ALBERT

Anmerkung: Nonlinear Mesoscopic Elasticity; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Systems; 1.2 Examples of Phenomena; 1.3 The Domain of Exploration; 1.4 Outline; References; 2 Microscopic/Macroscopic Formulation of the Traditional Theory of Linear and Nonlinear Elasticity; 2.1 Prefatory Remarks; 2.2 From Microscopic to Continuum; 2.2.1 A Microscopic Description; 2.2.2 Microscopic Description and Thermodynamics; 2.2.3 From Microscopic Model to Continuum Elasticity; 2.3 Continuum Elasticity and Macroscopic Phenomenology; 2.3.1 Displacement, Strain, and Stress. , 2.3.2 Dynamics of the Displacement Field2.3.3 Coupling Continuum Elasticity to Auxiliary Fields; 2.3.4 Inhomogeneous Elastic Systems; 2.4 Thermodynamics; 2.4.1 Thermodynamic Derivatives; 2.4.2 Series Expansion for ES; 2.4.3 Series Expansion for EZ; 2.4.4 Series Expansion for FT; 2.4.5 Assemble the Pieces; 2.5 Energy Scales; References; 3 Traditional Theory of Nonlinear Elasticity, Results; 3.1 Quasistatic Response; Linear and Nonlinear; 3.1.1 Quasistatic Response; Linear; 3.1.2 Quasistatic Response; Nonlinear; 3.2 Dynamic Response; Linear; 3.3 Quasistatic/Dynamic Response; Nonlinear. , 3.4 Dynamic Response Nonlinear; 3.4.1 Basic Equations; 3.4.2 Wave Propagation; 3.4.3 Resonant Bar; 3.5 Exotic Response; Nonlinear; 3.6 Green Functions; 3.6.1 Green Function, Free Space; 3.6.2 Green Function, Resonant Bar; References; 4 Mesoscopic Elastic Elements and Macroscopic Equations of State; 4.1 Background; 4.2 Elastic Elements; 4.2.1 Hertz-Mindlin Contacts; 4.2.2 Hysteretic Hertzian Contacts; 4.2.3 Hertzian Asperities; 4.2.4 Van der Waals Surfaces; 4.2.5 Other; 4.3 Effective Medium Theory; 4.4 Equations of State; Examples; 4.4.1 Hertzian Contacts; 4.4.2 Van der Waals Surfaces. , 4.4.3 Generalization and CaveatsReferences; 5 Auxiliary Fields; 5.1 Temperature; 5.2 Saturation; 5.2.1 Saturation/Strain Coupling; 5.2.2 Saturation/Strain Response; 5.3 The Conditioning Field, X; References; 6 Hysteretic Elastic Elements; 6.1 Finite Displacement Elastic Elements; Quasistatic Response; 6.1.1 Finite Displacement Elastic Elements: The Model; 6.1.2 Finite Displacement Elastic Element: Implementing the Model; 6.2 Finite Displacement Elastic Elements: Inversion; 6.3 Finite Displacement Elastic Elements: Dynamic Response; 6.3.1 Finite Displacement Elastic Element: Resonant Bar. , 6.3.2 Finite Displacement Elastic Element: Wave Mixing6.4 Models with Hysteresis; 6.5 Summary; 6.6 Models with Hysteresis, Detail; 6.6.1 Hertzian Contacts; 6.6.2 The Masing Rules; 6.6.3 The Endochronic Formalism; References; 7 The Dynamics of Elastic Systems; Fast and Slow; 7.1 Fast/Slow Linear Dynamics; 7.1.1 Quasistatic Response; 7.1.2 AC Response; 7.2 Fast Nonlinear Dynamics; 7.3 Auxiliary Fields and Slow Dynamics; 7.3.1 X = The Conditioning Field; 7.3.2 X = Temperature; 7.4 Summary; References; 8 Q and Issues of Data Modeling/Analysis; 8.1 Attenuation in Linear Elastic Systems. , 8.1.1 Wave Vector Dispersion.

Anmerkung: Text in span. und eng.

Anmerkung: Classical theory of comparative advantageComparative advantage with two factors of production -- Comparative advantage and factor endowments : the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem -- Imperfect competition and economies of scale in trade -- The partial equilibrium analysis of international trade -- Trade restrictions : tariffs -- Non-tariff trade barriers -- Domestic support policies and trade -- Multilateral trade negotiations and U.S. trade policy -- Economic integration -- Foreign exchange markets and the exchange rate -- Agricultural trade and the exchange rate -- International capital movements and multinational corporations -- Agricultural trade and economic development -- Trade and the environment..

Anmerkung: Introduction, Pages 1-2 --- Relaxation, Pages 3-16 --- Shear Relaxation, Pages 17-32 --- Volume Relaxation, Pages 33-43 --- Enthalpy Relaxation, Pages 45-62 --- Summary, Pages 63-72

Anmerkung: Pages 3-6, Introduction, Helmut Wilhelm, Walter Zürn, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 9-26, Tide-generating potential for the earth, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 27-57, Tidal response of the solid Earth, Rongjiang Wang --- Pages 59-75, Analysis of earth tide observations, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 77-94, Earth tide observations and interpretation, Walter Zürn --- Pages 95-109, The nearly-diurnal free wobble-resonance, Walter Zürn --- Pages 113-143, Ocean tides, Wilfried Zahel --- Pages 145-171, Earth tides and ocean tidal loading, Gerhard Jentzsch --- Pages 173-181, Ocean tides and earth rotation, Johannes Wünsch --- Pages 183-218, Chandler wobble and pole tide in relation to interannual atmosphere-ocean dynamics, Hans-Peter Plag --- Pages 221-246, Atmospheric tides, Hans Volland --- Pages 247-260, Long-period variations of solar irradiance, Helmut Wilhelm --- Pages 261-274, Geomagnetic tides and related phenomena, Nils Olsen --- Pages 277-291, Tides in water saturated rock, Hans-Joachim Kümpel --- Pages 293-309, Tidal triggering of earthquakes and volcanic events, Dieter Emter --- Pages 311-339, Tidal tilt modification along an active fault, Malte Westerhaus --- Pages 343-344, Satellite orbit perturbations induced by tidal forces, Peter Schwintzer --- Pages 345-377, Tides of io, Tilman Spohn --- Pages 379-380, Tidal effects in binary star systems, Gerhard Schäfer --- Pages 381-386, Tidal interactions between galaxies, Claus Möllenhoff

