ALBERT

Beschreibung: This dataset and code are related to artificial light emissions in the arctic area. They are a supplement to the report "Capabilities and limitations of advanced optical satellite missions for snow, vegetation, and artificial light source applications in Arctic areas".

Beschreibung: These data are supplementary material to Ziegler & Heidbach (2020) and present the results of a 3D geomechanical-numerical model of the stress state with quantified uncertainties. The average modelled stress state is provided for each of the six components of the full stress tensor. In addition, the associated standard deviation for each component is provided. The modelling approach uses a published lithological model and the used data is described in the publication Ziegler & Heidbach (2020). The reduced stress tensor is derived using the Tecplot Addon GeoStress (Stromeyer & Heidbach, 2017).The model results are provided in a comma-separated ascii file. Each line in the file represents one of the approx. 3 million finite elements that comprise the model.

Beschreibung: This dataset contains catchment average time series of five meteorological or hydrological parameters for 3872 hydrometric stations across Europe from 1960-2010. The parameters are: rainfall, soil moisture saturation, snowmelt, snow cover and convective conditions. All parameters have a daily resolution and were derived from a 0.11x0.11° reanalysis dataset. Daily averages were calculated from the pixels within each catchment, weighted by the fraction of pixel area that lies within the respective catchment. This dataset was originally created for the classification of floods by their generating process, but is also suitable for different hydrological studies.

Beschreibung: During the Egyptian 18th dynasty (c. 1550–1292 BC), cobalt ore was mined, processed and used as a colourant for glass, faience and blue-painted pottery. Co-coloured glass objects have a mid- to dark blue colour and were produced in order to imitate the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli. During this period, the glass objects were manufactured predominantly at two sites: Malqata (25°42'51.2"N 32°35'33.4"E) and Amarna (27°38'40.3"N 30°53'55.0"E). Major, minor and trace element concentration data from 38 blue glass objects from Amarna in the collection of Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection in Berlin are reported in this data publication. For comparison, glass objects from the same period and location, but of different colours (one red, two each of colourless, green and turquoise-blue glass) were analysed with the same method. These objects were originally brought to Berlin subsequent to the 1911–1914 excavations at Amarna carried out under the direction of Ludwig Borchardt on behalf of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft. Unfortunately, most of these have by now lost their specific finds location. In addition, two recent samples of cobalt ore from the region of Ain Asil, near the Dakhla oasis (25°30'59.6"N 29°09'59.8"E), were included in the analysis.

Beschreibung: The dataset presents the electron density derived using the Neural-network-based Upper hybrid Resonance Determination (NURD) algorithm (Zhelavskaya et al., 2016) from plasma wave measurements made with the Van Allen Probes Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) (Kletzing et al., 2013). The method employs feedforward neural networks to derive the upper hybrid resonance frequency from the electric field measurements, and hence electron density, in an automated fashion. The dataset contains electron density for the period from October 1, 2012 to January 14, 2018 for RBSP-A and from October 1, 2012 to July 1, 2016 for RBSP-B (RBSP = Radiation Belt Storm Probes). For convenience, the density data are organized in two ways: in terms of orbits and in terms of days. Directories ../../Orbits_organization/ and ../../Days_organization/ contain files with densities per orbit and per day, respectively. Data are provided in .txt and .cdf formats. Data in .mat format are available at ftp://ftp.gfz-potsdam.de/home/rbm/NURD/. For more information on directory organization and files description, please refer to the associated data description and Zhelaskaya et al. (2016).

Beschreibung: The dataset is composed of AisaEAGLE airborne hyperspectral imagery data acquired during the AIRMETH2016 campaign on August 27th, 2016 within the Toolik Lake Natural Research Area on the Alaskan North Slope. The Toolik Lake Research Natural Area is representative of the North Slope physiographic province of the Southern Arctic Foothills (Walker et al., 1989). Dominant vegetation types are dictated by soil moisture and geology and include moist tussock tundra, wet sedge meadows, and dry upland heaths. The dataset includes three flight lines with 130 spectral bands ranging from VIS to NIR (451.7 – 897 nm) wavelength regions. The dataset also includes Level 2A EnMAP simulated imagery using the end-to-end Simulation tool (EeteS) with 78 bands from VIS to NIR (423 – 903 mn). The overall goal of the campaign was to acquire airborne imagery over the Toolik Vegetation grid encompassing 94 permanent 1 x 1 m vegetation plots where corresponding, comprehensive multi-seasonal spectral reflectance, photosynthetic pigment, and detailed species composition data exists. The remote sensing data are highly novel and can be used for vegetation mapping of species composition, plant biomass, and photosynthetic activity.

Beschreibung: This interactive webpage contains supplementary information for the publication by Kühn et al. 2020: "Probabilistic moment tensor inversion for hydrocarbon-induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field, the Netherlands, part 1: testing". It allows for an easy comparison between the various tests of inversion parameters and velocity models described for the analysis of the 11th of March 2017 Zeerijp ML 2.1 earthquake on the event induced in the Groningen gas field (Netherlands). Inversion runs collected here comprise the parameters employed for inversion (Problem Config), the inversion results and error estimates (Parameter Results) as well as a multitude of figures.

Beschreibung: Decades of photogrammetric records at Bezymianny, one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, allow unveiling morphological changes, eruption and intrusion dynamics, erosion, lava and tephra deposition processes. This data publication releases an almost 7-decade long record, retrieved from airborne, satellite, and UAV platforms. The Kamchatkan Institute of Volcanology and Seismology released archives of high-resolution aerial images acquired in 1967-2013. We complemented the aerial datasets with 2017 Pleiades tri-stereo satellite and UAV images. The images were processed using Erdas Imagine and Photomod software. Here we publish nine quality-controlled point clouds in LAS format referenced to the WGS84 (UTM zone 57N). By comparing the point clouds we were able to describe topographic changes and calculate volumetric differences, details of which were further analyzed in Shevchenko et al. (2020, https://doi.org/...). The ~5-decade-long photogrammetric record was achieved by 8 aerial and 1 satellite-UAV datasets. The 8 sets of near nadir aerial photographs acquired in 1967, 1968, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1994, 2006, and 2013 were taken with various photogrammetry cameras dedicated for topographic analysis, specifically the AFA 41-10 camera (1967, 1968, 1976, and 1977; focal length = 99.086 mm), the TAFA 10 camera (1982 and 1994; focal length = 99.120 mm), and the AFA TE-140 camera (2006 and 2013; focal length = 139.536 mm). These analog cameras have all an 18×18 cm frame size. The acquisition flight altitude above the mean surface of Bezymianny varied from 1,500-2,500 m above mean surface elevation, translating up to 〉5,000 m above sea level. For photogrammetric processing, we used 3-4 consecutive shots that provided a 60-70% forward overlap. The analog photo negatives were digitized by scanning with Epson Perfection V750 Pro scanner in a resolution of 2,400 pixels/inch (approx. pixel (px) size = 0.01 mm). The mean scale within a single photograph depends on the distance to the surface and corresponds on average to 1:10,000-1:20,000. Thus, each px in the scanned image represents about 10-20 cm resolution on the ground. The coordinates of 12 ground control points were derived from a Theo 010B theodolite dataset collected at geodetic benchmarks during a 1977 fieldwork. These benchmarks were established on the slopes of Bezymianny before the 1977 aerial survey and then captured with the AFA 41-10 aerial camera. The most recent was a satellite dataset acquired on 2017-09-09 by the PHR 1B sensor aboard the Pleiades satellite (AIRBUS Defence & Space) operated by the French space agency (CNES). The forward, nadir and backward camera configuration allows revisiting any point on earth and was tasked for the acquisition of Bezymianny to provide a 0.5 m resolution panchromatic imagery dataset. In order to improve the Pleiades data, we complemented them with UAV data collected on 2017-07-29 with DJI Mavic Pro during fieldwork at Bezymianny. This data publication includes a description of the data (in pdf format) and the nine processed and controlled three-dimensional point clouds (in LAS format). The point clouds can be easily interpolated and imported into most open and commercially available geographic information system (GIS) software. Further details on data and data handling are provided in Shevchenko et al. (2020).

Beschreibung: The Central Rift in Kenya (CRK) comprises the lakes Naivasha, Elementaita and Nakuru and the Longonot, Eburru and Menengai volcanos. The alkaline magmas, produced by the volcanoes within the CRK, lead to solid rocks likes trachytes, phonolites, and fewer basalts and accompanied soft rocks like ashes, tuffs, pumices and ignimbrites (e.g. Macdonald et al., 1987; Macdonald, 2014). Lacustrine sediments and beds of diatoms are remnants of former lake level variations caused by climate variability and topographic changes (e.g. Stoof-Leichsenring et al., 2011). The samples have been taken within the frame of a VW-Foundation funded project that tries to detect, map and monitor groundwater pollution from anthropogenic and natural sources. For a previous VW-Foundation funded project (grant 85465), also the groundwater fluoride enrichment in the CRK have been studied (Olaka et al., 2016).

Beschreibung: This data set includes digital image correlation data from thirteen analogue earthquakes generated by means of an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach. The data consists of grids of 3D static coseismic surface displacements. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 8 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the control of geodetic coverage on the slip inversion problem can be found in Kosari et al. (in review) to which this data set is supplementary material. We use an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2017) to generate a catalogue of analogue megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019). To monitor surface deformation of the wedge analogue model a stereoscopic set of two CCD cameras (LaVision Imager pro X 11MPx, 14 bit) monitors images the wedge surface continuously at 2.5 Hz. To derive observational data similar to those from geodetic techniques, i.e. velocities at the location on the surface, we use digital image correlation (DIC, Adam et al., 2005) to derive the 3D incremental surface displacement (or velocity) at high spatial resolution (〈 0.1 mm). The time series of incremental surface displacement data was calculated using LaVision Davis 8 software. The result is an evenly spaced grid of vectors per time step, oriented parallel with respect to the principal dimensions of the box.

Beschreibung: Strokkur_1yr is a one year seismological experiment realized at the most active geyser on Iceland by Eva Eibl (University of Potsdam) in collaboration with Thomas R. Walter, Phillippe Jousset, Torsten Dahm, Masoud Allahbakhshi, Daniel Müller from GFZ Potsdam and Gylfi P. Hersir from ISOR Iceland. The geyser is part of the Haukadalur geothermal area in south Iceland, which contains numerous geothermal anomalies, hot springs, and basins (Walter et al., 2018). Strokkur is a pool geyser and has a silica sinter edifice with a water basin on top, which is about 12 m in diameter with a central tube of more than 20 m depth. The aim of the seismic experiment is to monitor eruptions of Strokkur geyser from June 2017 to June 2018 using four broadband seismic stations (Nanometrics Trillium Compact Posthole 20 s). Sensors were buried 30–40 cm deep in the ground at distances of 38.8 m (G4, SE), 47.3 m (G3, SW), 42.5 m (G2, N), and 95.5 m (G1, NE) from Strokkur center. Data gaps represent 15–44 % of the records as during the winter period maintenance intervals were longer and battery drainage was high. However, at any given time, at least one station recorded the eruptions. From this dataset, converted to MSEED using Pyrocko, a catalogue of 70,000 eruptions was determined and further investigated in Eibl et al. (2020). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 7L.

Beschreibung: The dataset contains hyperspectral imagery acquired during airplane overflights on 8th September 2016 consisting of 242 spectral bands, ranging from VIS to SWIR (423 - 2438 nm) wavelength regions. It covers an area of about 78 km² which is dominated by beech and oak forests. The flight campaign was part of several flight campaigns within the EnMAP project and focused on hyperspectral analysis of plant physiology in deciduous and coniferous forests in the Gerolstein region in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Beschreibung: The West Bohemian Massif as part of the geodynamically active European Cenozoic Rift System is characterised by ongoing magmatic processes in the intra-continental lithospheric mantle. A series of phenomena such as massive degassing of CO2 and repeated earthquake swarms make the Eger Rift a unique target area for European intra-continental geo-scientific research. The ICDP project "Drilling the Eger Rift" was funded to study the field of earthquake-fluid-rock-biosphere interaction. In the framework of this ICDP project, magnetotelluric (MT) experiments have been conducted to image the subsurface distribution of the electrical conductivity down to depths of several tens of kilometres as the electrical conductivity is particularly sensitive to the presence of high-conductive phases such as aqueous fluids, partial melts or metallic compounds. Based on recent MT experiments in 2015/2016, Munoz et al. (2018) presented 2D images of the electrical conductivity structure along a NS profile across the Eger Rift. It reveals a conductive channel at the earthquake swarm region that extend from the lower crust to the surface forming a pathway for fluids up to the region of the mofettes. A second conductive channel is present in the south of the model. Due to the given station setup along a profile, the resulting 2D inversion allows ambiguous interpretations of this feature. As 3D inversion is required to distinguish between the different interpretations, we conducted another MT field experiment at the end of 2018. This data publication (10.5880/GIPP-MT. 201810 .1) encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: The dataset presented here is an earthquake catalog for the Central Sea of Marmara (Turkey) obtained by applying a matched-fliter technic to continuous waveforms. The magnitude of completeness of this catalog is Mc=1.1. We use as templates events published by national agencies (KOERI and AFAD). The matched-fliter technic is described in Bentz et al. (2020). The column of the data file are: event ID, Year, Month, Day, Hour, Minute, Seconds, Matlab time (serial time), Latitude (dec.degrees), Longitude (dec.degrees), Depth (km), Magnitude, Cross-correlation coefficient (CC), Template ID, MAD(ratio between CC and median absolution of daily correlogram), Quality flag The ZIP files contains configuration files for ph2dt and HypoDD applications together with input phase and seismic network data.

