ALBERT

Note: Mit engl., franz. und russ. Zsfassungen

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword / Klaus Hasselmann. - GROUP HASSELMANN. - Improving the SIAM Economy Module / Volker Barth. - A Nonlinear Impulse Response Model of the Coupled Carbon Cycle-Ocean-Atmosphere Climate System / Georg Hooß. - Potential Impact of Uncertainty and Natural Climate Variability in the Design of Optimal Climate Protection Policies / Victor Ocaña. - Climate Change Detection for the Annual Cycle of Temperature and Precipitation / Reiner Schnur. - Estimating the Sensitivity of a Regional Atmospheric Model to a Sea State Dependent Roughness Using Ensemble Calculations / Ralph Weisse, Hauke Heyen, and Hans von Storch. - CLIMATE MODEL AND DATA SECTION DKRZ. - Modellbetreuungsgruppe - An Update / Ulrich Cubasch. - Prediction of Global Change Using Different Models: An Intercomparison / Ulrich Cubasch. - The ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model on the NEC SX-4 / Stephanie Legutke. - Data Group Activities and Status / Hans Luthardt. - GROUP GRAF. - The Possible Effect of Biomass Burning on Local Precipitation and Global Climate / Hans-F. Graf. - The Leading Variability Mode of the Coupled Troposphere-Stratosphere Winter Circulation in Different Climate Regimes / Judith Perlwitz. - Numerical Simulation of Scavenging Processes in Explosive Volcanic Eruption Clouds / Christiane Textor. - Three-dimensional Simulation of Stratospheric Aerosol / Claudia Timmreck. - GROUP LATIF. - Oceanic Control of Decadal North Atlantic Sea Level Pressure Variability in Winter / Mojib Latif, Klaus Arpe, and Erich Roeckner. - Climatology and Variability in the Tropical Pacific in the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Astrid Baquero. - Large-scale Air-sea Interactions in the Midlatitudes / Dietmar Dommenget. - ENSO Prediction Experiments with the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Anselm Grötzner, Mojib Latif, and Stephan Venzke. - Simulating the Response of an Ocean General Circulation Model to North Atlantic Oscillation-type Forcing / Helmuth Haak. - The Role of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature in Forcing East African Climate Anomalies / Mojib Latif, Dietmar Dommenget, and Mihai Dima. - A Circulation Model for Paleoclimate Studies: Model Description and First Applications / Gerrit Lohmann. - Southern Ocean Investigations with the HOPE Model / Simon J. Marsland. - The Atmospheric Response to SST Anomalies in Midlatitudes / Ute Merkel. - Equatorial Pacific Thermocline Circulation and Decadal Climate Variability / Keith Rodgers. - Ocean Model Intercomparison Project / Frank Röske. - Assimilation of Topex/Poseidon Altimeter Data into an Ocean GCM to Improve ENSO Forecasts / Sigrid Schöttle. - GROUP MIKOLAJEWICZ. - Development of the new C-HOPE OGCM / Uwe Mikolajewicz. - The Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation: Large Scale and Small Scale Aspects / Johann Jungclaus. - The Global Ocean Assimilation System GOAS / Detlev Müller. - Study of the Climate Variability in the Northern European and Arctic Seas Using Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models / Dmitry Sein. - GROUP MAIER-REIMER. - Modeling of Marine Biogeochemistry / Ernst Maier-Reimer. - (1) Optimisation of a Marine Silicon Cycle Model and (2) Artificial Sediment Cores / Christoph Heinze. - Modeling Stable Water Isotopes and Vapor Source Regions over Greenland and Antarctica / Martin Werner. - OTHERS. - Ongoing Work in the Bengtsson Department / Marco Giorgetta. - E-journals and Databases for MPG Scientists: How to's / Carola Kauhs. - INDEX OF AUTHORS. -

Note: 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Neuschwabenland (West) 〈1 : 2.000.000〉, Bildflugroutenübersicht Antarktis-Expediton 1983/84 = Aerial Survey Route Map. - 2. Ausgabe. - Frankfurt am Main : Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie (IfAG), 1985. , 1 Beilage unter dem Titel: Supplement to National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 7 (July 1985) , Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Members of Permanent Working Groups and Groups of Specialists of SCAR. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 84-October 85. - II. Planned Activities, October 1985 - October 1986. - References. - Addenda to Former Reports. - Index of Activities.