Anmerkung: Pages 1-10, Introduction and basic principles of isotope geochemistry --- Pages 11-31, Weathering --- Pages 33-45, Isotope geochemistry of river water --- Pages 47-88, Isotope geochemistry in the environment --- Pages 89-153, Isotopic composition of seawater past and present (Sr, Nd, Pb, Os, Ce) --- Pages 155-184, Isotope geochemistry of detrital and authigenic clay minerals in marine sediments (Rb−Sr, K−Ar, O) --- Pages 185-211, The Sm−Nd isotope system in detrital and authigenic argillaceous sediments

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Preface Introduction Elastomers and sealant formulations Mechanical behavior of sealants Phenomenological behavior of rubbers and elastomers Hyperelastic constitutive model Examples of sealant behavior Mechanical response of seals Basic structural geometry and loading configurations of seals Conventional performance testing for studying the load and deformation response of joint and crack seals Response of seals to joint movements Summary and recommendations Literature cited Abstract

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 The Oceans ; 2 Basic Equations ; 3 Boundary Conditions at the Air-Sea Interface ; 4 Geostrophic Flow ; 5 Planetary Boundary Layers ; 6 Barotropic Ocean Circulation ; 7 Baroclinic Oceanic Flows ; 8 General Circulation of a Baroclinic Ocean with Bottom Topography ; 9 Surface Gravity Waves ; 10 Inertial Motions ; 11 Astronomical Tides ; 12 Vorticity

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Introduction. - Gymnosperm. - Pinaceae. - Taxodiaceae. - Cupressaceae. - Podocarpaceae. - Ephedraceae. - Angiosperm. - Juglandaceae. - Myricaceae. - Bibliography. - Plates. - Gymnosperm. - Pinaceae: Plates 1-23. - Taxodiaceae: Plates 24-26. - Cupressaceae: Plates 27-39. - Podocarpaceae: Plates 40-46. - Ephedraceae: Plates 47-52. - Angiosperm. - Juglandaceae: Plates 53-64. - Myricaceae: Plates 64-68. - Pollen Sample List. - Index.

Anmerkung: Erscheint alle 2 Jahre , Text in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface ; Part 1: Fire environment ; 1 Wildland fire fundamentals ; 2 Fire behavior ; 3 Wildland fuels ; 4 Fire weather ; Part 2: Fire regime ; 5 Fire ecology ; 6 Fire and culture ; 7 Administration of fire regimes ; Part 3: Fire Management ; 8 Programs for fire management ; 9 Fire suppression ; 10 Prescribed fire ; Part 4: Global fire ; 11 Global fire ; Bibliography

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. The political process ; 3. Administrative efficiency ; 4. Competition among governments ; 5. Fiscal policy and redistribution ; 6. Fiscal coordination and incentives ; 7. Citizens and government ; 8. Checks, balances, and freedom ; 9. Acquiring and using knowledge ; 10. Ethnic conflict and secession ; 11. Data to the rescue? ; 12. Conclusion: rethinking decentralization.

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Introduction and examples. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Why Bayes?. - 1.2.1 Estimating the probability of a rare event. - 1.2.2 Building a predictive model. - 1.3 Where we are going. - 1.4 Discussion and further references. - 2 Belief, probability and exchangeability. - 2.1 Belief functions and probabilities. - 2.2 Events, partitions and Bayes' rule. - 2.3 Independence. - 2.4 Random variables. - 2.4.1 Discrete random variables. - 2.4.2 Continuous random variables. - 2.4.3 Descriptions of distributions. - 2.5 Joint distributions. - 2.6 Independent random variables. - 2.7 Exchangeability. - 2.8 de Finetti's theorem. - 2.9 Discussion and further references. - 3 One-parameter models. - 3.1 The binomial model. - 3.1.1 Inference for exchangeable binary data. - 3.1.2 Confidence regions. - 3.2 The Poisson model. - 3.2.1 Posterior inference . - 3.2.2 Example: Birth rates. - 3.3 Exponential families and conjugate priors. - 3.4 Discussion and further references. - 4 Monte Carlo approximation. - 4.1 The Monte Carlo method. - 4.2 Posterior inference for arbitrary functions. - 4.3 Sampling from predictive distributions. - 4.4 Posterior predictive model checking. - 4.5 Discussion and further references. - 5 The normal model. - 5.1 The normal model. - 5.2 Inference for the mean, conditional on the variance. - 5.3 Joint inference for the mean and variance. - 5.4 Bias, variance and mean squared error. - 5.5 Prior specification based on expectations. - 5.6 The normal model for non-normal data. - 5.7 Discussion and further references. - 6 Posterior approximation with the Gibbs sampler. - 6.1 A semiconjugate prior distribution. - 6.2 Discrete approximations. - 6.3 Sampling from the conditional distributions. - 6.4 Gibbs sampling. - 6.5 General properties of the Gibbs sampler. - 6.6 Introduction to MCMC diagnostics. - 6.7 Discussion and further references. - 7 The multivariate normal model. - 7.1 The multivariate normal density. - 7.2 A semiconjugate prior distribution for the mean. - 7.3 The inverse-Wishart distribution. - 7.4 Gibbs sampling of the mean and covariance. - 7.5 Missing data and imputation. - 7.6 Discussion and further references. - 8 Group comparisons and hierarchical modeling. - 8.1 Comparing two groups. - 8.2 Comparing multiple groups. - 8.2.1 Exchangeability and hierarchical models. - 8.3 The hierarchical normal model. - 8.3.1 Posterior inference. - 8.4 Example: Math scores in U.S. public schools. - 8.4.1 Prior distributions and posterior approximation. - 8.4.2 Posterior summaries and shrinkage. - 8.5 Hierarchical modeling of means and variances. - 8.5.1 Analysis of math score data. - 8.6 Discussion and further references. - 9 Linear regression. - 9.1 The linear regression model. - 9.1.1 Least squares estimation for the oxygen uptake data. - 9.2 Bayesian estimation for a regression model. - 9.2.1 A semiconjugate prior distribution. - 9.2.2 Default and weakly informative prior distributions. - 9.3 Model selection. - 9.3.1 Bayesian model comparison. - 9.3.2 Gibbs sampling and model averaging. - 9.4 Discussion and further references. - 10 Nonconjugate priors and Metropolis-Hastings algorithms. - 10.1 Generalized linear models. - 10.2 The Metropolis algorithm. - 10.3 The Metropolis algorithm for Poisson regression. - 10.4 Metropolis, Metropolis-Hastings and Gibbs. - 10.4.1 The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. - 10.4.2 Why does the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm work?. - 10.5 Combining the Metropolis and Gibbs algorithms. - 10.5.1 A regression model with correlated errors. - 10.5.2 Analysis of the ice core data. -

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1999. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 1999 schedule. - Overview of 1999 schedule. - lnfo for August1998 meeting. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1999 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1999. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NG RIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches. - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Anmerkung: Contents: Selaginellaceae, Equisetaceae, Pteridaceae, Sinopteridaceae, Adiataceae, Hemionidaceae, Athyriaceae, Aspleniaceae, Onocleaceae, Woodsiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Drynariaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Ephedraceae, Utricaceae / Mei Li-juan. - Salicaceae / Ding Tuo-ya. - Juglandaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Santalaceae, Loranthaceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cruciferae / Huang Rong-fu. - Caryophyllaceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Lauraceae, Papaveraceae / Zhou Li-hua. - Delineatores / Wang Ying, Yan Cui-lan, Liu Jin-jun, Zhang Gui-zhi, Feng Jin-huan, Zhou Qing-jun. , In chines. Schr. - Nomenklatur in lat. Schr.

