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  • GEOPHYSICS  (914)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (914)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1978  (465)
  • 1976  (449)
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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (914)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Soviet ship arrives next month for joint rocket tests (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-78-71 , P78-10072
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  • 2
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    Transmission functions for various models of the atmosphere for channels of Soviet and American radiometers (15 micron CO2 band) (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Listed are various graphs and tables for illustrations related to Point IX of a list of works conducted by the USSR in accordance with the Joint Soviet-American Research Program on improving methods of thermal sounding from satellites.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75105
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Present status and future prospects for NASA's program in geodynamics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: An overview of NASA's involvement in developing systems for precise determination of polar motion, earth rotation, and position on the earth's surface is given. The observational methods discussed are laser ranging to the moon and to artificial satellites, and very long baseline microwave interferometry. A plan for a geodynamics program to apply space technology to research in earth dynamics is outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Ohio State Univ. Appl. of Geodesy to Geodyn., an Intern. Symp.; p 39
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  • 4
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    Simultaneous equatorial observations of 1- to 30-Hz waves and pitch angle distributions of ring current ions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Eighteen events of large-amplitude (0.4-6 gammas) waves which may be propagating in the ion cyclotron mode have een observed by Explorer 45. Comparison with simultaneously measured proton distributions has allowed the events to be divided into two categories. The first category consists of waves accompanied by enhanced ion fluxes apparently injected into the plasmasphere with anisotropic pitch-angle distributions. This simultaneity suggests that these waves may be generated by the observed ring-current ions. Waves in the second category were found near or outside the plasmapause and were not correlated with any identifiable changes in the observed proton distribution. The generation mechanism for these waves remains unknown.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Dec. 1
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Tables of spectral transmission of the atmosphere in the 2660-2750 cm(-1) and 810-980 cm(-1) ranges (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Thermal sounding data from satellites are presented together with a description of transmission function calculations. Tables contain experimental values for transmission of the entire thickness of the atmosphere for two regions of the spectrum: at 2660 to 2750 cm/1 and at 810 to 980 cm/1. The spectrum was recorded on an infrared spectrophotometer.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75104
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  • 6
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    Radiometer at a frequency of 108-120 GHz for study of the earth's atmosphere (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Calculated and experimental design and operating characteristics of a 108-120 GHz superheterodyne radiometer with intermediate frequency modulation and a second harmonic frequency converter are presented and discussed. With a 1 sec time constant, the radiometer fluctuation sensitivity threshold is 1 K, without degradation in 2 hours of operation. Graphs of frequency variations, calibration, conversion loss, rectified current, fixed bias voltage, and contact needle impedance are included.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75562 , PR-281
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  • 7
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    Direct method for solving transfer equation by expansion in spherical harmonics: Scattering in atmosphere with Lambertian lower boundary and thermal radiation transfer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-27
    Beschreibung: The direct method for the solution of the spherical harmonics approximation to the equation of transfer of radiation is applied to the cases of (1) scattering of the solar radiation in the atmosphere with the Lambertian boundary and (2) thermal radiation transfer.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75549 , PR-307
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  • 8
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    Vector diagram of the chemical compositions of tektites and earth lavas (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-27
    Beschreibung: The chemical compositions of tektites and various volcanic glasses, similar in composition to tektites are compared by a petrochemical method. The advantage of the method is that a large number of chemical analyses of igneous rocks can be graphically compared with the help of vectors, plotted in relation to six parameters. These parameters, calculated from ratios of the main oxides given by silicate analysis, reflect the chief characteristics of igneous rock. Material for the study was suppled by data from chemical analysis characterizing tektites of all known locations and data from chemical analyses of obsidians similar in chemical composition to tektites of various petrographical provinces.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75371
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  • 9
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    Tectonic asymmetry of the earth and other planets (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-27