Beschreibung: We study the crustal structure of Sri Lanka by analyzing data from a temporary seismic network deployed in 2016-2017 (Seneviratne et al., 2016) to shed light on the amalgamation process from the geophysical perspective. Rayleigh wave phase dispersion from ambient noise cross-correlation and receiver functions were jointly inverted using a transdimensional Bayesian approach (Bodin et al., 2012, Dreiling et al., 2019).

Beschreibung: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP, 1997-2015) to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. The Geodetic Observatory Pecný (GOPE) is located in the Czech Republic, about 40 km south-east of Prague, in the Central Bohemian hilly land at the elevation of about 500 m. It is surrounded by a mixed wood. Except for one local road the next nearest local road is about 1 km apart, the nearest railway is 5.2 km, the nearest village 1 km (Ondřejov). The bigger river (Sázava) flows through the valley at a distance of 5 km from the observatory at the height of about 300 m. No construction or other technological works (mines, industrial plants etc.) run either in the close surroundings or at longer distance. The hill Pecný is in the old metamorphic paleozoic synclinal zone of the Čerčany Chlum neighbouring with the Central Bohemian granitic massif and the perm massif of Černý Kostelec. From the geological point of view, GOPE was established in very stable region. GOPE is operated by the Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography (RIGTC) and was established in 1957. GOPE has been involved in tidal observations with spring gravimeters since the early seventies of the last century, cooperation with the International Center for Earth Tides (ICET) has been dated since 1990. GOPE belongs to the core stations of ECGN - European Combined Geodetic Network, established by the EUREF IAG Subcommission. Since February 2007, the observatory type of one sphere superconducting gravimeter OSG-050 was running in the old gravimetric laboratory (OGL) of GOPE located in the cellar of the main building of GOPE (Latitude: 49.9137 N, Longitude: 14.7856 E, Elevation: 534.58 m), about 1.8 m under the ground of the surrounding relief. Almost uninterrupted 10-year time series of gravity record with OSG-050 has been carried out till October 2017, when the OSG-050 has been moved to the new gravimetric laboratory (NGL) situated in the top of the hill Pecný, less than 100 m from OGL. NGL (Latitude: 49.9141 N, Longitude: 14.7868 E, Elevation: 545.10 m) provides 3 concrete pillars in the ground level, which are founded to the bedrock (4 m below the ground). Two pillars are used for repeated observations with absolute gravimeters (AG) and in the third pillar, located in a separate room, the OSG-050 is running continuously. All rooms are thermally stabilized by air-conditioning systems. Due to the excellent stability of the station and the facilities to inter-compare different AGs, the GOPE was developed as a regional comparison site which serves as a reference for the Czech Gravimetric Network. Since 2001, repeated absolute measurements with interval of one month have been carried out in OGL and later in NGL to achieve continuous drift-free gravity time series by combination of absolute and superconducting data. At the area of the station, meteorological (precipitation, air temperature, humidity, air pressure) and hydrological (ground water and soil moisture) parameters are measured by different sensors. These data are available through auxiliary data in the IGETS database. Raw gravity and local atmospheric pressure records sampled at second and the same records decimated at 1‐minute samples are provided as Level 1 products of the IGETS network.

Beschreibung: The Central Andean orogeny is caused by the subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South-American continental plate. In Particular, the Southern Central Andes (SCA, 27°-40°S) are characterized by a strong N-S and E-W variation in the crustal deformation style and intensity. Despite being the surface geology relatively well known, the information on the deep structure of the upper plate in terms of its thickness and density configurations is still scarcely constrained. Previous seismic studies have focused on the crustal structure of the northern part of the SCA (~27°-33°S) based upon 2D cross-sections, while 3D crustal models centred on the South-American or the Nazca Plate have been published with lower resolution. To gain insight into the present-day state of the lithosphere in the area, we derived a 3D model that is consistent with both the available geological and seismic data and with the observed gravity field. The model consists on a continental plate with sediments, a two-layer crust and the lithospheric mantle being subducted by an oceanic plate. The model extension covers an area of 700 km x 1100 km, including the orogen, the forearc and the forelands.

Beschreibung: The Atacama Fault System (AFS) in N-Chile is a complex fault system with a variety of fault segments showing different degrees of activity. Initiated as a trench-linked fault system during the Jurassic it is now exposed in the Coastal Cordillera in the forearc of the Nazca-South America convergent plate margin. Fault scarps and surface ruptures indicate varying degrees of reactivation of this fault system that most likely roots into the subduction zone interface at the downdip end of coupling. Therefore, the interaction of these two systems is evident though not well understood. The active fault database for the northernmost segment of the Atacama Fault System (AFS) is the result of creating a comprehensive catalogue of active faults in the forearc to investigate activity patterns of the forearc in relation with megathrust segmentation and upper plate seismicity in the Coastal Cordillera of N-Chile (19°12’S - 25°12’S). The dataset has been compiled in Arc-GIS and is available as .mpk as well as .kmz formats to be visualised in Google Earth. The activity patterns are mapped according to a well-defined set of criteria (see below). The database for activity starts out from a thorough literature review and is supplemented by new evidences combining interpretation of remote sensing data, field work and upper plate seismicity from the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory in Chile (IPOC) (Sippl et al., 2018) and a local seismic catalogues covering the area of the Salar Grande segment (Bloch et al., 2014). It also includes the available age data of offset geological units as references to bracket the chronology of fault activity. Fault activity for this study has been defined according to the Quaternary fault and fold database of the United States (https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/faults?qt-science_support_page_related_con=4#qt-science_support_page_related_con), but is subject to significant error due to slow slip rates (〈 0.2mm/yr), few chronologically constrained fault offsets and lack of historically or instrumentally observed earthquakes along the fault segments. Therefore, this database does not have the aim to serve as active fault database for seismic hazard assessment. It has been created with the clear aim to serve as database for general aspects of upper plate fault reactivation in relation with the megathrust seismic cycle and megathrust segmentation. This publication is part of an ongoing study investigating the interaction of megathrust segmentation with activity patterns in the overriding forearc.

Beschreibung: Despite the amount of research focused on the Alpine orogen, significant unknowns remain regarding the thermal field and long term lithospheric strength in the region. Previous published interpretations of these features primarily concern a limited number of 2D cross sections, and those that represent the region in 3D typically do not conform to measured data such as wellbore or seismic measurements. However, in the light of recently published higher resolution region specific 3D geophysical models, that conform to secondary data measurements, the generation of a more up to date revision of the thermal field and long term lithospheric yield strength is made possible, in order to shed light on open questions of the state of the orogen. The study area of this work focuses on a region of 660 km x 620 km covering the vast majority of the Alps and their forelands, with the Central and Eastern Alps and the northern foreland being the best covered regions.

Beschreibung: The data publication contains a dataset for fast assessment of earthquakes and early warning based on seismic waveforms. The dataset encompasses Italy and surrounding refions. Due to the large scale of the dataset, it is intended for use in machine learning. A similar dataset for Japan, with the same specifications as the one provided in this data publications, can be obtained using the scripts at https://github.com/yetinam/TEAM

Beschreibung: In January 2020, a swarm of earthquakes started under Thorbjorn volcano, Reykjanes, SW Iceland, associated to the uplift of up to 0.5 cm per day. Concern in Iceland is growing and the Iceland Meteorological Office suggested that possibly magma was intruded in the crust at shallow depth (3 to 9 km). The GFZ is starting a seismological Hazard and Risk Team (HART) in cooperation with IMO, ISOR and the University of Iceland. This dataset comprise a selection of waveforms recorded along a fibre length of 21 km. The interrogator is located in Grindavik and is connected to a standard telecom cable. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 5J.

Beschreibung: The DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” (www.earthshape.net, short description of the project below) installed a meteorological station network consisting of four stations between ~}26 °S to {~38 °S in the Coastal Cordillera of Chile, South America. The stations are intended to provide baseline meteorological data along the climate and ecological gradient investigated in the EarthShape program. The stations are located in the EarthShape study areas, encompassing desert, semi-desert, mediterranean, and temperate climate zones. Each station is configured to include sensors that record precipitation at ground level, radiation at 2.8 m height, wind at 3 m height, 25 cm depth soil temperature, soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity, 2 m air temperature and relative humidity, and barometric pressure at 30-minute intervals. The data recording started in March/April 2016. The EarthShape project runs until December 2021. Data collection will continue until that date, and potentially longer depending on available funds. This publication provides two sets of data: raw data and processed data. The raw data contains 2 file types per meteorological station: (1) all measured parameters of the whole dataset measured in 30 minutes intervals as downloaded from the station. Furthermore, we provide (2) one table per station of high-resolution precipitation events, measured in 5 min. intervals that were triggered during rain events at each station. The processed data consists of a continuous timeseries of observations since the activation of each station. The processing consists of the exclusion of erroneous data, caused by maintenance of the weather-stations and sporadic malfunction of sensors detected during data screening. The excluded data is communicated in a logfile (excel table), comments from data screening, solar eclipse and others are summarized in history files (ASCII ). the full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file (Data description file).

Beschreibung: SEVA is a scalable exploration tool that supports users to conduct change detection based on optical Sentinel-2 satellite observations. It supports the following essential steps of change detection: a) exploration and selection of optical satellite images to recognize proper data for the current application scenario, b) automated extraction of changes from the optical satellite images, c) analysis of errors and d) assessment and interpretation of the extracted changes.

Beschreibung: We are providing the geophysical data used to develop a gravity validated 3D lithospheric configuration of the Caribbean and north South American plates. The sources of these data are described in Section 4 of this README. Republication of subsets of these data are with permission of the authors or allowed by the licences of the input data. This data repository contains the lithospheric layers of the gravity validated 3D structural and density model of the Caribbean and north South American plates. In this model, the integration of different publicly available geophysical datasets was made, after an interpolation to a homogeneous spatial resolution of 25 km was performed. The data repository also contains the average density of the crystalline crust obtained after forward modelling the gravity anomalies. Additionally, the rotation files of the GPlates reconstructions of the Caribbean Large Igneous Plateau (CLIP) back to 90 Ma are included. This kinematic analysis was based on different reconstructions previously published by other authors. Further information and citations are given on the README file associated to this data repository.

Beschreibung: This dataset provides rheometric data of three viscous materials used for centrifuge experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of CNR-IGG at the Earth Sciences Department of the University of Florence (Italy). The first material, PP45, is a mixture of a silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS SGM36) and plasticine (Giotto Pongo). The PDMS is produced by Dow Corning and its characteristics are described by e.g. Rudolf et al. 2016a,b). Giotto Pongo is produced by FILA (Italy). Both components are mixed following a weight ratio of 100:45, and the final mixture has a density of 1520 kg m3. The second material, SCA705 is a mixture of Dow Corning 3179 putty, mixed with fine corundum sand and oleic acid with a weight ratio of 100:70:05 and a resulting density of 1660 kg m3. The final material, SCA7020 consists of the same components as SCA705, but with a slightly higher oleic acid content reflected in the weight ratio of 100:70:20. The mixture’s density is 1620 kg m3. The material samples have been analyzed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a plate-plate configuration at room temperature (20˚C). Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10-4 to 1 s-1 were performed. Additional temperature tests were run with shear rates between 10-2 to 10-1 s-1 for a temperature range between 15 and 30˚C. According to our rheometric analysis, the materials all exhibit shear thinning behavior, with high power law exponents (n-number) for strain rates below 10-2s-1, while power law exponents are lower above that threshold.For PP45, the respective n-numbers are 4.8 and 2.6, for SCA705 6.7 and 1.5, and for SCA7020 9.1 and 2.0. The temperature tests show decreasing viscosities with increasing temperatures with rates of -3.8, -1.4 and -1.9% per ˚K for PP45, SCA705 and SCA7020, respectively. An application of the materials tested can be found in Zwaan et al. (2020).