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Anmerkung: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2006

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Symbols Abbreviations 1 The atmospheric boundary layer 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History 1.3 Observing the ABL 1.4 ABL modelling 1.5 Applications 1.6 Scope of the book 1.7 Nomenclature and some definitions Notes and bibliography 2 Basic equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.1 Turbulence and flow description 2.2 Governing equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.3 The simplified mean equations 2.4 The turbulence closure problem 2.5 The second-moment equations 2.6 Turbulent kinetic energy and stability parameters Notes and bibliography 3 Scaling laws for mean and turbulent quantities 3.1 The wind profile: simple considerations 3.2 Wind profile laws: the neutral case 3.3 Monin-Obukhov similarity theory: the non-neutral surface layer 3.4 Generalized ABL similarity theory 3.5 Similarity theory and turbulence statistics Notes and bibliography 4 Surface roughness and local advection 4.1 Aerodynamic characteristics of the land 4.2 Scalar roughness lengths 4.3 The vegetation canopy 4.4 Flow over the sea 4.5 Local advection and the internal boundary layer Notes and bibliography 5 Energy fluxes at the land surface 5.1 Surface energy balance and soil heat flux 5.2 Radiation fluxes 5.3 Evaporation 5.4 Condensation Notes and bibliography 6 The thermally stratified atmospheric boundary layer 6.1 The convective boundary layer 6.2 The stable (nocturnal) boundary layer 6.3 The marine atmospheric boundary layer 6.4 Mesoscale flow and IBL growth Notes and bibliography 7 The cloud-topped boundary layer 7.1 General properties of the CTBL 7.2 Observations 7.3 Radiation fluxes and cloud-top radiative cooling 7.4 Entrainment and entrainment instability 7.5 Numerical modelling of the CTBL Notes and bibliography 8 Atmospheric boundary-layer modelling and parameterization schemes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Surface temperature 8.3 Surface humidity (soil moisture) 8.4 Canopy parameterization 8.5 Surface fluxes 8.6 Rate equation for ABL depth 8.7 Turbulence closure schemes 8.8 ABL cloud parameterization Notes and bibliography 9 The atmospheric boundary layer, climate and climate modelling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Sensitivity of climate to the ABL and to land surface 9.3 Research priorities Notes and bibliography Appendices References Index

Anmerkung: Contents: 1:Introduction ; 2:The Spatial Equilibrium Within the City ; 3:The Spatial Equilibrium Across ; 4:Agglomeration Economies ; 5:Urban Distress ; 6:Cities and Public Policy