Note: ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO INTRODUCCIÓN El estudio científico de las cavidades kársticas y las Ciencias Geológicas. Una buena alianza / J.J. Durán. KARST, TECTÓNICA Y SISMICIDAD Evidencias tectónicas y sísmicas a partir del estudio de espeleotemas: conocimiento actual y desarrollo futuro / P. Forti Evolución tectosedimentaria del entorno de la Cueva de Nerja durante el Plio-Cuatemario. / A. Guerra-Merchán, D. Ramallo y F. Serrano Análisis de la fracturación reciente en los espelotemas de la Cueva de Nerja, Málaga. / P. Gumiel, J.J. Durán, J. López-Martínez, J.M. González-Casado, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco La fracturación en la Cueva de los Enebralejos, Segovia, borde norte del Sistema Central. / J. Barea, J.J. Durán, J. Giner, J.M. González-Casado y J. López-Martínez Control estructural de la cavidad kárstica "La Cuevona" (Ribadesella, Asturias) / J. L. Alonso, J. G. García-Ramos y M. Gutiérrez-Claverol El karst de la Alquería (Vélez-Rubio, Almería) / A. González y J.A. Martínez The influence of tectonics on karstification of Permian-Carboniferous limestone from westem Serbia. / P. Pavlovic and D. Stojiljkovic Estudio preliminar de la Cueva de Castelar (Ciudad Real). El ejemplo español de karst en rocas cristalinas / C. J. Gavilán, l. Alonso y J.J. Durán REGISTROS SEDIMENTARIOS KÁRSTICOS Y RECONSTRUCCIONES PALEOAMBIENTALES Endokarstic sedimentary records and paleo-environmental reconstructions in caves / D. C. Ford Speleothem records of environmental changes and the past-bases and potential. / Y. Y. Shopov, L. Tsankov, L. N Georgiev, C.J Yonge, H.P.R. Krouse and A.J.T. Jull Significance of Luminescent spelothem records for determination of orbital variations, glaciations and timing of termination-II. / Y.Y. Shopov, D. Stoykova, M. Sanambria, L. Tsankov, D. Ford, L. Georgiev and D. Georgieva Dataciones isotópicas de espeleotemas procedentes de cuevas costeras de Mallorca. Estado actual de las investigaciones / A. Ginés, J. Ginés, J.J. Fornós y P. Tuccimei Estudio isotópico sobre las condiciones de precipitación de "calcitas flotantes" actuales procedentes de tres cuevas en la isla de Mallorca / C. Jiménez de Cisneros y E. Caballero Geoquimica de travertinos procedentes de una fuente termal. Estimaciones sobre su velocidad de formación. / E. Caballero, C. Jiménez de Cisneros y C. Jiménez Travertinos asociados a los manantiales del borde occidental de la Sierra de la Alfaguara (Granada, Sur de España) / B. Andreo, M. Martín-Martín, A. Martín-Algarra y R. Julia Espeleotemas y morfogénesis exokárstica. El ejemplo de la Sierra del Endrinal (Grazalema, Cádiz) / J Rodríguez Vidal, G. Alvarez, L. M. Cáceres, A. Martínez Aguirre y J. M. Alcaraz La evolución de los materiales de acumulación en el Altiplano carbonatado de Cantanhede (NO de Coimbra-Portugal) / A. De Marco y L. A. Dimuccio Cave genesis in karst regions of Balkan Península / D. Vasileva Skocjanske Jame, Slovenia: development of caves related to rock characteristics and rock relief / M. Knez and T. Slabe Facies mineralógicas de las arenas de los rellenos kársticos de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) / T. Aleixandre y A. Pérez González Mineralogy of cave deposits from Bihor Mountains (Romanía) / L. Ghergari and T. Tamas Análisis polínico de sedimentos en cavidades kársticas: hacia un nuevo desarrollo conceptual / J. S. Carrión, C. Navarro y M. Munuera El karst de la Espluga de Francolí: características fisicas e hidrogeológicas. Interés en la educación ambiental / J M Cervelló, M Monterde, J Ramoneda y A. Freixes Análisis sistemático y ecológico de los roedores del Pleistoceno Superior procedentes de la Cueva de las Ventanas (Granada, España) / A. Ruiz-Bustos y J A. Riquelme Cantal Geology, geomorphology, tectonics and geological map ofthe Cave of Riomurtas (Narcao, Southwest Sardinia). J De Waele and A. Muntoni CONSERVACIÓN DE CAVIDADES: EL IMPACTO ANTRÓPICO La dynamique du milieu souterrain, concepts de base servant a la conservation des grottes / A. Mangin, D. D 'Hulst et F. Bourges L' eclairage et la protection des grottes / F. Bourges, A. Mangin et D. D'Hulst Análisis de las concentraciones de 222Rn del aire de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Dueñas, M.C. Fernández, J Carretero, E. Liger y S. Cañete El medio ambiente subterráneo de la Cueva de Nerja (Málaga). Modificaciones antrópicas / F. Carrasco, B. Andreo, I Vadillo, J.J. Durán y C. Liñán EL AGUA Y EL KARST Recharge and behaviour of karst aquifers. Examples from Southeastem France / J Mudry, Y. Guglielmi, A. Chalumeau, A. Reynaud and Y. Paquette ¿Pueden las teorías sobre el desarrollo del karst contribuir al mejor conocimiento de la moderna hidrogeología del karst? / J Silar Behaviour of the epikarst aquifer: signal analysis and flow analysis. Si te of Lascaux Cave. / R. Lastennet, A. Denis, Ph. Malaurent and J Vouvé Primeros datos sobre la variabilidad estacional de la infiltración en la Cueva del Agua (lznalloz, Granada) / F. Sánchez-Martos, J. M Calaforra y M J González-Ríos Primeros resultados sobre la caracterización hidroquímica y evolución espacial de las aguas del sistema kárstico de Valporquero, Cordillera Cantábrica / JJ Durán, M Vallejo, l. Herráez y J López-Martínez Hidrodinámica e hidroquímica de las aguas de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Liñán, B. Andreo, F Carrasco e l. Vadillo Modelización de los procesos hidrogeoquímicos que afectan al agua de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / J. Cardenal, J. Benavente, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco Algunos procesos hidrogeoquímicos en la Cueva de Canalobre y en el acuífero del Cabeçó D'Or (Alicante) / J. M Andreu, J.C. Cerón, A. Pulido-Bosch y A. Estévez Tracing technique as a contribution to karstology: past experience, new directions / Ph. Meus and C. Ek Ensayos de trazadores en acuíferos kársticos: desarrollo histórico y anecdotario / J. G. Yélamos Trazados en la Unidad Hidrogeológica Izarraitz (País Vasco): consideraciones sobre la complejidad estructural y dinámica del medio kárstico / l. Mugerza, T. Morales, l. Antigüedad, J.A. Uriarte, l. Fernández de Valderrama, J.M Gonzalo y P. Bezares d18O and average recharge-altitude relationships in karstic springs / Th. Herold, S.M. Bernasconi, P. Jordan and F. Zwahlen Concentración inicial de radiocarbono en agua subterránea del karst de Bohemia central / J. Silar y K. Záhrubsky Los sistemas kársticos del Parque Natural del Cadí-Moixeró (Pirineo oriental, Catalunya) / J. Ramoneda, A. Freixes, M. Monterde, J. P. Morin y L. Gourcy Hidroquímica de la Sierra de Guara / J. A. Cuchí, J.A. Manso, M. Subías y J. Buera Nuevas aportaciones sobre el funcionamiento hidrogeológico del acuífero kárstico multicapa del Calar del Mundo (Provincias de Albacete y Jaén) / T. Rodríguez-Estrella Posible contribución del karst de Los Berros (Argentina) para el abastecimiento a la industria de la región / C. Wetten y O.A. Damiani Karst groundwater quality in Austria / M. Kralik Modelo numérico del flujo subterráneo de un acuífero kárstico en Yucatán, México. Implicaciones hidrogeológicas / R. González, l. Sánchez y J. Gamboa Aprovechamiento de manantiales kársticos de carácter intermitente mediante operaciones de recarga artificial de acuíferos. Las Ufanes de Gabellí (Mallorca) / J. M Murillo, C.J. Gavilán, J.A. de la Orden The karstic aquifer ofthe Izhora Plateau (Russia) and problems ofits use under anthropogenic pressure / A. N Voronov, NA. Vinograd and A.A. Shvarts Aspects of groundwater vulnerability mapping in karst regions with the help of GIS / P.S. Bezrukov Natural and anthropogenic influences as threats to pits in the Debeli Namet Glacier (Durmitor National Park, Montenegro) / P. Djurovic Carbon inorganic total dissolved origine, repartition and it's karstification impact / C. Emblanch, H. Celle, B. Blavoux and J. M. Puig , Beiträge teilweise in spanischer, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement. Introduction Background Objectives Project history Approach Aircraft imagery LANDSAT-1 imagery NOAA-2 and -3 satellite imagery Ground truth data Imagery and ground truth data analysis Physical and cultural setting Geography Geology Climate Hydrology Local industry and population density Sources of estuarine pollution Results and discussion Coastal configuration Bathymetry Tides Asymmetry of tidal flow/duration across inlet Suspended sediment distribution and circulation Sea ice Tidal flushing characteristics Summary and conclusions Applications Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. RS-14 infrared scanner imagery