    Beschreibung: The structures of Earth, Mars, Venus, and the Moon are examined and compared. Global tectonic characteristics are presented for each. A comparison of the tectonics reveals the structural asymetry of these planets and the moon. Tectonic asymmetry information for the group is used to interpret certain aspects of the earth's geological past.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75576
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  • 10
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    Optical characteristics of the earth's surface and atmosphere from the point of view of the remote sensing of natural resources: Review of the contemporary status of the problem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-27
    Beschreibung: Widely used remote probing methods, and especially the multispectral method, for studying the earth from aerospace platforms necessitate the systematization and accumulation of data on the relationships between remote observations and measured parameters and characteristic properties and conditions of phenomena on the earth's surface. Data were presented on the optical characteristics of natural objects which arise during observations of these objects over a wide spectral interval which encompasses solar radiation reflected by the object as well as the object's inherent thermal radiation. The influence of the earth's atmosphere on remote measurements and several problems in simulation and calculation are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75548 , PR-287
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 11
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    Microseismic study of the interandine valley between Latacunga and Cuayllabamba (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-27
    Beschreibung: The present state of two active volcanoes and the principal active seismic faults in a 100 km area from Quito to Toacaso, Ecuador was studied. A brief seismic history of the region is reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75370
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  • 12
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    Effect of solar activity on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies in the Arctic (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-27
    Beschreibung: Major air pressure and temperature anomalies in certain arctic regions were studied with a view toward predicting their occurrence. Correlations are sought between the frequency of arctic anomalies and solar activity, or specifically the Wolf number and the index of geomagnetic disturbance. Graphic techniques are used to show that solar activity has a definite influence on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies of pressure and temperature in the Arctic.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75347
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  • 13
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    The NASA program on upper atmospheric research (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-27
    Beschreibung: The purpose of the NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program is to develop a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur in the earth's upper atmosphere with emphasis on the stratosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-74608
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 14
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    Scanning Electron Microscopy and Petrography of Glassy Particles Produced by Lava Fountain Eruptions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-14
    Beschreibung: A conceptual model of a lava fountain consists of a vent, spatter ramparts, fountain column, downwind plume and associated pumice deposits. Glassy particles produced by lava fountain eruptions consist primarily of sideromelane glass and minor to moderate amounts of vesicles and crystals. Particles are classified on the basis of morphology as: (1) spherical, (2) elongate, (3) glass-coated mineral grain, (4) shard, (5) reticulite, (6) composite particle, and (7) lithic fragment.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-160101 , CONTRIB-325
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  • 15
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    Very Long Baseline Interferometry Applied to Polar Motion, Relativity and Geodesy (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-14
    Beschreibung: The causes and effects of diurnal polar motion are described. An algorithm is developed for modeling the effects on very long baseline interferometry observables. Five years of radio-frequency very long baseline interferometry data from stations in Massachusetts, California, and Sweden are analyzed for diurnal polar motion. It is found that the effect is larger than predicted by McClure. Corrections to the standard nutation series caused by the deformability of the earth have a significant effect on the estimated diurnal polar motion scaling factor and the post-fit residual scatter. Simulations of high precision very long baseline interferometry experiments taking into account both measurement uncertainty and modeled errors are described.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-79582
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  • 16
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    Missile impact craters (White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico) and applications to lunar research: Contributions to astrogeology (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-14
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: USGS-PAPER-812-B , LC-75-619096
    Format: text
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  • 17
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    Determination of the ozone profile from the outgoing thermal emission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-13
    Beschreibung: Problems of the information content of measuring the spectral and angular distribution of the outgoing thermal emission of the atmosphere-earth system in the 9.6 mm ozone absorption band are discussed. Two methods (nadir and limb) of remote measurement are considered. Information data obtained are evaluated according to three systems. Effectiveness of the regression interpretation method using the data of nadir and limb measurements is shown.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75279
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  • 18