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Acknowledgments NICOP Organizing Team Members NICOP Sponsors Associate Editors and Reviewers Volume 1 Initial Disturbance and Recovery Measurements from Military Vehicle Traffic on Seasonal and Permafrost Terrain / R.T. Affleck, S.A. Shoop, C.M. Collins, and E. Clark Erosion of the Barrow Environmental Observatory Coastline 2003–2007, Northern Alaska / A. Aguirre, C.E. Tweedie, J. Brown, and A. Gaylord Pore Water and Effective Pressure in the Frozen Fringe During Soil Freezing / S. Akagawa, S. Hiasa, S. Kanie, and S.L. Huang Coastal Processes and Their Influence Upon Discharge Characteristics of the Strokdammane Plain, West Spitsbergen, Svalbard / H.J. Akerman Forecasting Chemical Thawing of Frozen Soil as a Result of Interaction with Cryopegs / V.I. Aksenov, N.G. Bubnov, G.I. Klinova, A.V. Iospa, and S.G. Gevorkyan Permafrost and Cryopegs of the Anabar Shield / S.V. Alexeev, L.P. Alexeeva, and A.M. Kononov A First Estimate of Mountain Permafrost Distribution in the Mount Cook Region of New Zealand’s Southern Alps / S. Allen, I. Owens, and C. Huggel The Perennial Springs of Axel Heiberg Island as an Analogue for Groundwater Discharge on Mars / D.T. Andersen, W.H. Pollard, and C.P. McKay Geotechnical Considerations for Cut-Off Wall in Warm Permafrost / S.L. Anderson, T.G. Krzewinski, and J. Swendseid Water Chemistry of Hydrogenous Taliks in the Middle Lena / N.P. Anisimova and N.A. Pavlova A New Hypothesis on Ice Lens Formation in Frost-Susceptible Soils / L.U. Arenson, T.F. Azmatch, and D.C. Sego Impact of the August 2000 Storm on the Soil Thermal Regime, Alaska North Slope / D.E. Atkinson and L. Hinzman Global Simulation of Permafrost Distribution in the Past, Present, and Future Using the Frost Number Method / T. Aus der Beek and E. Teichert Remote Sensing Data for Monitoring Periglacial Processes in Permafrost Areas: Terrestrial Laser Scanning at the Hinteres Langtalkar Rock Glacier, Austria / M. Avian, A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer, and A. Bauer Permafrost Temperatures and Erosion Protection at Shishmaref, Alaska / M.T. Azelton and J.E. Zufelt Measuring Ice Lens Growth and Development of Soil Strains during Frost Penetration Using Particle Image Velocimetry (GeoPIV) / T.F. Azmatch, L.U. Arenson, D.C. Sego, and K.W. Biggar Evidence of Permafrost Formation Two Million Years Ago in Central Alaska / J.E. Beget, P. Layer, D. Stone, J. Benowitz, and J. Addison Recent Advances in Mapping Deep Permafrost and Gas Hydrate Occurrences Using Industry Seismic Data, Richards Island Area, Northwest Territories, Canada / G. Bellefleur, K. Ramachandran, M. Riedel, T. Brent, and S. Dallimore Massive Ground Ice on the Ural Coast of Baydaratskaya Bay, Kara Sea, Russia / N.G. Belova, V.I. Solomatin, and F.A. Romanenko A Direct Method for Obtaining Thermal Conductivity of Gravel Using TP02 Probes / H. Bing, P. He, N.I. Koemle, and W. Feng The Effect of Near-Freezing Temperatures on the Stability of an Underground Excavation in Permafrost / K.L. Bjella Distribution of Permafrost Types and Buried Ice in Ice-Free Areas of Antarctica / J.G. Bockheim, I.B. Campbell, M. Guglielmin, and J. López-Martínez Estimation of Ice Wedge Volume in the Big Lake Area, Mackenzie Delta, NWT, Canada / J.A. Bode, B.J. Moorman, C.W. Stevens, and S.M. Solomon High Resolution DEM Extraction from Terrestrial LIDAR Topometry and Surface Kinematics of the Creeping Alpine Permafrost: the Laurichard Rock Glacier Case Study (Southern French Alps) / X. Bodin, P. Schoeneich, and S. Jaillet Comparison of Exposure Ages and Spectral Properties of Rock Surfaces in Steep, High Alpine Rock Walls of Aiguille du Midi, France / R. Böhlert, S. Gruber, M. Egli, M. Maisch, D. Brandová, W. Haeberli, S. Ivy-Ochs, M. Christl, P.W. Kubik, and P. Deline Heat and Water Transfer Processes in Permafrost-Affected Soils: A Review of Field- and Modeling-Based Studies for the Arctic and Antarctic (Plenary Paper) / J. Boike, B. Hagedorn, and K. Roth Estimation of Hydraulic Properties in Permafrost-Affected Soils Using a Two-Directional Freeze-Thaw Algorithm / W.R. Bolton, J. Boike, and P.P. Overduin Engineering Solutions for Foundations and Anchors in Mountain Permafrost / C. Bommer, H.R. Keusen, and M. Phillips Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Interactions in the Hyporheic Zones of Arctic Streams that Drain Areas of Continuous Permafrost / W.B. Bowden, M.J. Greenwald, BM.N. Gooseff, BJ.P. Zarnetske, BJ.P. McNamara, J. Bradford, and T. Brosten Geomorphology and Gas Release from Pockmark Features in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada / R.G. Bowen, S.R. Dallimore, M.M. Côté, J.F. Wright, and T.D. Lorenson Current Capabilities in Soil Thermal Representations Within a Large-Scale Hydrology Model for Regions of Continuous Permafrost / L.C. Bowling, K.A. Cherkauer, and J.C. Adam Effects of Soil Cryostructure on the Long-Term Strength of Ice-Rich Permafrost Near Melting Temperatures /M.T. Bray Warming of Cold Permafrost in Northern Alaska During the Last Half-Century / M.C. Brewer and H. Jin Characterization and Classification of Topsoils as a Tool to Monitor Carbon Pools in Frost-Affected Soils / G. Broll and C. Tarnocai The International Permafrost Association: 1983–2008 / J. Brown, H. French, and C. Guodong Experimental Study of the Thermal Conductivity of Frozen Sediments Containing Gas Hydrates / B.A. Buhanov, E.M. Chuvilin, O.M. Guryeva, and P.I. Kotov Permafrost Dynamics Within an Upper Lena River Tributary: Modeled Impact of Infiltration on the Temperature Field Under a Plateau / S. Buldovich, N. Romanovskiy, G. Tipenko, D. Sergeev, and V. Romanovsky Permafrost Distributions on the Seward Peninsula: Past, Present, and Future / R.C. Busey, L.D. Hinzman, J.J. Cassano, and E. Cassano Soil and Permafrost Properties in the Vicinity of Scott Base, Antarctica / I.B. Campbell and G.G.G.Claridge Patterned Ground Features and Vegetation: Examples from Continental and Maritime Antarctica / N. Cannone and M. Guglielmin Rainfall-Runoff Hydrograph Characteristics in A Discontinuous Permafrost Watershed and Their Relation to Ground Thaw / S.K. Carey and C.M. DeBeer Innovative Designs of the Permafrost Roadbed for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Plenary Paper) / G. Cheng, Q. Wu, and W. Ma Does Permafrost Deserve Attention in Comprehensive Climate Models? / J.H. Christensen, M. Stendel, P. Kuhry, V. Romanovsky, and J. Walsh Trace Gas Budgets of High Arctic Permafrost Regions (Plenary Paper) / T.R. Christensen, T. Friborg, and M. Johansson Interannual Variations in Active Layer Thickness in Svalbard / H.H. Christiansen and O. Humlum Experimental Study of the Self-Preservation Effect of Gas Hydrates in Frozen Sediments / E.M. Chuvilin and O.M. Guryeva Effects of Recent Climate Change on High Mountains of Western North America / J.J. Clague A Model of Permafrost Distribution and Disturbance Sensitivity for Denali National Park, Using Soil-Ecological Site Inventory Information / M.H. Clark A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Assess the Impact of Global Climate Change on Infrastructure in Cold Regions / J. Clarke, C. Fenton, A. Gens, R. Jardine, C. Martin, D. Nethercot, S. Nishimura, S. Olivella, C. Reifen, P. Rutter, F. Strasser, and R. Toumi Freezeback of an Anthropogenic Talik Within Tailings at Nanisivik Mine, Canada / G. Claypool, J.W. Cassie, and R. Carreau Geologic Controls on the Occurrence of Permafrost-Associated Natural Gas Hydrates / T.S. Collett Laboratory Simulations of Martian Debris Flows / F. Costard, E. Védie, M. Font, and J.L. Lagarde Modeling the Erosion of Ice-Rich Deposits Along the Yukon Coastal Plain / N.J. Couture, M.A. Hoque, and W.H. Pollard Dynamics of Patterned Ground Evolution / J.G.A. Croll Legacy and Accomplishments of Frozen Ground Engineering Studies in Alaska 60 Years Ago / M. Cysewski and Y. Shur High-Resolution Surface and Subsurface Survey of a Non-Sorted Circle System / R. Daanen, V. Romanovsky, D. Walker, and M. LaDouceur Effect of Adsorbed Cations on Unfrozen Water in Silty Soil as Det