Beschreibung: Magmatic volatiles can be considered as the surface fingerprint of active volcanic systems, both during periods of quiescent and eruptive volcanic activity. The spatial variability of gas emissions at Earth’s surface is a proxy for structural discontinuities in the subsurface of volcanic systems. We conducted extensive and regular spaced soil gas surveys within the Los Humeros geothermal field to improve the understanding of the structural control on fluid flow. Surveys at different scales were performed with the aim to identify areas of increased gas emissions on reservoir scale, their relation to unknown/knows volcano-tectonic structures on fault scale favoring fluid flow, and determine the origin of gas emissions. Herein, we show results from a carbon dioxide efflux scouting survey, which was performed across the main geothermal production zone together with soil temperature measurements. We identified five areas with increased carbon dioxide emissions, where further sampling was performed with denser sampling grids to understand the fault zone architecture and local variations in gas emissions. We show that a systematic sampling approach on reservoir scale is necessary for the identification and assessment of major permeable fault segments. The combined processing of CO2 efflux and carbon/helium isotopes facilitated the detection of permeable structural segments with a connection to the deep, high-temperature geothermal reservoir, also in areas with low to intermediate carbon dioxide emissions. The results of this study complement existing geophysical datasets and define further promising areas for future exploration activities in the north- and southwestern sector of the production field. The data are presented as one zip folder with 4 data tables (tab delimited text format) according to the measurement variable. The columns are defined in each data file.

Beschreibung: The Regional Research Network „Water in Central Asia“ (CAWa) funded by the German Federal Foreign Office consists of 19 remotely operated multi-parameter stations (ROMPS) in Central Asia. These stations were installed by the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) in Potsdam, Germany in close cooperation with the Central-Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences (CAIAG) in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, the national hydrometeorological services in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, the Ulugh Beg Astronomical Institute in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, and the Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan. The primary objective of these stations is to support the establishment of a reliable data basis of meteorological and hydrological data especially in remote areas with extreme climate conditions in Central Asia for applications in climate and water monitoring. Up to now, ten years of data are provided for an area of scarce station distribution and with limited open access data which can be used for a wide range of scientific or engineering applications. This dataset provides different types of raw hydrometeorological data such as air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, solar radiation, soil moisture and soil temperature as well as snow parameters and river discharge information for selected sites. The data has not undergone any quality control mechanism and should, therefore, be seen as raw data. A visual inspection of the data set has been made and some errors and quality degradation are listed in Zech et al. (2020) but does not claim to be complete. A quality control is strongly recommended by the authors before using the data. Each station data has its own storage directory at the data dissemination server named with the abbreviation (4-letter code) of the station. The data is sampled with a 5-minute interval and stored in hourly files separated by the type of data. These files are then archived as monthly files named with the station abbreviation, type of data, year and month. After one year, these monthly files are further archived to a yearly file. A detailed description for the stations is provided by the Station Exposure Descriptions. Further information about the dataset can be found in Zech et al. (2020). All data is compiled as ASCII data in two different formats which are explained in the documents GITW-SSP-FMT-GFZ-003.pdf (for the stations ALAI, ALA6, and SARY) and CAWA-SSP-FMT-GFZ-006.pdf (for all other stations). Monthly, the data will be dynamically extended as long as data can be acquired from the stations. Additionally, the near real-time data can be displayed and downloaded without any registration from the Sensor Data Storage System (SDSS) hosted at the Central-Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences (CAIAG) in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

Beschreibung: This data publication includes detrital remanent magnetisation data of glacial sediments from the Arkhangelsky Ridge in the SE Black Sea. In order to test the acquisition of a detrital remanent magnetization (DRM) in glacial Black Sea sediments material from ca. 800 ml of diluted mud with a density of 1.3 gcm-3 was successively redeposited into seven plastic boxes under controlled magnetic field conditions. A two-component coil system was used to adjust the magnetic field in horizontal (H, equal to magnetic NS) and vertical (V) direction. Total field strength for each experiment with seven samples was varied between 1.72 and 114.21 µT (1st column of data sheet), mostly opposite to the ambient field in the laboratory. Compaction (partial drying) of the diluted mud was accomplished by evaporation of a fraction of the pore water. Sample boxes were sited on a wooden platform. Vibration of the platform, excited by an old computer fan with an imbalance hanging below the platform, was intended both to promote alignment of magnetic particles parallel to the field set by the coils and to force settling of the sediments during partial drying. The majority of the samples were treated this way, entry ‘vibr.’ in column ‘action’ of data sheet. A smaller portion of the samples were created on ‘still’ platform, that is, without vibration. Samples were treated the following way: Measurements of low-field magnetic susceptibility (k-bulk) were performed with an AGICO MFK-1S susceptibility meter. Measurements of the detritral remanent magnetization (DRM) and of the anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) were performed with a 2G 755 SRM long-core cryogenic magnetometer. The ARM was imparted with a 2G660 single-axis alternating field (AF) demagnetizer using 100 mT alternating field and 50 µT static field. After ARM measurements, samples produced on vibrating platform also were imparted a ‘strong’ ARM (sARM) using 100 mT alternating field and 150 µT static field. DRM and (s)ARM both were stepwise demagnetized with the in-line 3-axes AF demagnetizer of the cryogenic magnetometer, applying steps of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 65, 80, 100 mT AF peak amplitude. Iso-thermal remanent magnetizations (IRM) were imparted with a 2G 660 pulse magnetizer using 1500 mT for producing a saturation magnetization and -200 mT for remagnetization of the low-coercive fraction. Measurements were performed with a Molyneux spinner magnetometer. The data are provided as ASCII table and are described in Nowaczyk et al. (2020) and the associated data description file.

Beschreibung: In eastern Hesse and western Thuringia, Germany hosts significant potassium-bearing salt deposits industrially excavated in the Werra-Fulda mining district. The salt belongs to the upper Permian (Zechstein) and was deposited around 258 to 252.5 Ma ago. In the Werra-Fulda mining district, the halite rocks (Werra-Rocksalt, z1NA) contain two minable potash seams, potash Seam Thüringen (z1KTh) and potash Seam Hessen (z1KHe), with an average thickness between 2 m and 3 m (Figure 1). To investigate the chemical and isotopic composition of the gas phase of Seam Hessen, gaseous samples were collected from five, 2-meter deep, horizontal boreholes drilled in the potash horizon which is mined at a depth of 540 m. About 4 weeks in advance of the gas sampling, the packer-closed boreholes were evacuated to about 3kPa and the pressure gradient inside the holes was continuously monitored in the boreholes D1 to D5. Selected gas samples were analyzed for their noble gas isotopic composition and the δ13C values of CO2 and CH4. The noble gas isotopic compositions were determined using a VG 5400 noble gas mass spectrometer after purification in a preparation line. The carbon isotope compositions were analysed with a GC-IRMS, comprising a GC 6890N connected to a GC-C/TC III combustion device and coupled to a MAT 253 mass spectrometer. The standard deviation of the δ13C values (in ‰ vs. VPDB) is ± 0.5 ‰.

Beschreibung: The Proterozoic Carpentaria province in northern Australia comprises several of the wordl's largest Zn-Pb massive sulphide deposits. These deposits are mostly hosted in fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, which have been affected by variable degrees of tectonic overprint, especially to the south of the district. Three of these world class clastic-dominated (CD-type) Zn-Pb deposits (George Fisher, Hilton, and Mount Isa) are hosted in siltstones and mudstones of the Urquhart Shale Formation (ca. 1654 Ma; southern Carpentaria Province). The hydrothermal alteration footprint of these CD-type systems is not well constrained, which complicates exploration for and discovery of new CD-type Zn-Pb deposits. A major caveat to understanding such footprints is the availability of suitable correlative host rock lithologies, which represent the un-mineralized protolith (background composition). In this study, we report whole rock lithogeocheochemical and mineralogical data from drill-holes that intersected the main ore bodies at the George Fisher deposit and from correlative un-mineralized Urquhart Shale. These data were combined with petrographic observations in order to (1) establish the detrital, authigenic, and diagenetic background composition of the Paleoproterozoic Urquhart Shale Formation, and to (2) evaluate mineralogical and associated chemical mass changes that resulted from the hydrothermal event(s) at the George Fisher deposit. This data report includes bulk rock major, minor, and trace element composition, as well as S, TOC, total C, CO2, Cgra concentrations, and mineralogical composition of 41 samples from the un-mineralized Urquhart Shale Formation and 70 samples from the George Fisher deposit. The data were generated using X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LECO, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Access to drill cores was granted by Mount Isa Mines (MIM) George Fisher operation and Mount Isa Mines Resource Development; the respective MIM drill core IDs and depths of individual samples are reported in the data table. For further details see: Rieger et al. (2020 - WHEN AVAILABLE)

Beschreibung: Within the European Union FAMOS project, GFZ performed two gravimetry campaigns on commercial ferries in the Baltic Sea in 2017 and 2018. The nature of such “non-dedicated” campaigns is different from “dedicated” campaigns which are performed on research vessels with tracks planned according to gravity measurement needs. The non-dedicated campaigns use non-survey vessels (e.g. ferries) or survey vessels running for other purposes (e.g. hydrographic measurements). Measurements conducted on such conditions may require additional corrections besides the typical marine gravimetry corrections. We investigated two additional corrections, namely the vertical accelerations due to the motion of the ferry in the vertical direction and the dynamical effect due to the cross-coupling between horizontal and vertical acceleration components. To assess the usefulness of non-dedicated campaigns, we analysed gravity measurements collected on two commercial ferries and demonstrated that the standard processing without the above mentioned two corrections, as used in dedicated campaigns, already delivers good quality end products that fulfil the requirements of a typical marine gravimetry survey with an uncertainty of about 1 mGal for a much lower cost. Therefore, the data published in this contribution is a product of the same algorithm we use for dedicated campaign measurements. Based on our findings, we suggest that gravimetry campaigns on commercial ferries can be used to complement dedicated marine gravimetry campaigns and contribute to geodetic purposes.

Beschreibung: During the 2018 “Mackenzie Delta Permafrost Field Campaign” (mCan2018), a test campaign within the “Modular Observation solutions for Earth Systems” (MOSES) program, ambient seismic noise recordings at the sea bottom were acquired along two 300 m long transects from the shoreline to shallow marine area close to Tuktoyaktuk Island (Canada). In total, 21 measurements were taken. Raw data is provided in proprietary “Cube” format and standard mseed format.

Beschreibung: Magnetotellurics (MT) is a geophysical deep sounding tool that can help decipher the deep hydrology and geology of Antarctica, in concert with more established and already applied geophysical methods, such as seismology, gravity, and magnetics. Electrical conductivity is an important physical parameter to identify properties of rocks and, perhaps more importantly, constituents within, such as fluids or mineralisation. The unique conditions of Antarctica, which is largely covered with ice cause technical issues, particularly with the electric field recordings, as highly resistive snow and ice at surface of Antarctica hampers contact of the E-field sensors (telluric electrodes) with the ground. The project was a feasibility study to address this principal problem and to test modified MT equipment of the Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) in the vicinity of the Neumayer Station III (NMIII) on the Ekström Ice Shelfon. This data publication encompasses a detailed report in .pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: The profile 1C was recorded in 1988 as part of the joint reflection venture DEKORP 1 of DEKORP (German Deep Seismic Reflection Program) and BELCORP (Belgian Continental Reflection Seismic Program) groups. The seismic survey of the ca. 75-km long line 1C was conducted to investigate the deep crustal structure of the western Rhenish Massif with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The objectives of the experiment were to analyse deep Variscan and post-Variscan crustal structures in the region and to compare them with the results from the eastern Rhenish Massif gathered from the survey DEKORP 2N. The first results were presented by DEKORP Research Group (1991) and supplemented by many other researches. The Technical Report of line 1C gives detailed information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Rhenohercynian Zone is a foreland fold-and-thrust belt cropping out in the Rhenish Massif which extends from the Ardennes to the Harz Mountains. This geological unit consists predominantly of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks affected by very low-grade metamorphism (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). The survey 1C was carried out in the western part of the Rhenish Massif and intersects the Variscan main structures almost perpendicular. It stretches from the Mosel Syncline to the Saar-Nahe Basin (WNW-ESE) crossing the Devonian metamorphic rocks of the Hunsrueck Mountains, the Northern Phyllite Zone and the Hunsrueck Boundary Fault separating the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian Zones. In the northwest 1C joins line 1B which runs through the Hocheifel area. In the southeast the line continues with 9N running across the northern part of the Upper Rhine Graben.

Beschreibung: The 50 km long profile 1B was recorded in 1987 as part of the joint reflection venture DEKORP 1 of DEKORP (German Deep Seismic Reflection Program) and BELCORP (Belgian Continental Reflection Seismic Program) groups. It was surveyed to investigate the deep crustal structure of the western Rhenish Massif with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The objectives of the experiment were to analyse deep Variscan and post-Variscan crustal structures in the region and to compare them with the results from the eastern Rhenish Massif gathered from the survey DEKORP 2N. The first results were presented by DEKORP Research Group (1990, 1991) and supplemented by many other researches. The Technical Report of line 1B gives detailed information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Rhenohercynian Zone is a foreland fold-and-thrust belt cropping out in the Rhenish Massif which extends from the Ardennes to the Harz Mountains. This geological unit consists predominantly of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks affected by very low-grade metamorphism (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). The survey 1B was carried out in the western part of the Rhenish Massif and trends nearly N-S starting in the western volcanic zone of the Eifel, the Tertiary Hoch Eifel Volcanic Field represented by alkali basalts and fractionated volcanics. The line also runs over a positiv magnetic anomaly, the Kelberg Magnetic High which is located on the southern flank of the East Eifel Main Anticline. Afterwards, 1B crosses the SE-dipping Siegen Main Thrust and ends in the Mosel Syncline, the northern border of the Hunsrueck Mountains (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). The profile joins line 1A in the north and continues to the southeast with line 1C.