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    Classification and generation of terrestrial rare gases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-27
    Beschreibung: A Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram is a very useful format with which to study the elemental ratios of rare gases from terrestrial materials. It can separate not only the three types of rare gases which Ozima and Alexander (1976) classified but also the 'planetary' type rare gases from the other three types of rare gases. When all the available terrestrial rare gas data are plotted in a Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram, several observations can be made. First, most of the analyses of rare gases from shales yield Kr-84/Xe-130 ratios between the 'planetary' and atmospheric values. If, however, the atmosphere's high Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio was produced by the selective adsorption of xenon onto shales from an initially 'planetary' atmosphere, as is widely accepted, then the Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio in shales should be even lower than the 'planetary' value. Second, the rare gas pattern in the quenched rims of submarine basalts may be explained as fractionated samples of the rare gases in sea water.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Format: text
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  • 19
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    Global atmospheric sampling program - Prospects for establishing a tropospheric ozone budget from commercial aircraft data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-27
    Beschreibung: A preliminary analysis of zonally averaged, ozone concentration data obtained from commercial (GASP) aircraft between the equator and 60 deg North indicates that ozone in the upper troposphere exhibits a primary maximum during the spring, and, in middle latitudes, a secondary maximum in the summer of both 1975 and 1976. A late-fall/early-winter minimum also appears and seems consistent with previous upper air measurements. The April ozone maximum has been well documented and appears at the time when the stratospheric ozone content is greatest and cyclogenetic activity is most vigorous. However, the secondary maximum in June has not been widely observed or quoted as a unique feature. It is hypothesized that the rapid ascent of the tropopause between midspring and summer could account for the incorporation of ozone-rich, stratospheric air into the upper troposphere with a subsequent dilution during the following months. This may explain certain aspects of the annual ozone cycle in the lower troposphere which occasionally exhibit a bimodal distribution during the warm season.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Format: text
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  • 20
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    Distribution of atmospheric ozone and how it is measured (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-27
    Beschreibung: The total amount of ozone in a vertical column has been measured spectroscopically at near ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, using ground- and satellite-based instruments. The vertical distribution of ozone from the surface up to approximately 100 km has been measured by a variety of techniques - chemical and optical - and from a number of observing platforms, including balloon, rocket, and satellite platforms. The various methods presently used for determining the atmospheric ozone distribution are reviewed, along with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. The observed average distribution of total ozone for the period 1958-1975 shows the expected geographic and seasonal variations. The variations of total ozone, including hemispheric differences, are clearly associated with large-scale circulation processes in the lower stratosphere. Approximately ten years of observations of the vertical ozone distribution, up through the ozone maximum, also show geographic and seasonal variations strongly related to the lower stratosphere circulation. The distribution above the maximum, however, results from the interaction of photochemistry and stratospheric motions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 21
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    Ionospheric scintillations associated with equatorial E-region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Amplitude scintillations at 40, 140, and 360 MHz recorded at an equatorial station Ootacamund (dip 4 deg N) during the ATS-6 phase II and the ionograms at a nearby station Kodaikanal (dip 3.5 deg N) are examined for the scintillation activity. Various sporadic E events, but not the Es-q, are associated with intense daytime scintillations. There are no scintillations at times of normal E-layer or cusp type of Es. Scintillations are also present at times of night Es.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 22
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    On the ionospheric electron content over the Indian sub-continent (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
    Format: text
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  • 23
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    Interpretation of the shape factor at Ootacamund, India (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The paper deals with equatorial ATS-6 measurements of the shape factor, F, interpreted in terms of the shape of the electron density profile along the ray path. The observed rapid increase in F at sunrise is attributed to EUV production of ionization in the E and F regions. The evening decrease is seen to result from an upward drift of the F region at sunset and the evening decay of the E and bottomside F regions. The nighttime peak, or plateau, is caused by gradual decrease of the electron density profile.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 24