Anmerkung: CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. AIMS AND SCOPE 3. NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC ACIDIFICATION AND ITS ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 3.1. The role of water pH 3.2. Description of natural and anthropogenic acid sources 3.3. Anthropogenic acidification and its ecological consequences 3.4. Diatoms as indicators of water acidity and related factors 4. MATERIAL AND METHODS 4.1. Field samples 4.2. Laboratory methods 4.3. Data analysis 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS 6. RESULTS 6.1. Diatom community patterns vs. water chemistry in relation to different water types 6.2. Diatom community patterns in relation to altitude 6.3. Diatom community patterns in relation to dijf'erent geographical regions in Poland and Finland 6.4. Diatoms as indicators of pH, alkalinity and TOC 6.5. Restoration and recovery of acidified aquatic ecosystems 6.5.1. Diatoms as indicators of restoration: effect of water neutralization 6.5.2. Diatoms as indicators of lake recovery 7. DISCUSSION 8. NOTES ON AUTECOLOGY OF SELECTED DIATOM TAXA 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES APPENDIX (Codes of diatom taxa used in the graphs and tables) PLATES

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Foreword 1. Introduction (Krystyna Wasylikowa) 2. History of research (Herbert E. Wright, Jr) 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The 1963 campaign 2.3. The 1970 campaign 2.4. Post-1970 analytical work 3. Geologie and climatic setting of the sites (Herbert E. Wright, Jr) 4. Outline of the Vegetation of western Iran (Willem van Zeist) 4.1. Introduction 4.2. The regional Vegetation 4.3. Zeribar marsh Vegetation 5. Coring and sampling methods (Herbert E. Wright, Jr and Krystyna Wasylikowa) 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Lake Zeribar 5.3. Lalabad and Nilofar 5.4. Mirabad landslide lakes 5.5. Sub-sampling 6. Description of Sediments (Krystyna Wasylikowa and Herbert E. Wright, Jr) 7. Lake Zeribar: dating and Sedimentation rate (Adam Walanus and Krystyna Wasylikowa) 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Age-depth curves 7.3. Sedimentation rate 8. Late Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation at Zeribar (Willem van Zeist) 8.1. Introduction 8.2. The surface-sample study 8.3. Late Pleistocene 8.4. Holocene 8.5. Comparison with other pollen sites 9. Paleoecology of Lake Zeribar in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene reconstrueted from the flora of aquatic and marsh plants (Krystyna Wasylikowa) 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Methods 9.3. Principles of palaeoecological interpretation of plant-macrofossil assemblages from Lake Zeribar 9.4. Pleniglacial lake Vegetation 9.5. Lake Vegetation during the decline of the Pleniglacial and in the Lateglacial 9.6. Lake Vegetation in the Holocene 9.7. Summary of plant-macrofossil stratigraphy 9.8. Notes on the identification of plant macrofossils from Lake Zeribar (Krystyna Wasylikowa and Felix Yu. Velichkevich) 10. Diatom paleolimnology of Lake Zeribar, Iran, in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene (Andrzej Witkowski, Kazimierz Wasylik, Horst Lange-Bertalot, Malgorzata Bak and Karolina Derwich) 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Material and methods 10.3. Results 10.4. Discussion 10.5. Conclusions (Plates) 11. Oospores of Charales in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Sediments of Lake Zeribar, Iran (Andrzej Hutorowicz) 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Materials and methods 11.3. Systematic description of the charophyte species identified 11.4. Palaeoparameters of water in Lake Zeribar 11.5. Charophyte Vegetation at the decline of the Pleniglacial and in the Lateglacial 11.6. Charophyte Vegetation at the decline of the Lateglacial and the beginning of the Holocene 11.7. Charophyte Vegetation in the Holocene 11.8. Summary of charophyte Vegetation stratigraphy 12. Molluscs of Late Quaternary lacustrine Sediments of Lake Zeribar (Iran) (Stefan W. Alexandrowicz) 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Material and methods 12.3. Species of molluscs 12.4. Assemblages of molluscs 12.5. Interpretation 13. Charred plant macrofossils in Lake Zeribar Sediments (Jerzy J. Langer andKrystyna Wasylikowa) 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Charred remains in Lake Zeribar Sediments 13.3. Physico-chemical analyses 13.4. Conclusions of physico-chemical analyses 13.5. Palaeoecological interpretation 14. Variations in effective moisture at Lake Zeribar, Iran during the last glacial period and Holocene, inferred from the δ18O values of authigenic calcite (Lora R. Stevens, Emi Ito, and Herbert E. Wright, Jr) 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Climatic setting 14.3. Oxygen-isotope setting 14.4. δ18O values as proxies for hydrology and effective moisture 14.5. Methods 14.6. Results 14.7. Discussion 14.8. Conclusions 15. The Lake Zeribar palaeoecology: a synthesis (Krystyna Wasylikowa, Willem van Zeist, Herbert E. Wright, Jr, Lora R. Stevens, Andrzej Witkowski, Adam Walanus, Andrzej Hutorowicz, Stefan W. Alexandrowicz, and Jerzy J. Langer) 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Middle Pleniglacial (ca. 48,000-38,000 cal. yr BP) 15.3. Upper Pleniglacial (ca. 38,000-15,400 cal yr BP) 15.4. The Lateglacial (ca. 15,400-12,000 cal.yr BP) 15.5. Early Holocene (ca. 12,000-6900 cal. yr BP) 15.6. Middle and Late Holocene from 6900 to 1400 cal. yr BP 15.7. Summarizing remarks References Appendix 1 (Depth and age of samples used for various analyses) Appendix 2 (List of plant taxa identified on the basis of macrofossils found in sediment cores 63J, 70A, 63B, 70B, and 63C) Appendix 3 (List of diatom species identified in the sediment cores 63J, 70A, and 70B) PlatesI-XII

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Contributors Acknowledgements 1. Introduction / Harvey J. Marchant & Fiona J. Scott Systematic Arrangement of Taxa 2. Diatoms / Fiona J. Scott & David P. Thomas 3. Dinoflagellates / Andrew McMinn & Fiona J. Scott 4. Silicoflagellates / Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff 5. Haptophytes: Order Prymnesiales / Harvey J. Marchant & Fiona J. Scott & Andrew T. Davidson 6. Haptophytes: Order Coccolithophorales / Claire S. Findlay, Jeremy R. Young & Fiona J. Scott 7. Chrysophytes / Harvey J. Marchant & Fiona J. Scott 8. Prasinophytes / Harvey J. Marchant 9. Chlorophytes / Fiona J. Scott 10. Cryptophytes / Fiona J. Scott & John van den Hojf 11. Euglenoids / Fiona J. Scott 12. Cyanophytes / Harvey J. Marchant 13. Choanoflagellates / Harvey J. Marchant 14. Ciliates / Wolfgang Petz 15. Protista Incertae Sedis / Fiona J. Scott & Harvey J. Marchant Glossary Bibliography Copyright Permission Index