Beschreibung: DEKORP 2S was the first profile carried out in 1984 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The seismic line has a length of 250 km and was the first and only DEKORP line to be acquired using explosives as source energy. The objectives of the experiment were to explore the deep crustal structure of the Saxothuringian Zone and of its transitions into the adjacent Moldanubian and Rhenohercynian Zones of the Variscan Belt, to obtain evidence about vertical tectonic processes during the Variscan orogenesis, to understand the causes of observed gravity and magnetic anomalies and to recognize and define the Variscan front to the north. In addition, the survey contributed to the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) and the former European Geotraverse (EGT). Details of the experiment, preliminary results and interpretations may be obtained from DEKORP Research Group (1985) or Meissner et al. (1987). The Technical Report of line 2S gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The SE-NW striking DEKORP 2S line runs perpendicular to the Variscan strike direction and crosses the tectonic boundaries between the Moldanubian, Saxothuringian and Rhenohercynian units, which are predominantly covered by Permian and younger sediments (DEKORP Research Group, 1985). Extending from the Danube river to the Taunus Mountains line 2S crosses the Franconian Platform passing through the Noerdlinger Ries, where the impact excavated crystalline basement slivers of the Moldanubian zone, the Spessart Mountains, a part of the Mid German Crystalline High and the NE trending Hessian Through (DEKORP Research Group, 1985). Ending beyond the northeast branch of the Rhine Graben within the Taunus Mountains the profile is extended by line 2N to the northwest.

Beschreibung: The c. 93 km long profile 1A was recorded in 1987 as part of the joint seismic reflection venture DEKORP 1 of the DEKORP (German Deep Seismic Reflection Program) and BELCORP (Belgian Continental Reflection Seismic Program) project steering groups. It was surveyed to investigate the deep crustal structure of the western Rhenish Massif with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The objectives of the experiment were to analyse deep Variscan and post-Variscan crustal structures in the region and to compare them with the results from the eastern Rhenish Massif gathered from the survey DEKORP 2N. The first results were presented by DEKORP Research Group (1990, 1991) and supplemented by many other researches. The Technical Report of line 1A gives detailed information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Rhenohercynian Zone is a foreland fold-and-thrust belt cropping out in the Rhenish Massif which extends from the Ardennes to the Harz Mountains. This geological unit consists predominantly of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks affected by very low-grade metamorphism (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). The nearly NW-SE running survey 1A starts at the Dutch-Belgian border southeast of Maastricht on the southern flank of the London-Brabant Massif. The seismic line also crosses the northern rim of the Rhenish Massif passing through the Aachen Thrust, a part of the North Variscan Deformation Front. 1A runs over the Stavelot-Venn Anticline into the Northern Eifel intersecting the N-S trending axial depression of the Eifel North-South Zone nearly perpendicularly to its strike direction. The eastern flank of the depression was affected by volcanic activity of the High Eifel Volcanic Field during Early Tertiary times (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). Near Adenau the southern end of line 1A crosses the northern beginning of line DEKORP 1B, which proceeds through the Kelberg Magnetic High farther to the south.

Beschreibung: The data are the numerical modeling results to investigate plume-induced subduction initation on which the figures of the paper "Plume-induced subduction initiation: single- or multi-slab subduction?" by Baes, Sobolev, Gerya and Brune are based. Detailed description on how they are obtained is given in that article (Baes et al., 2020). The naming of the files is based on the number of figures in the paper. Each zipped file contains input files (init.t3c and mode.t3c) and output files (*.vtr).

Beschreibung: This data set includes the results of digital image correlation of ten brittle-viscous experiments on crustal extension and four benchmark experiments performed at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (UB). The experiments demonstrate the differences in rift development in orthogonal versus rotation extension. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2019) to which this data set is supplementary. Additional background information concerning the general modelling approach are available in Zwaan et al. (2016). The data presented here consist of movies displaying digital image correlation (DIC) derived surface and internal displacement fields as well as profiles of the lateral cumulative surface displacements. Digital photographs of the experimental surface and digital image cross section of the computed CT-scans were analyzed with DIC (Adam et al., 2005, 2013) techniques to quantify displacements in the image plane at high precision (〈0.1 mm). DIC was undertaken with the software DaVis 8.0 (LaVision) applying 2D-DIC (FFT-legacy) multipass processing with a final interrogation window size of 32x32 (CT: 12x12) pixels and 50% (CT: 25%) overlap.

Beschreibung: This data set compiles the raw data used to evaluate the performance of the Goto & Matsubayashi model for continental sedimentary rocks ( Goto & Matsubayashi, 2009). It reports thermal diffusivity (α) and porosity (φ) data for two suites of rock, quartz sandstones of varying porosity and clastic and carbonate lithologies of variable porosity and modal mineralogy. The rock collection involves roughly 120 samples (from boreholes and outcrops) with porosities between 0 and 35%, on which the operability of the Goto & Matsubayashi modified geometric mean model (mGM) was evaluated and quantified. Our study confirms the operability of the mGM for consolidated quartz-rich sandstones and implies a reasonably good performance of this model also for mineralogically more complex sedimentary rocks. This model was also proven to be an appropriate tool to convert thermal diffusivity data obtained on air-saturated samples into such reflecting water-saturated conditions. Altogether, our study suggests that the mGM is suited to model thermal-diffusivity data of all types of sedimentary rock of whatever porosity and chemistry of the pore fluid. The data reported in this data publication are the basis for tables and plots published by Fuchs et al. (2020). Data are provided in tab-delimited text format and described in detail in the associated data description.

Beschreibung: This data collection provides digital access to data and publications of the KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) project. KTB was a very detailed, long-term Earth science investigation on the structure, dynamics and formation of the Central European crust in Northeastern Bavaria, Germany (Harms, Kück 2016). With geophysical sounding and ultra-deep drilling it elucidated a crustal block at the border of a micro-continental collision zones amalgamated during the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies. Major research themes were: i) the nature of geophysical structures and phenomena, ii) the crustal stress field and the brittle-ductile transition, iii) the thermal structure of the crust, iv) crustal fluids and transport processes, and v) structure and evolution of the central European Variscan basement. KTB started in 1982 with pre-site selection studies and scientific objective definition followed in 1985 by site selection studies including shallow boreholes. From 1987 to 1990 a pilot borehole of 4000 m depth was drilled and fluid tests and borehole studies were conducted. In 1990 started drilling of a so-called superdeep main borehole of 9101 m depth that was reached in 1994. Again, the final drilling phase was concluded with large-scale fluid and seismic experiments. The rocks drilled comprise metamorphic series of mafic volcanic, volcano-clastics as well as minor gabbroic to ultramafic rocks that are intercalated with leucocratic meta-sedimentary gneisses. They represent most likely a deeply subducted accretionary wedge mélange with a complex P-T-t history. The undisturbed bottom hole temperature is ~265°C.

Beschreibung: With this data, we expand the data set characterizing the Critical Zone geochemistry along the Chilean Coastal Cordillera provided by Oeser et al. (2018). This data set completes the results of bulk geochemical analysis of bedrock and regolith with those of bulk analysis of major plants and those of the bio-available fraction in saprolite and soil (determined using a modified sequential extraction method on bulk regolith samples after Arunachalam et al., 1996; He et al., 1995; Tessier et al., 1979). For all those compartments of the Earth’s Critical Zone, we further present 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios. A detailed graphical presentation and discussion of this data as well as method description is given in Oeser and von Blanckenburg (2020), Decoupling primary productivity from silicate weathering – how ecosystems regulate nutrient uptake along a climate and vegetation gradient. Using this data, we were thus, able to determine weathering rates and nutrient uptake along the “EarthShape” climate and vegetation gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera and to identify the sources of mineral nutrients to plants. Ultimately, we were able to budget inventories, gains and losses of nutritive elements in and out of these ecosystems and to quantify nutrient recycling. We found that the weathering rate does not increase from north to south along the climate gradient. Instead, the increase in biomass growth rate is accommodated by faster nutrient recycling. The absence of an increase in weathering rate in spite of a five-fold increase in precipitation led us to hypothesize that the presence of plants even negatively impacts weathering through reducing the water flow, inducing secondary-mineral formation, and fostering a microbial community specializing on nutrient-recycling rather than nutrient-acquisition through weathering. All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description in the internet.

Beschreibung: This data set is the sixth part of a series reporting chemical data for accessory minerals from felsic igneous rocks. It assembles the results of electron-microprobe spot analyses of monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) and zircon from the late-Variscan granites of the Fichtelgebirge/Smrčiny in the Saxothuringian Zone of the Variscan Orogen in Germany/ Czech Republic. The granites form an older, Namurian intrusive complex (OIC-p and OIC-e) and a younger, post-Westphalian intrusive complex (YIC-1 and YIC-2). Both complexes have distinct radioactive accessory-mineral assemblages and compositions. The OIC-p biotite monzogranites contain monazite-(Ce) and minor thorite, but apparently lack magmatic xenotime-(Y) and uraninite. The more evolved OIC-e two-mica granites bear monazite-(Ce) occasionally rich in Th (up to 21 wt% ThO2) and U (8 wt% UO2), xenotime-(Y) of moderate U content (〈 3.3 wt% UO2), and uraninite poor in Th and the REE. The most fractionated YIC Li-mica granites (YIC-2) may contain monazite extremely high in Th (40.5 wt% ThO2) and U (8.6 wt% UO2), which classify as cheralite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) rich in U (6.3 wt% UO2) and such with elevated Y/Ho ratios (up to 48), and also a Th–REE-poor uraninite. In these granites, zircon may contain up to 5 wt% HfO2 and display low, fractionated Zr/Hf ratios (down to 10).

Beschreibung: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (“A”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C. Three sub-datasets represent a systematic increase of the sieving height from 10 cm to 20 cm to 30 cm into a shear cell of type No. 1, following the same protocol. This dataset shows that packing density of quartz sand is dependent on the chosen sieving height. However, the effect of the sieving height on internal friction coefficients μ as well as cohesion C is minor and thus negligible in sandbox experiments. According to our analysis the material shows for a sieving height of 10 cm a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of μP = 0.70, μD = 0.60 and μR = 0.65, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 40 – 80 Pa.

Beschreibung: This supplement contains GNSS displacement time series, fluid loading displacement time series predictions, and trajectory models for these time series. The time series are for the study regions of the paper: "Months-Long thousand-km-scale wobbling before great subduction earthquakes". These study regions are (1) Japan and surrounding countries and (2) Chile and surrounding countries. Network solution daily GNSS time series displacements in Chile and surrounding countries in the South American network have been produced by GFZ. Network solution daily GNSS time series of displacements in Japan have been produced by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI). PPP daily GNSS time series of displacements in Japan and surrounding countries have been produced by the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno. Fluid loading predictions have been made using the HYDL, NTOL, NTAL, and SLEL products of the ESMGFZ. Readme ascii files in this data supplement contain instructions on how the data are ordered. Furthermore, the Readme file contains the relevant references and acknowledgments for readers who want to use these data in their own published studies.

Beschreibung: This dataset is the MLT-averaged plasmapause position calculated for the NSF GEM Challenge Events. We use the recently developed Plasma density in the Inner magnetosphere Neural network-based Empirical (PINE) model [Zhelavskaya et al., 2017]. The PINE density model was developed using neural networks and was trained on the electron density data set from the Van Allen Probes Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) [Kletzing et al., 2013]. The model reconstructs the plasmasphere dynamics well (with a cross-correlation of ~0.95 on the test set), and its global reconstructions of plasma density are in good agreement with the IMAGE EUV images of the global distribution of He+. We compare the electron number density value given by the PINE model with the density threshold separating plasmaspheric-like and trough-like density given by [Sheeley et al., 2001] and get the plasmapause position in each MLT. Then, we calculate the MLT-averaged plasmapause position. The. time resolution is 1 hour.