Note: Contents Section I: Introduction Section II: Analytical procedures 1. Fourier transforms 2. Basic transform properties 3. Transform techniques 4. The transfer function Section II: Parameter studies and program evaluations 1. Analytical parameter study 2. I-TRAIN evaluation 3. S-TRAIN evaluation Section IV: Data 1. DATEX I 2. DATEX II 3. STARMET 4. MINERAL LODE 5. HARD HAT and PILEDRIVER Section V: Analysis of transformed data 1. Absorption 2. Dispersion 3. Transfer function Section VI: Fourier synthesis Section VII: Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: The Fourier integral and series Appendix B: Subroutine FOURT used in analysis Appendix C: I-TRAIN and S-TRAIN programs

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Fast ice study area Results and discussion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Testsite Aerial photography Channel morphology — Interpretation of aerial photographs Ground surveys Hydraulic analysis Analysis of ice jam locations Winter field observations Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Locations and plots of cross sections from Sumner Falls to Chase Island, Connecticut River

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Section I. Ice fog Section II. Evaporation Bowen's equation Evaporation equation Evaporation measurements during ice fog conditions Evaporation measurements at Eielson Power Plant cooling pond Data analysis Section Ill. Radiation during ice fog Brunt's equation Ångström equation Elsasser's equation Cloud cover Reflection Field experimental results Analysis of experimental results Radiation equations for ice fog Transmissivity of ice fog Radiation model Wind effect Summary Section IV. Convection Convective heat transfer theory Rotem and Claassen equation Kay's approach Russian approach Analysis Heat budget at the surface Conclusions Section V. Ice fog suppression techniques Fans Injection wells Latent heat storage Monomolecular films Use of heated water from the cooling pond Section VI. Latent heat storage experiments Freezing rates Cooling pond Ice building Ice growth rate -maximum system limitation Evaporation heat loss -maximum Realistic growth rate Ice building techniques Ice volume measurements Melting experiments Ice fog suppression considerations Experimental results Section VII. Recommendations and conclusions Hexadecanol studies Injection well suppression Latent heat storage suppression Comparison of approaches Measurements of evaporation Measurements of radiation loss Convective heat losses Ice fog suppression Selected bibliography Appendix A. Convective heat transfer coefficient from water to ice and from ice to air