Anmerkung: Contents: Continuous Path Processes ; Continuous-Path Random Processes: Mathematical Prerequisites ; Basic Concepts and Examples in Finance ; Hitting Times: A Mix of Mathematics and Finance ; Complements on Brownian Motion ; Complements on Continuous Path Processes ; A Special Family of Diffusions: Bessel Processes ; Jump Processes ; Default Risk: An Enlargement of Filtration Approach ; Poisson Processes and Ruin Theory ; General Processes: Mathematical Facts ; Mixed Processes ; Lévy Processes

Anmerkung: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2008 , Table of contents Kurzfassung Abstract Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Arctic environmental dynamics 1.1.2 Freshwater ostracods and their use in palaeoenvironmental studies 1.1.3 Permafrost and periglacial environment 1.2 Aims and approaches 1.3 Study region 1.3.1 Study sites 1.3.2 Geological characteristics 1.3.3 Climate 1.3.4 Periglacial freshwaters 1.4 Synopsis Chapter 2: Arctic freshwater ostracods from modern periglacial environments in the Lena River Delta (Siberian Arctic, Russia): geochemical applications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study area and types of water bodies 2.4 Materials and methods 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the ostracod habitats 2.5.2 Ostracod taxonomy and environmental ranges of their habitats 2.5.3 Ostracod geochemistry 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 Taxonomy and ecology of ostracods 2.6.2 Element ratios in ostracods and ambient waters 2.6.3 Stable isotopes in ostracods and ambient waters 2.7 Conclusions Chapter 3: Evaporation effects as reflected in freshwaters and ostracod calcite from modern environments in Central and Northeast Yakutia (East Siberia, Russia) 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study area 3.4 Material and methods 3.4.1 Field work 3.4.2 Water analyses 3.4.3 Ostracod analyses 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the lakes and ponds 3.5.2 Ostracod taxonomy and environmental ranges 3.5.3 Stable isotopes in host waters and ostracod calcite 3.5.4 Element ratios in host waters and ostracod calcite 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the lakes and ponds 3.6.2 Ostracod taxonomy, biogeography, and environmental ranges 3.6.3 Stable isotopes in ostracod calcite 3.6.4 Element ratios in ostracod calcite 3.7 Conclusions Chapter 4: Eemian and Late Glacial/Holocene palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences at the Dimitri Laptev Strait (NE Siberia, Russia) 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Regional setting 4.4 Material and methods 4.4.1 Field methods and cryolithology 4.4.2 Geochronology 4.4.3 Sedimentology and stable isotopes 4.4.4 Palaeoecological proxies 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Geochronology, lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, and cryolithology 4.5.1.1 Eemian sequences 4.4.1.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 4.5.2 Stable isotope ground ice records 4.5.3 Pollen studies 4.5.3.1 Eemian sequences 4.5.3.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 4.5.4 Ostracod studies 4.5.4.1 Eemian sequences 4.5.4.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 4.6 Discussion and Interpretation 4.6.1 Local palaeoenvironmental changes during the Eemian 4.6.2 Local palaeoenvironmental changes during the Late Glacial/Holocene 4.6.3 Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of ostracod calcite δ18O data 4.7 Conclusions Chapter 5: Synthesis 5.1 Taxonomy and ecology of ostracods 5.2 Geochemistry of ostracods 5.3 Indicator potential of freshwater ostracods in late Quaternary permafrost deposits 5.4 Outlook Appendix I: Freshwater ostracodes in Quaternary permafrost deposits in the Siberian Arctic I.1 Abstract I.2 Introduction I.3 Study area and geological background I.4 Materials and methods I.5 Results and interpretations I.5.1 Ostracode zone I I.5.2 Ostracode zone II I.5.3 Ostracode zone III I.5.4 Ostracode zone IV I.5.5 Ostracode zone V I.5.6 Ostracode zone VI I.6 Conclusions 125 Appendix II: Palaeoenvironmental dynamics inferred from late Quaternary permafrost deposits on Kurungnakh Island, Lena Delta, Northeast Siberia, Russia II.1 Abstract II.2 Introduction II.3 Regional setting II.4 Material and methods II.4.1 Sedimentology and cryolithology II.4.2 Geochronology II.4.3 Stable isotopes II.3.4 Palaeoecological proxies II.5 Results II.5.1 Lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, and cryolithology II.5.1.1 Unit I II.5.1.2 Unit II II.5.1.3 Unit III II.5.1.4 Unit IV II.5.1.5 Unit V II.5.2 Geochronology II.5.3 Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes of ground ice II.5.4 Palynological studies II.5.5 Plant macrofossils II.5.6 Ostracod remains II.5.7 Insect remains II.5.8 Mammal remains II.6 Discussion II.6.1 Local stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental interpretation II.6.2 Beringian palaeoenvironmental context II.7 Conclusions Supplementary data A Supplementary data B Supplementary data C Appendix III: Data tables from Chapters 2 and 3 Appendix IV: References Acknowledgements

Anmerkung: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Norges landbrukshøgskole, 1999 , Englisch

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Part 1: Introduction and Background Chapter 1. Introduction to the Arctic: Significance and History 1.1 The Arctic Ocean and Its Significance for the Earth's Climate System 1.2 History of Arctic Ocean Research 1.3 Plate Tectonic Evolution and Palaeogeography 1.4 Glaciations in Earth's History Chapter 2. Modern Physiography, Hydrology, Climate, and Sediment Input 2.1 Bathymetry and Physiography 2.2 Oceanic Circulation Pattern and Water-Mass Characteristics 2.3 Sea-Ice Cover: Extent, Thickness, and Variability 2.4 Primary Production and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Arctic Ocean 2.5 River Discharge 2.6 Permafrost 2.7 Coastal Erosion 2.8 Aeolian Input 2.9 Modern Sediment Input: A Summary Part 2: Processes and Proxies Chapter 3. Glacio-Marine Sedimentary Processes 3.1 Sea-Ice Processes: Sediment Entrainment and Transport 3.2 Ice Sheet- and Iceberg-Related Processes 3.3 Sediment Mass-Wasting Processes 3.4 Turbidite Sedimentation in the Central Arctic Ocean Chapter 4. Proxies Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions in the Arctic Ocean 4.1 Lithofacies Concept 4.2 Grain-Size Distribution 4.3 Proxies for Sources and Transport Processes of Terrigenous Sediments 4.4 Trace Elements Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction 4.5 Micropalaeontological Proxies and Their (Palaeo-) Environmental and Stratigraphical Significance 4.6 Stable Isotopes of Foraminifers 4.7 Organic-Geochemical Proxies for Organic-Carbon Source and Palaeoenvironment Part 3: The Marine-Geological Record 5 Modern Environment and its record in surface sediments 5.1 Terrigenous (non-biogenic) components in Arctic Ocean surface sediments: Implications for provenance and modern transport processes 5.2 Organic-Carbon Content: Terrigenous Supply versus Primary Production Chapter 6. Quaternary Variability of Palaeoenvironment and Its Sedimentary Record 6.1 The Stratigraphic Framework of Arctic Ocean Sediment Cores: Background, Problems, and Perspectives 6.2 Variability of Quaternary Ice Sheets and Palaeoceanographic Characteristics: Terrestrial, Model, and Eurasian Continental Margin Records 6.3 Circum-Arctic Glacial History, Sea-Ice Cover, and Surface-Water Characteristics: Quaternary Records from the Central Arctic Ocean 6.4 Accumulation of Particulate Organic Carbon at the Arctic Continental Margin and Deep-Sea Areas During Late Quaternary Times Chapter 7. Mesozoic to Cenozoic Palaeoenvironmental Records of High Northern Latitudes 7.1 Mesozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment 7.2 Cenozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment Chapter 8. Open Questions and Future Geoscientific Arctic Ocean Research 8.1 Quaternary and Neogene Climate Variability on Sub-Millennial to Milankovich Time Scales 8.2 The Mesozoic-Cenozoic History of the Arctic Ocean References Index