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    Identification of frequency components in electron content data by nonlinear filtering (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A nonlinear filtering technique, called multiplicative homomorphic signal processing, is used to identify three groups of frequency components in electron content data. The first group of components results from the modulation of solar activity produced by the 27 day solar rotation. The second group is of lunar origin. The lunar frequencies are caused by nonlinear processes which probably occur in the dynamo region. The precise nature of these processes is not fully understood. The third group of frequency components, with a fundamental period of 13.9 days, has an unknown origin.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 25
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    Achievements of ATS-6 beacon experiment over Indian sub-continent (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The repositioning of the ATS-6 satellite at 34 deg E enabled the scientific community of India to use the satellite's radio beacon for ionospheric studies. Two scientific projects were undertaken. The objective of the first project was to map ionospheric electron content, range rate errors, traveling ionospheric phenomena, solar flare effect, and magnetic phenomena. The second project was aimed at studying geophysical phenomena associated with the equatorial electrojet. The principal results of these studies are described.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 26
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    ATS6-satellite radio beacon measurements at Ootacamund, India (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: In August 1975 the ATS6 was repositioned at 35 deg E. Radio beacon measurements of time delay, Faraday rotation and signal amplitude, made at Ootacamund, India in October 1975, are discussed with emphasis on the problem of determining the Faraday content under essentially transverse propagation conditions. It is shown that at the low geomagnetic latitude of Ootacamund the use of a fixed conversion coefficient gives an unreliable Faraday content. It is shown also that corrections to the measured Faraday rotation are important because of pitch and yaw of the satellite, particularly at night when the rotation on 140 MHz can be of the order of 10 to 20 deg. The shape factor shows a low predawn minimum indicating the nearly complete erosion of the F2 layer peak. Amplitude scintillation usually decreases with increase of radio frequency but exceptions are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 27
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    Global crustal response model (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A computer program was developed for calculating the radial displacement due to the body tide as a function of spatial position and time. The positions of the moon and sun were evaluated by means of the Hill-Brown and Newcomb theories, respectively. Green's functions were utilized to simulate the elastic Earth responses due to point loads, a convolution program has been developed to evaluate the elastic Earth responses due to ocean loading by a given ocean tide constituent. These responses include radial and horizontal displacement, tilt and gravity acceleration, and strain tensor components.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-159955
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 28
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    Rocket ozone sounding network data (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: During the period December 1976 through February 1977, three regular monthly ozone profiles were measured at Wallops Flight Center, two special soundings were taken at Antigua, West Indies, and at the Churchill Research Range, monthly activities were initiated to establish stratospheric ozone climatology. This report presents the data results and flight profiles for the period covered.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-69365
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  • 29
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    The earth radiation budget satellite system for climate research (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The mission implications of providing earth radiation budget data for climate studies have been thoroughly studied. The results of these studies indicate the need for a multisensor, multisatellite system consisting of high and midinclination orbits. To meet this need, NASA and NOAA are planning a joint Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) composed of instruments on two of NOAA's near-polar Sun-synchronous TIROS-N/NOAA A through G series of operational satellites and on an NASA midinclination satellite of the Applications Explorer Mission (AEM) type referred to as ERBS-A/AEM. This paper describes the scientific objectives of ERBSS, the associated data analysis methods, mission analysis (sampling), and instrument definition.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Plenary Meeting; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 30
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    Analysis of simulated measurements of earth emitted radiation using geometric shape factors, and some results from analysis of ESSA 7 and Nimbus 6 data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: In the reported study, simulated measurements of earth radiation with wide field-of-view (WFOV) radiometers are reduced to earth fluxes through geometric shape factors. Estimates of emitted flux for global and zonal scales and for regions smaller than the detector field-of-view are compared to fluxes derived directly from a model. Geometric shape factors are used to estimate global, zonal, and regional averages of earth-emitted flux from measurements with WFOV detectors on the ESSA 7 satellite and the Nimbus 6 satellite. Zonal and global averages of emitted flux for each of the 3-month periods of ESSA 7 data are shown in a graph. Another graph shows zonal and global averages of emitted flux for August 1975 obtained with the aid of Nimbus 6. The data are compared to values reported by Green and Smith (1977) who used a spherical harmonic solution.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 31