Note: A. Introduction.- Obituary.- Purpose of this Book.- Synopsis.- B. General Framework of Hypersaline Environments with Special Reference to the Red Sea.- 1. Introduction and Definitions.- 2. The Northern Red Sea, a Historical Sketch.- 3. Gulf of Elat (Aqaba). Geological and Sedimentological Framework.- 4. Coastal Evaporite Systems.- 5. Hypersaline Sea-marginal Flats of the Gulfs of Elat and Suez.- 6. Anchialine Pools — Comparative Hydrobiology.- 7. Botanical Studies on Coastal Salinas and Sabkhas of the Sinai.- C. The Gavish Sabkha — A Case Study.- 8. Introduction.- 9. Geomorphology, Mineralogy and Groundwater Geochemistry as Factors of the Hydrodynamic System of the Gavish Sabkha.- 10. The Ras Muhammad Pool: Implications for the Gavish Sabkha.- 11 Salinity and Water Activity Related Zonation of Microbial Communities and Potential Stromatolites of the Gavish Sabkha.- 12. Structure and Physiology of Square-shaped and Other Halophilic Bacteria from the Gavish Sabkha.- 13. Photoactive Pigments in Halobacteria from the Gavish Sabkha.- 14. Photosynthetic Microorganisms of the Gavish Sabkha.- 15. The Fauna of the Gavish Sabkha and the Solar Lake — a Comparative Study.- 16. Trace Metal Concentrations in Sediments from the Gavish Sabkha.- 17. Biogeochemistry of Gavish Sabkha Sediments I. Studies on Neutral Reducing Sugars and Lipid Moieties by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.- 18. Biogeochemistry of Gavish Sabkha Sediments II. Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry of the Laminated Microbial Mat in the Permanently Water-Covered Zone Before and After the Desert Sheetflood of 1979.- 19. Carbon Isotope Geochemistry and 14C Ages of Microbial Mats from the Gavish Sabkha and the Solar Lake.- D. Applied Aspects and Paleoecology.- 20. Introduction.- 21. A Paleobiological Perspective on Sabkhas.- 22. Applied and Economic Aspects of Sabkha Systems — Genesis of Salt, Ore and Hydrocarbon Deposits, and Biotechnology.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Taxonomic Index.

Note: CONTENTS List of Figures and Illustrations List of Tables Preface Acknowledgements Notation 1. On the Scientific Method of J. Ross Mackay / W.H. MATHEWS 2. Experimental Observations of Periglacial Processes in the Arctic / ALFRED JAHN 3. Extreme Rainfall and Rapid Snowmelt as Causes of Mass Movements in High Latitude Mountains / ANDERS RAPP 4. Estimation of Avalanche Runout Distances in New Zealand/ B.B. FITZHARRIS 5. The Ice Factor in Frozen Ground / L.W. GOLD 6. Models of Soil Freezing / M.W. SMITH 7. A Step Function Model of Ice Segregation / S.I. OUTCALT 8. Recent Observations on the Deformation of Ice and Ice-Rich Permafrost / N.R. MORGENSTERN 9. Distribution of Recently Active Ice and Soil Wedges in the U.S.S.R. / N.N. ROMANOVSKIJ 10.Periglacial Problems / A.L. WASHBURN Notes on Contributors Author Citation Index Index , Abstracts in englischer, französischer und russischer Sprache

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Location Test procedure Loading Site preparation and bridge construction Deflection measurements Conclusions Literature cited Appendix, Test data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Bentonite and water samples Sorbate solutions Sorption isotherms HPLC analysis Analyte standards Water solubilities Octanol-water partition coefficients Sorption isotherms Freundlich Langmuir BET Scatchard Gibbs Linear Polynomial Results and discussion TNT DNT RDX and HMX Effect of drilling muds on analysis SEM and EDXA analysis of bentonite wells Other studies Summary Literature cited Appendix A : Results for TNT Appendix B: Results for DNT Appendix C: Results for RDX Appendix D : Results for HMX Appendix E: Characteristics of Quik-Gel, Aqua-Gel and well water

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Origin of debris Volume, magnitude Types of debris Hazards of the debris Recommended measures to counteract log jamming Conclusions and recommendations Future work Epilogue Selected bibliography Appendix: Additional photographs of Chena River debris

Note: pt. 1. Introduction. The need for better theories / Paul A. Sabatier ; The stages approach to the policy process: what has it done? where is it going? / Peter deLeon -- pt. 2. Alternative views of the role of rationality in the policy process. Institutional rational choice: an assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework / Elinor Ostrom ; Ambiguity, time, and multiple streams / Nikolaos Zahariadis -- pt. 3. Frameworks focusing on policy change over fairly long periods. Punctuated-equilibrium theory: explaining stability and change in American policymaking / James L. True, Bryan D. Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner ; The advocacy coalition framework: an assessment / Paul A. Sabatier and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith -- pt. 4. Frameworks comparing policies across a large number of political systems. Innovation and diffusion models in policy research / Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry ; The policy process and large-N comparative studies / William Blomquist -- pt. 5. Conclusions. A comparison of frameworks, theories, and models of policy processes / Edella Schlager ; Fostering the development of policy theory / Paul A. Sabatier..