Anmerkung: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components

Anmerkung: Contents Acknowledgments Preface Remarks, Definitions, Units Part I Typology of Uranium Deposits Part II Uranium in Asia – Overview Chapter 1 China, Peoples Republic of Chapter 2 India Chapter 3 Indonesia Chapter 4 Iran, Islamic Republic Chapter 5 Japan Chapter 6 Kazakhstan Chapter 7 Kyrgyzstan Chapter 8 Mongolia Chapter 9 Pakistan Chapter 10 Russian Federation, Asian Territory Chapter 11 South Korea Chapter 12 Tajikistan Chapter 13 Turkey Chapter 14 Turkmenistan Chapter 15 Uzbekistan Chapter 16 Vietnam Chapter 17 Middle East Countries with Uraniferous Phosphorite Bibliography Subject Index Geographical Index U Minerals Index

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Acknowledgments NICOP Organizing Team Members NICOP Sponsors Associate Editors and Reviewers Volume 2 Experimental Research on Frost and Salt Heaving of Highway Foundation Soils in Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions in Gansu Province, Northwestern China / G. Li, W. Yu, H. Jin, Y. Sheng, J. Qi, and L. Lü Effects of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps on Sediment Chemistry, Submerged Macrophyte Biomass, and Invertebrate Abundance of Upland Tundra Lakes / P.S. Mesquita, F.J. Wrona, and T.D. Prowse The Vault Creek Tunnel (Fairbanks Region, Alaska): A Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironmental Permafrost Record / H. Meyer, K. Yoshikawa, L. Schirrmeister, and A. Andreev Properties of Eroding Coastline Soils Along Elson Lagoon Barrow, Alaska / G.J. Michaelson, C.L Ping, L.A. Lynn, M.T. Jorgenson, and F. Dou The Application of Tritium in Permafrost Ground-Ice Studies / F.A. Michel Twenty Years of Permafrost Research on the Furggentälti Rock Glaciers, Western Alps, Switzerland / D. Mihajlovic, B. Staub, A. Nussbaum, B. Krummenacher, and H. Kienholz Convective Heat Exchange Between Rivers and Floodplain Taliks / V.M. Mikhailov Geophysical Study of Talik Zones, Western Yakutia / S. Milanovskiy, S. Velikin, and V. Istratov Seasonally Frozen Ground Effects on the Dynamic Response of High-Rise Buildings / R. Miranda, Z. Yang, and U. Dutta Seasonal Thermal Regime of a Mid-Latitude Ventilated Debris Accumulation / S. Morard, R. Delaloye, and J. Dorthe Genetic, Morphological, and Statistical Characterization of Lakes in the Permafrost-Dominated Lena Delta / A. Morgenstern, G. Grosse, and L. Schirrmeister Vegetation and Permafrost Changes in the Northern Taiga of West Siberia / N. Moskalenko Experimental Study of Thermal Properties for Frozen Pyroclastic Volcanic Deposits (Kamchatka, Kluchevskaya Volcano Group) / R.G. Motenko, E.P. Tikhonova, and A.A. Abramov Spatial Analysis of Glacial Geology, Surficial Geomorphology, and Vegetation in the Toolik Lake Region: Relevance to Past and Future Land-Cover Changes / C.A. Munger, D.A. Walker, H.A. Maier, and T.D. Hamilton Choosing Geotechnical Parameters for Slope Stability Assessments in Alpine Permafrost Soils / P. Nater, L.U. Arenson, and S.M. Springman A Permafrost Observatory at Barrow, Alaska: Long-Term Observations of Active-Layer Thickness and Permafrost Temperature / F. Nelson, N.I. Shiklomanov, D.A. Streletskiy, V.E. Romanovsky, K. Yoshikawa, K.M. Hinkel, and J. Brown Decadal Results from the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) Program (Plenary Paper) / F.E. Nelson, N.I. Shiklomanov, K.M. Hinkel, and J. Brown Modeling Observed Differential Frost Heave Within Non-Sorted Circles in Alaska / D.J. Nicolsky, V.E. Romanovsky, G.S. Tipenko, and D.A. Walker Engineering-Induced Environmental Hazards in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau / F. Niu, J. Xu, Z. Lin, and P. Wang Comparison of Simulated 2D Temperature Profiles with Time-Lapse Electrical Resistivity Data at the Schilthorn Crest, Switzerland / J. Noetzli, C. Hilbich, C. Hauck, M. Hoelzle, and S. Gruber The Effect of Fines Content and Quality on Frost Heave Susceptibility of Crushed Rock Aggregates Used in Railway Track Structure / A. Nurmikolu and P. Kolisoja Contemporary Permafrost Degradation of Northern European Russia / N. Oberman MAGST in Mountain Permafrost, Dovrefjell, Southern Norway, 2001–2006 / R.S. Ødegård, K. Isaksen, T. Eiken, and J.L. Sollid Effects of Changing Climate and Sea Ice Extent on Pechora and Kara Seas Coastal Dynamics / S.A. Ogorodov Solifluction Lobes in Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain): Morphometry and Palaeoenvironmental Changes / M. Oliva, L. Schulte, and A. Gómez Ortiz Cyanobacteria Within Cryptoendolithic Habitats: The Role of High pH in Biogenic Rock Weathering in the Canadian High Arctic / C.R. Omelon, W.H. Pollard, F.G. Ferris, and P.C. Bennett Thermal State of Permafrost in Alaska During the Fourth Quarter of the Twentieth Century (Plenary Paper) / T.E. Osterkamp Field Trials of Surface Insulation Materials for Permafrost Preservation / J.M. Oswell and J.R. Everts The State of Subsea Permafrost in the Western Laptev Nearshore Zone / P.P. Overduin, V. Rachold, and M.N. Grigoriev Sources of Discrepancy Between CCSM Simulated and Gridded Observation-Based Soil Temperature Over Siberia: The Influence of Site Density and Distribution / D. Pai Mazumder and N. Mölders Remote Sensing-Based Study of Vegetation Distribution and Its Relation to Permafrost in and Around