fault reactivation in relation with the megathrust seismic cycle and megathrust segmentation. This publication is part of an ongoing study investigating the interaction of megathrust segmentation with activity patterns in the overriding forearc.

Beschreibung: Despite the amount of research focused on the Alpine orogen, significant unknowns remain regarding the thermal field and long term lithospheric strength in the region. Previous published interpretations of these features primarily concern a limited number of 2D cross sections, and those that represent the region in 3D typically do not conform to measured data such as wellbore or seismic measurements. However, in the light of recently published higher resolution region specific 3D geophysical models, that conform to secondary data measurements, the generation of a more up to date revision of the thermal field and long term lithospheric yield strength is made possible, in order to shed light on open questions of the state of the orogen. The study area of this work focuses on a region of 660 km x 620 km covering the vast majority of the Alps and their forelands, with the Central and Eastern Alps and the northern foreland being the best covered regions.

Beschreibung: This data set is the part 8 of a series reporting chemical data for accessory minerals from felsic igneous rocks. Compositional data were acquired by electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) between about 1995 and 2005 on surface rocks and borehole samples. This data set assembles the results of EPMA of fluorapatite from felsic rocks representing three groups of granites in the Erzgebirge−Vogtland metallogenic province of Germany emplaced in the late Carboniferous: F-poor biotite granites, F-poor two-mica granites, and P-F-rich Li-mica granite. In these rocks, fluorapatite is typically omnipresent. It has to be noted that apatite has not yet been in the focus of mineralogical studies of the granites in this province and a comprehensive survey of its compositional signature and variability in space and time is still pending. However, the data listed in this data set provide a valuable glimpse into the similarities and differences in apatite chemistry between geochemically distinct felsic rocks, and into the evolution in composition from early to late crystallizing apatite populations. The data underpin that apatite is a sensitive monitor of the compositional properties of the media (melts and fluids) from which it was deposited or with which it interacted. Apatite from the studied rocks is basically fluorapatite with little or no Cl and OH detected respectively inferred. Elemental variations are observed at various scales, i.e., between granite groups, subsequently crystallized sub-intrusion within composite massifs, grains present in a single thin section, or between the center and the rim of a particular grain. These variations in particular refer to the following elements: Mn, Fe, Na, and the rare-earth elements (REE). For example, measured Mn concentrations range from 0.15 to 8.8 wt% MnO. The data set contains the complete pile of electron-microprobe analyses for fluorapatite (APAT-ERZ-2020). The data are presented as Excel (xlsx) and tab-delimited text (txt) formats. The content of the tables and further information on the granites and regional geology are provided in the data description file.

Beschreibung: The data publication contains a dataset for fast assessment of earthquakes and early warning based on seismic waveforms. The dataset encompasses Italy and surrounding refions. Due to the large scale of the dataset, it is intended for use in machine learning. A similar dataset for Japan, with the same specifications as the one provided in this data publications, can be obtained using the scripts at https://github.com/yetinam/TEAM

Beschreibung: In January 2020, a swarm of earthquakes started under Thorbjorn volcano, Reykjanes, SW Iceland, associated to the uplift of up to 0.5 cm per day. Concern in Iceland is growing and the Iceland Meteorological Office suggested that possibly magma was intruded in the crust at shallow depth (3 to 9 km). The GFZ is starting a seismological Hazard and Risk Team (HART) in cooperation with IMO, ISOR and the University of Iceland. This dataset comprise a selection of waveforms recorded along a fibre length of 21 km. The interrogator is located in Grindavik and is connected to a standard telecom cable. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 5J.

Beschreibung: The DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” (www.earthshape.net, short description of the project below) installed a meteorological station network consisting of four stations between ~}26 °S to {~38 °S in the Coastal Cordillera of Chile, South America. The stations are intended to provide baseline meteorological data along the climate and ecological gradient investigated in the EarthShape program. The stations are located in the EarthShape study areas, encompassing desert, semi-desert, mediterranean, and temperate climate zones. Each station is configured to include sensors that record precipitation at ground level, radiation at 2.8 m height, wind at 3 m height, 25 cm depth soil temperature, soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity, 2 m air temperature and relative humidity, and barometric pressure at 30-minute intervals. The data recording started in March/April 2016. The EarthShape project runs until December 2021. Data collection will continue until that date, and potentially longer depending on available funds. This publication provides two sets of data: raw data and processed data. The raw data contains 2 file types per meteorological station: (1) all measured parameters of the whole dataset measured in 30 minutes intervals as downloaded from the station. Furthermore, we provide (2) one table per station of high-resolution precipitation events, measured in 5 min. intervals that were triggered during rain events at each station. The processed data consists of a continuous timeseries of observations since the activation of each station. The processing consists of the exclusion of erroneous data, caused by maintenance of the weather-stations and sporadic malfunction of sensors detected during data screening. The excluded data is communicated in a logfile (excel table), comments from data screening, solar eclipse and others are summarized in history files (ASCII ). the full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file (Data description file).

Beschreibung: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP, 1997-2015) to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. The Membach station is located near the river Vesdre. It consists of a 130 m long gallery excavated in the side of the valley that rises to the Hautes Fagnes plateau. At the end of the gallery, there are two rooms, located at ~45 m below the ground surface. Room 1 is dedicated to absolute gravity and seismic measurements; room 2 houses the superconducting gravimeter. The structure of the gallery and the rooms is in reinforced concrete. It was built in the early 1970s to monitor the seismic activity in the vicinity of the Gileppe and Eupen water reservoirs. Works were performed contemporeanously with the raising of the Gileppe dam. The gallery has been excavated in low-porosity argillaceous sandstone with quartzitic beds. As a function of rainfall and seasonal effects, gravity variations up to 40 nms-2 have been observed, and are mostly due to groundwater changes in the vadose zone above the underground laboratory (Van Camp et al., 2006). Strong rainfall induces rapid gravity decreases (Meurers et al 2007; Delobbe et al., 2019). At the surface, a beech forest. Absolute gravity measurements have been performed on average every month since 1996, using the FG5#202 gravimeter and the station is also the reference point for the Belgian gravity network. The SG GWR#C021 has been operating continuously since 1995 August so that, since 2017 September 18, it holds both records for the longest continuous time spent measuring gravity variations in the same place and for the longest superconducting levitation of an artefact (Van Camp et al., 2017). For high precision works like Earth tides analysis on long time series, data should not be used before 1998 June 12, when the original "TIDE" card in the SG electronics was replaced by the "GGP" one. Filters are different, and so are the transfer functions. Moreover, in this early period, the SG suffered from numerous technical issues, causing several changes in the amplitude and phase calibrations and making it difficult to ensure that the data are as reliable as after 1998 June.

Beschreibung: SEVA is a scalable exploration tool that supports users to conduct change detection based on optical Sentinel-2 satellite observations. It supports the following essential steps of change detection: a) exploration and selection of optical satellite images to recognize proper data for the current application scenario, b) automated extraction of changes from the optical satellite images, c) analysis of errors and d) assessment and interpretation of the extracted changes.

Beschreibung: This package provides a set of tools to read, manipulate and convert seismic waveforms generated by DAS systems. In particular, the ones saved in TDMs format: - dasconv: This utility lets you convert and manipulate seismic waveforms in TDMs format and export them into MiniSEED. - tdmsws (experimental) - a stand-alone implementation of the FDSN Dataselect web service, which is able to serve miniSEED data extracted from a folder with TDMS files.

Beschreibung: We are providing the geophysical data used to develop a gravity validated 3D lithospheric configuration of the Caribbean and north South American plates. The sources of these data are described in Section 4 of this README. Republication of subsets of these data are with permission of the authors or allowed by the licences of the input data. This data repository contains the lithospheric layers of the gravity validated 3D structural and density model of the Caribbean and north South American plates. In this model, the integration of different publicly available geophysical datasets was made, after an interpolation to a homogeneous spatial resolution of 25 km was performed. The data repository also contains the average density of the crystalline crust obtained after forward modelling the gravity anomalies. Additionally, the rotation files of the GPlates reconstructions of the Caribbean Large Igneous Plateau (CLIP) back to 90 Ma are included. This kinematic analysis was based on different reconstructions previously published by other authors. Further information and citations are given on the README file associated to this data repository.

Beschreibung: This dataset provides rheometric data of three viscous materials used for centrifuge experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of CNR-IGG at the Earth Sciences Department of the University of Florence (Italy). The first material, PP45, is a mixture of a silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS SGM36) and plasticine (Giotto Pongo). The PDMS is produced by Dow Corning and its characteristics are described by e.g. Rudolf et al. 2016a,b). Giotto Pongo is produced by FILA (Italy). Both components are mixed following a weight ratio of 100:45, and the final mixture has a density of 1520 kg m3. The second material, SCA705 is a mixture of Dow Corning 3179 putty, mixed with fine corundum sand and oleic acid with a weight ratio of 100:70:05 and a resulting density of 1660 kg m3. The final material, SCA7020 consists of the same components as SCA705, but with a slightly higher oleic acid content reflected in the weight ratio of 100:70:20. The mixture’s density is 1620 kg m3. The material samples have been analyzed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a plate-plate configuration at room temperature (20˚C). Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10-4 to 1 s-1 were performed. Additional temperature tests were run with shear rates between 10-2 to 10-1 s-1 for a temperature range between 15 and 30˚C. According to our rheometric analysis, the materials all exhibit shear thinning behavior, with high power law exponents (n-number) for strain rates below 10-2s-1, while power law exponents are lower above that threshold.For PP45, the respective n-numbers are 4.8 and 2.6, for SCA705 6.7 and 1.5, and for SCA7020 9.1 and 2.0. The temperature tests show decreasing viscosities with increasing temperatures with rates of -3.8, -1.4 and -1.9% per ˚K for PP45, SCA705 and SCA7020, respectively. An application of the materials tested can be found in Zwaan et al. (2020).

Beschreibung: Magmatic volatiles can be considered as the surface fingerprint of active volcanic systems, both during periods of quiescent and eruptive volcanic activity. The spatial variability of gas emissions at Earth’s surface is a proxy for structural discontinuities in the subsurface of volcanic systems. We conducted extensive and regular spaced soil gas surveys within the Los Humeros geothermal field to improve the understanding of the structural control on fluid flow. Surveys at different scales were performed with the aim to identify areas of increased gas emissions on reservoir scale, their relation to unknown/knows volcano-tectonic structures on fault scale favoring fluid flow, and determine the origin of gas emissions. Herein, we show results from a carbon dioxide efflux scouting survey, which was performed across the main geothermal production zone together with soil temperature measurements. We identified five areas with increased carbon dioxide emissions, where further sampling was performed with denser sampling grids to understand the fault zone architecture and local variations in gas emissions. We show that a systematic sampling approach on reservoir scale is necessary for the identification and assessment of major permeable fault segments. The combined processing of CO2 efflux and carbon/helium isotopes facilitated the detection of permeable structural segments with a connection to the deep, high-temperature geothermal reservoir, also in areas with low to intermediate carbon dioxide emissions. The results of this study complement existing geophysical datasets and define further promising areas for future exploration activities in the north- and southwestern sector of the production field. The data are presented as one zip folder with 4 data tables (tab delimited text format) according to the measurement variable. The columns are defined in each data file.

Beschreibung: The Regional Research Network „Water in Central Asia“ (CAWa) funded by the German Federal Foreign Office consists of 19 remotely operated multi-parameter stations (ROMPS) in Central Asia. These stations were installed by the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) in Potsdam, Germany in close cooperation with the Central-Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences (CAIAG) in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, the national hydrometeorological services in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, the Ulugh Beg Astronomical Institute in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, and the Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan. The primary objective of these stations is to support the establishment of a reliable data basis of meteorological and hydrological data especially in remote areas with extreme climate conditions in Central Asia for applications in climate and water monitoring. Up to now, ten years of data are provided for an area of scarce station distribution and with limited open access data which can be used for a wide range of scientific or engineering applications. This dataset provides different types of raw hydrometeorological data such as air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, solar radiation, soil moisture and soil temperature as well as snow parameters and river discharge information for selected sites. The data has not undergone any quality control mechanism and should, therefore, be seen as raw data. A visual inspection of the data set has been made and some errors and quality degradation are listed in Zech et al. (2020) but does not claim to be complete. A quality control is strongly recommended by the authors before using the data. Each station data has its own storage directory at the data dissemination server named with the abbreviation (4-letter code) of the station. The data is sampled with a 5-minute interval and stored in hourly files separated by the type of data. These files are then archived as monthly files named with the station abbreviation, type of data, year and month. After one year, these monthly files are further archived to a yearly file. A detailed description for the stations is provided by the Station Exposure Descriptions. Further information about the dataset can be found in Zech et al. (2020). All data is compiled as ASCII data in two different formats which are explained in the documents GITW-SSP-FMT-GFZ-003.pdf (for the stations ALAI, ALA6, and SARY) and CAWA-SSP-FMT-GFZ-006.pdf (for all other stations). Monthly, the data will be dynamically extended as long as data can be acquired from the stations. Additionally, the near real-time data can be displayed and downloaded without any registration from the Sensor Data Storage System (SDSS) hosted at the Central-Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences (CAIAG) in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

Beschreibung: This data publication includes detrital remanent magnetisation data of glacial sediments from the Arkhangelsky Ridge in the SE Black Sea. In order to test the acquisition of a detrital remanent magnetization (DRM) in glacial Black Sea sediments material from ca. 800 ml of diluted mud with a density of 1.3 gcm-3 was successively redeposited into seven plastic boxes under controlled magnetic field conditions. A two-component coil system was used to adjust the magnetic field in horizontal (H, equal to magnetic NS) and vertical (V) direction. Total field strength for each experiment with seven samples was varied between 1.72 and 114.21 µT (1st column of data sheet), mostly opposite to the ambient field in the laboratory. Compaction (partial drying) of the diluted mud was accomplished by evaporation of a fraction of the pore water. Sample boxes were sited on a wooden platform. Vibration of the platform, excited by an old computer fan with an imbalance hanging below the platform, was intended both to promote alignment of magnetic particles parallel to the field set by the coils and to force settling of the sediments during partial drying. The majority of the samples were treated this way, entry ‘vibr.’ in column ‘action’ of data sheet. A smaller portion of the samples were created on ‘still’ platform, that is, without vibration. Samples were treated the following way: Measurements of low-field magnetic susceptibility (k-bulk) were performed with an AGICO MFK-1S susceptibility meter. Measurements of the detritral remanent magnetization (DRM) and of the anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) were performed with a 2G 755 SRM long-core cryogenic magnetometer. The ARM was imparted with a 2G660 single-axis alternating field (AF) demagnetizer using 100 mT alternating field and 50 µT static field. After ARM measurements, samples produced on vibrating platform also were imparted a ‘strong’ ARM (sARM) using 100 mT alternating field and 150 µT static field. DRM and (s)ARM both were stepwise demagnetized with the in-line 3-axes AF demagnetizer of the cryogenic magnetometer, applying steps of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 65, 80, 100 mT AF peak amplitude. Iso-thermal remanent magnetizations (IRM) were imparted with a 2G 660 pulse magnetizer using 1500 mT for producing a saturation magnetization and -200 mT for remagnetization of the low-coercive fraction. Measurements were performed with a Molyneux spinner magnetometer. The data are provided as ASCII table and are described in Nowaczyk et al. (2020) and the associated data description file.