Note: The field experiments were continued to estimate convective storm particulate scavenging efficiency in proximity to the St. Louis, Missouri urban-industrial complex. Complementary studies of the urban aerosol characterization, source strength, and removal processes were also studied. The 1975 field effort shifted emphasis from the immediate St. Louis area to the Alton-Wood River industrial complex. Along with the change in size and configuration of the network, there were increases in the numbers of most types of samplers. The new network yielded the following types of samples for analysis and interpretation: 1065 total rain samples from 85 sites; 68 sequential rainwater samples from 2 locations; 272 wet/dry samples from 7 locations; 216 air filter samples from 7 locations; 36 air filter samples from aircraft; and raindrop spectrometer data from 11 sites for the period 17 June-18 August. The analysis procedures require that all water samples undergo filtering for separate analyses of soluble and insoluble fractions of the elemental concentrations. This data collection effort provided a record number of samples for chemical analysis. Approximately 4000 pibals and over 370 radiosondes were released in the operational period, providing wind and thermodynamic data on 33 days. Aircraft missions were flown on 24 days, with one air tracer release of cesium on 19 July 1975. The status of the analysis of all types of data is described.

Note: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PROCESSES AND OTHER STRUCTURES ON THE DIATOM VALUE SHAPE, SYMMETRY AND SIZE SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS AND KEYS GROUP 1 - DISTINCTIVE GENERA GROUP 2 - DISCOID GENERA REFERENCES

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Norges landbrukshøgskole, 1999 , Englisch

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Snow metamorphism Mass transfer by diffusion in snow Heat transfer Background-porous media Structure of thermal convection Rayleigh number Onset problem Heat transfer attributable to thermal convection Layering and slope effects Studies of convection through snow Modeling Equation of motion Energy equation Finite difference methods Numerical solution Verification of the model Modeling results Effects of constant flux and permeable boundaries on convection in horizontal layers Effects of phase change on convection Convection in sloped layers Experiments Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental results and discussion Glass beads Snow Applications and conclusions Onset of Benard convection in seasonal snow covers Applications to snow metamorphism Summary Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of fmite difference formulae Appendix B: Computer programs Appendix C: Sample calculations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Section 1. Introduction Section 2. Wave propagation in the earth Section 3. Body waves: ray theory and wave theory Geometric ray theory Wave theory Section 4. Surface waves Section 5. Normal modes Section 6. Finite-difference method Section 7. Finite-element method Section 8. Hybrid methods Section 9. Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test apparatus Test surfaces Ice samples Test program Results and discussion Effect of wear of ice sample Effect of normal pressure Effect of velocity, crystal orientation and surface conditions Results summary Comparison with laboratory study Recommendations on test apparatus Literature cited Appendix A : Test results

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental set-up and conditions Results of wedge resistance measurements Results of floe size measurements Statistical analysis of data Comparison between model and full-scale data Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Wedge tests-floe size measurements Appendix B: Wedge tests-histograms of floe length and floe area Appendix C: Cumulative frequency distributions for floe length and floe area

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Summary Notation Scope of the study Part I. Energy balance computations Introduction The experimental sites Instrumentation Theoretical Radiation heat flow Hr Sensible heat flux Hc and latent heat flux He The application of the heat flow model Results and discussion Conclusions and recommendations Part II. Comparison of water runoff computations and measurements Introduction The runoff model The unsaturated zone The saturated layer The field study Instrumentation of the plots Descriptive hydrology Application of the runoff model The unsaturated zone The saturated zone Discussion and conclusions Comparison of predicted and observed hydrographs Factors affecting results Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement lntroduction Objectives Approach and project history Study area Physical setting Cultural setting Documented pollution sources in the study area Evaluation of imagery Photographic imagery Thermal imagery PMIS imagery Land use analysis Analysis of 1972 imagery Analysis of 1974 imagery Soils of Manitowoc, East Twin and Oconto River watersheds Manitowoc River watershed East Twin River watershed Oconto River watershed Water quality data Manitowoc River East Twin River Oconto River Land use/stream sedimentation relationships Results and conclusions Sensor evaluation Land use analysis Mapping approaches Land use/sedimentation relationships Cost effectiveness analysis Recommendations and applications Selected bibliography Appendix A. Precipitation and temperature data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Section I: Use of auxiliary devices for ACV control Introduction Discussion of wheels as a control device Dual wheels Single wheel Tandem wheels Application to existing ACV’s Other control devices Turning force Conclusions Section II: Use of flexible skirts for ACV control Introduction The flexible skirt as a control device Model tests Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Equipment The microscope system The camera system Tools for preparation of sample Laboratory procedure Categorizing artifact Choosing setup Preparing sample llluminating sample Photographing artifact Results Literature cited Selected bibliography Appendix. Reference information for photomacrographic and photo-micrographic applications

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background on development Drill development and configuration Equipment Modifications Operations Assembly and disassembly Field transport and movement Typical operating procedures Effect of material properties, weather and water Depth and hole completion time Summary Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive equations for a two-size mixture Limiting case of the two-size mixture Complete spectrum analysis for spheres and disks Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of collision frequency between neighboring spheres that follow the mean shear flow without fluctuations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Description of the model Ice thickness equations Heat budget and oceanic boundary layer Analytic examination of the ridge redistribution process Theoretical framework Some specific redistributors Comparison to ridge morphological data Ice strength for different redistributors Numerical simulation results Basin-wide ice thickness and velocity characteristics Ice edge evolution and sensitivity Ice thickness characteristics off the Canadian Archipelago Comparison of observed and simulated ice drift Mass balance characteristics Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Mechanical redistributor Appendix B: Heat budget code Appendix C: Thickness finite difference code