Beschreibung: GRACE/GRACE-FO Level-3 product based on COST-G RL01 Level-2B products (Dahle & Murböck, 2020) representing Ocean Bottom Pressure (OBP) variations provided at 1° latitude-longitude grids as defined over ocean areas. The OBP grids are provided in NetCDF format divided into yearly batches. The files each contain seven different variables: 1) 'barslv': gravity-based barystatic sea-level pressure 2) 'std_barslv': gravity-based barystatic sea-level pressure uncertainties 3) 'resobp': gravity-based residual ocean circulation pressure resobp 4) 'std_resobp': gravity-based residual ocean circulation pressure uncertainties 5) 'leakage': apparent gravity-based bottom pressure due to continental leakage 6) 'model_ocean': background-model ocean circulation pressure 7) 'model_atmosphere': background-model atmospheric surface pressure These Level-3 products are visualized at GFZ's web portal GravIS (http://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de). Link to data products: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/grace/GravIS/COST-G/Level-3/OBP

Beschreibung: Post-processed GRACE/GRACE-FO spherical harmonic coefficients of COST-G RL01 Level-2 GSM products representing an estimate of Earth's gravity field variations during the specified timespan. Post-processing steps comprise: (1) subtraction of a long-term mean field; (2) optionally, decorrelation and smoothing with VDK filter (anisotropic filter taking the actual error covariance information of the underlying GSM coefficients into account, see Horvath et al. (2018)); (3) replacement of coefficients C20, C30 (only for the months starting from 2016/11 and later), C21 and S21 and its formal standard deviations by values estimated from a combination of GRACE/GRACE-FO and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR); (4) subtraction of linear trend caused by Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) as provided by a numerical model; (5) insertion of geocenter coefficients (C10, C11, S11); and (6) removal of estimated aliased signal of the S2 tide (161 days period). These coefficients represent signals caused by water mass redistribution over the continents and in the oceans.

Beschreibung: GRACE/GRACE-FO Level-3 product based on COST-G RL01 Level-2B products (Dahle & Murböck, 2020) representing Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) anomalies provided at 1° latitude-longitude grids as defined over all continental regions except Greenland and Antarctica. The TWS anomaly grids are provided in NetCDF format divided into yearly batches. The files each contain four different variables: 1) 'tws': gravity-based TWS 2) 'std_tws': gravity-based TWS uncertainties 3) 'leakage': spatial leakage contained in TWS 4) 'model_atmosphere': background model atmospheric mass These Level-3 products are visualized at GFZ's web portal GravIS (http://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de). Link to data products: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/grace/GravIS/COST-G/Level-3/TWS

Beschreibung: We present a 3-D lithospheric-scale data-constrained structural model covering the area of North Patagonian Massif Plateau (NPM) and its surroundings. These data are supplementary material to “Lithospheric 3D gravity modelling using upper-mantle density constraints: Towards a characterization of the crustal configuration in the North Patagonian Massif area, Argentina” (Gómez Dacal et al. 2017). The North Patagonian Massif (NPM), in central Argentina, includes a plateau of an average altitude of 1200 m.a.s.l. mostly surrounded by basins that stand between 500 to 700 m below it. Geological observations and previous works indicate that the present-day elevation of the plateau was reached in the Paleogene by a sudden uplift that did not involve noticeable deformation. To gain insight into the causes of the uplift and the geodynamic development of the area, it is necessary to characterize the present-day configuration of the lithosphere.

Beschreibung: The data sets contains the major results of the article “Improving information extraction from model data using sensitivity-weighted performance criteria“ written by Guse et al. (2020). In this article, it is analysed how a sensitivity-weighted performance criterion improves parameter identifiability and model performance. More details are given the in article. The files of this dataset are described as follows. Parameter sampling: FAST parameter sampling.xlsx: To estimate the sensitivity, the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST) was used (R-routine FAST, Reusser, 2013). Each column shows the values of the model parameter of the SWAT model (Arnold et al., 1998). All parameters are explained in detail in Neitsch et al. (2011). The FAST parameter sampling defines the number of model runs. For twelve model parameters as in this case, 579 model runs are required. The same parameter sets were used for all catchments. Daily sensitivity time series: Sensitivity_2000_2005.xlsx: Daily time series of parameter sensitivity for the period 2000-2005 for three catchments in Germany (Treene, Saale, Kinzig). Each column shows the sensitivity of one parameter of the SWAT model. The methodological approach of the temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity (TEDPAS) was developed by Reusser et al. (2011) and firstly applied to the SWAT model in Guse et al. (2014). As sensitivity index, the first-order partial variance is used that is the ratio of the partial variance of one parameter divided by the total variance. The sensitivity is thus always between 0 and 1. The sum in one row, i.e. the sensitivity of all model parameters on one day, could not be higher than 1. Parameter sampling: LH parameter sampling.xlsx: To calculate parameter identifiability, Latin Hypercube sampling was used to generate 2000 parameter sets (R-package FME, Soetaert and Petzoldt, 2010). Each column shows the values of the model parameter of the SWAT model (Arnold et al., 1998). All parameters are explained in detail in Neitsch et al. (2011). The same parameter sets were used for all catchments. Performance criteria with and without sensitivity weights: RSR_RSRw_cal.xlsx: • Calculation of the RSR once and RSRw separately for each model parameter. • RSR: Typical RSR (RMSE divided by standard deviation) • RSR_w: RSR with weights according to daily sensitivity time series. The calculation was carried out in all three catchments. • The column RSR shows the results of the RSR (RMSE divided by standard deviation) for the different model runs. • The column RSR[_parameter name] shows the calculation of the RSR_w for the specific model parameter. • RSR_w give weights on each day based on the daily parameter sensitivity (as shown in sensitivity_2000_2005.xlsx). This means that days with a higher parameter sensitivity are higher weighted. In the methodological approach the best 25% of the model runs were calculated (best 500 model runs) and the model parameters were constrained to the most appropriate parameter values (see methodological description in the article). Performance criteria for the three catchments: GOFrun_[catchment name]_RSR.xlsx: These three tables are organised identical and are available for the three catchments in Germany (Treene, Saale, Kinzig). In using the different parameter ranges for the catchments as defined in the previous steps, 2000 model simulation were carried out. Therefore, a Latin-Hypercube sampling was used (R-package FME, Soetaert and Petzoldt, 2010). The three tables show the results of 2000 model simulations for ten different performance criteria for the two different methodological approaches (RSR and swRSR) and two periods (calibration: 2000-2005 and validation: 2006-2010). Performance criteria for the three catchments: GOFrun_[catchment name]_MAE.xlsx: The three tables show the results of 2000 model simulations for ten different performance criteria for the two different methodological approaches (MAE and swMAE) and two periods (calibration: 2000-2005 and validation: 2006-2010).

Beschreibung: This dataset is composed of simulated EnMAP mosaics for the San Francisco Bay Area, USA. Hyperspectral imagery used for the EnMAP simulation was collected across three time periods (Spring, Summer, and Fall) in 2013 with the AVIRIS-Classic sensor flown as part of the HyspIRI Preparatory Campaign. Flight lines were simulated to EnMAP-like data using the EnMAP end-to end Simulation tool to produce 30 x 30 m imagery with 195 bands (after band removal) ranging from 423 to 2439 nm. Secondary geometric correction was applied using automatically generated tie points, and a class-wise empirical across track brightness correction was implemented to mitigate brightness gradients.

Beschreibung: Data assimilation aims to blend incomplete and inaccurate data with physics-based dynamical models. In the Earth's radiation belts, it is used to reconstruct electron phase space density, and it has become an increasingly important tool for validating our current understanding of radiation belt dynamics, identifying new physical processes, and predicting the near-Earth hazardous radiation environment. The dataset presents the electron flux reconstructed by assimilating electron flux measurements of the following spacecraft into the 3D Versatile Electron Radiation Belt model (VERB; Shprits et al., 2008, Subbotin and Shprits, 2009): 1. Van Allen Probes Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS; Blake et al., 2013) and Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT; Baker et al., 2013), and 2. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) Magnetospheric Electron Detector (MAGED; Hanser, 2011), and Energetic Proton, Electron, and Alpha Detector (EPEAD; Onsager et al., 1996, Hanser, 2011). The method employs a split-operator Kalman filter (Shprits et al., 2013). The dataset contains electron flux for the period from 01 October 2012 00:00 UT to 01 October 2016 00:00 UT, organized in monthly files for selected values of electron energies (0.5 MeV, 1 MeV, and 2 MeV) and equatorial pitch angles (20 degree, 50 degree, and 70 degree).

Beschreibung: Part seven of a series of data sets dealing with the composition of accessory minerals from felsic igneous rocks reports chemical data for monazite-(Ce) and zircon from eight occurrences of high-Si felsic microgranites/rhyolites in the Erzgebirge−Vogtland metallogenic province of Germany, which possibly emplaced between 305 and 295 Ma. The subvolcanic rocks are discriminated into three groups according to whole-rock geochemistry. Mineral data are acquired between about 1995 and 2005 on surface rocks and borehole samples. The data set contains the complete pile of electron-microprobe analyses for monazite-(Ce) (MONA-VOLC-2020) and zircon (ZIRC-VOLC-2020). All tables are presented as Excel (xlsx) and machine-readable csv formats. The content of the tables and further information on the granites and regional geology are provided in the data description file. Information on xenotime-(Y), which is commonly rare and did not precipitate in all rhyolites, and rhabdophane-(Ce), which was observed only ones as alteration product of monazite-(Ce), is provided elsewhere (cf. data description file).

Beschreibung: We provide a set of grid files that collectively allow recreating a 3D geological model which covers the Upper Rhine Graben and its adjacent tectonic domains, such as portions of the Swiss Alps, the Molasse Basin, the Black Forest and Vosges Mountains, the Rhenish Massif and the Lower Rhine Graben. The data publication is a complement to the publication of Freymark et al. (2017). Accordingly, the provided structural model consists of (i) 14 sedimentary and volcanic units; (ii) a crystalline crust composed of seven upper crustal units and a lower crustal unit; and (iii) two lithospheric mantle units. The files provided here include information on the regional variation of these geological units in terms of their depth and thickness, both attributes being allocated to regularly spaced grid nodes with horizontal spacing of 1 km. The model has originally been developed to obtain a basis for numerical simulations of heat transport, to calculate the lithospheric-scale conductive thermal field and assess the related geothermal potentials, in particular for the Upper Rhine Graben (a region especially well-suited for geothermal energy exploitation). Since such simulations require the subsurface variation of physical rock properties to be defined, the 3D model differentiates units of contrasting materials, i.e. rock types. On that account, a large number of geological and geophysical data have been analysed (see Related Work) and we shortly describe here how they have been integrated into a consistent 3D model (Methods). For further information on the data usage and the characteristics of the units (e.g., lithology, density, thermal properties), the reader is referred to the original article (Freymark et al., 2017). The contents and structure of the grid files provided herewith are described in the Technical Info section.

Beschreibung: The dataset contains a set of structural and non-structural attributes collected using the GFZ RRVS methodology in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, within the framework of the projects EMCA (Earthquake Model Central Asia), funded by GEM, and "Assessing Seismic Risk in the Kyrgyz Republic", funded by the World Bank. The survey has been carried out between 2012 and 2016 using a Remote Rapid Visual Screening system developed by GFZ and employing omnidirectional images and footprints from OpenStreetMap. The attributes are encoded according to the GEM taxonomy v2.0 (see https://taxonomy.openquake.org). The following attributes are defined (not all are observable in the RRVS survey): code description lon longitude in fraction of degrees lat latitude in fraction of degrees object_id unique id of the building surveyed MAT_TYPE Material Type MAT_TECH Material Technology MAT_PROP Material Property LLRS Type of Lateral Load-Resisting System LLRS_DUCT System Ductility HEIGHT Height YR_BUILT Date of Construction or Retrofit OCCUPY Building Occupancy Class - General OCCUPY_DT Building Occupancy Class - Detail POSITION Building Position within a Block PLAN_SHAPE Shape of the Building Plan STR_IRREG Regular or Irregular STR_IRREG_DT Plan Irregularity or Vertical Irregularity STR_IRREG_TYPE Type of Irregularity NONSTRCEXW Exterior walls ROOF_SHAPE Roof Shape ROOFCOVMAT Roof Covering ROOFSYSMAT Roof System Material ROOFSYSTYP Roof System Type ROOF_CONN Roof Connections FLOOR_MAT Floor Material FLOOR_TYPE Floor System Type FLOOR_CONN Floor Connections. For each building an EMCA vulnerability class has been assigned following the fuzzy scoring methodology described in Pittore et al., 2018. The related class definition schema (as a .json document) is included in the data package.

Beschreibung: This dataset comprises hourly mean values of the horizontal geomagnetic field component H measured at the geomagnetic observatories Tatuoca (TTB, latitude: -1.205°, longitude: 311.487°, elevation: 5 m, Brazil) and Huancayo (HUA, latitude: -12.050°, longitude: -284.670°, elevation: 3313 m, Peru) for the period January 1st, 1957 to December 31st, 2019. TTB data from 1957 to May 2008 is described in the scientific publication Soares et al. (2020), to which this data publication is supplement to. This data comes from Observatório Nacional's archives and we expect to submit a final version of this data to WDC Edinburgh at a later point in time. From June 2008 to December 2017 we use hourly mean values calculated from the minute means available at Soares et al (2018). For 2018, we use quasi-definitive data from Observatório Nacional's archives. From January 2019 to July 22nd 2019, we use preliminary data from Observatório Nacional's archives. From July 23rd 2019 to December 2019, we use preliminary data from INTERMAGNET. For HUA from 1957 to 2001 we give new corrected data here that are based on earlier data publications (Matzka et al, 2017; Matzka et al., 2018). We plan to submit a final version of this data to WDC Edinburgh at a later point in time. From 2002 to 2014 we use definitive data from INTERMAGNET/WDC Edinburgh. From January 2015 to April 2015, we use quasi-definitive data from INTERMAGNET. From May 2015 to December 2019 we use variation data from INTERMAGNET. The data files are provided in the IAGA-2002 format (https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/IAGA/vdat/IAGA2002/iaga2002format.html). Geomagnetic observatories are described in e.g. Jankowski and Sucksdorff (1996).