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    System implementation for Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A description is presented of the instrument system which is needed for the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS). The system is to be composed of instruments on two of NOAA's near-polar sun-synchronous Tiros-N/NOAA A through G series of operational satellites and on a NASA midinclination satellite of the Applications Explorer Mission (AEM) type referred to as ERBS-A/AEM. The Tiros-N/NOAA satellites will be in nominal 833 km altitude circular orbits with orbital inclinations of 98 deg. The AEM satellite will be in a circular orbit with an inclination of approximately 56 deg and a nominal altitude of 600 km. Each satellite will carry wide field-of-view (WFOV) and medium field-of-view (MFOV) sensors, a sensor for measuring the solar constant, and a narrow field-of-view (NFOV) cross-track scanner. The conceptual design of the W/MFOV instrument is discussed along with the conceptual design of the scanner.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 32
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    Sampling analysis for the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System mission based on orbital coverage and cloud variability (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The reported study represents an extension of an investigation by Harrison et al. (1976). Based on the results of sampling studies, two 98 deg inclined orbits coupled with a 56 deg inclination orbit appear to satisfy the science requirements on both regional and zonal scales. The NOAA sun-synchronous satellites in the TIROS-N series could adequately cover the high latitudes and a satellite having an inclination of 56 deg could provide sampling in the mid and low latitude areas where variations in radiation energetics are most dynamic. Attention is given to studies of time and space coverage, zonal evaluations, a regional analysis, and statistics describing the regional variations of cloud cover. A table is presented with data concerning the uncertainty of monthly mean reflected irradiance due to cloud variability for selected northern hemisphere regions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 33
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    Longwave radiative transfer in the atmosphere (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The reported investigation has the objective to develop an accurate radiative transfer model for the thermal infrared region using a quasi-random band model. It is intended to use this model to examine the sensitivity of the outgoing radiance and flux density to the perturbations of such meteorological parameters on the surface emittance and temperature, atmospheric water vapor distribution, cloud altitude and fractional cover, and the concentrations of other infrared active constituents. It is found that the combined effect of N2O and CH4 on the flux is significant and exceeds 1 percent. These two constituents should, therefore, not be neglected in accurate modeling work. The effect of ozone on the flux is too large to be neglected and was partly responsible for the discrepancy between earlier model results and measurements. The effect of cloud depth should be taken into account to obtain better agreement with the measured limb darkening functions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 34
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    The Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The scientific objectives of an Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) are discussed along with the associated data analysis methods, mission analysis, and the instrument systems. High resolution data on the scale of about 250 km over the entire globe are essential to gain insight into such features as the development of sea-surface temperature anomalies, radiation effects of ice and snow cover on the atmospheric circulation, albedo variation in the desert-vegetation boundaries, and major long-period circulation phenomena. The ERBSS experiment is also viewed as a precursor of an operational satellite system for monitoring the earth's radiation budget. Various numbers of satellites and orbit inclinations have been analyzed to define the satellite combination which provides sufficient coverage of the earth for spatial and temporal radiation sampling.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Specialists Meeting on Climate; May 01, 1978; Alpbach; Austria
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  • 35
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    Atmospheric ozone measurements made from B-747 airliners - Spring 1975 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere north of the equator has been registered aboard two commercial B-747 airliners during the Spring of 1975. This monitoring is part of a much broader and continuing project developed by NASA and known as the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP). Additional flight and meteorological conditions have also been automatically recorded on board concurrent with the ozone measurements. Independently-derived tropopause pressure information was available from NMC data archives and was used to identify stratospheric and tropospheric flight. The composite ozone, flight and meteorological data are reported for selected dates in March, April, and May. Attention is drawn particularly to the vertical profiles of atmospheric ozone mixing ratio as a function of both distance from the tropopause and curvature of the streamlines. The GASP observations suggest that ozone levels typical of the lower stratosphere are often embedded in the upper troposphere, principally during occasions when cyclonic wind curvature was noted.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Joint Symposium on Atmospheric Ozone; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden; Germany
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  • 36
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    Airborne infrared interferometric observations and analysis of stratospheric trace constituents (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Infrared interferometric observations of key trace constituents of the stratosphere have been obtained. The NASA Lear Airborne Observatory with the Grumman airborne interferometer system was flown in the lower stratosphere at an altitude of 13.7 km to obtain transmission spectra in the 2800-6000 per cm region at a resolution of 2.5 per cm using the moon as a source. An atmospheric modeling program and the AFGL line parameter atlas are used to identify H2O, CH4, O3 and other trace constituents and to derive stratospheric column densities (molecules/sq cm).