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field sampling program Site selection and description Coring procedures Core logging procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Ice description Salinity and density Structure Constant-strain-rate compression tests Test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Strength and structure Strength and porosity Residual compressive strength Failure strain Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate uniaxial tension tests Test variables Uniaxial tensile strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate triaxial tests Equipment Test variables Synthane end caps Triaxial strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Effect of sinthane end caps on results Constant-load compression tests Test variables Test results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice structure profile of ridge C core Appendix H: Test data Appendix C: Static determination of Young's modulus in sea ice

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Principal features of a protected membrane roof system Reported advantages of a protected membrane roof system Study sites Stevens Hall, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 41 5, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 1053, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska Gruening Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Consortium Library and K Building, University of Alaska, Anchorage CRREL Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Resources Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Insulation properties Sampling Results Bulksamples Sliced samples Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Moisture contents Appendix B. Photographs

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Measurement techniques employed Ground Airborne Magnetometer survey Results Ground control study VLF survey Bedrock geology and resistivity Aeromagnetic survey results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Theory of electromagnetic resistivity surveying Appendix B. Magnetic surveying

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents Preface CHAPTER 1. AIR TEMPERATURE AND SENSIBLE HEAT TRANSFER 1.1. Methods of temperature measurement 1.2. Sources of error in temperature measurement 1.3. Sensor thermal inertia Experiment I. Thermal inertia of a thermometer Experiment II. Measurement of the heat transfer coefficient for a plane surface 1.4. The effect of radiation on temperature sensors Experiment III. Effect of radiation on shielded thermometers 1.5. Electrical resistance thermometers Experiment IV. The dissipation of heat from a resistance thermometer 1.6, A ventilated shield for resistance thermometers CHAPTER 2. SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION 2.1. Specific intensity and radiant flux density 2.2. Radiation scales 2.3. The fluxes of solar and terrestrial radiation Experiment V. The measurement of radiation by a thermometric method 2.4. Radiation instruments Experiment VI. Calibration of a pyranometer against a pyrheliometer 2.5. Lambert's or the Cosine Law Experiment VII. Cosine response of a radiometer 2.6. Direct beam and diffuse calibrations for a radiometer Experiment VIII. Dependence of albedo on solar elevation 2. 7. Radiation measurements over finite plane surfaces Experiment IX. Measurement of the albedo over finite surfaces Experiment X. The measurement of long- and short-wave radiation fluxes Experiment XI. A basic pyrheliometer 2.8. The extra-terrestrial solar flux Experiment XII. Determination of the solar constant CHAPTER 3. AIR AND WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE 3.1. Atmospheric pressure 3.2. Liquid column barometers Experiment XIII. A short water barometer 3.3. Aneroid barometers Experiment XIV. The isothermal atmosphere 3.4. Atmospheric humidity 3.5. Parameters specifying humidity 3.6. The mEasurement of humidity Experiment XV. Observation of the dew point Experiment XVI. The hair hygrometer 3.7. Ory- and wet-bulb thermometry and the psychrometer Experiment XVII. The ventilated wet-bulb thermometer Experiment XVIII. Measurement of the Bowen ratio CHAPTER 4. WIND VELOCITY AND TURBULENT TRANSFER 4.1. Methods of wind speed measurement Experiment XIX. The comparison of anemometers 4.2. The wind velocity profile in the atmospheric boundary layer Experiment XX. Observation of the mean wind profile Experiment XXI. The effect of obstructions on the wind profile Experiment XXII. Determination of momentum transfer by the eddy correlation method 4.3. The scale of turbulence Experiment XXIII. The time scale of turbulent fluctuations 4.4. Turbulent transfer Experiment XXIV. Turbulent transfer of heat and water vapour CHAPTER 5. GROUND TEMPERATURE AND HEAT CONDUCTION 5.1. Methods of ground temperature measurement 5.2. Thermo-electric effects 5.3. The theory of ground heat conduction Experiment XXV. Determination of thermal diffusivity from temperature profile observation Experiment XXVI. Diurnal temperature and heat flux waves in the ground 5.4. Heat flux meters 5.5. Thermopiles Experiment XXVII. Calibration of a heat flux meter Experiment XXVIII. Comparison of temperature and heat flux waves CHAPTER 6. ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE MODELLING OF THERMAL PROCESSES 6.1. Steady state heat conduction 6.2. The performance of a heat flux meter Experiment XXIX. Analysis of the steady state response of a heat flux meter - using conducting paper 6.3. Thermal diffusion Experiment XXX. Modelling of temperature waves in the ground 6.4. Simulation of latent heat processes Experiment XXXI. The growth of ice floating on water 6.5. Sensible heat transfer in the atmospheric boundary layer 6.6. Long-wave radiation transfer simulation Experiment XXXII. A micro-meteorological model REFERENCES INDEX