Beschreibung: In eastern Hesse and western Thuringia, Germany hosts significant potassium-bearing salt deposits industrially excavated in the Werra-Fulda mining district. The salt belongs to the upper Permian (Zechstein) and was deposited around 258 to 252.5 Ma ago. In the Werra-Fulda mining district, the halite rocks (Werra-Rocksalt, z1NA) contain two minable potash seams, potash Seam Thüringen (z1KTh) and potash Seam Hessen (z1KHe), with an average thickness between 2 m and 3 m (Figure 1). To investigate the chemical and isotopic composition of the gas phase of Seam Hessen, gaseous samples were collected from five, 2-meter deep, horizontal boreholes drilled in the potash horizon which is mined at a depth of 540 m. About 4 weeks in advance of the gas sampling, the packer-closed boreholes were evacuated to about 3kPa and the pressure gradient inside the holes was continuously monitored in the boreholes D1 to D5. Selected gas samples were analyzed for their noble gas isotopic composition and the δ13C values of CO2 and CH4. The noble gas isotopic compositions were determined using a VG 5400 noble gas mass spectrometer after purification in a preparation line. The carbon isotope compositions were analysed with a GC-IRMS, comprising a GC 6890N connected to a GC-C/TC III combustion device and coupled to a MAT 253 mass spectrometer. The standard deviation of the δ13C values (in ‰ vs. VPDB) is ± 0.5 ‰.

Beschreibung: The Proterozoic Carpentaria province in northern Australia comprises several of the wordl's largest Zn-Pb massive sulphide deposits. These deposits are mostly hosted in fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, which have been affected by variable degrees of tectonic overprint, especially to the south of the district. Three of these world class clastic-dominated (CD-type) Zn-Pb deposits (George Fisher, Hilton, and Mount Isa) are hosted in siltstones and mudstones of the Urquhart Shale Formation (ca. 1654 Ma; southern Carpentaria Province). The hydrothermal alteration footprint of these CD-type systems is not well constrained, which complicates exploration for and discovery of new CD-type Zn-Pb deposits. A major caveat to understanding such footprints is the availability of suitable correlative host rock lithologies, which represent the un-mineralized protolith (background composition). In this study, we report whole rock lithogeocheochemical and mineralogical data from drill-holes that intersected the main ore bodies at the George Fisher deposit and from correlative un-mineralized Urquhart Shale. These data were combined with petrographic observations in order to (1) establish the detrital, authigenic, and diagenetic background composition of the Paleoproterozoic Urquhart Shale Formation, and to (2) evaluate mineralogical and associated chemical mass changes that resulted from the hydrothermal event(s) at the George Fisher deposit. This data report includes bulk rock major, minor, and trace element composition, as well as S, TOC, total C, CO2, Cgra concentrations, and mineralogical composition of 41 samples from the un-mineralized Urquhart Shale Formation and 70 samples from the George Fisher deposit. The data were generated using X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LECO, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Access to drill cores was granted by Mount Isa Mines (MIM) George Fisher operation and Mount Isa Mines Resource Development; the respective MIM drill core IDs and depths of individual samples are reported in the data table. For further details see: Rieger et al. (2020 - WHEN AVAILABLE)

Beschreibung: This dataset comprises numerical outputs from the thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE-GCM) simulations described in the article "Modeling of planetary wave influences on the pre-reversal enhancement of the equatorial F region vertical plasma drift" (Yamazaki & Diéval, 2021).

Beschreibung: This dataset resulted from a parallel monitoring at two lakes, Lake Tiefer See (near Klocksin, TSK; 53° 35.5’ N, 12° 31.8’ E; 62 masl; N Germany) and Lake Czechowskie (Jezioro Czechowskie, JC; 53° 52.4’ N, 18° 14.3’ E; 108 masl; N Poland), and includes four different type of data for both locations: (i) sediment cores microfacies data, (ii) sediment fluxes and composition, (iii) selected water column data, and (iv) selected meteorological information obtained on site. This dual lake monitoring set-up was established in 2012 with the aim to investigate seasonal sedimentation and varve forming processes in detail. The datasets are provided in individual *.csv files, per type of data and per lake. The thin section data from surface sediment cores comprises the thicknesses of the most recent calcite varves’ sub-layers: spring diatom sub-layer, summer calcite sub-layer, and autumn/winter re-suspension sub-layer. The sediment flux data was obtained from sediment traps located in different water depths (epi- and hypolimnion), and the sediment composition is given by the fluxes of total organic carbon (TOC), calcium carbonate (as calculated from total inorganic carbon; TIC), and diatoms & inorganic matter. The water column data comprises water temperature from stationary loggers, and dissolved oxygen measured in ~ 1 meter depth-resolution. The meteorological data includes daily averages of air temperature and mean wind-speed, and summed daily rainfall. Further details about the sampling and analytical methods, data acquisition, and processing are given in Roeser et al. (2021; http://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12506).

Beschreibung: The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellites, which comprises two spacecraft, GRACE-A and GRACE-B, were launched on 17 March 2002 into a near-circular, polar (inclination = 89◦ ) orbit with an initial altitude of about 490 km. The two satellites follow each other at a distance of about 200 km. The primary objective of the GRACE mission is to provide global high-resolution models of the Earth’s gravity field. The instruments supporting our study are the K-Band Ranging System (KBR), and the GPS Space Receiver (GPS). The K-Band Ranging System (KBR) system is the key science instrument of GRACE which measures the dual one-way range change between both satellites with a precision of about 1 μm per second. From the KBR1B data we can get the change of Total Electron Content (TEC). In addition the GPS Navigation Data (GNV1B) can provide us the position of the two satellites. From these data we can derive the average electron density between the two satellites. The data are stored as daily ASCII files using the file naming convention 'KBRNE_YYYY_MM_DD.dat'. Headers in each data file contain a short name for each column. A more detailed description is provided in the readme file.

Beschreibung: The software RST Evaluation is a series of scripts to semi-automatically evaluate shear experiments done at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling. In principle, it may be used for other measurements done in a similar setup, but it was build with our standardized workflow in mind. The shear experiments are done in a ring shear type shear cell rst.pc01 manufactured by D. Schulze (Details in ASTM standard D-6773). It uses an easy and reproducible workflow to determine yield properties, cohesion and dilational properties of a granular bulk material, such as sand or glass beads.

Beschreibung: This data is an high resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated for the Merapi summit by combining terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) photogrammetry data and TanDEM-X data acquired in the years between 2012 and 2017. The structures of the data are further analysed in Darmawan et al. 2017a (http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.006), and a previous DEM was available in Darmawan et al. 2017b (https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2017.003). The 3D point clouds of the different data were merged and interpolated to a raster format (Geotiff format).

Beschreibung: The Proterozoic Carpentaria province in northern Australia is host to several of the world’s largest clastic dominant (CD-type) massive sulphide deposits. These deposits are mostly hosted primarily in dolomitic silt- and mudstones. The hydrothermal alteration footprint of these CD-type systems is not well constrained, which poses challenges for the targeting of future discoveries. One important aspect to developing alteration models relates to defining the composition of the unaltered protolith to mineralization. In this dataset, we provide whole rock lithogeocheochemical data generated from samples obtained from drill-holes that intersected the mineralization in the Teena subbasin. A small number of samples are from 2 drill-holes from an adjoining subbasin (Myrtle) in the area. The samples were selected from stratigraphy of the Barney Creek Formation and are from the hangingwall to the mineralization in either subbasin. This data report includes bulk rock major, minor, and trace element composition. The data were generated using X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and LECO analyses. Access to drill cores was granted by Teck Australia (Pty Ltd) and the drill core IDs and depths of individual samples are reported in the data table. For further details see: Magnall et al. (2021 - WHEN AVAILABLE)

Beschreibung: This dataset collects the results of a series of experiments carried out on air-filled cracks injected into pigskin gelatin blocks between September 2019 and May 2020 at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam (Germany). Such experiments were intended to simulate dike propagation in the upper crust, in settings where tectonic and surface unloading stress are dominant in determining the stress field within the medium. The gelatin blocks were laterally strained and rift-like excavations were moulded on their surfaces. These data include pictures of each experimental setup and video records of each injected crack, as well as tables collecting the measured arrival points of the cracks at the surface of the gelatin and relevant elastic and geometric parameters. The data publication is a Supplement to Mantiloni et al. (2020): "Stress inversion in a gelatin box: testing eruptive vent location forecasts with analog models" (Geophys. Res. Lett.), to which the reader is referred for further information.

Beschreibung: GFZ acts as a global analysis center of the International GNSS Service (IGS) and provides operationally ultra-rapid (last 24h), rapid (last day), and final (last week) solutions and contributes to the reprocessing activities of the IGS. The GFZ repro3 product solution series covers data from 1994 to 2020 and is published in daily and weekly files. The following satellite systems are contained: GPS (from 1994), GLONASS (from 2012), and Galileo (from 2014).

Beschreibung: This data set was taken within the Perturbations of Earth Surface Processes by Large Earthquakes PRESSurE Project (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/geomorphology/projects/pressure/) of the GFZ Potsdam. This project aims to better understand the role of earthquakes on earth surface processes. Strong earthquakes cause transient perturbations of the near Earth’s surface system. These include the widespread landsliding and subsequent mass movement and the loading of rivers with sediments. In addition, rock mass is shattered during the event, forming cracks that affect rock strength and hydrological conductivity. Often overlooked in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake, these perturbations can represent a major part of the overall disaster with an impact that can last for years before restoring to background conditions. Thus, the relaxation phase is part of the seismically induced change by an earthquake and needs to be monitored in order to understand the full impact of earthquakes on the Earth system. Early June 2015, shortly after the April 2015 Mw7.9 Gorkha earthquake, 6 automatic compact weather station were installed in the upper Bhotekoshi catchment covering an area ~50km2. The weather station network is centered around the Kahule Khola catchment, a small headwater catchment and is part of a wider data acquisition strategy including hydrological monitoring, seismometers, geophones and high resolution optical (RapidEye) as well as radar imagery (TanDEM TerraSAR-X). https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/sektion/geomorphologie/projekte/pressure/

Beschreibung: This data set was taken within the Perturbations of Earth Surface Processes by Large Earthquakes PRESSurE Project (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/geomorphology/projects/pressure/) of the GFZ Potsdam. This project aims to better understand the role of earthquakes on earth surface processes. Strong earthquakes cause transient perturbations of the near Earth’s surface system. These include the widespread landsliding and subsequent mass movement and the loading of rivers with sediments. In addition, rock mass is shattered during the event, forming cracks that affect rock strength and hydrological conductivity. Often overlooked in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake, these perturbations can represent a major part of the overall disaster with an impact that can last for years before restoring to background conditions. Thus, the relaxation phase is part of the seismically induced change by an earthquake and needs to be monitored in order to understand the full impact of earthquakes on the Earth system. Early June 2015, shortly after the April 2015 Mw7.9 Gorkha earthquake, 6 automatic compact weather station were installed in the upper Bhotekoshi catchment covering an area ~50km2. The weather station network is centered around the Kahule Khola catchment, a small headwater catchment and is part of a wider data acquisition strategy including hydrological monitoring, seismometers, geophones and high resolution optical (RapidEye) as well as radar imagery (TanDEM TerraSAR-X). https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/sektion/geomorphologie/projekte/pressure/

Beschreibung: The data set contains VNIR and SWIR raw and reference hyperspectral imaging data of the Apliki mine open cut and of samples from the surface of the mine measured in the laboratory. It is con-nected to the published spectral library and chemical analyses of 37 different surface materials from the copper-gold-pyrite mine Apliki in the Republic of Cyprus (Koerting et al., 2019). The field outcrop scan was acquired in March 2018 in cooperation with the Geological Survey Department of the Republic of Cyprus (GSD) and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). The laboratory sample scan presented in this document is a collection of hyperspectral scans compiled in one large dataset. The hyperspectral data in the field and the lab were acquired with the HySpex sys-tem in a range of 414 – 2498 nm. The field data is shared as one VNIR and one SWIR radiance and reflectance data cube each. The laboratory data is shared as one full VNIR-SWIR (414 – 2450nm) reflectance data cube that was processed and corrected for the detector jump, data spikes and the last 8 SWIR bands were clipped due to a low signal to noise ratio (SNR). The data and the samples originate from fieldwork in the Republic of Cyprus and laboratory work at the GFZ Potsdam. A detailed description of the data acquisition and processing can be found in Koerting (2021).