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: AIAA PAPER 78-252 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 16, 1978 - Jan 18, 1978; Huntsville, AL
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  • 37
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    Theoretical simulation of solar spectra in the middle ultraviolet and visible for atmospheric trace constituent measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Two balloon flights reaching float altitudes of approximately 30 and 40 km respectively, were used to obtain scans of the ultraviolet and visible solar spectra. Both flights covered the UV (2800-3500A) at approximately 0.3A resolution and the visible at approximately 0.6A. Numerous scans were obtained during ascent and from float for both flights. All spectral scans obtained at float, from high sun to low sun, were calibrated in wavelength by using several standard solar spectra for line position references. Comparisons of low sun scans and high sun scans show significant atmospheric continuum extinction and have the potential of being used to identify atmospheric lines superimposed on the attenuated solar spectrum. The resolution was mathematically degraded to approximately 5A to better see the broad band atmospheric extinction. This low resolution is also appropriate for the available low resolution absorption coefficients of NO2 and O3, allowing the identification of NO2 and O3 features on the sunset spectra.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-158903
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  • 38
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    Dynamics of earth and planetary atmospheres: A brief assessment of our present understanding (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The present understanding of planetary atmospheres, the application of this knowledge to terrestrial problems, and the research needs in these overlapping areas are assessed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-157290 , JPL-PUB-78-46 , Planetary Atmospheres Workshop; Jul 10, 1977 - Jul 16, 1977; Snowmass, CO; United States
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  • 39
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    Radiation measurements from polar and geosynchronous satellites (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The following topics are discussed: (1) cloud effects in climate determination; (2) annual variation in the global heat balance of the earth; (3) the accuracy of precipitation estimates made from passive microwave measurements from satellites; (4) seasonal oceanic precipitation frequencies; (5) determination of mesoscale temperature and moisture fields over land from satellite radiance measurements; and (6) Nimbus 6 scanning microwave spectrometer data evaluation for surface wind and pressure components in tropical storms.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-157220
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  • 40
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    A Simulation Model of the Planetary Boundary Layer at Kennedy Space Center (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A simulation model which predicts the behavior of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer has been developed and coded. The model is partially evaluated by comparing it with laboratory measurements and the sounding measurements at Kennedy Space Center. The applicability of such an approach should prove quite widespread.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-145357 , AEROCHEM-TP-369
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  • 41
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    Research concerning the geophysical causes and measurement accuracies related to the irregularities in the rotation of the earth (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The primary objective of this effort consisted of a detailed study of the history of the motion of the moon. Several analyses were developed which are related to the determination of the effect of various refractive phenomena on the accuracy of measurements made through the earth's atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-156693
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  • 42
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    Satellite observations of the global distribution of stratospheric ozone (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Observations of backscattered radiation from an Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO) Satellite were used to determine the global distribution of ozone in different layers in the middle and upper stratosphere. The derived distributions show significant seasonal and geographic variations with important differences indicated between winter and summer hemisphere distributions. The OGO derived distributions are compared with other observations (rocket and satellite) and with photochemical calculations. It is suggested that the increased ozone mixing ratio in the high latitude winter hemisphere can be accounted for by transport processes up to about 40-45 km and by the effects of seasonal variations of NOX, HOX and temperature in the region above.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Observed and Theoretical Variations of Atmospheric Ozone; 19 p|Intern. Ozone Symp.; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 43
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    Observed and theoretical variations of atmospheric ozone (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Results are summarized from three areas of ozone research: (1) continued analysis of the global distribution of total ozone to extend the global ozone atlas to summarize 15 years (1957-72) of ground based observations; (2) analysis of balloon borne ozonesonde observations for Arosa, Switzerland, and Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (GFR); (3) contined processing of the (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-4) satellite data to complete the analysis of the stratospheric ozone distribution from the available OGO-4 data. Results of the analysis of the total ozone observations indicated that the long term ozone variation have marked regional patterns and tend to alternate with season and hemisphere. It is becoming increasingly clear that these long period changes are associated with large scale variations in the general upper atmosphere circulation patterns.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-154595