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: 1 Introduction J.R. Ashworth 1.1 Scope of the book 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Migmatites and granites 1.4 Melt-absent migmatization 1.5 Compositions of anatectic leucosomes 1.6 Textures and structures as possible indicators of melt presence 1.7 Estimation of P-T-aₕ₂ₒ conditions 1.8 The Granulite Facies 1.9 Mineral compositions in leucosome and melanosome: the plagioclase problem 1.10 Open and closed systems 1.11 Conclusions References 2 The significance of experimental studies for the formation of migmatites W. Johannes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Experimental studies in the haplogranite system Qz-Or-Ab-H₂O 2.3 Experimental studies in the tonalite system Qz-Ab-An-H₂O 2.4 Experimental studies in the granite system Qz-Or-Ab-An-H₂O 2.5 Plagioclase compositions: observations in nature, experimental findings and conclusions 2.6 Suggestions for future research References 3 Phase equilibria in partial melting of pelitic rocks James A. Grant 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Subsolidus phase equilibria and experimental data 3.3 Partial melting 3.4 Melting at Pₕ₂ₒ = Pₜₒₜₐₗ 3.5 Melting at Pₕ₂ₒ 〈 Pₜₒₜₐₗ 3.6 Vapour-absent melting 3.7 Internal and external control of intensive variables 3.8 Paths through time and space 3.9 Separation of solid, liquid and vapour 3.10 Summary liquidus relations 3.11 Conclusions References 4 Mass balance in migmatites Sakiko N. Olsen 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Baltimore Gneiss and Front Range migmatites 4.3 Mass-balance calculations: methods and assumptions 4.4 Mass-balance calculations: results 4.5 Littleton Formation migmatites 4.6 Discussion References 5 Textures J.R. Ashworth and E.L. McLellan 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Grain size 5.3 Textures attributed to crystallization from a melt 5.4 Grain shape 5.5 Grain orientation (petrofabric) 5.6 Grain contact relations 5.7 Conclusions References 6 Migmatite occurrences in New England Robert J. Tracy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Tectonic evolution of New England 6.3 Grenville massifs of western New England 6.4 Ordovician migmatites in the western high grade belt 6.5 Migmatites of the eastern Acadian metamorphic high 6.6 Avalonian terrains overprinted in the Alleghenian 6.7 Summary References 7 Migmatites in the Moines David Barr 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Early migmatites 7.3 Late migmatites 7.4 Sutherland migmatites 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Fluid inclusions in migmatites J. Touret and Sakiko N. Olsen 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fluid inclusions in migmatites of Bamble, Norway 8.3 Fluid inclusions in the Front Range migmatites