Beschreibung: GRACE-FO carries a magnetometer as part of its attitude orbit control system (AOCS). The magnetometer does not belong to the scientific payload of the mission. However, after postprocessing of the data, information on the geomagnetic field and on electric currents in near Earth space are derived. Each GRACE-FO satellite (GF1 and GF2) carries two fluxgate magnetometers (FGM), an active one, FGM A, and a redundant one, FGM B. So far, the redundant magnetometers were not switched and are not included in the data set. The provided data consists of raw magnetic field data as provided by L1b (RAW), Magnetic field data aligned, calibrated and corrected (ACAL_CORR), CHAOS7 magnetic model predictions for core, crustal and large-scale magnetospheric field (CHAOS7), Magnetic coordinates (APEX) and Radial and field-aligned currents derived from magnetic data in ACAL_CORR (FAC). The data are provided in NASA CDF format (https://cdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/).

Beschreibung: This dataset provides mechanical test data for quartz sand (“MAM1ST-300”, Sibelco, Mol, Belgium), gypsum powder (plaster; “Goldband”, Knauf), kaolin clay powder, garnet sand, and mixtures of quartz sand and gypsum powder, used at the Analogue Laboratory of the Department of Geography at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust (Poppe et al., 2019). The measured properties are density ρ, tensile strength T0, shear strength σ, obtained by density measurements, ring-shear tests (RST; at Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ, Germany), direct shear tests, traction tests (at University of Maine, Le Mans, France) and extension tests. The obtained tensile strengths and shear strengths reconstruct two-dimensional failure envelopes for each material. By fitting linear Coulomb and non-linear combined Griffith failure criteria to the characterised failure envelopes (Jaeger et al., 2007), the internal friction coefficient µC, Coulomb cohesion CC and Griffith cohesion CG are obtained. The influence of the material emplacement technique has been investigated in Poppe et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplementary, by repeat characterisation of the above physical parameters under three emplacement conditions, i.e. sieving, pouring (non-dried state) and compaction after pouring (oven-dried state). We find that densities of the materials and mixtures range from ~1600 kg.m³ (sieved) and ~1700 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure quartz sand to ~600 kg.m³ (poured) to ~900 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure plaster. Tensile strengths range from ~166 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster). Velocity ring-shear tests on a 90 wt% quartz sand – 10 wt% plaster mixture show a minor shear rate-weakening of 〈2% per ten-fold increase in shear velocity. The materials show a behavior ranging from Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the materials with coarser grain size (sands) to combined Griffith-Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the powder materials (plaster, kaolin), with the sand-plaster mixtures occupying a spectrum between both end-members. Peak friction coefficients range from ~0.5 (sand) to ~0.6 (plaster) with a maximum of ~0.9 (80:20 wt% sand:plaster), peak Coulomb cohesions range from 13 Pa (sand) to 248 Pa (plaster), peak Griffith cohesions range from ~10 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster).

Beschreibung: Within the European Union FAMOS project, GFZ performed two gravimetry campaigns on commercial ferries in the Baltic Sea in 2017 and 2018. The nature of such “non-dedicated” campaigns is different from “dedicated” campaigns which are performed on research vessels with tracks planned according to gravity measurement needs. The non-dedicated campaigns use non-survey vessels (e.g. ferries) or survey vessels running for other purposes (e.g. hydrographic measurements). Measurements conducted on such conditions may require additional corrections besides the typical marine gravimetry corrections. We investigated two additional corrections, namely the vertical accelerations due to the motion of the ferry in the vertical direction and the dynamical effect due to the cross-coupling between horizontal and vertical acceleration components. To assess the usefulness of non-dedicated campaigns, we analysed gravity measurements collected on two commercial ferries and demonstrated that the standard processing without the above mentioned two corrections, as used in dedicated campaigns, already delivers good quality end products that fulfil the requirements of a typical marine gravimetry survey with an uncertainty of about 1 mGal for a much lower cost. Therefore, the data published in this contribution is a product of the same algorithm we use for dedicated campaign measurements. Based on our findings, we suggest that gravimetry campaigns on commercial ferries can be used to complement dedicated marine gravimetry campaigns and contribute to geodetic purposes.

Beschreibung: Flooding is a vast problem in many parts of the world, including Europe. It occurs mainly due to extreme weather conditions (e.g. heavy rainfall and snowmelt) and the consequences of flood events can be devastating. Flood risk is mainly defined as a combination of the probability of an event and its potential adverse impacts. Therefore, it covers three major dynamic components: hazard (physical characteristics of a flood event), exposure (people and their physical environment that being exposed to flood), and vulnerability (the elements at risk). Floods are natural phenomena and cannot be fully prevented. However, their risk can be managed and mitigated. For a sound flood risk management and mitigation, a proper risk assessment is needed. First of all, this is attained by a clear understanding of the flood risk dynamics. For instance, human activity may contribute to an increase in flood risk. Anthropogenic climate change causes higher intensity of rainfall and sea level rise and therefore an increase in scale and frequency of the flood events. On the other hand, inappropriate management of risk and structural protection measures may not be very effective for risk reduction. Additionally, due to the growth of number of assets and people within the flood-prone areas, risk increases. To address these issues, the first objective of this thesis is to perform a sensitivity analysis to understand the impacts of changes in each flood risk component on overall risk and further their mutual interactions. A multitude of changes along the risk chain are simulated by regional flood model (RFM) where all processes from atmosphere through catchment and river system to damage mechanisms are taken into consideration. The impacts of changes in risk components are explored by plausible change scenarios for the mesoscale Mulde catchment (sub-basin of the Elbe) in Germany. A proper risk assessment is ensured by the reasonable representation of the real-world flood event. Traditionally, flood risk is assessed by assuming homogeneous return periods of flood peaks throughout the considered catchment. However, in reality, flood events are spatially heterogeneous and therefore traditional assumption misestimates flood risk especially for large regions. In this thesis, two different studies investigate the importance of spatial dependence in large scale flood risk assessment for different spatial scales. In the first one, the “real” spatial dependence of return period of flood damages is represented by continuous risk modelling approach where spatially coherent patterns of hydrological and meteorological controls (i.e. soil moisture and weather patterns) are included. Further the risk estimations under this modelled dependence assumption are compared with two other assumptions on the spatial dependence of return periods of flood damages: complete dependence (homogeneous return periods) and independence (randomly generated heterogeneous return periods) for the Elbe catchment in Germany. The second study represents the “real” spatial dependence by multivariate dependence models. Similar to the first study, the three different assumptions on the spatial dependence of return periods of flood damages are compared, but at national (United Kingdom and Germany) and continental (Europe) scales. Furthermore, the impacts of the different models, tail dependence, and the structural flood protection level on the flood risk under different spatial dependence assumptions are investigated. The outcomes of the sensitivity analysis framework suggest that flood risk can vary dramatically as a result of possible change scenarios. The risk components that have not received much attention (e.g. changes in dike systems and in vulnerability) may mask the influence of climate change that is often investigated component. The results of the spatial dependence research in this thesis further show that the damage under the false assumption of complete dependence is 100 % larger than the damage under the modelled dependence assumption, for the events with return periods greater than approximately 200 years in the Elbe catchment. The complete dependence assumption overestimates the 200-year flood damage, a benchmark indicator for the insurance industry, by 139 %, 188 % and 246 % for the UK, Germany and Europe, respectively. The misestimation of risk under different assumptions can vary from upstream to downstream of the catchment. Besides, tail dependence in the model and flood protection level in the catchments can affect the risk estimation and the differences between different spatial dependence assumptions. In conclusion, the broader consideration of the risk components, which possibly affect the flood risk in a comprehensive way, and the consideration of the spatial dependence of flood return periods are strongly recommended for a better understanding of flood risk and consequently for a sound flood risk management and mitigation.

Beschreibung: Hochwasser sind ein großes Problem und treten hauptsächlich aufgrund extremer Wetterbedingungen (z. B. starker Regen und Schneeschmelze) auf. Die Folgen von Hochwasserereignissen können verheerend sein. Das Konzept des Hochwasserrisikos beinhaltet die drei Komponenten: Gefahr, Exposition und Vulnerabilität. Hochwasser sind natürliche Phänomene und können nicht sicher verhindert werden. Das Risiko kann jedoch gesteuert und gemindert werden. Für ein solides Hochwasserrisikomanagement und die Minderung des Risikos ist eine ordnungsgemäße Risikobewertung und ein klares Verständnis der Hochwasserrisikodynamik erforderlich. Beispielsweise verursacht der anthropogene Klimawandel eine höhere Intensität der Niederschläge und einen Anstieg des Meeresspiegels und damit eine Zunahme des Ausmaßes und der Häufigkeit von Hochwasserereignissen. Andererseits können unangemessene strukturelle Schutzmaßnahmen, das Anwachsen von Vermögenswerten und eine steigende Anzahl betroffener Personen in den hochwassergefährdeten Gebieten das Risiko erhöhen. Um diese Probleme zu adressieren, besteht ein Ziel dieser Arbeit aus der Durchführung einer Sensitivitätsanalyse, um die Auswirkungen von Änderungen in jeder Hochwasserrisikokomponente auf das Gesamtrisiko und deren Wechselwirkungen untereinander zu verstehen. Eine angemessene Risikobewertung wird auch durch die korrekte k Darstellung des realen Hochwasserereignisses erreicht. Traditionell wird das Hochwasserrisiko bewertet, indem homogene Wiederkehrintervalle von Hochwasserspitzen im gesamten Einzugsgebiet angenommen werden. In der Realität sind Hochwasserereignisse jedoch räumlich heterogen, weshalb die traditionelle Annahme von Homogenität das Hochwasserrisiko insbesondere für große Einzugsgebiete falsch einschätzt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Bedeutung der räumlichen Abhängigkeit bei der Bewertung des Hochwasserrisikos in großem Maßstab in zwei Studien für verschiedene räumliche Skalen untersucht. In der ersten Untersuchung wird die „reale“ räumliche Abhängigkeit durch einen kontinuierlichen Risikomodellierungsansatz dargestellt. Zusätzlich werden die Risikoabschätzungen unter dieser modellierten Abhängigkeitsannahme mit zwei weiteren Annahmen zur räumlichen Abhängigkeit der Wiederkehrintervalle von Hochwasser verglichen: vollständige Abhängigkeit und Unabhängigkeit für das Elbeeinzugsgebiet in Deutschland. Die zweite Studie repräsentiert die „reale“ räumliche Abhängigkeit durch ein copula-basiertes Abhängigkeitsmodell. In ähnlicher Weise werden die drei verschiedenen Annahmen zur räumlichen Abhängigkeit der Wiederkehrintervalle von Hochwasser auf nationaler und kontinentaler Ebene verglichen. Außerdem wird der Einfluss von „Tail-dependences“ im Modell sowie von Hochwasserschutzmaßnahmen auf die räumliche Abhängigkeit untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit unter Anwendung des Sensitivitätsanalyse-Frameworks zeigen, dass das Hochwasserrisiko aufgrund möglicher Änderungsszenarien dramatisch variieren kann. Der Einfluss des Klimawandels kann durch Änderungen anderer Risikokomponenten (z. B. Änderungen der Deichsysteme und der Vulnerabilität) überdeckt werden. Die Untersuchung zur räumlichen Abhängigkeit zeigen, dass der Schaden unter der Annahme vollständiger Abhängigkeit für Ereignisse mit Wiederkehrintervalle von mehr als ungefähr 200 Jahren im Elbeeinzugsgebiet 100 % größer als der Schaden unter modellierter Abhängigkeit. Die Annahme vollständiger Abhängigkeit überschätzt den 200-jährigen Hochwasserschaden, einen Referenzindikator für die Versicherungsbranche, um 139 %, 188 % und 246 % für Vereinigte Königreich, Deutschland und Europa. Die Fehleinschätzung des Hochwasserrisikos kann unter verschiedenen Annahmen von Abhängigkeit zwischen Oberlauf und Unterlauf eines Einzugsgebietes stark variieren. Zudem können „Tail-dependences“ im Modell sowie der Hochwasserschutz im Einzugsgebiet die Ergebnisse der Risikoabschätzung, unter verschiedenen Annahmen der räumlichen Abhängigkeit, beeinflussen. Abschließend wird eine umfangreiche Berücksichtigung der Risikokomponenten und insbesondere der räumlichen Abhängigkeit von Wiederkehrintervallen stark empfohlen, um das Hochwasserrisiko und damit dessen Management und Minderung besser verstehen zu können.