Beschreibung: GFZ acts as a global analysis center of the International GNSS Service (IGS) and provides ultra-rapid (last 24h), rapid (last day), and final (last week) solutions for GPS and GLONASS. The final solution series is published in daily files with a delay of about two weeks.

Beschreibung: The data set ": Soil physical and hydraulic properties along two chronosequences of proglacial moraines" consists of several individual files in tabstop delimeted text format. The data set contains soil physical data from two chronosequences of moraines in glacier forefields in the central Alps, Switzerland. Aim of the study was to investigate the impact of age and parent material on soil physical characteristics. At the forefield of the Stone Glacier the moraines developed from silicate parent material (S) and at the forefield of the Griessfirn from calcareous parent material (C). At each forefield disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from four moraines of different ages and porosity, bulk density, particle size distribution, gravel content, ignition loss, retention curves and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves were determined. Per moraine, three sampling sites were identified based on the level of vegetation complexity [low, medium, high] (for details on this vegetation classification see Maier et al., 2019). Two sampling locations spaced 3 to 4 m apart were selected per vegetation complexity at each moraine. These different sampling locations are identified in the files as location 1 and 2. Data sets from the moraines developed from silicate parent material are marked with S and data from the moraines with calcareous parent material are marked with C. For the C forefield bulk density, porosity and ignition loss are listed in a single file. For the S location the ignition loss data is listed in a separate file from the bulk density and porosity data. In each file the sample type, the sample volume, the sample number, the moraine age, the sampling depth, and the level of vegetation complexity are provided. The particle size distributions of the fine earth and the gravel content are also listed in individual files. Again, the sample number, moraine age, vegetation complexity, sampling depth and sampling location are noted in the files. For the retention curves and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves, two files exist for each curve and glacier forefield, which are named accordingly with the glacier forefield identification and type of curve. An overview file for each glacier forefield contains a list with the sample number, moraine age, sampling depth, vegetation complexity and sampling location. The other two files per curve contain the lab measurements. For the retention curve data, the sample numbers link the pressure head [cm] values provided in one file to the corresponding volumetric water content [-] values provided in the other file. The same applies to the hydraulic conductivity curve where the sample number now links the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [cm/h] to the corresponding pressure head [cm].

Beschreibung: Bedload transport is a key process in fluvial morphodynamics and hydraulic engineering, but is notoriously difficult to measure. The recent advent of stream-side seismic monitoring techniques provides an alternative to in-stream monitoring techniques, which are often costly, staff-intensive, and cannot be deployed during large floods. Seismic monitoring is a surrogate method requiring several steps to convert seismic data into bedload data. State-of-the-art approaches of conversion exploit physical models predicting the seismic signal generated by bedload transport. Here, we did an active seismic survey (2017-11) and used seismic data from a flood event (2016-02-22) on the Nahal Ehstemoa to constrain a seismic bedload model. We conducted the active seismic survey to determine the local seismic ground properties, i.e., the Green’s function. We also used water depth and bedload grain size distribution to constrain the seismic bedload model and were able to compare the bedload flux obtained from the seismic data using the model with high-quality independent bedload measurements from slot samplers on the site. The complementary non-seismic data is published in a separate data publication (Lagarde et al., 2020).

Beschreibung: Bedload transport is a key process in fluvial morphodynamics and hydraulic engineering, but is notoriously difficult to measure. The recent advent of stream-side seismic monitoring techniques provides an alternative to in-stream monitoring techniques, which are often costly, staff-intensive, and cannot be deployed during large floods. The Nahal (river) Eshtemoa is a gravel-bed river draining 119 km² of the Southern Hebron Mountains and the Northern Negev, northeast of Beer Sheva, Israel. The climate in the catchment is semi-arid, with a mean annual precipitation of 286 mm. Rainfall mainly occurs between October and May. The river is ephemeral with flash floods occurring on average five times per year (Alexandrov et al., 2009). The recurrence interval of the bankful discharge of 26 m3 s-1 has been estimated to be 1.25 years (Powell et al., 2012). Bedload fluxes are high by worldwide standards with sediment transport as much as 400 times more efficient than in a typical perennial humid river (Laronne and Reid, 1993; Reid and Laronne, 1995). The river is equipped with a monitoring station in a straight channel section with a trapezoidal cross section. The banks are nearly vertical, 1.2 m high, and comprise aeolian fines and interbedded gravel. The mean channel slope is 0.0075, which is generally mirrored by the water surface slope, with exception during the arrival of a flashflood bore (Meirovich et al., 1998). The data presented here are for the flood of the 22nd February 2016.They show a high bedload flux with peaks exceeding 1 kg/sm and water level between 0.5 and 0.8 m. The event has been previously described by Dietze et al. (2019). The data were used to assess the quality of a physical model (Tsai et al. 2012) predicting the seismic spectrum generated by the impact of bedload particles moving along the channel bed. The model requires knowledge on stream and sediment characteristics to constrain the source terms, e.g., the channel geometry and grain size distribution, as well as ground properties affecting the wave propagation, i.e., frequency-dependent wave velocity or attenuation characteristics. The complementary controlled source and passive seismological data are published in a separate data publication (Lagarde et al., 2020).

Beschreibung: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy. IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) between 1997 and 2015 to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. As part of this network, the Rustrel station (code RU) was established in 2015 thanks to the financial support of the EQUIPEX MIGA (Matter wave-laser based Interferometer Gravitation Antenna) ANR-11-EQPX-0028 and by the European FEDER 2006-2013 “PFM LSBB - Développement des qualités environnementales du LSBB”. Continuous time-varying gravity and atmospheric pressure data from RU are integrated in the IGETS data base hosted by ISDC (Information System and Data Centre) at GFZ. The operation and maintenance of the RU instrumentation is done by staff at EOST/IPG Strasbourg. The RU station is located about 500 m beneath the surface in the underground research laboratory of the LSBB (« Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit ») built in 1997. The LSBB is located within the Regional Natural Park of Luberon (longitude: 5.4837 E, latitude: 43.9411 N, height above MSL: 499.3 m). The LSBB gallery is located in the unsaturated zone of the Fontaine de Vaucluse karst hydrosystem. There is no industry around the site so the anthropogenic noise is very low. The time series of gravity and barometric pressure from iOSG-24 starts in October 2015 and is going on. The time sampling of the raw gravity and barometric pressure data of IGETS Level 1 is 1 minute. For a detailed description of the IGETS data base and the provided files see Voigt et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-16087).

Beschreibung: For the visualization and analysis of the stress field from 4D thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) numerical model results two main technical steps are necessary. First, one has to derive from the six independent components of the stress tensor scalar and vector values such as the ori-entation and magnitude of the maximum and minimum horizontal stress, stress ratios, differential stress. It is also of great interest to display e.g. the normal and shear stress with respect to an arbitrarily given surface. Second, an appropriate geometry has to be given such as cross sections, profile e.g. for borehole pathways or surfaces on which the model results and further derived values are interpolated. This includes the three field variables temperature, pore pressure and the displacement vector. To facilitate and automate these steps the add-on GeoStress for the professional visualization software Tecplot 360 EX has been programmed. Besides the aforementioned values derived from the stress tensor the tool also allows to calculate the values of Coulomb Failure Stress (CFS), Slip and Dilation tendency (ST and DT) and Fracture Potential (FP). GeoStress also estimates kinematic variables such as horizontal slip, dip slip, rake vector of faults that are implemented as contact surfaces in the geomechanical-numerical model as well as the true vertical depth. Furthermore, the add-on can export surfaces and polylines and map on these all available stress values. The technical report describes the technical details of the visualization tool, its usage and exemplifies its application using the results of a 3D example of a geomechanical-numerical model of the stress field. The numerical solution is achieved with the finite element software Abaqus version 2019. It also presents a number of special features of Tecplot 360 EX in combination with GeoStress that allow a professional and efficient analysis.

Beschreibung: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads used in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam as an analogue for “weak” brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Ritter et al., 2016; Santimano et al., 2015; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011; Hoth et al., 2007, 2006; Kenkmann et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2018) or in stick-slip experiments (Rudolf et al., 2019). The glass beads with a diameter of 300-400 µm have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.58, µD = 0.43 and µR = 0.49, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 8 and 81 Pa. A rate-weakening of ~7 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.

Beschreibung: We provide a set of grid files that collectively allow recreating a 3D geological model which covers the Central European Basin System and adjacent areas. The data publication is a complement to the publication of Maystrenko and Scheck-Wenderoth (2013) with a higher spatial and stratigraphic resolution. The structural model consists of (i) 11 sedimentary units including sea water; (ii) five crystalline crust units composed of four upper crustal units and one lower crustal unit; (iii) one lithospheric mantle unit. The available files include information on the regional variation of these geological units in terms of their depth and thickness, both attributes being allocated to regularly spaced grid nodes with horizontal spacing of 4 km. In comparison, the horizontal spacing of data provided by Maystrenko and Scheck-Wenderoth (2013) was 16 km. Besides, the model provided here resolves Permian, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments and Permo-Carboniferous volcanics. The model has originally been developed to analyse the first-order structural features characterizing the crust and the lithospheric mantle below the Central European Basin System and adjacent areas and obtain a basis for numerical simulations of heat transport and to calculate the lithospheric-scale conductive thermal field. Such simulations require the subsurface variation of physical rock properties to be defined, the 3D model differentiates units of contrasting materials, i.e. rock types. On that account, a large number of geological and geophysical data have been analysed (see Related Works) and we shortly describe here how they have been integrated into a consistent 3D model (Methods). For further information on the data usage and the characteristics of the units (e.g., lithology, density, thermal properties), the reader is referred to Maystrenko and Scheck-Wenderoth (2013). The contents and structure of the grid files provided herewith are described in the Technical Information section and the associated data description file (pdf).

Beschreibung: In January 2020, a swarm of earthquakes started under Thorbjorn volcano, Reykjanes, SW Iceland, associated to the uplift of up to 0.5 cm per day. Concern in Iceland is growing and the Iceland Meteorological Office suggested that possibly magma was intruded in the crust at shallow depth (3 to 9 km). The GFZ is starting a seismological Hazard and Risk Team (HART) in cooperation with IMO, ISOR and the University of Iceland Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 9H, and are embargoed until January 2026.

Beschreibung: pymagglobal serves the purpose of replacing some Fortran scripts, which are used in the geomagnetism community to evaluate global field models. It can be applied to all cubic-spline based geomagnetic field models stored in the same file format as gufm1 or the CALSxk model series. pymagglobal is provided as a python package. Install files for nix are included. This way pymagglobal can be easily set up under various system dependencies. The gitlab page provides installation instructions and can be found under "Related Work" in the left panel of this page. Documentation is provided using sphinx. A link can be found in the panel on the left.

Beschreibung: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads used in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam as an analogue for “weak” brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Ritter et al., 2016; Santimano et al., 2015; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011; Hoth et al., 2007, 2006; Kenkmann et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2018) or in stick-slip experiments (Rudolf et al., 2019). The glass beads with a diameter of 40-70 µm have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.46, µD = 0.40 and µR = 0.44, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 33 and 42 Pa. A rate-weakening of ~3 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.

Beschreibung: Operationally combined monthly gravity fields of the GRACE-FO satellite mission in spherical harmonic representation (Level-2 product) generated by the Combination Service for Time-variable Gravity Fields (COST-G; Jäggi et al. (2020):http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2020_109), a product center for time-variable gravity fields of IAG's International Gravity Field Service (IGFS). COST-G_GRACE-FO_RL01_OP is a combination of AIUB-GRACE-FO_op, GFZ-RL06 (GFO), GRGS-RL05 (unconstrained solution), ITSG-Grace_op, LUH-GRACE-FO, CSR-RL06 (GFO) and JPL-RL06 (GFO). The original time-series were provided by the analysis centers (ACs) and partner analysis centers (PCs) of COST-G.

Beschreibung: The movies in this dataset are supplementary to the article of Scherler and Schwanghart (submitted), in which experiments with numerical landscape evolution models have been conducted to analyze the evolution of drainage divide networks. The experiments were run in MATLAB with the TopoToolbox landscape evolution model (TTLEM) 1.0 (Campforts et al., 2017), and analyzed with the TopoToolbox v2 (Schwanghart and Scherler, 2014). The different experiments in this dataset comprise five different setups, called ‘Initialize’, ‘Reference’, ‘Rotate’, ‘Inclined’, and ‘Spheres’, which all simulate the evolution of landscapes over 10 Million years. See Scherler and Schwanghart (submitted) for details on the different models. For each model run, we produced five different movies that were saved as Audio Video Interleave (AVI) files. All movies show the evolution of the topography and the drainage divide network, colored for different properties. Detailed description of the files is provided in the associated data description.