the George Lake Area, Central Alaska / S.K. Panda, A. Prakash, and D.N. Solie Electrical Freezing Potentials During Permafrost Aggradation at the Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment, Western Arctic Coast, Canada / V.R. Parameswaran and C.R. Burn Managing Permafrost Data: Past Approaches and Future Directions / M.A. Parsons, S.L. Smith, V.E. Romanovsky, N.I. Shiklomanov, H.H. Christiansen, P.P. Overduin, T. Zhang, M.R. Balks, and J. Brown Regional Geocryological Dangers Associated with Contemporary Climate Change / A.V. Pavlov and G.V. Malkova Wedge Structures in Southernmost Argentina (Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego) / A. Perez-Alberti, A. Coronato, M.C. Casais, M. Valcarcel-Diaz, and J. Rabassa Modeling Interaction Between Filterable Solutions and Frozen Ground / G.Z. Perlshtein and G.S. Tipenko Russian Approaches to Permafrost Engineering (Plenary Paper) / G. Perlshtein Numerical Modeling of Differential Frost Heave / R.A. Peterson Energy Balance Response of a Shallow Subarctic Lake to Atmospheric Temperature and Advective Persistence / Richard M. Petrone, Wayne R. Rouse, and L. Dale Boudreau Numerical Analysis of Forced and Natural Convection in Waste-Rock Piles in Permafrost Environments / H.N. Pham, L.U. Arenson, and D.C. Sego Effects of Ground Temperature and Slope Deformation on the Service Life of Snow-Supporting Structures in Mountain Permafrost: Wisse Schijen, Randa, Swiss Alps / M. Phillips and S. Margreth Classification of Arctic Tundra Soils Along the Beaufort Sea Coast, Alaska / C.L Ping, L.A. Lynn, G.J. Michaelson, M.T. Jorgenson, Y.L. Shur, and M. Kanevskiy Thermal Diffusivity Variability in Alpine Permafrost Rock Walls / P. Pogliotti, E. Cremonese, U. Morra Di Cella, S. Gruber, and M. Giardino Massive Ground Ice in the Eureka Sound Lowlands, Canadian High Arctic / W.H. Pollard and N. Couture Long-Term Monitoring of Frost Heave and Thaw Settlement in the Northern Taiga of West Siberia / O. Ponomareva and Y. Shur The Permafrost of the Imuruk Lake Basaltic Field Area (Alaska) and Astrobiological Implications / O. Prieto-Ballesteros, D.C. Fernández-Remolar, J. Torres Redondo, M. Fernández-Sampedro, M.P. Martín Redondo, J.A. Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. Gómez-Elvira, D. Gómez-Ortiz, and F. Gómez What Dictates the Occurrence of Zero Curtain Effect? / J. Putkonen Definition of Warm Permafrost Based on Mechanical Properties of Frozen Soil / J. Qi and J. Zhang Active Layer Temperature Monitoring in Two Boreholes in Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctic: First Results for 2000–2006 / M. Ramos, G. Vieira, J.J. Blanco, S. Gruber, C. Hauck, M.A. Hidalgo, and D. Tomé Circumpolar Relationships Between Permafrost Characteristics, NDVI, and Arctic Vegetation Types / M.K. Raynolds and D.A. Walker Rock Glacier Distribution and the Lower Limit of Discontinuous Mountain Permafrost in the Nepal Himalaya / D. Regmi Frost-Protected Shallow Foundation Design Issues: A Case Study / C.H. Riddle, J.W. Rooney, and G.W. Carpenter Estimating Active Layer and Talik Thickness from Temperature Data: Implications from Modeling Results / D.W. Riseborough Mesoscale and Detailed Geocryological Mapping as a Basis for Carbon Budget Assessment (East European Russian Arctic, CARBO-North Project) / F.M. Rivkin, J.V. Vlasova, A.P. Popova, G. Mazhitova, P. Kuhry, I.S. Parmuzin, and I.V. Chehina Permafrost Degradation and Influx of Biogeogases into the Atmosphere / E. Rivkina and G. Kraev Observations and Considerations on Destabilizing Active Rock Glaciers in the European Alps / I. Roer, W. Haeber

Anmerkung: Contents Kurzfassung Summary 1 Introduction 1.1 Water Regime of Mountain Forests in Winter 1.2 Thermodynamics of Frozen Soils 1.3 Water Flow Pathways in Frozen Soils 1.4 Water Infiltration into and Runoff from Frozen Soils 1.5 Objectives and Outline of this Study 2 Field Measurements of Water Transport in Frozen Soils 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Test Site 2.3.2 Instrumentation 2.3.3 Soil Physical Properties 2.4 Results and Discussion 2.4.1 Entire Observation Period 2.4.2 Particular Snowmelt Events 2.4.3 Water Balance of Particular Snowmelt Events 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 3 Water and Solute Dynamics in Freezing Soil Columns 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Materials and Methods 3.3.1 Experimental Setup 3.3.2 Determination of the Liquid Water Content 3.3.3 Determination of the Solute Concentration 3.3.4 Model Approach for the Freezing Characteristic Curve 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.l Calibration Results 3.4.2 The Freezing and Thawing Cycle 3.4.3 Freezing Characteristic Curves 3.5 Conclusions 4 Modelling Runoff Dynamics in Sloped Frozen Soils 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Model Description 4.4 Model Application 4.5 Results and Discussion 4.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis 4.5.2 Model Calibration 4.5.3 Model Validation 4.5.4 Influence of Temporal Resolution on Model Output 4.5.5 Climate Change Scenarios 4.6 Summary and Conclusions 5 Concluding Remarks Appendices A Additional Field Measurements B Additional Cold-laboratory Measurements C Model Parameter File List of Symbols List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography Curriculum Vitae