Beschreibung: The database presented here contains radiogenic neodymium and strontium isotope ratios measured on both terrestrial and marine sediments. It was compiled to help assessing sediment provenance and transport processes for various time intervals. This can be achieved by either mapping sediment isotopic signature and/or fingerprinting source areas using statistical tools (e.g. Blanchet, 2018b, 2018a). The database has been built by incorporating data from the literature and various databases and data compilations, and harmonizing the metadata, especially units and geographical coordinates. The original data were processed in three steps. Firstly, a specific attention has been devoted to provide geographical coordinates to each sample in order to be able to map the data. When available, the original geographical coordinates from the reference (generally DMS coordinates, with different precision standard) were transferred into the decimal degrees system. When coordinates were not provided, an approximate location was derived from available information in the original publication. Secondly, all samples were assigned a set of standardized criteria that help splitting the dataset in specific categories. We defined categories associated with the sample location, the type of sample, the sedimentary fraction measured, or the deposition age (as given in the original publication). This dataset consists of one spreadsheet: "Dataset_Nd_Sr_isotopes_V3.txt", which contains the assembled dataset of marine and terrestrial Nd and/or Sr concentration and isotopes, together with sorting criteria and geographical locations. A full reference list is provided in the file “References_Database_Nd_Sr_isotopes_V3.pdf”. R code for mapping the data and running statistical analyses is also available for this dataset (Blanchet, 2018b, 2018a).

Beschreibung: During the 2018 “Mackenzie Delta Permafrost Field Campaign” (mCan2018), a test campaign within the “Modular Observation solutions for Earth Systems” (MOSES) program, ambient seismic noise recordings at the sea bottom were acquired along two 300 m long transects from the shoreline to shallow marine area close to Tuktoyaktuk Island (Canada). In total, 21 measurements were taken. Raw data is provided in proprietary “Cube” format and standard mseed format.

Beschreibung: Magnetotellurics (MT) is a geophysical deep sounding tool that can help decipher the deep hydrology and geology of Antarctica, in concert with more established and already applied geophysical methods, such as seismology, gravity, and magnetics. Electrical conductivity is an important physical parameter to identify properties of rocks and, perhaps more importantly, constituents within, such as fluids or mineralisation. The unique conditions of Antarctica, which is largely covered with ice cause technical issues, particularly with the electric field recordings, as highly resistive snow and ice at surface of Antarctica hampers contact of the E-field sensors (telluric electrodes) with the ground. The project was a feasibility study to address this principal problem and to test modified MT equipment of the Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) in the vicinity of the Neumayer Station III (NMIII) on the Ekström Ice Shelfon. This data publication encompasses a detailed report in .pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: This data publication contains global maps of the vertical total electron content (VTEC) of the Earth's ionosphere. They are computed at GFZ from ground GNSS data and provided on an operational basis. The dataset covers the period since the beginning of 2000 and is published in daily files.

Beschreibung: In the frame of the EU-project COSEISMIQ (COntrol SEISmicity and Manage Induced earthQuakes) natural and induced seismic events were monitored in Iceland. A temporary seismic network has been deployed in the Hengill geothermal region in Iceland, where the two largest geothermal power plants of the country are currently in operation. The GFZ contribution was the installation and operation of a small-scale seismic array in 2019-2021 in the vicinity of the broadband station MEI05 (ETH), in cooperation with ISOR (Iceland), ETH (Zurich) and DIAS (Dublin). This dataset is particularly valuable since a very dense network was deployed in a seismically active region where both induced and natural seismicity are occurring. For this reason, the collected COSEISMIQ-dataset can be used within a broad range of research topics in seismology ranging from the development and testing of new data analysis methods to induced seismicity and seismo-tectonics studies.

Beschreibung: This repository contains spatially distributed ground motion fields (GMF) for six determinist subduction earthquake scenarios for Metropolitan Lima and Callao (Peru). They have moment magnitudes between Mw 8.5 to 9.0 and emulate the historical earthquake that occurred in 1746 and caused extensive damage to that area. 1000 ground motion realisations in .XML format are generated using a single ground motion prediction equation per earthquake rupture with uncorrelated and cross-correlated residuals.

Beschreibung: The data set contains LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) emission spectra of 18 lithium-bearing minerals and their corresponding hyperspectral reflectance spectra. The data were collected within the research project LIGHTS (Lightweight Integrated Ground and Airborne Hyperspectral Topological Solutions, http://lights.univ-lorraine.fr/) which aims at developing a new exploration process for Li targets combining drone-borne hyperspectral data and field observations. Hyperspectral data were acquired with the HySpex system in a wavelength range of 414 - 2498 nm and are presented in a spectral library. Detailed information about the samples and area of spectral retrieval is presented in the data sheet below. The spectral library presented here expands the collection of spectral libraries including samples from rare-earth minerals, rare-earth-oxides (Koerting et al., 2019a) and copper-bearing minerals (Koellner et al., 2019) which are fully described in Koerting et al. (2021). These libraries aim to give a spectral overview of important resources and deposit mineralizations. 18 samples taken partly from the collections of the University of Potsdam (UP) and the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and partly in the field during previous measurement campaigns were hyperspectrally measured and geochemically analysed by using a LIBS handheld analyzer. A description of the HySpex system in lab use can be found in Koerting et al. (2021). The lithium-bearing mineral samples were measured without prior sample preparation as the surface of the minerals and the influence of the mineral structure were of interest (Figure 1). Figure 1 shows one HySpex scan of four lepidolite samples (Lep1, Lep2, Lep3, Lep4) displayed as a true color RGB image in order to show the untreated samples and the white reflectance (WR) panel needed for the hyperspectral measurements (WR 90%).

Beschreibung: This data publication is composed by two main folders: (1) “Top-down_exposure_modelling_Lima” and (2) “Vulnerability_models_Lima/”. The first one contains a complete collection of data models used to represent the residential building portfolio of Lima and Callao (Peru) using a top-down approach (census-based desktop study). Therein, the reader can find a comprehensive description of the procedure of how the exposure models were constructed. This includes python scripts and postprocessed geodatasets to represent these building stock into predefined and separate classes for earthquake and tsunami physical vulnerabilities. The second folder contains sets of fragility functions for these building classes and the assumed economic consequence model. These models are suplement material of a submitted paper (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021b). Please note it is an unpublished preprint version at the time of writing this document. The reader is strongly advised to look for the definitive version once (if so) it is accepted and published.

Beschreibung: A sprinkling experiment was conducted at the geodetic observatory Wettzell (Bavaria, Germany) with the intention to combine classical hydrological field observations of soil moisture with gravity data and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The setup consisted of 8 sprinkling units installed around a gravimeter in field enclosure. Artificial rainfall was applied for 6 hours. The sprinkling area of 15 x 15 m was equipped with 3 vertical soil moisture sensor profiles, 1 horizontal soil moisture transect, near-surface soil moisture sensors and 3 ERT profiles. The non-invasive gravity data and the ancillary monitoring data were used to infer water transport processes in the subsurface during the sprinkling experiment. To this end, the gravity data were used to identify the structure and the parameters of a subsurface flow model in an inverse modelling approach by optimizing the simulated gravity response with respect to the observations. The ancillary soil moisture and ERT data were used to evaluate the model outputs in terms of adequacy and dominant subsurface flow processes. Model data cover the following subtopics: • virtual experiments to show the theoretical relationships between subsurface water re-distribution processes and their corresponding gravity responses • an uncertainty analysis of the sprinkling experiment, e.g., with respect to water volumes and their spatial distribution, and the impact on the expected gravity response • inverse modelling to identify dominant subsurface water re-distribution processes • a synthetical model setup based on the ancillary datasets of soil moisture and ERT Monitoring and model output data used for this investigation is provided within this data repository. A detailed description and discussion can be found in Reich et al. (2021). The inverse modelling was carried out using the R-package gravityInf (Reich, 2021).

Beschreibung: This data repository contains the spatial distribution of the direct financial loss computed expected for the residential building stock of Metropolitan Lima (Peru) after the occurrence of six decoupled earthquake and tsunami risk scenarios (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021a; Harig and Rakowsky, 2021). These risk scenarios were independently calculated making use of the DEUS (Damage Exposure Update Service) available in https://github.com/gfzriesgos/deus. The reader can find documentation about this programme in (Brinckmann et al, 2021) where the input files required by DEUS and outputs are comprehensively described. Besides the spatially distributed hazard intensity measures (IM), other inputs required by DEUS to computed the decoupled risk loss estimates comprise: spatially aggregated building exposure models classified in every hazard-dependent scheme. Each class must be accompanied by their respective fragility functions, and financial consequence model (with loss ratios per involved damage state). The collection of inputs is presented in Gomez-Zapata et al. (2021b). The risk estimates are computed for each spatial aggregation areas of the exposure model. For such a purpose, the initial damage state of the buildings is upgraded from undamaged (D0) to any progressive damage state permissible by the fragility functions. The resultant outputs are spatially explicit .JSON files that use the same spatial aggregation boundaries of the initial building exposure models. An aggregated direct financial loss estimate is reported for each cell after every hazard scenario. It is reported one seismic risk loss distribution outcome for each of the 2000 seismic ground motion fields (GMF) per earthquake magnitude (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021a). Therefore, 1000 seismic risk estimates from uncorrelated GMF are stored in “Clip_Mwi_uncorrelated” and 1000 seismic risk estimates from spatially cross-correlated GMF (using the model proposed by Markhvida et al. (2018)) are stored in “Clip_ Mwi_correlated”. It is worth noting that the prefix “clip” of these folders refers to the fact that, all of the seismic risk estimates were clipped with respect to the geocells were direct tsunami risk losses were obtained. This spatial compatibility in the losses obtained for similar areas and Mw allowed the construction of the boxplots that are presented in Figure 16 in Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021). The reader should note that folder “All_exposure_models_Clip_8.8_uncorrelated_and_correlated” also contains another folder entitled “SARA_entire_Lima_Mw8.8” where the two realisations (with and without correlation model) selected to produce Figure 10 in Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021) are stored. Moreover, the data to produce Figure 9 (boxplots comparing the variability in the seismic risk loss estimates for this specific Mw 8.8, are presented in the following .CSV file: “Lima_Mw_8.8_direct_finantial_loss_distributions_all_spatial_aggregations_Corr_and_NoCorr.csv”. Naturally, 1000 values emulating the 1000 realisations are the values that compose the variability expressed in that figure. Since that is a preliminary study (preprint version), the reader is invited to track the latest version of the actually published (if so) journal paper and check the actual the definitive numeration of the aforementioned figures.

Beschreibung: The software component DEUS (Damage-Exposure-Update-Service) is a Python3 script to evaluate/ update the physical damage and the structural vulnerability of a given building stock classified in terms of hazard-dependent classes (i.e. exposure model). This is obtained by estimating the damage evolution of the building stock given their initial damage state; the location of the scenario-based IM; and the use of selected fragility functions that must be compatible with the predefined building classes and IM. It can be run locally on your computer as well as a WPS (Web Processing Service). This version can handle single or consecutive deterministic hazard scenarios with spatially distributed Intensity Measures (IM). For single hazard scenarios, the process requires a single execution. In the case of consecutive deterministic hazard scenarios, the executions are proportional to the number of consecutive risk scenario (events) of interest.

Beschreibung: This data publication is composed by two main folders: (1) “Focus_map_construction” and (2) “CVT_models”. The first one contains the individual raster inputs (tsunami inundation and population distribution) that are combined to construct two different focus maps for the cities of Lima and Callao (Peru). The reader can find a more complete description about the focus map concept in Pittore (2015). These raster focus maps are used as inputs to generate variable-resolution CVT (Central Voronoi Tessellation) geocells following the method presented in Pittore et al., (2020). They are vector-based data (ESRI shapefiles) that are stored in the second folder. These resultant CVT-geocells are used by Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021) as spatial aggregation boundaries to represent the residential building portfolio for the cities of Lima and Callao (Peru).

Beschreibung: This dissertation was carried out as part of the international and interdisciplinary graduate school StRATEGy. This group has set itself the goal of investigating geological processes that take place on different temporal and spatial scales and have shaped the southern central Andes. This study focuses on claystones and carbonates of the Yacoraite Fm. that were deposited between Maastricht and Dan in the Cretaceous Salta Rift Basin. The former rift basin is located in northwest Argentina and is divided into the sub-basins Tres Cruces, Metán-Alemanía and Lomas de Olmedo. The overall motivation for this study was to gain new knowledge about the evolution of marine and lacustrine conditions during the Yacoraite Fm. Deposit in the Tres Cruces and Metán-Alemanía sub-basins. Other important aspects that were examined within the scope of this dissertation are the conversion of organic matter from Yacoraite Fm. into oil and its genetic relationship to selected oils produced and natural oil spills. The results of my study show that the Yacoraite Fm. began to be deposited under marine conditions and that a lacustrine environment developed by the end of the deposition in the Tres Cruces and Metán-Alemanía Basins. In general, the kerogen of Yacoraite Fm. consists mainly of the kerogen types II, III and II / III mixtures. Kerogen type III is mainly found in samples from the Yacoraite Fm., whose TOC values are low. Due to the adsorption of hydrocarbons on the mineral surfaces (mineral matrix effect), the content of type III kerogen with Rock-Eval pyrolysis in these samples could be overestimated. Investigations using organic petrography show that the organic particles of Yacoraite Fm. mainly consist of alginites and some vitrinite-like particles. The pyrolysis GC of the rock samples showed that the Yacoraite Fm. generates low-sulfur oils with a predominantly low-wax, paraffinic-naphthenic-aromatic composition and paraffinic wax-rich oils. Small proportions of paraffinic, low-wax oils and a gas condensate-generating facies are also predicted. Here, too, mineral matrix effects were taken into account, which can lead to a quantitative overestimation of the gas-forming character. The results of an additional 1D tank modeling carried out show that the beginning (10% TR) of the oil genesis took place between ≈10 Ma and ≈4 Ma. Most of the oil (from ≈50% to 65%) was generated prior to the development of structural traps formed during the Plio-Pleistocene Diaguita deformation phase. Only ≈10% of the total oil generated was formed and potentially trapped after the formation of structural traps. Important factors in the risk assessment of this petroleum system, which can determine the small amounts of generated and migrated oil, are the generally low TOC contents and the variable thickness of the Yacoraite Fm. Additional risks are associated with a low density of information about potentially existing reservoir structures and the quality of the overburden.