Beschreibung: To understand the physical mechanisms governing fluid-induced seismicity at field-scale fluid injection projects, we conducted fluid-induced fault slip experiments in the laboratory on critically stressed saw-cut sandstone samples with high permeability using different fluid pressurization rates. The data archived here acts as supplementary material to Wang et al. (2020; https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086627). Experiments were conducted at room temperature using a servo-hydraulic tri-axial deformation apparatus (MTS) equipped with a pore pressure system (Quizix pumps) at Experimental Rock Deformation Laboratory, GFZ. To investigate the correlation between fault slip and fluid pressure, we applied two different fluid injection schemes (hereafter tests “SC1” and “SC2”, respectively). ‘TestSC1’ refers to the fluid-induced fault slip experiment performed at fluid pressurization rate of 2 MPa/min while ‘TestSC2’ indicates the fluid-induced fault slip experiment performed at fluid pressurization rate of 0.5 MPa/min. The other boundary conditions for both experiments are similar. In addition, to simultaneously record acoustic emission (AE) events induced by artificial fault slip, 16 piezoelectric transducers (PZTs, resonance frequency ~1 MHz) contained in brass cases were directly mounted to the surface of samples, ensuring full azimuthal coverage for AE events. AE waveforms were amplified first by 40 dB using preamplifiers equipped with 100‐kHz high‐pass filters and then recorded at a sampling rate of 10 MHz with 16‐bit amplitude resolution. Each experiment lasted for about 4 hours. Throughout the experiment, mechanical data (measured by MTS) and hydraulic data (measured by Quizix pump) were all synchronously monitored with a sampling rate of 10 Hz whereas acoustic emission data were recorded with a sampling rate of 10 MHz. All results shown are recorded as a function of experimental time. The data are provided in tab-separated ASCII-Format (.txt). 2020-002_Wang-et-al_TestSC1.zip and 2020-002_Wang-et-al_TestSC2.zip are composed of 7 txt files and 8 txt files, respectively, as described below in Table 1. The first column represents time in second and the subsequent columns are indicated by the corresponding header at the first row. The second row indicates the unit for each column data. The raw data was processed with MATLAB. The algorithms we implemented include the moving average method, statistical regression and our developed MATLAB-based codes.

Beschreibung: During 1978-79, a seismic refraction experiment was carried out in the Rhenish Massif, West Germany, and adjacent areas, extending through Belgium and Luxembourg into the Paris Basin in France. The experiment was designed to investigate the structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the massif and thus help in a multidisciplinary study, sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, into the causes and mechanisms of uplift of the massif. The Aachen-Baumholder (L1/L2-M1/M2) profile was completed in May and August, 1978. The 600 km long, main profile and the cross profiles, B-K and K-F, were completed in May 1979. During the main experiment in May 1979, 137 recording units of the MARS type from various European countries participated. 20 shots were fired in 1979 and thus a total of 2740 three-component recordings were made.

Beschreibung: Imaging growing lava domes has remained a great challenge in volcanology due to their inaccessibility and the severe hazard of collapse or explosion. Here, we present orthophotos and topography data derived from a series of repeated survey flights with both optical and thermal cameras at the Caliente lava dome, part of the Santiaguito complex at Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala, using an Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS). The data archived here supplements the material detailed in Zorn et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65386-2). Note, all files are saved in WGS 84 / UTM Zone 15N format. The data are provided the following .zip folders:- 2020-001_Zorn-et-al_DEM-Geotiffs-zip: DEMs of surveys A-D in geotiff format (.tif)- 2020-001_Zorn-et-al_Orthophotos.zip: Orthophotos of surveys A-D and 2 thermal surveys as Tiff-images (.tif). A .jpg of the color scale for the thermal data is also included- 2020-001_Zorn-et-al_Point_Cloud_Models.zip: Point clouds of surveys A-D, 2 thermal surveys (.las)

Beschreibung: Analyzing the chemical composition of rocks and minerals is an important tool for exploring and understanding mineral resources. Typically, hydrothermal ore deposits are characterized by primary alteration halos. At the world-class Panasqueira W-Sn-Cu deposit, the hydrothermal alteration of the wall rocks produced concentric zones with progressively greater distance from the veins, consisting of a proximal tourmaline-quartz-muscovite zone and a distal muscovite-quartz zone. Tourmaline and mica are ubiquitous minerals at Panasqueira W-Sn-Cu and coexist in many other hydrothermal ore deposits worldwide. Both minerals are well-known to host variable amounts of trace elements and to have potential as pathfinder minerals as well as fluid monitors. We analyzed major, minor and trace element contents of altered and unaltered metasediments from the Panasqueira by XRF and ICP-MS and tourmaline and white mica major, minor and trace element compositions by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in previously well-characterized samples from different locations/setting in the mine (greisen, vein-selvages, wall-rock alteration zones, fault zone, and late vugs). Detailed information about the samples used, the location, and general geological background of the samples, and the analytical method is provided in the data description "2020-002_Codeco-et-al_data-description.pdf ". Detailed information about the the samples used, the location and general geological background of the samples and the analytical methods are provided in the data description file (2020-002_Codeco-et-al_data-description.pdf).

Beschreibung: Assess of the feasibility of magnetotelluric measurements for geothermal exploration in northern Bavaria despite of the high level of cultural electromagnetic noise. This data publication encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: The files in this dataset are supplementary to the article of Scherler and Egholm (2020), in which experiments with the ice flow and landscape evolution model iSOSIA (Egholm et al., 2011) have been conducted to analyze the production and transport of cosmogenic 10Be in the catchment of the Chhota Shigri Glacier, India. This dataset contains different subsets, including the source code of the model, results from different models and time steps (see Scherler and Egholm, 2020a), and the sample data. The model code is a further development of iSOSIA (Integrated second order shallow ice approximation). The new branch (iSOSIA Version 3.4.3) is published by Egholm and Scherler (2020, https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2020.032) and also included in the "2020-004_Scherler-Egholm_modelcode" folder of this data publication.

Beschreibung: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy. IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) between 1997 and 2015 to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. As part of this network, the Trappes station (code TR) was established in 2013 by LNE-SYRTE. Continuous time-varying gravity and atmospheric pressure data from TR are integrated in the IGETS data base hosted by ISDC (Information System and Data Centre) at GFZ. LNE-SYRTE is responsible for primary metrology missions of gravimetry in France. The gravimetry laboratory is located at 30 km at the West of Paris (longitude: 1.98 E, latitude: 48.76 N, height above MSL: 170 m) [Merlet et al. 2008, doi:10.1088/0026-1394/45/3/002] in the French National Metrology Institute LNE-Trappes. It has been designed to accommodate other gravimeters for metrological comparisons tests and calibrations and is located close to the LNE Kibble Balance for which an absolute value of g is needed [Thomas et al. doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aa7882]. For that purpose an absolute quantum gravimeter has been developed [Louchet-Chauvet et al. 2011, doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/6/065025, Karcher et al. 2018, doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aaf07d]. To evaluate its long term sensitivity, to ensure redundancy and to guarantee the continuity of the gravity signal in case of displacement of the reference gravimeter, an SG manufactured by GWR Instruments, the iGrav#005, has been installed in the gravimetry laboratory at the beginning of 2013. With the quantum gravimeter, it allows for Planck constant determination and now for the implementation of the new definition of the kilogram [Thomas et al. doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aa7882]. Research activities are aimed at both improving the accuracy of the quantum instrument, of 20 nm.s-2 currently, to a level below 10 nm.s-2, and its long term sensitivity, of 0.6 nm.s-2 currently, to a level below 0.1 nm.s-2. The time series of gravity and barometric pressure from the gravimeter iGrav-005 starts in February 2013. It interrupted 3 times: from 25 of may 2018 to 4 of July 2018 due to a coldhead maintenance problem of the manufacturer; from 14 of August 2019 to 1st of October 2019 and from 1st of January 2020 to 4th of March 2020 for a CPU problem. The time sampling of the raw gravity and barometric pressure data of IGETS Level 1 is both 1 minute and 1 second. For a detailed description of the IGETS data base and the provided files see Voigt et al. (2016, http://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-16087). Moreover the laboratory is also equipped with a permanent GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) antenna LNE1 belonging of the RENAG network (RESIF-RENAG French National Geodetic Network, RESIF – Réseau Sismologique et Géodésique Français, https://doi.org/10.15778/resif.rg, 2017) which is the French contribution to EPOS for the Seismology and Geodesy components.

Beschreibung: This data publication is supplementary material to the paper " Subduction initiation by plume-plateau interaction: Insights from numerical models" (Baes et al., 2020). In this study, using 3-d numerical models, we explore the effect of relative distance of plume head and plateau edge, age of the lithosphere and strength of the lower crust on plume-induced subduction initiation. We use I3ELVIS code which solves the momentum, continuity and energy equations based on a staggered finite difference scheme combined with a marker-in-cell technique (Gerya, 2010; Gerya et al., 2015; Baes et al., 2016). Our numerical results show four different responses (shown in Figures 2-5 in the paper of Baes et al, 2020) that are: (a) oceanic trench formation, (b) circular plateau-oceanic trench formation, (c) plateau trench formation and (d) no trench formation. The results of models in which plume head is far away from the plateau edge are compatible with the outcomes of models with uniform lithospheres. The current data set contains the figures of five models representing five different deformation regimes (shown in Fig. 7 in the paper), which result from interaction of a plume with a homogenous lithosphere. Note that in all figures the upper panels show the logarithm of viscosity within the lithosphere. The middle and lower panels illustrate compositional field of a 2d cross-section cutting through center of model and surface topography, respectively. The color bars of temperature field and surface topography are shown at the top of the figure and colour code of compositional field is at bottom of the figure.

Beschreibung: In Irrgang et al. (2020), we have trained a convolutional neural network to perform a so-called downscaling task. This downscaling aims to recover the fine-structure continental water storage distribution on the South American continent from coarse-resolution space-borne gravimetry observations. Here, we share data sets that were used for training the neural network, namely (1) monthly pairs of gridded terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) of the South American continent and (2) surface water storage anomalies (SWSA) in the Amazonas region for the time period 2003-2019. TWSAs were used as target (output) values of the neural network and were derived from the Land Surface Discharge Model (LSDM, Dill, 2008). The corresponding input values were calculated by spatially smoothing the TWSA fields with a 600 km Gaussian filter. After training the neural network over the time period of 2003 to 2018, its performance was tested and compared to LSDM for the subsequent year 2019.

Beschreibung: The data herein were used to trace the source and depth of nutrient uptake in two mountainous temperate forest ecosystems in southern Germany (Conventwald/Black Forest and Mitterfels/Bavarian Forest). Presented are phosphorus (P) concentrations from various P fractions of soil, saprolite, weathered bedrock and unweathered bedrock samples from drilling cores (depth: 20 m, site Conventwald (CON), and 30 m, site Mitterfels (MIT)) obtained by sequential extractions following the Hedley fractionation method. Further, the dataset contains strontium (Sr) and beryllium (Be) isotope data from drilling cores mentioned above. 87Sr/86Sr data are provided for bulk samples of forest floor, soil, saprolite, weathered bedrock, and unweathered bedrock. For soil and saprolite samples, additional Sr isotope ratios of the water-soluble and the exchangeable Sr fractions are provided. 87Sr/86Sr, beryllium concentrations (measured by Quadrupole-ICP-MS) and 10Be(meteoric)/9Be data from living leaves, needles, and stem wood (heartwood and sapwood of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies) from both study sites are reported. Beryllium concentrations (measured by ICP-OES) and isotope ratios of amorphous oxides sequentially extracted from soil and saprolite at CON and MIT are provided. Soil pH at CON and MIT is also provided. Compiled concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and P and total deposition rates of atmospheric dust deposition are also included in the dataset. The data presented here stem from sampling campaigns and analyses described in Uhlig et al. (2020) to which they are supplementary material to. Samples were mainly processed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for the Geochemistry of the Earth Surface (HELGES), the University of Bonn (P Hedley fractionation) and the University of Cologne - Centre for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) (10Be measurements). Tables supplementary to the article, including data quality control, are provided in pdf and xls formats. In addition, data measured in the course of the study are also provided as machine readable ASCII files. All samples are indexed with an International Geo Sample Number (IGSN). Sample metadata can be viewed by adding the IGSN to the “http://igsn.org/” URL (e.g. igsn.org/GFDUH00LT).