Note: 1 The nature, occurrence and geological significance of fluid inclusions 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Occurrence and distribution 1.1.2 Abundance and distribution in single crystals 1.1.3 The manifestation of inclusions in minerals 1.1.4 Inclusion morphologies 1.2 Paragenetic classification 1.3 Sorby's early work on homogeneous and heterogeneous trapping 1.4 Variations in fluid inclusion contents 1.5 Fluid inclusions as representative portions of geological fluids 1.5.1 Bulk leakage 1.5.2 Leakage through diffusion 1.5.3' Representative trapping 1.6 Changes after trapping 1.6.1 Re-equilibration of the inclusion walls and necking-down 1.6.2 Migration of inclusions in a thermal gradient 1.7 Geological significance of fluid inclusions 1.7.1 Composition of fluids 1.7.2 Geothermometry and geobarometry 1.7.3 Patterns of fluid flow 1.7.4 Fluid inclusion studies in mineral exploration 1.7.5 Fluid inclusion studies in oil exploration 1.7.6 Other applications 1.8 Concluding remarks 2 Sample selection and preparation for microscope examination 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Choice of material for study 2.2.1 Hydrothermal veins 2.2.2 Igneous rocks 2.2.3 Medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks 2.2.4 Sedimentary rocks 2.3 Grain mounts 2.3.1 Preparation 2.3.2 Immersion oils 2.3.3 Manipulation of grains 2.4 Cleavage fragments for optical study 2.5 Preparation of polished wafers for thermometric analysis 2.5.1 Stage 1: sawing and grinding 2.5.2 Stage 2: polishing 2.5.3 Stage 3: reverse mounting 2.5.4 Handling difficult samples 2.5.5 Storage of specimens 2.5.6 Summary of basic requirements for fluid inclusion wafer preparation 3 Optical examination 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Optical requirements 3.3 Recognition and location of fluid inclusions 3.4 Recognition of phases within inclusions 3.4.1 Daughter minerals 3.4.2 Compressed gases 3.4.3 Hydrocarbon liquids 3.4.4 Glass 3.5 Recognition of necking-down, leakage and natural decrepitation 3.5.1 Problems of heterogeneous trapping and metastability 3.6 Classification of inclusions following optical study 3.7 Phase proportions in individual fluid inclusions 3.7.1 Degree of fill (F) and calculation of overall density for two-phase aqueous (L + V) inclusions 3.7.2 Calculation of overall density and salinity for three-phase aqueous (L + V + S) inclusions 3.7.3 Estimation of phase proportions 3.8 Other microscope techniques 3.8.1 Opening inclusions under the microscope 3.8.2 Ultraviolet (UV) microscopy 3.8.3 Infrared (IR) microscopy 3.8.4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 3.9 Summary of observations during optical examination 4 Basic principles of thermometric analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Heating 4.2.1 Liquid-vapour homogenization in two-phase (L + V) aqueous inclusions 4.2.2 Dissolution of daughter minerals 4.2.3 Homogenization of immiscible H₂O-CO₂ liquids 4.3 Freezing 4.3.1 Aqueous H₂O-salt systems 4.3.2 Non-aqueous CO₂-CH₄ -N₂ systems 4.3.3 Mixed H₂O-salt-CO₂ systems 5 Heating-freezing stages 5.1 Availability 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Chaixmeca stage 5.1.3 Linkam TH 600 stage 5.1.4 Reynolds stage 5.1.5 Additional considerations 5.2 Installation and calibration 5.2.1 Heating 5.2.2 Freezing 5.2.3 Alternative cryogenic baths 5.2.4 Calibration of the stage 6 Practical aspects of thermometric analysis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Freezing 6.2.1 Aqueous H₂O-salt inclusions 6.2.2 Non-aqueous CO₂-CH₄-N₂ inclusions 6.2.3 Mixed H₂O-NaCl-CO₂ inclusions 6.3 Heating 6.3.1 Liquid-vapour homogenization 6.3.2 Dissolution of daughter minerals 6.3.3 Homogenization of H₂O-CO₂ inclusions 7 Presentation and interpretation of thermometric data 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Assessment of results for individual inclusions 7.2.1 Accuracy and precision 7.2.2 Data and presentation 7.3 Measurements and more measurements 7.4 Presentation of data 7.5 Interpretation of data 7.5.1 Recognition of discrete populations 7.5.2 Continuous variation 7.5.3 Further considerations of boiling, liquid immiscibility and halite-bearing inclusions 7.6 Estimation of pressure and trapping conditions 7.6.1 Methods for calculating fluid pressures from fluid inclusion data 7.6.2 Estimation of depth of trapping 8 The chemical analysis of fluid inclusions—theoretical considerations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The crush-leach method 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Cation analysis 8.2.3 Anion analysis 8.2.4 Other considerations 8.3 Volatiles—bulk analysis 8.4 The ICP-linked decrepitation technique 8.5 Identification of solid phases by X-ray methods 8.5.1 Introduction 8.5.2 X-ray diffraction 8.5.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 8.5.4 Other solid phases 8.6 The microanalysis of individual inclusions 8.6.1 Introduction 8.6.2 Laser excited Raman spectroscopy 8.6.3 Laser beam ablation 8.6.4 Other techniques 8.7 Neutron activation analysis (NAA) 8.8 Isotopic analysis 9 The chemical analysis of fluid inclusions—practical considerations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Crush-leach analysis for non-volatile components 9.2.1 Sample selection 9.2.2 Sample preparation 9.2.3 Analysis 9.2.4 Results 9.3 Decrepitation and the analysis of non-volatile constituents 9.3.1 Introduction 9.3.2 Sample selection 9.3.3 Sample preparation 9.3.4 Analysis 9.3.5 Results 9.4 The analysis of volatile constituents 9.4.1 Sample selection 9.4.2 Sample preparation 9.4.3 Analysis 9.4.4 Data obtained 9.5 Stable isotopic analysis 9.5.1 Sample selection 9.5.2 Sample preparation 9.5.3 Analysis 9.5.4 Results 9.6 Scanning electron microscopy and the analysis of solid phases 9.6.1 Preparation of sample 9.6.2 Instrument operation 9.6.3 Interpretation 10 Future trends in fluid inclusion studies 10.1 Importance of fluid processes in the Earth's crust 10.2 Developments in methodology 10.2.1 Analysis of individual inclusions 10.2.2 Bulk analysis of several inclusion populations 10.3 Theoretical considerations on the PVTX properties of fluids 10.4 Future applications 10.4.1 Deep crustal processes 10.4.2 Diagenesis and fluids in sedimentary basins 10.4.3 Hydrocarbon and mineral exploration 10.4.4 Tectonics 10.5 Summary Appendix I Some UK suppliers of equipment and consumables for the preparation of fluid inclusion polished wafers Appendix II Examples of standard charts for visually estimating the degree of fill (F) in two-phase inclusions Appendix III Main manufacturers/suppliers of optical equipment and heating-freezing stages Appendix IV Some suppliers of substances recommended for the temperature calibration of heating-freezing stages Appendix V Materials and equipment for routine crush-leach analysis References Index

Note: Contents Foreword by Y. I. Chernov Introduction Explanations to tables Table 1: Distribution of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 2: The main characteristics of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 3: List of the weedy and adventitious vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Conclusion Acknowledgements References

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 Geographic setting and ecosystems of the Antarctic. - 1.2 Man's activities in the Antarctic. - 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. - 2.1 Environmental impact philosophy and terms. - 2.2 Definitions. - 2.3 Criteria for identifying significant impact. - 2.4 Temporal and spatial considerations of environmental impact. - 2.5 Consequential, synergistic and combined effects. - 2.6 Identification of sensitive indicators of change. - 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. - 3.1 Suggested format. - 3.2 When is an Environmental Impact Assessment necessary?. - 3.3 Environmental impact assessments of current operations and stations. - 3.4 Monitoring. - 4. SURVEY OF THE IMP ACTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE ANTARCTIC. - 4.1 Terrestrial impacts (including inland waters). - 4.2 Marine impacts. - 4.3 Atmospheric impacts. - 4.4 Distribution of impacts. - 5. THE FUTURE. - APPENDIX A. Relevant excerpts from Recommendation XII -3 (Man's Impact on the Antarctic Environment) of the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Canberra, 1983 and Paragraphs 17-19 of its Report. - APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS. - BIBLIOGRAPHY.