Beschreibung: Diese Dissertation wurde im Rahmen des internationalen und interdisziplinären Graduiertenkollegs StRATEGy durchgeführt. Diese Gruppe hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, geologische Prozesse zu untersuchen, die auf unterschiedlichen zeitlichen und räumlichen Skalen ablaufen und die südlichen Zentralanden geprägt haben. Diese Studie konzentriert sich auf die Tonsteine und Karbonate der Yacoraite Fm., die zwischen Maastricht und Dan im kreidezeitlichen Salta-Grabenbecken abgelagert wurden. Das ehemalige Riftbecken liegt im Nordwesten Argentiniens und gliedert sich in die Teilbecken Tres Cruces, Metán-Alemanía und Lomas de Olmedo. Die übergreifende Motivation für diese Studie war es, neue Erkenntnisse über die Entwicklung der marinen und lakustrinen Bedingungen während der Ablagerung der Yacoraite Fm. in den Tres Cruces und Metán-Alemanía Sub-Becken zu gewinnen. Weitere wichtige Aspekte, die im Rahmen dieser Dissertation untersucht wurden, sind die Umwandlung von organischer Materie der Yacoraite Fm. in Öl sowie deren genetische Beziehung zu ausgewählten produzierten Ölen und natürlichen Ölaustritten. Die Ergebnisse meiner Studie zeigen, dass die Ablagerung der Yacoraite Fm. unter marinen Bedingungen begann und sich bis zum Ende der Ablagerung in den Tres Cruces- und Metán-Alemanía-Becken ein lakustrines Milieu entwickelte. Im Allgemeinen besteht das Kerogen der Yacoraite Fm. überwiegend aus den Kerogentypen II, III und II/III-Mischungen. Der Kerogentyp III findet sich vor allem in Proben aus der Yacoraite Fm., deren TOC-Werte niedrig sind. Aufgrund der Adsorption von Kohlenwasserstoffen an den Mineraloberflächen (Mineralmatrixeffekt) könnte der Gehalt an Typ-III-Kerogen mit der Rock-Eval-Pyrolyse in diesen Proben überschätzt werden. Untersuchungen mittels organischer Petrographie zeigen, dass die organischen Partikel der Yacoraite Fm. hauptsächlich aus Alginiten und einigen Vitrinit-artigen Partikeln bestehen. Die Pyrolyse-GC der Gesteinsproben zeigte, dass die Yacoraite Fm. schwefelarme Öle mit einer überwiegend Wachs-armen paraffinisch-naphthenisch-aromatischen Zusammensetzung und paraffinische Wachs-reiche Öle generiert. Geringe Anteile paraffinischer, Wachs-armer Öle und einer Gaskondensat-generierenden Fazies werden ebenfalls vorausgesagt. Auch hier wurden Mineralmatrixeffekte berücksichtigt, die zu einer quantitativen Überschätzung des gasbildenden Charakters führen können. Die Ergebnisse einer zusätzlich durchgeführten 1D-Beckenmodellierung zeigen, dass der Beginn (10 %TR) der Ölgenese zwischen ≈10 Ma und ≈4 Ma stattfand. Der größte Teil des Öls (von ≈50 % bis 65 %) wurde vor der Entwicklung struktureller Fallen gebildet, die während der plio-pleistozänen Diaguita Deformatiosphase gebildet wurden. Nur ≈10 % des insgesamt generierten Öls wurde nach der Entstehung struktureller Fallen gebildet und potentiell darin gefangen. Wichtige Faktoren in der Risikobewertung dieses Erdölsystems, welche die geringen Mengen an generiertem und migriertem Öl bestimmen können, stellen die allgemein niedrigen TOC-Gehalte und die variable Mächtigkeit der Yacoraite Fm. dar. Weitere Risiken sind mit einer niedrigen Informationsdichte über potentiell vorhandene Reservoirstrukturen und die Qualität der Deckgesteine verbunden.

Beschreibung: As a supplement to Huang et al. (2021) “Anelasticity and lateral heterogeneities in Earth’s upper mantle: impact on surface displacements, self-attraction and loading and ocean tide dynamics”, the global amplitude and root-mean-square fields of surface vertical displacement and self-attraction and loading due to ocean tide loading - the M2 tide derived from model TiME (Sulzbach et al., 2021), and the root-mean-square fields of M2 tide are presented here. The fields have been calculated for the 1D elastic solid Earth model PREM and 3D and 1D anelastic models. Figures 4-7, S1 and S2, and tables 1-2 in Huang et al. (2021) can be easily reproduced from these data fields applying the calculus discussed in the paper. The anelastic Earth models can be constructed with the methodology outlined in Huang et al. (2021) by making use of the elastic and attenuation tomography models from the University of California, Berkeley (Karaoğlu, H. & Romanowicz, B., 2018) and the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon (Debayle et al., 2020), respectively. All response fields (U and SAL) are calculated with the spectral-finite element method (Martinec 2000, Tanaka et al. 2019).

Beschreibung: The data set contains chemical analyses of 32 different surface materials from the Bajoca feldspar mine in Portugal and their corresponding hyperspectral reflectance spectra. The field samples were collected in May 2019 within the LIGHTS (Lightweight Integrated Ground and Airborne Hyperspectral Topological Solutions) project. The goal in this project is to develop tools for hybrid data analysis of remote sensing data from different scales, geochemical and geological data for Li target area exploration (LIGHTS; Cardoso-Fernandes et al. (2020a,b & 2021) & Fabre et al. (in prep.)). The hyperspectral data were acquired in the laboratory with the HySpex system in a range of 414 – 2498nm and on-site with the Spectral Evolution PSR+ 3500 handheld spectroradiometer (short “PSR+”) in a range of 350 – 2500nm. The sample spectra of 32 different surface samples are presented for both sensors systems. The resulting HySpex reflectance data are scaled from 0 – 10000, the PSR+ reflectance data are scaled from 0-1. Detailed information about the samples and geochemistry is presented in the data sheets.

Beschreibung: Carbon dioxide is the most abundant, non-condensable gas in volcanic systems, released into the atmosphere through either diffuse or advective fluid flow. The emission of substantial amounts of CO2 at Earth’s surface is not only controlled by volcanic plumes during periods of eruptive activity or fumaroles, but also by soil degassing along permeable structures in the subsurface. Monitoring of these processes is of utmost importance for volcanic hazard analyses, and is also relevant for managing geothermal resources. Fluid-bearing faults are key elements of economic value for geothermal power generation. Here, we describe for the first time how sensitively and quickly natural gas emissions react to changes within a deep hydrothermal system due to geothermal fluid reinjection. For this purpose, we deployed an automated, multi-chamber CO2 flux monitoring system within the damage zone of a deep-rooted major normal fault in the Los Humeros Volcanic Complex (LHVC) in Mexico and recorded data over a period of five months. After removing the atmospheric effects on variations in CO2 flux, we calculated correlation coefficients between residual CO2 emissions and reinjection rates, identifying an inverse correlation of ρ = -0.51 to -0.66. Our results indicate that gas emissions respond to changes in reinjection rates within 24 hours, proving an active hydraulic communication between the hydrothermal system and Earth’s surface. This finding is a promising indication not only for geothermal reservoir monitoring but also for advanced long-term volcanic risk analysis. Response times allow for estimation of fluid migration velocities, which is a key constraint for conceptual and numerical modelling of fluid flow in fracture-dominated systems.

Beschreibung: We provide strontium isotope data (for both the "radiogenic" isotope ratio 87Sr/86Sr, and the "stable" isotope ratio 88Sr/86Sr, expressed as delta88Sr) for critical zone compartments (rock, saprolite, soil, plants, and river dissolved loads) at three sites along a global transect of mountain landscapes that differ in erosion rates – an “erodosequence”. These sites are the Swiss Central Alps, a rapidly-eroding post-glacial mountain belt; the Southern Sierra Nevada, USA, eroding at moderate rates; and the slowly-eroding tropical Highlands of Sri Lanka. Key metrics for strontium elemental partitioning (strontium concentrations and ratios to the major elements sodium and calcium) are also provided. All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description. Further details on sampling and locations are provided in von Blanckenburg et al (2021). The IGSN data can be accessed by adding the IGSN after igsn.org, e.g. igsn.org/GFFB1005U The dataset consist of 8 Tables that are provided as Excel and printable PDF versions: Table A1. Swiss Alps analyses of soil, saprolite, rock Table A2. Swiss Alps analyses of water samples Table A3. Swiss Alps analyses of plant samples Table SN1. Sierra Nevada analyses of soil, saprolite, rock, bedload sediment and suspended stream load Table SN2. Sierra Nevada analyses of water samples Table SN3. Sierra Nevada analyses of plant samples Table SL1. Sri Lanka analyses of soil, saprolite, rock Table E. Relative elemental amounts (compared to bulk) present in the different extraction pools

Beschreibung: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for mixtures of quartz sand and sili-cate cenospheres, which are used for analog experiments in the laboratory of the Institute of Geo-physics of the Czech Academy of Science (IG CAS) (Warsitzka et al., 2021). The mixtures have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested materials range between 0.55 and 0.75, dynamic friction coefficients µD between 0.47 and 0.60 and reactivation friction coefficients µR be-tween 0.52 and 0.65. Cohesions of the materials vary between 20 and 120 Pa. The materials show a minor rate-weakening of 〈1.2% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.

Beschreibung: These datasets were used to evaluate the main controls on last ~6 million years erosion rate variability of the northwestern Himalaya. The Earth’s climate has been cooling during the last ~15 million years and started fluctuating between cold and warm periods since ~2-3 million years ago. Many researchers think that these long-term climatic changes were accompanied by changes in continental erosion. However, quantifying erosion rates in the geological past is challenging, and previous studies reached contrasting conclusions. In this study, we quantified erosion rates in the north-western Indian Himalaya over the past 6 million years by measuring in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be in exhumed older foreland basin sediments. The 10Be is produced by cosmic rays in minerals at the Earth's surface, and its abundance indicates erosion rates. Our reconstructed erosion rates show a quasi-cyclic pattern with a periodicity of ~1 million year and a gradual increase towards the present. We suggest that both patterns—cyclicity and gradual increase—are unrelated to climatic changes. Instead, we propose that the growth of the Himalaya by repeatedly scraping off rocks from the Indian plate (basal accretion), resulted in changes of its topography that were accompanied by changes in erosion rates. In this scenario, basal accretion episodically changes rock-uplift patterns, which brings landscapes out of equilibrium and results in quasi-cyclic variations in erosion rates. We used numerical landscape evolution simulations to demonstrate that this hypothesis is physically plausible. Datasets provided here includes summary of the location, depositional age, and stratigraphic position of 41 Siwalik sandstone samples collected from the Haripur section in Himachal Pradesh, India (Dataset S1); 10Be analysis results of Siwalik samples (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Dataset-S1); sample location and 10Be analysis results of modern river sands from the Yamuna River and its tributaries near the Dehradun Basin (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Dataset-S2); input parameters for the calculation of paleoerosion rates (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Dataset-S3); and reconstructed 10Be paleoconcentrations and paleoerosion rates (Dataset S4). Moreover, the data include a compilation of published magnetostratigraphy-derived sediment accumulation rates in the late Cenozoic Himalayan foreland basin (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Dataset-S5). We also include a movie (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Movie-S1) that is a complete numerical landscape evolution model run with four consecutive accretion cycles of equal magnitude. For more information (for e.g., sampling method, analytical procedure, and data processing) please refer to the associated data description file and the main article (Mandal et al., 2021).

Beschreibung: The fiber optic cable was installed down to 832 m behind the production casing of a 9 5/8" (445-2932 m) and 9 7/8" (0 - 445 m) production casing in well RN-15/DEEPEGS/IDDP-2 in the Reykjanes geothermal field, SW Iceland (depth reference: surface). Fiber optic distributed temperature data was acquired (campaign based) during cementation (09/2016) of the production casing, at the end of the cold fluid injection (09/2018) as well during the onset of well stimulation (10/2019-04/2020).

Beschreibung: This data set is the 1st part of a mini-series assembling whole-rock chemical data for late-Variscan granites of the Erzgebirge-Vogtland metallogenic province in the German Erzgebirge, in the Saxothuringian Zone of the Variscan Orogen, which is dedicated to the group of P-F-rich Li-mica granites. Listed are data from the massifs/plutons of Eibenstock in the western Erzgebirge and Annaberg, Geyer, Pobershau, and Seiffen in the central Erzgebirge (Figure 1). All these occurrences represent composite bodies made-up of texturally and geochemically distinct, but cogenetic sub-intrusions, which are associated with intra- und perigranitic aplitic dykes, pegmatitic schlieren, and frequently mineralized quartz veins and greisens (Tables 1-3). These granites exhibit moderately to strongly elevated concentrations of P, F, Li, Rb, Cs, Ta, Sn, W and U, but are low to very low in Ti, Mg, V, Sc, Co, Ni, Sr, Ba, Y, Zr, Hf, Th, and the REEs. Crystal-melt fractionation was the dominant process controlling the evolution of bulk composition in the course of massif/pluton formation. However, metasomatic processes involving late-stage residual melts and high-T late- to postmagmatic fluids became increasingly more important in highly evolved units and have variably modified the abundances of mobile elements (P, F, Li, Rb, Cs, Ba, Sr). Interaction with the various country rocks and infiltration of meteoric low-T fluids have further disturbed the initial chemical patterns. The data set reports whole-rock geochemical analyses for granites, aplites, and endocontact rocks obtained for the massifs/plutons of Eibenstock, Pobershau, Satzung, Annaberg, and Geyer. Data are provided as separate excel and csv files. The content of the excel sheet and further information on the granites and regional geology are provided in the data description file.