Beschreibung: The South African Karoo Basin, which is known for its potentially shale gas bearing formations, was the target of an extensive research programme launched by the Nelson Mandela University, South Africa. The aim of this project was to obtain a fundamental understanding of the geology, petrology and hydrology of the sedimentary layers. In 2014, Magnetotelluric (MT) measurements were conducted in the Eastern Karoo Basin to image the electrical conductivity structure of the shallow subsurface and to develop a three-dimensional (3D) model. Previous studies by Weckmann et al. (2007a, b) and Branch et al. (2007) identified the potentially shale gas bearing Whitehill Formation as an electrically conductive sub-horizontal layer, which covers large parts of the Karoo Basin. The increased interest in future shale gas exploration raised concerns regarding the potential impact on aquifers in this water scarce and fragile environment. Since the electrical conductivity is sensitive to fluids, imaging both, the black shale horizon and the deep aquifer system in this region was the ultimate goal of the MT study. Our field experiment is designed to serve as a baseline study before any activity regarding shale gas exploitation commenced. With high resolution 2D and regional 3D inversion and forward models several aquifers, the Whitehill formation and the possible source region of the Beattie Magnetic Anomaly could be mapped.This data publication (10.5880/GIPP-MT.201423.1) encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: GRACE/GRACE-FO Level-3 products based on COST-G RL01 Level-2B products (Dahle & Murböck, 2020) representing ice-mass changes for the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) and the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS). The ice-mass changes are provided both as basin average product and as gridded product. Basin-average ice-mass changes are obtained using the inversion procedure based on a forward modelling approach as described in Sasgen et al. (2013) for the AIS and Sasgen et al. (2012) for the GIS. Gridded ice-mass changes are provided at polar-stereographic grids with a grid spacing of 50 x 50 km^2. The applied algorithm is based on tailored sensitivity kernels (Groh & Horwath, 2016), and has also been used to generate gravimetric mass balance products within the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) projects for the AIS and the GIS. These Level-3 products are visualized at GFZ's web portal GravIS (http://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de). Link to data products: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/grace/GravIS/COST-G/Level-3/ICE

Beschreibung: The dataset is composed of Hyspex (VNIR/SWIR) hyperspectral imagery acquired during airplane overflights on October 1, 2015 within the Demmin Research Area. The acquisition conditions were cloud free. The dataset includes two mosaics generated based on 9 HySpex flight lines. The dataset also includes Level 2A EnMAP-like imagery simulated using the end-to-end Simulation tool (EeteS). Additionally, a soil database focusing on the soil organic carbon content (SOC) with geographic coordinates, SOC content, texture and spectral information is included.

Beschreibung: iSOSIA is an ice sheet model based on depth integration of the second‐order shallow ice approximation. Although depth integration is not guaranteed to maintain so‐called second‐order accuracy, the results of computational benchmark experiments show that iSOSIA, in spite of its efficient depth‐integrated structure, performs well in situations with steep topography (Egholm et al., 2011). Version 3.4.3 of iSOSIA includes a routine for Lagrangian particle tracing and the production and decay of in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be. For more details on the implementation of the particle tracing, see Scherler and Egholm (2020).

Beschreibung: In Finger et al. (2020), we created consistent three dimensional models in terms of temperature, density and composition of the upper mantle of the cratonic South American Platform ("Upper MAntle Model") by combining seismic (Celli et al., 2020, Schaeffer amp; Lebedev, 2013) and gravity (Förste et al., 2014) data with mineral physics constraints in an iterative integrated inversion approach (Kaban et al., 2014; Tesauro et al., 2014). We further compiled a new crustal model ("Crustal Model"), including sediment and average crustal density and depth to the Moho to correct the gravity field for crustal effects and calculate the residual topography. To obtain these models we used data from the GSC (Global Seismic Catalog, Mooney, 2015 with updates up to 2019). To calculate depth to the Moho, the GSC data were combined with those published by Rivadeneyra-Vera et al. (2019). Here, we share the initial and final models of the upper mantle, sediment density and crust that are discussed in the article as well as the test cases set up in the uncertainty assessment. The upper mantle models are given in six layers centered at 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 km. All models range from -60.5°N to 15.5°N and -90.5°E to -29.5°E, except for the sediment density model (-59.5°N to 24.5°N and -99.5°E to -25.5°E) with a 1° by 1° lateral resolution. A detailed description of the respective files is given in each subfolder. All data are in ASCII format.

Beschreibung: CORBAM (CORrelation Based Archeomagnetic Modeling) is a python package for Gaussian process based modeling of the archeomagnic field. Due to poor global data coverage and large data uncertainties, Holocene magnetic field models are of limited resolution. The most commonly used modeling approach is based on an inversion strategy based on truncated spherical harmonics and does not provide uncertainty estimates. CORBAM extends the previously published CORBASS algorithm to the temporal domain and thus again breaks with the tradition of truncated models. The feature of recovering regions with better data coverage with higher resolution translates to the temporal domain. Naturally, the Gaussian process based regression scheme provides uncertainties together with the most likely field model. A full description can be found in the preprint at the CORBAM website. CORBAM is provided as a python package. Install files for nix and conda are included. This way CORBAM can be easily set up under various system dependencies. The gitlab page provides installation instructions and can be found under "Related Work" in the left panel of this page. Additionally, the CORBAM website showcases example notebooks. Documentation is provided using sphinx. A link can be found in the panel on the left and on the CORBAM website.

Beschreibung: In geosciences the discretization of complex 3D model volumes into finite elements can be a time-consuming task and often needs experience with a professional software. In particular, low angle outcropping or out-pinching geological units, i.e. geological layers that are represented in the model volume, pose serious challenges. Another example are changes in the geometry of a model, which can occur at one point of a project, when re-meshing is not an option anymore or would involve a significant amount of additional time to invest. In order to speed up and automate the process of discretization, Apple PY (Automatic Portioning Preventing Lengthy manual Element assignment for PYthon) separates the process of mesh-generation and unit assignment. It requires an existing mesh together with separate information on the depths of the interfaces between geological units (herein called horizons). These two pieces of information are combined and used to assign the individual elements to different units. The uniform mesh is created with a standard meshing software and has to be available as an Abaqus input file. The information on the horizons depths and lateral variations in the depths is provided in a text file. Apple PY compares the element location and depth with that of the horizons in order to assign each element to a corresponding geological unit below or above a certain horizon.

Beschreibung: This is an open-source site database for a total number of 1742 earthquake recording sites in the K-NET (Kyoshin network) and KiK-net (Kiban Kyoshin network) networks in Japan. This database contains site characterization parameters directly derived from available velocity profiles, including average wave velocities, bedrock depths, and velocity contrast. Meanwhile, it also consists of parameters obtained from earthquake horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR), e.g., peak frequency, amplitude, width and prominence. In addition, the site database also comprises topographic and geological proxies inferred from regional models or maps. Each parameter is derived in a consistent manner for all sites. This site database can benefit the application of machine learning techniques in studies on site amplifications. Besides, it can facilitate, for instances, the search of the optimal site parameter(s) in depicting site amplification, the development and testing of new or existing prediction models or methodologies. This zip file contains earthquake HVSR data, including metadata and plots of automatically identified peaks (frequency, amplitude, prominence and width) at 1700+ K-NET and KiK-net strong-motion recordings stations. This MATLAB code is for automatically picking peaks (frequency, amplitude, prominence and width) from HVSR curves.

Beschreibung: Temperature changes and variations in pore fluid salinity may negatively affect the permeability of clay‐bearing sandstones with implications for natural fluid flow and geotechnical applications alike. Cheng and Milsch (2020) investigated these factors for a sandstone dominated by illite as the clay phase. Flechtinger sandstone, a Lower Permian (Upper Rotliegend) sedimentary rock outcropping and commercially mined at the Sventesius Quarry near Flechtingen, Germany, was selected for the experiments. Three cylindrical cores were drilled from a larger block. Subsequently, samples were prepared with polished and plane-parallel end faces having a diameter of 30 mm and a length of 40 mm. The three samples were labelled FS1, FS3, and FS4, respectively. The three samples were vacuum-dried in an oven at 60 °C for 24 hours. They were then set under vacuum in a desiccator chamber for 10 hours and saturated with deionized water for another 24 hours. All experiments were performed with two flow-through apparatuses with details described in Milsch et al. (2008). The saturated sample is jacketed with a Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) heat shrink tubing and is then mounted in the vessel. Afterwards, the two sample ends are connected to the upstream and downstream pumps, respectively. The flow direction, generally, is from the bottom to the top side of the sample but can be reversed for return permeability measurements.

Beschreibung: The inventory of dams in Germany contains information on name, date of construction, the start of operation, state, river, dam height, crest length, lake area, lake volume, purpose of the dam, dam type, building characteristics, and coordinates. The inventory is a zip-file composed of 3 tab-delimited files and 1 shapefile. The shapefile contains all 530 dams with all 15 columns and can be opened with every GIS program. The geographic coordinate system used is WGS 1984. The file 2020-005_Speckhann-et-al_Dams_in_Germany_v.1.0.txt has the same information as the shapefile, i.e. contains 530 dams with the same 15 columns and it is delimitated using tab. The 2020-005_Speckhann-et-al_Abreviation.txt file contains 4 different tables which presents every abbreviation used at the inventory. The abbreviations were used for several applications: dam building characteristics, purpose of the dams, German states, and dam’s type. They were separated in 4 different tables (Building characteristics, Purpose, States and Type). The Building Characteristics are related to the structural formation of the dams, for example embankment dam is listed as “EDD”. All abbreviations regarding the building characteristics of the dam can be visualized at Table 2 at the Data description. The Purpose of the dams was divided into 8 categories: energy production, flood control, recreational use, water supply, industrial and agricultural water supply, fishing, transport and nature protection. At the inventory there are multi-purposes dams and single-purposes dams, i.e. a dam might have more than one purpose. The States in Germany were also abbreviated at the inventory using 2 letters. Due to no observed entries at the inventory for Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg, those states are not shown at Table 4. The types of dams were also abbreviated. 2020-005_Speckhann-et-al_Source_v.1.0.txt contains the name of every dam and the main source used for the obtention of the information.

Beschreibung: In September 2017 three crustal-scale seismic profiles were acquired in southern Iran covering the subaerial accretionary wedge of the western part of the Makran Subduction zone. Each of the roughly north-south trending profiles was approximately 200 km long, and on each profile 9 to 10 artificial shots with charges between 400 and 800 kg of explosives were fired. The seismic signals were observed by 300 autonomous digital recorders with geophones on each profile. This dataset consists of the raw (continuous) data of the recorders (in proprietary cube format and MSEED-format) and the shot records in SEGY-format (standard exchange formats).

Beschreibung: The European exposure data for BN-FLEMO models contains three datasets that can be used with BN-FLEMO models for the estimation of flood loss. The dataset contains: (1) European asset map with unit area values of residential and commercial buildings in EURO per square meter based on reconstruction cost and NUTS-3 regions or national GDP per capita. The values are mapped on CORINE land cover classes for urban areas (111 and 112). (2) Residential building areas in Europe with building area sizes in square meter for each NUTS-3 region. The building area sizes were calculated based on the building geometries extracted from the OSM database. (3) Flood experience in Europe with geometries of historic flood events (1985- 2015) with start date of the events. This dataset can be used to calculate the number of past flood events in an area.

Beschreibung: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a corundum sand (“NKF120”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C. Three sub-datasets represent a systematic increase of the sieving height from 10 cm to 20 cm to 30 cm into a shear cell of type No. 1, following the same protocol. This dataset shows that packing density of corundum sand is dependent on the chosen sieving height. However, the effect of the sieving height on internal friction coefficients μ as well as cohesion C is minor and thus negligible in sandbox experiments. According to our analysis the material shows for a sieving height of 10 cm a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of μP = 0.75, μD = 0.64 and μR = 0.68, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 70 – 105 Pa.

Beschreibung: This dataset comprises numerical outputs from the whole atmospheric model GAIA (=Ground-to-topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy) and associated simulations (EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3) presented in the article "Excitation mechanism of ionospheric 6-day oscillation during the 2019 September sudden stratospheric warming event" (Miyoshi and Yamazaki, 2020). Briefly, GAIA is a numerical model of the Earth’s whole atmosphere (e.g., Jin et al., 2011; Miyoshi et al., 2011, 2012). The model consists of mathematical equations that represent various physical and chemical processes in the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The neutral atmosphere model (Miyoshi & Fujiwara, 2003) is coupled with an ionospheric model (Shinagawa, 2011) and electrodynamics model (Jin et al., 2008). The lower layers of the model below 40 km are constrained by meteorological reanalysis products by the Japan Meteorological Agency (Kobayashi, et al., 2015). The model was run for the period 1 September-10 October 2019, when there was a sudden stratospheric warming in the Antarctic region (Yamazaki et al., 2020). The GAIA simulation outputs can be found in the directory 'gaia', while the numerical outputs from the controlled simulations EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 can be found in the directories 'exp1', 'exp2', and 'exp3', respectively. The model data for the temperature, zonal wind, meridional wind, and geopotential heigh are stored separately for each day in the NetCDF format. 'gt', 'gu', 'gv', and 'gz' in file name indicate the temperature, zonal wind, meridional wind, and geopotential heigh, respectively. For instance, the file 'gv20190915gcm.nc' contains the meridional wind data for 15 September 2019. The model data for the eastward current intensity, eastward electric field, and total electron content can be found as text files, namely, 'East_current_gaia.data', 'East_efield_gaia.data', and 'tec_gaia.data'.