Beschreibung: We provide geochemical data for three sites that define a gradient of erosion rates – an “erodosequence”. These sites are the Swiss Central Alps, a rapidly-eroding post-glacial mountain belt; the Southern Sierra Nevada, USA, eroding at moderate rates; and the slowly-eroding tropical Highlands of central Sri Lanka. Specifically, we provide silicon isotope ratios and germanium/silicon ratios and the major element composition of 1) rock, 2) saprolite, 3) soil, 4) plants, 5) river dissolved loads, 6) the soil and saprolite amorphous silica fraction (accessed with a NaOH leach), and 7) the soil and saprolite clay-size fraction (isolated with a differential settling protocol). These data serve two purposes. First, they allow us to improve understanding of the controls on silicon isotopes and germanium/silicon ratios in the 'Critical Zone'. Specifically, we can quantify the fractionation factors (for silicon isotopes) and the exchange coefficients (for germanium/silicon ratios), for secondary mineral precipitation and for biological uptake. Secondly, we can use mass-balance approaches to quantify the partitioning of silicon - a nutrient, and a major rock-forming element - among secondary minerals, plant material, and solutes. All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description. This dataset consists of five tables: S1. Analyses of soil, saprolite, and rock from the Swiss Alps study site S2. Analyses of soil, saprolite, and rock from the Sierra Nevada study site S3. Analyses of soil, saprolite, and rock from the Sri Lanka study site S4. Analyses of stream water from the Swiss Alps, Sierra Nevada, and Sri Lanka study sites S5. Analyses of plant material from the Swiss Alps, Sierra Nevada, and Sri Lanka study sites

Beschreibung: We provide geochemical background data on the partitioning and cycling of elements between rock, saprolite, soil, plants, and river dissolved and solid loads from at three sites along a global transect of mountain landscapes that differ in erosion rates – an “erodosequence”. These sites are the Swiss Central Alps, a rapidly-eroding post-glacial mountain belt; the Southern Sierra Nevada, USA, eroding at moderate rates; and the slowly-eroding tropical Highlands of Sri Lanka. The backbone of this analysis is an extensive data set of rock, saprolite, soil, water, and plant geochemical data. This set of elemental concentrations is converted into process rates by using regolith production and weathering rates from cosmogenic nuclides, and estimates of biomass growth. Combined, they allow us to derive elemental fluxes through regolith and vegetation. The main findings are: 1) the rates of weathering are set locally in regolith, and not by the rate at which entire landscapes erode; 2) the degree of weathering is mainly controlled by regolith thickness. This results in supply-limited weathering in Sri Lanka where weathering runs to completion, and kinetically-limited weathering in the Alps and Sierra Nevada where soluble primary minerals persist; 3) these weathering characteristics are reflected in the sites’ ecosystem processes, namely in that nutritive elements are intensely recycled in the supply-limited setting, and directly taken up from soil and rock in the kinetically settings; 4) contrary to common paradigms, the weathering rates are not controlled by biomass growth; 5) at all sites we find a deficit in river solute export when compared to solute production in regolith, the extent of which differs between elements but not between erosion rates. Plant uptake followed by litter erosion might explain this deficit for biologically utilized elements of high solubility, and rare, high-discharge flushing events for colloidal-bound elements of low solubility. Our data and the new metrics have begun to serve for calibrating metal isotope systems in the weathering zone, the isotope ratios of which depend on the flux partitioning between the compartments of the Critical Zone. We demonstrate this application in several isotope geochemical companion papers with associated datasets from the same samples. All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description in the internet.

Beschreibung: We have installed 19 new Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) markers in the Hindu Kush (NE-Afghanistan) and the North Pamir front (Alai valley) and measured a total of 25 new and existing markers, if possible annually between 2014 and 2020 in survey mode. The stations are positioned along three profiles crossing the NE-striking Panjsheer fault and N-striking Badakhshan fault in the Hindu Kush, and the E-striking Pamir thrust system at the Trans Alai Range. The Hindu Kush survey data are the first of their kind in Afghanistan. The Pamir profile densifies a 1 Hz-GNSS profile that was installed in the Altyndara valley in 2013-2015; the GNSS time-series are affected by the 2015 Mw7.2 Sarez, Central Pamir, earthquake and probably the 2016 Mw6.4 Sary-Tash earthquake. The data are presented in receiver independent exchange (RNX) format and complemented by logsheets, field photos and a technical report describing the surveys in more detail.

Beschreibung: The differences of atmospheric delays (Atmospheric ties) are theoretically affected by the height differences between antennas at the same site and the meteorological conditions. However, there is often a discrepancy between the expected zenith delay differences and those estimated from geodetic analysis. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the possibility effects that could caused biases on GNSS atmospheric delays at co-location site.

Beschreibung: Following Barker, Pople and Gubbins & Gray, the u-expansion of the perturbation theory, used for developing equations of state for fluids, requires sets of J-, K-, L-, M-, and N-integrals as a function of rho* and T*. These integrals are calculated here from pair and triplet correlation functions, which were derived in a previous communication, using particle configurations from extensive Monte-Carlo simulations of a Lennard-Jones fluid. The pair and triplet correlation functions are based on 27615 state points covering a rho*-T* space from 0.002-1.41 and 0.45-25 in reduced variables, respectively, which is also the range of the calculated integrals. Quadruplet correlation functions, required by the M- and N-integrals, were calculated using the trans-superposition approximation, using pair and triplet correlation functions. Here the unfitted raw data of 597 J-, 90 K-, 256 L-, 4M-, and 4N-integrals are reported. The number of available values at different rho*-T* state points are 27615 for the J-integrals, and in the range of 6999-7053, 6789-7055, 6440-6587, 6544-6751 for the K-, L-, M-, andN-integrals, respectively.

Beschreibung: Faults and fractures form the largest contrast of fluid flow in the subsurface, while their permeability is highly affected by effective pressure changes. In this experimental study, fractured low-permeability Flechtingen (Rotliegend) sandstones were cyclically loaded in a MTS tri-axial compression cell. Two different loading scenarios were considered: “continuous cyclic loading” (CCL) and “progressive cyclic loading” (PCL). During continuous cyclic loading, a displaced tensile fracture was loaded hydrostatically from 2 to 60 MPa in several repeated cycles. During progressive cyclic loading, the load was increased with a step-wise function (15, 30, 45 and 60 MPa) and unloaded after every loading step. For full elasticity of rock matrix deformation each rock sample has been preconditioned up to 65 MPa. After that, an artificial tensile fracture was introduced into the sample using the Brazilian Disk test. The fractured sample was installed into the MTS triaxial cell at a given offset of 0.5 mm and hydrostatic loading was applied accordingly. The fracture permeability was measured continuously using the cubic law calculated from the hydraulic aperture. Fracture closure was measured using LVDT extensometers during the entire experiment and the resulting fracture closure and stiffness was calculated accordingly. The total deformation of the sample was corrected by the amount of elastic deformation of the rock matrix to obtain the fracture closure only. Potential changes to the fracture surface topography before and after the experiments were analysed from high-resolution surface scans obtained by a 3D profilometer using the fringe pattern projection. The scale-independent roughness exponent was calculated using power spectral density method assuming self-affinity. The fracture aperture distribution and contact-area ratio was calculated by matching the best fitting principal planes of the bottom and top surface and applying a grid search algorithm. The results showed a “stress-memory” effect of fracture stiffness during progressive loading that can be used to identify previous stress states in fractures. This effect is characterized by a transition from a non-linear to a linear (reversible to non-reversible) behaviour of specific fracture stiffness when a previous stress-maximum is exceeded. Furthermore, the evolution of fracture permeability shows less reduction during progressive cyclic loading compared to continuous cyclic loading. The data measured during the flow-through experiment under varying effective pressure are provided in the file “MTS_data.zip”. The data are provided as separate text-files as well as in Excel format with different spreadsheets, such that each figure in the paper can be recalculated and that the underlying data is comprehensive. The name of all three rock samples is given in the file name including the type of the experiment (CCL or PCL). The fracture surfaces and the fracture aperture distributions are found within the file “Surface_data.zip”. This file contains the fracture data of each of the three rock samples as point cloud data (text-files), as well the data calculated from the surfaces.

Beschreibung: This data set includes the results of digital image correlation analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments (Table 1) on the effect of weakness during distributed crustal extension performed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Ten generic analogue models made of a layer of Quartz sand (G12, Rosenau et al., 2018) including a weak silicone oil “seed” (PDMS G30M, Rudolf et al., 2016) to localize deformation have been extended on top of a basal foam block. A benchmark experiment (basal foam only) and a reference model (layer of sand without seed) are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Osagiede et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplement. The models have been monitored by means of digital image correlation (DIC) analysis (Adam et al., 2005). DIC analysis yields quantitative information about model surface deformation in 2D and 3D. The data presented here are visualized as finite strain and displacement maps as well as cumulative strain and displacement profiles.

Beschreibung: Rheology describes the flow of matter under the influence of stress, and - related to solids- it investigates how solids subjected to stresses deform. As the deformation of the Earth’s outer layers, the lithosphere and the crust, is a major focus of rheological studies, rheology in the geosciences describes how strain evolves in rocks of variable composition and temperature under tectonic stresses. It is here where deformation processes shape the form of ocean basins and mountain belts that ultimately result from the complex interplay between lithospheric plate motion and the susceptibility of rocks to the influence of plate-tectonic forces. A rigorous study of the strength of the lithosphere and deformation phenomena thus requires in-depth studies of the rheological characteristics of the involved materials and the temporal framework of deformation processes. This dissertation aims at analyzing the influence of the physical configuration of the lithosphere on the present-day thermal field and the overall rheological characteristics of the lithosphere to better understand variable expressions in the formation of passive continental margins and the behavior of strike-slip fault zones. The main methodological approach chosen is to estimate the present-day thermal field and the strength of the lithosphere by 3-D numerical modeling. The distribution of rock properties is provided by 3-D structural models, which are used as the basis for the thermal and rheological modeling. The structural models are based on geophysical and geological data integration, additionally constrained by 3-D density modeling. More specifically, to decipher the thermal and rheological characteristics of the lithosphere in both oceanic and continental domains, sedimentary basins in the Sea of Marmara (continental transform setting), the SW African passive margin (old oceanic crust), and the Norwegian passive margin (young oceanic crust) were selected for this study. The Sea of Marmara, in northwestern Turkey, is located where the dextral North Anatolian Fault zone (NAFZ) accommodates the westward escape of the Anatolian Plate toward the Aegean. Geophysical observations indicate that the crust is heterogeneous beneath the Marmara basin, but a detailed characterization of the lateral crustal heterogeneities is presented for the first time in this study. Here, I use different gravity datasets and the general non-uniqueness in potential field modeling, to propose three possible end-member scenarios of crustal configuration. The models suggest that pronounced gravitational anomalies in the basin originate from significant density heterogeneities within the crust. The rheological modeling reveals that associated variations in lithospheric strength control the mechanical segmentation of the NAFZ. Importantly, a strong crust that is mechanically coupled to the upper mantle spatially correlates with aseismic patches where the fault bends and changes its strike in response to the presence of high-density lower crustal bodies. Between the bends, mechanically weaker crustal domains that are decoupled from the mantle are characterized by creep. For the passive margins of SW Africa and Norway, two previously published 3-D conductive and lithospheric-scale thermal models were analyzed. These 3-D models differentiate various sedimentary, crustal, and mantle units and integrate different geophysical data, such as seismic observations and the gravity field. Here, the rheological modeling suggests that the present-day lithospheric strength across the oceanic domain is ultimately affected by the age and past thermal and tectonic processes as well as the depth of the thermal lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, while the configuration of the crystalline crust dominantly controls the rheological behavior of the lithosphere beneath the continental domains of both passive margins. The thermal and rheological models show that the variations of lithospheric strength are fundamentally influenced by the temperature distribution within the lithosphere. Moreover, as the composition of the lithosphere significantly influences the present-day thermal field, it therefore also affects the rheological characteristics of the lithosphere. Overall my studies add to our understanding of regional tectonic deformation processes and the long-term behavior of sedimentary basins; they confirm other analyses that have pointed out that crustal heterogeneities in the continents result in diverse lithospheric thermal characteristics, which in turn results in higher complexity and variations of rheological behavior compared to oceanic domains with a thinner, more homogeneous crust.

Beschreibung: Die Rheologie ist die Wissenschaft, die sich mit dem Fließ- und Verformungsverhalten von Materie beschäftigt. Hierzu gehören neben Gasen und Flüssigkeiten vor allem auch Feststoffe, die einer Spannung ausgesetzt sind und einem daraus resultierenden Verformungsprozess unterliegen - entweder unter bruchhaften oder plastischen Bedingungen. In den Geowissenschaften umfasst die Rheologie die kombinierte Analyse tektonischer Spannungen und resultierender Deformationsphänomene in Gesteinen unter unterschiedlichen Temperatur- und Druckbedingungen sowie im Zusammenhang mit physikalischen Eigenschaften der Krusten- und Mantelgesteine. Die Verformung des lithosphärischen Mantels und der Kruste ist ein Schwerpunkt rheologischer Untersuchungen, denn in diesem Zusammenhang bilden sich Ozeanbecken und Gebirgsgürtel, die letztendlich aus dem komplexen Zusammenspiel der Bewegungen lithosphärischer Platten und der unterschiedlichen Deformierbarkeit von Krusten- und Mantelgesteinen unter dem Einfluss plattentektonischer Kräfte resultieren. Eine genaue Untersuchung der Festigkeit der Lithosphäre und der Deformationssphänomene erfordert daher eingehende Studien der rheologischen Eigenschaften der beteiligten Materialien. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es das Ziel dieser Dissertation, die allgemeinen rheologischen Charakteristika der Lithosphäre in drei verschiedenen geodynamischen Bereichen zu analysieren, um unterschiedlich geprägte passive Kontinentalränder sowie das Verhalten von Transformstörungen innerhalb der Kontinente besser zu verstehen. Der wichtigste methodische Ansatz, der hierfür gewählt wurde, ist die numerische 3D-Modellierung, um eine Abschätzung des gegenwärtigen thermischen Feldes und der Festigkeit der Lithosphäre zu ermöglichen. Die räumliche Verteilung der Gesteinseigenschaften in Kruste und Mantel wird dabei durch 3-D-Strukturmodelle bereitgestellt, die als Grundlage für die thermische und rheologische Modellierung verwendet werden. Die Strukturmodelle basieren auf der Integration geophysikalischer und geologischer Daten, die zusätzlich durch eine 3D-Dichtemodellierung validiert werden. Um die thermischen und rheologischen Eigenschaften der Lithosphäre sowohl im ozeanischen als auch im kontinentalen Bereich zu entschlüsseln, wurden für diese Studie Sedimentbecken im Marmarameer im Bereich der kontinentalen Nordanatolischen Transformstörung sowie im Bereich der passiven Plattenränder von SW-Afrika (alte ozeanische Kruste) und vor Norwegen (junge ozeanische Kruste) ausgewählt. Das Marmarameer im Nordwesten der Türkei befindet sich in einer Region, wo die dextrale Nordanatolische Störung (NAFZ) die westwärts gerichtete Ausweichbewegung der Anatolischen Platte in Richtung Ägäis ermöglicht. Geophysikalische Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, dass die kontinentale Kruste unter dem Marmara-Becken heterogen ist, allerdings stellt diese Arbeit zum ersten Mal eine detaillierte Charakterisierung dieser lateralen Krustenheterogenitäten vor. Hierzu verwende ich verschiedene Schweredaten und die Potenzialfeldmodellierung, um drei mögliche Szenarien zur Erklärung der Unterschiede im Charakter der Kruste vorzuschlagen. Die Modelle legen nahe, dass ausgeprägte Schwereanomalien im Becken von signifikanten Dichte-Heterogenitäten innerhalb der Kruste hervorgerufen werden. Die rheologische Modellierung zeigt, dass damit verbundene Unterschiede in der Festigkeit der Lithosphäre die mechanische Segmentierung der NAFZ steuern und sich auf seismogene Prozesse auswirken. Demnach korrelieren Krustenbereiche hoher Festigkeit, die mechanisch an den oberen Mantel gekoppelt sind, räumlich mit aseismischen Sektoren in der Region um die Störungszone, in denen sich das Streichen der NAFZ ändert. Zwischen den Bereichen mit den veränderten Streichrichtungen der Störung existieren dagegen mechanisch schwächere Krustenbereiche, die vom Mantel entkoppelt und durch Kriechbewegungen gekennzeichnet sind. Für die passiven Kontinentalränder von SW-Afrika und Norwegen wurden zwei veröffentlichte thermische 3-D-Modelle hinsichtlich des Einflusses der Temperaturverteilung auf die Festigkeit der Lithosphäre analysiert. Diese 3-D-Modelle differenzieren verschiedene Sediment-, Krusten- und Mantelbereiche und integrieren unterschiedliche geophysikalische Daten, wie zum Beispiel seismische Beobachtungen und Schwerefeldmessungen. Hier legt die rheologische Modellierung nahe, dass die derzeitige Lithosphärenfestigkeit im ozeanischen Bereich letztlich durch das Alter und vergangene thermische und tektonische Prozesse sowie die Tiefe der thermischen Grenze zwischen Lithosphäre und Asthenosphäre beeinflusst wird, während die Konfiguration der kristallinen Kruste das rheologische Verhalten der Lithosphäre in den kontinentalen Bereichen der beiden passiven Ränder dominiert. Die thermischen und rheologischen Modelle zeigen, dass die Variationen in der Festigkeit der Lithosphäre grundlegend von der Temperaturverteilung innerhalb der Lithosphäre selbst beeinflusst werden. Dabei steuert die Zusammensetzung der Lithosphäre das heutige thermische Feld entscheidend mit und darüber auch die rheologischen Eigenschaften der Lithosphäre. Diese Ergebnisse tragen somit zu einem besseren Verständnis regionaler tektonischer Deformationsprozesse und der dynamischen Langzeitentwicklung von Sedimentbecken bei; sie bestätigen außerdem frühere Analysen, die bereits darauf hingewiesen haben, dass die Heterogenität der Kruste in den Kontinenten mit unterschiedlichen thermischen Eigenschaften der Lithosphäre einhergeht, welches wiederum zu einer höheren Komplexität und Variabilität des rheologischen Verhaltens im Vergleich zu ozeanischen Gebieten mit einer geringer mächtigen, homogeneren Kruste führt.

Beschreibung: The 208 km long profile 3B/MVE (West) was recorded in 1990 as part of the joint seismic reflection venture DEKORP 1990-3/MVE (Muenchberg-Vogtland-Erzgebirge) between the two former German Republics shortly before their unification. The aim of DEKORP 1990-3/MVE was to explore the structure of the crust from the Rhenish Shield through the Bohemian Massif to the Ore Mountains. The entire profile consists of DEKORP 3A, DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) and its prolongation to the east DEKORP 3B/MVE (East). Its total length amounts to about 600 km. 24 short seismic cross lines and associated 3D blocks with single fold coverage were also recorded. The seismic survey of 3B/MVE (West) was performed to investigate the deep crustal structure and the transition zone between the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian units with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The results were compared with the results from the surveys DEKORP 1 and DEKORP 2, running nearly parallel to the line 3B/MVE (West). Details of the 3B/MVE (West) experiment, its preliminary results and interpretations may be obtained from DEKORP Research Group (A) et al. (1994) and DEKORP Research Group (C) et al. (1994). The Technical Report of line 3B/MVE (West) gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The mainly NW-SE running DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) runs perpendicular to the Variscan strike direction and traverses the southern part of the Rhenohercynian unit with the Northern Phyllite Zone and the northern part of the Saxothuringian unit including the Mid-German Crystalline High. Starting in the Kellerwald the profile crosses the Hessian Depression, the Tertiary volcanic Rhoen Mountains and the Mesozoic of the Franconian Basin (DEKORP Research Group (C) et al., 1994). East of Staffelstein the profile turns to the east and ends on the Franconian Line, the southwestern boundary fault zone of the Bohemian Massif. The line 3B/MVE (West) is intersected by ten cross lines along the profile and by DEKORP 3A at its northwestern end. To the east the profile is extended by DEKORP 3B/MVE (East).

Beschreibung: The profile 1C was recorded in 1988 as part of the joint reflection venture DEKORP 1 of DEKORP (German Deep Seismic Reflection Program) and BELCORP (Belgian Continental Reflection Seismic Program) groups. The seismic survey of the ca. 75-km long line 1C was conducted to investigate the deep crustal structure of the western Rhenish Massif with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The objectives of the experiment were to analyse deep Variscan and post-Variscan crustal structures in the region and to compare them with the results from the eastern Rhenish Massif gathered from the survey DEKORP 2N. The first results were presented by DEKORP Research Group (1991) and supplemented by many other researches. The Technical Report of line 1C gives detailed information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Rhenohercynian Zone is a foreland fold-and-thrust belt cropping out in the Rhenish Massif which extends from the Ardennes to the Harz Mountains. This geological unit consists predominantly of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks affected by very low-grade metamorphism (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). The survey 1C was carried out in the western part of the Rhenish Massif and intersects the Variscan main structures almost perpendicular. It stretches from the Mosel Syncline to the Saar-Nahe Basin (WNW-ESE) crossing the Devonian metamorphic rocks of the Hunsrueck Mountains, the Northern Phyllite Zone and the Hunsrueck Boundary Fault separating the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian Zones. In the northwest 1C joins line 1B which runs through the Hocheifel area. In the southeast the line continues with 9N running across the northern part of the Upper Rhine Graben.

Beschreibung: The 50 km long profile 1B was recorded in 1987 as part of the joint reflection venture DEKORP 1 of DEKORP (German Deep Seismic Reflection Program) and BELCORP (Belgian Continental Reflection Seismic Program) groups. It was surveyed to investigate the deep crustal structure of the western Rhenish Massif with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The objectives of the experiment were to analyse deep Variscan and post-Variscan crustal structures in the region and to compare them with the results from the eastern Rhenish Massif gathered from the survey DEKORP 2N. The first results were presented by DEKORP Research Group (1990, 1991) and supplemented by many other researches. The Technical Report of line 1B gives detailed information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Rhenohercynian Zone is a foreland fold-and-thrust belt cropping out in the Rhenish Massif which extends from the Ardennes to the Harz Mountains. This geological unit consists predominantly of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks affected by very low-grade metamorphism (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). The survey 1B was carried out in the western part of the Rhenish Massif and trends nearly N-S starting in the western volcanic zone of the Eifel, the Tertiary Hoch Eifel Volcanic Field represented by alkali basalts and fractionated volcanics. The line also runs over a positiv magnetic anomaly, the Kelberg Magnetic High which is located on the southern flank of the East Eifel Main Anticline. Afterwards, 1B crosses the SE-dipping Siegen Main Thrust and ends in the Mosel Syncline, the northern border of the Hunsrueck Mountains (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). The profile joins line 1A in the north and continues to the southeast with line 1C.

Beschreibung: The 128 km long profile 3A was recorded in 1990 as part of the joint seismic reflection venture DEKORP 1990-3/MVE (Muenchberg-Vogtland-Erzgebirge) between the two former German Republics shortly before their unification. The aim of DEKORP 1990-3/MVE was to explore the structure of the crust from the Rhenish Shield through the Bohemian Massif to the Ore Mountains. The entire profile consists of DEKORP 3A, DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) and its prolongation to the east DEKORP 3B/MVE (East). Its total length amounts to about 600 km. 24 short cross lines and associated 3D blocks with single fold coverage were also recorded. The seismic survey of 3A was conducted to investigate the deep crustal structure of the Hessian Depression with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition, and thus to connect DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) to oil industry seismic profiles in the Leinegraben area. Details of the experiment, preliminary results and interpretations may be obtained from DEKORP Research Group (A) et al. (1994) and DEKORP Research Group (C) et al. (1994). The Technical Report of line 3A gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The N-S trending DEKORP 3A line aimed at a seismic characterisation of the crust beneath the Permo-Mesozoic to Tertiary Hessian Depression. Running from the Solling Dome in the Rhenohercynian through the Kassel Graben and the late Tertiary volcanic fields of the Reinhardswald and Soehrewald, the 3A line ends in the Northern Phyllite Zone north of the Vogelsberg Volcano, the largest of the Cenozoic volcanoes in Europe (DEKORP Research Group (C) et al., 1994). DEKORP 3A is intersected by six short cross lines along the profile and by DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) at its southern end.

Beschreibung: DEKORP 2S was the first profile carried out in 1984 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The seismic line has a length of 250 km and was the first and only DEKORP line to be acquired using explosives as source energy. The objectives of the experiment were to explore the deep crustal structure of the Saxothuringian Zone and of its transitions into the adjacent Moldanubian and Rhenohercynian Zones of the Variscan Belt, to obtain evidence about vertical tectonic processes during the Variscan orogenesis, to understand the causes of observed gravity and magnetic anomalies and to recognize and define the Variscan front to the north. In addition, the survey contributed to the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) and the former European Geotraverse (EGT). Details of the experiment, preliminary results and interpretations may be obtained from DEKORP Research Group (1985) or Meissner et al. (1987). The Technical Report of line 2S gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The SE-NW striking DEKORP 2S line runs perpendicular to the Variscan strike direction and crosses the tectonic boundaries between the Moldanubian, Saxothuringian and Rhenohercynian units, which are predominantly covered by Permian and younger sediments (DEKORP Research Group, 1985). Extending from the Danube river to the Taunus Mountains line 2S crosses the Franconian Platform passing through the Noerdlinger Ries, where the impact excavated crystalline basement slivers of the Moldanubian zone, the Spessart Mountains, a part of the Mid German Crystalline High and the NE trending Hessian Through (DEKORP Research Group, 1985). Ending beyond the northeast branch of the Rhine Graben within the Taunus Mountains the profile is extended by line 2N to the northwest.

Beschreibung: The c. 93 km long profile 1A was recorded in 1987 as part of the joint seismic reflection venture DEKORP 1 of the DEKORP (German Deep Seismic Reflection Program) and BELCORP (Belgian Continental Reflection Seismic Program) project steering groups. It was surveyed to investigate the deep crustal structure of the western Rhenish Massif with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The objectives of the experiment were to analyse deep Variscan and post-Variscan crustal structures in the region and to compare them with the results from the eastern Rhenish Massif gathered from the survey DEKORP 2N. The first results were presented by DEKORP Research Group (1990, 1991) and supplemented by many other researches. The Technical Report of line 1A gives detailed information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Rhenohercynian Zone is a foreland fold-and-thrust belt cropping out in the Rhenish Massif which extends from the Ardennes to the Harz Mountains. This geological unit consists predominantly of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks affected by very low-grade metamorphism (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). The nearly NW-SE running survey 1A starts at the Dutch-Belgian border southeast of Maastricht on the southern flank of the London-Brabant Massif. The seismic line also crosses the northern rim of the Rhenish Massif passing through the Aachen Thrust, a part of the North Variscan Deformation Front. 1A runs over the Stavelot-Venn Anticline into the Northern Eifel intersecting the N-S trending axial depression of the Eifel North-South Zone nearly perpendicularly to its strike direction. The eastern flank of the depression was affected by volcanic activity of the High Eifel Volcanic Field during Early Tertiary times (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). Near Adenau the southern end of line 1A crosses the northern beginning of line DEKORP 1B, which proceeds through the Kelberg Magnetic High farther to the south.

Beschreibung: The data publication contains a dataset for fast assessment of earthquakes based on seismic waveforms. The dataset encompasses Northern Chile. Due to the large scale of the dataset, it is intended for use in machine learning. A similar dataset for chile has been published as Münchmeyer et al. (2020). A similar dataset for Japan can be obtained using the scripts at https://github.com/yetinam/TEAM The datasets are provided as a hdf5-file (Folk et al. 2011), a hierachical file format. Source code for reading and processing the data is available at https://github.com/yetinam/TEAM. The hdf5-file contains the two groups “metadata” and “data” that are described below. These groups are the hdf5-analog of folders in a file system.

Beschreibung: We present a compilation and analysis of 1099 Holocene relative shore-level (RSL) indicators including 867 relative sea-level data points and 232 data points from the Ancylus Lake and the following transitional phase from 10.7 to 8.5 ka BP located around the Baltic Sea. The spatial distribution covers the Baltic Sea and near-coastal areas fairly well, but some gaps remain mainly in Sweden. RSL data follow the standardized HOLSEA format and, thus, are ready for spatially comprehensive applications in, e.g., glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modelling. Sampling method The data set is a compilation of rather different samples from geological, geomorphological and archaeological studies. Most of the data was already published in different formats. In this compilation we homogenized the meta information of the available information according to the HOLSEA database format, https://www.holsea.org/archive-your-data, which is a modification of the recommendations given in Hijma et al. (2015). In addition to the reformatting, the majority of samples with radiocarbon dating were recalibrated with oxcal-software using the calib13 and marine13 curves. Furthermore, all sample descriptions were critically checked for consistency in positioning, levelling and indicative meaning by experts of the respective geographic region see Supplement 2. Analytical method In principle, it is a compilation, recalibration and revision of already published data. Data Processing Data of individual compilations were revised and imported into a relational database system. Therein, the data was transferred into the HOLSEA format by specified rules. By this procedure, a homogeneous categorisation was achieved without losing the original data. Also this is stored in the relational database system allowing for later updates of the transfer procedure or a recalibration of the data. Description of data table HOLSEA-baltic-yymmdd.xlsx The workbook in excel format contains 5 sheets, see https://www.holsea.org/archive-your-data: · Long-form, containing the complete information available for each sample · Short-form, a subset of attributes of the Long-form sheet · Radiocarbon, containing the radiocarbon dating information of the respective samples · U-series, a corresponding table containing the respective information of Uranium dating · References, a complete reference list of the primary publications in which the individual data sampling is described. All online sources for the compilation are included in the metadata. A full list of source references is provided in the data description file.

Beschreibung: KTB Borehole Measurements Data Magnetic Susceptibility and Magnetic Field Extensive borehole measurements were performed during the active drilling phase of the KTB pilot and main hole. The data report STR 21/03 KTB Borehole logging data contains the full description of the logging data given here. Please read it thoroughly to avoid inappropriate or wrong use of the data. The KTB borehole measurement data files contain the final processed versions of logging data from the two KTB boreholes: • KTB-Oberpfalz VB (KTB Vorbohrung/Pilot Hole or KTB-VB) • KTB-Oberpfalz HB (KTB Hauptbohrung/Main Hole or KTB-HB). Here only the acronyms KTB-VB and KTB-HB are used. In total there are 145 data files from the KTB-VB and 239 data files from the KTB-HB. All logs were run in open hole unless noted otherwise (see the file header). The maximum logging depth was 4001 m in the KTB-VB and 9085 m in the KTB-HB. The Magnetic Susceptibility (MSUS) and Magnetic Field data files comprise data from a magnetic susceptibility sonde from the university of Munich, and two magnetometer sondes from the university of Braunschweig (FML-BS) and of Schlumberger (GPIT). MSUS was only run in the KTB-VB. The Braunschweig magnetometer was run in both KTB boreholes and the GPIT only in the KTB-HB. The MSUS log and the magnetic field log in the KTB-VB are not depth corrected to the reference GR because the sondes had no GR sensor. Both types of magnetic field logs in the KTB-HB are depth corrected to the reference GR. The data are provided in ASCII format. Detailed descriptions are provided in the associated data report (STR 21/03, Kueck et al., 2021) and the KTB Borehole Measurements Catalog. Acknkowledgements: The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, as successor of the KTB Project Management provides the logging data, which were obtained under grants RG8604, RG8803 and RG 9001 of the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology of Germany.

Beschreibung: During the transpolar drifting campaign MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) of RV Polarstern (AWI, 2017), GNSS was used among other techniques to monitor variations in atmospheric water vapor. This dataset comprises the RINEX data tracked by a top-side GNSS antenna installed at the compass deck of RV Polarstern. The GNSS equipment was installed on July 4th, 2019. For logistical reasons, the receiver was switched off on October 3rd at a position very close to Ny Ålesund, Svalbard. According to the MOSAiC data guidelines, data for the following periods are not provided in this dataset: - September 12-26, 2019 - June 3-8, 2020 - October 2-3, 2020

Beschreibung: The data set contains stress-strain data of Carrara marble experimentally deformed in triaxial compression at temperatures of 20 – 800°C, confining pressures of 30 – 300 MPa, and strain rates between 10-3 and 10-6 s-1. This range covers conditions, at witch marble deforms in the semi-brittle regime, i.e., strength depends on all parameters, but with different sensitivity. Semi-brittle deformation behavior is expected to be important in the mid continental crust. The experiments were conducted in the Experimental Rock Deformation Laboratory of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The data are separated into 91 individual ASCII files, one for each sample. The corresponding temperature, pressure and strain rate conditions are listed in Tab. 1. of the data description and in the associated work by Rybacki et al. (submitted).

Beschreibung: The data are the numerical modeling results to investigate plume-induced subduction initation on which the figures of the paper "Plume-induced subduction initiation: single- or multi-slab subduction?" by Baes, Sobolev, Gerya and Brune are based. Detailed description on how they are obtained is given in that article (Baes et al., 2020). The naming of the files is based on the number of figures in the paper. Each zipped file contains input files (init.t3c and mode.t3c) and output files (*.vtr).

Beschreibung: This data set includes the results of digital image correlation of ten brittle-viscous experiments on crustal extension and four benchmark experiments performed at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (UB). The experiments demonstrate the differences in rift development in orthogonal versus rotation extension. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2019) to which this data set is supplementary. Additional background information concerning the general modelling approach are available in Zwaan et al. (2016). The data presented here consist of movies displaying digital image correlation (DIC) derived surface and internal displacement fields as well as profiles of the lateral cumulative surface displacements. Digital photographs of the experimental surface and digital image cross section of the computed CT-scans were analyzed with DIC (Adam et al., 2005, 2013) techniques to quantify displacements in the image plane at high precision (〈0.1 mm). DIC was undertaken with the software DaVis 8.0 (LaVision) applying 2D-DIC (FFT-legacy) multipass processing with a final interrogation window size of 32x32 (CT: 12x12) pixels and 50% (CT: 25%) overlap.

Beschreibung: This data set compiles the raw data used to evaluate the performance of the Goto & Matsubayashi model for continental sedimentary rocks ( Goto & Matsubayashi, 2009). It reports thermal diffusivity (α) and porosity (φ) data for two suites of rock, quartz sandstones of varying porosity and clastic and carbonate lithologies of variable porosity and modal mineralogy. The rock collection involves roughly 120 samples (from boreholes and outcrops) with porosities between 0 and 35%, on which the operability of the Goto & Matsubayashi modified geometric mean model (mGM) was evaluated and quantified. Our study confirms the operability of the mGM for consolidated quartz-rich sandstones and implies a reasonably good performance of this model also for mineralogically more complex sedimentary rocks. This model was also proven to be an appropriate tool to convert thermal diffusivity data obtained on air-saturated samples into such reflecting water-saturated conditions. Altogether, our study suggests that the mGM is suited to model thermal-diffusivity data of all types of sedimentary rock of whatever porosity and chemistry of the pore fluid. The data reported in this data publication are the basis for tables and plots published by Fuchs et al. (2020). Data are provided in tab-delimited text format and described in detail in the associated data description.

Beschreibung: This data collection provides digital access to data and publications of the KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) project. KTB was a very detailed, long-term Earth science investigation on the structure, dynamics and formation of the Central European crust in Northeastern Bavaria, Germany (Harms, Kück 2016). With geophysical sounding and ultra-deep drilling it elucidated a crustal block at the border of a micro-continental collision zones amalgamated during the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies. Major research themes were: i) the nature of geophysical structures and phenomena, ii) the crustal stress field and the brittle-ductile transition, iii) the thermal structure of the crust, iv) crustal fluids and transport processes, and v) structure and evolution of the central European Variscan basement. KTB started in 1982 with pre-site selection studies and scientific objective definition followed in 1985 by site selection studies including shallow boreholes. From 1987 to 1990 a pilot borehole of 4000 m depth was drilled and fluid tests and borehole studies were conducted. In 1990 started drilling of a so-called superdeep main borehole of 9101 m depth that was reached in 1994. Again, the final drilling phase was concluded with large-scale fluid and seismic experiments. The rocks drilled comprise metamorphic series of mafic volcanic, volcano-clastics as well as minor gabbroic to ultramafic rocks that are intercalated with leucocratic meta-sedimentary gneisses. They represent most likely a deeply subducted accretionary wedge mélange with a complex P-T-t history. The undisturbed bottom hole temperature is ~265°C.

Beschreibung: With this data, we expand the data set characterizing the Critical Zone geochemistry along the Chilean Coastal Cordillera provided by Oeser et al. (2018). This data set completes the results of bulk geochemical analysis of bedrock and regolith with those of bulk analysis of major plants and those of the bio-available fraction in saprolite and soil (determined using a modified sequential extraction method on bulk regolith samples after Arunachalam et al., 1996; He et al., 1995; Tessier et al., 1979). For all those compartments of the Earth’s Critical Zone, we further present 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios. A detailed graphical presentation and discussion of this data as well as method description is given in Oeser and von Blanckenburg (2020), Decoupling primary productivity from silicate weathering – how ecosystems regulate nutrient uptake along a climate and vegetation gradient. Using this data, we were thus, able to determine weathering rates and nutrient uptake along the “EarthShape” climate and vegetation gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera and to identify the sources of mineral nutrients to plants. Ultimately, we were able to budget inventories, gains and losses of nutritive elements in and out of these ecosystems and to quantify nutrient recycling. We found that the weathering rate does not increase from north to south along the climate gradient. Instead, the increase in biomass growth rate is accommodated by faster nutrient recycling. The absence of an increase in weathering rate in spite of a five-fold increase in precipitation led us to hypothesize that the presence of plants even negatively impacts weathering through reducing the water flow, inducing secondary-mineral formation, and fostering a microbial community specializing on nutrient-recycling rather than nutrient-acquisition through weathering. All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description in the internet.

Beschreibung: This data set is the sixth part of a series reporting chemical data for accessory minerals from felsic igneous rocks. It assembles the results of electron-microprobe spot analyses of monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) and zircon from the late-Variscan granites of the Fichtelgebirge/Smrčiny in the Saxothuringian Zone of the Variscan Orogen in Germany/ Czech Republic. The granites form an older, Namurian intrusive complex (OIC-p and OIC-e) and a younger, post-Westphalian intrusive complex (YIC-1 and YIC-2). Both complexes have distinct radioactive accessory-mineral assemblages and compositions. The OIC-p biotite monzogranites contain monazite-(Ce) and minor thorite, but apparently lack magmatic xenotime-(Y) and uraninite. The more evolved OIC-e two-mica granites bear monazite-(Ce) occasionally rich in Th (up to 21 wt% ThO2) and U (8 wt% UO2), xenotime-(Y) of moderate U content (〈 3.3 wt% UO2), and uraninite poor in Th and the REE. The most fractionated YIC Li-mica granites (YIC-2) may contain monazite extremely high in Th (40.5 wt% ThO2) and U (8.6 wt% UO2), which classify as cheralite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) rich in U (6.3 wt% UO2) and such with elevated Y/Ho ratios (up to 48), and also a Th–REE-poor uraninite. In these granites, zircon may contain up to 5 wt% HfO2 and display low, fractionated Zr/Hf ratios (down to 10).