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  • 44
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    F-region enhancements induced by solar flares (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: ATS-6 total electron content (NT) observations during solar flares exhibit four types of response: (1) a sudden increase in NT (SITEC) for about 2 min with several maxima in growth rate, then a maximum or a distinct slowing in growth, followed by a slow smooth increase to a flat peak, and finally a slow decay in NT; (2) a SITEC that occurs during ionospheric storms, where NT decays abruptly after the first maximum; (3) slow enhancements devoid of distinct impulsive structure in growth rate; and (4) no distinct response in NT, even for relatively large soft X-ray flares. Flare-induced increases in NT are dominated by low-loss F2 ionization produced by 90-911-A emission. The impulsive flare component is relatively intense in the 90-911-A range, but is short lived and weak for flares near the edge of the visible solar disk and for certain slow flares. The impulsive flare component produces the rapid rise, the sharp maxima in growth rate, and the first maximum in SITECs. The slow flare components are strong in the 1-90-A range but relatively weak in the 90-911-A range and accumulatively contribute to the second maximum in type 1 and 3 events, except during storms when F2 loss rates are abnormally high in type 2 events.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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  • 45
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    Grad E x B effects on heavy ions in the magnetosphere (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Following a theory briefing on the currents in a plasma of mixed species caused by the motion of charged particles, the paper presents a report on the observations of regions of the magnetosphere in which significant values of grad E (E being the electric field) can be inferred from measurements of E made on board the IMP 6 satellite using two pairs of long (91.5 m and 45.7 m) unfurlable antenna sensors. Electric fields were measured by applying double floating probe techniques to the antenna sensors, and grad E values of up to 1.4/1000 emu were inferred from the fluctuations in E along the orbit. The critical values of grad E for various ions, in a range of magnetic fields are compared, and the difference in the behavior of Ba+ ions which cause Ba+ currents in the subcritical and supercritical regions is discussed. The results show that the electric currents flowing in the E x B direction may cause secondary polarization fields on the barium cloud. The possible significance of these effects to natural geophysical phenomena is also pointed out.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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  • 46
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    The earth as a radio source (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Satellite measurements of the natural LF radio emission of the earth's magnetosphere are summarized, and the earth is compared as radio source to such familiar sources as Jupiter, Saturn and the sun. Two principal modes of radio emission from the earth's magnetosphere have been identified: auroral km-wavelength radiation and a continuum radiation. Characteristic spectra of the two modes are displayed. Other modes, not yet studied in much detail, are: dayside km-wavelength radiation, emission upstream of the bow shock, and narrow-bandwidth radio bursts. Emissions from the Jovian moon Io and from pulsars are also drawn upon for comparison. Current views on the sources of these terrestrial radio emissions are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 47
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    A scenario on polarization in a planetary atmosphere (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A great deal of information can be obtained about aerosol and Rayleigh scattering by observing the polarization state for both reflected and transmitted radiation. Results of neutral point behavior are presented for (1) a Rayleigh or molecular scattering atmosphere; (2) a haze L distribution of aerosols typical of those found in the earth's atmosphere; and (3) two actual models of the earth's atmosphere which combine Rayleigh scattering with a normal aerosol content and with a one-third normal aerosol content.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Seminar on Polarized light: Instruments, devices, applications; Aug 24, 1976 - Aug 25, 1976; San Diego, CA
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  • 48
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    Image intensifier tube observations of the OH airglow during the Space Shuttle simulation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The OH airglow studies discussed have evolved from a lead-sulfide-cell scanning photometer to photographic techniques to, currently, image-tube photography. During the Space Shuttle Simulation, photography (35-mm and 16-mm) and filter-wheel photometry of submicron OH airglow were performed aboard the NASA CV990 Airborne Laboratory. Examples of ground-based and airborne photographs are presented for comparison. Analysis of the aircraft data is described.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Southwest Regional Conference for Astronomy and Astrophysics; Jul 12, 1975; Lubbock, TX
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  • 49
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    On the interpretation of least squares collocation (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A demonstration is given of the strict mathematical equivalence between the least squares collocation and the classical minimum variance estimates. It is shown that the least squares collocation algorithms are a special case of the modified minimum variance estimates. The computational efficiency of several forms of the general minimum variance estimation algorithm is discussed. It is pointed out that for certain geodetic applications the least square collocation algorithm may provide a more efficient formulation of the results from the point of view of the computations required.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Long-time predictions in dynamics; Aug 03, 1975 - Aug 16, 1975; Cortina d''Ampezzo; Italy
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  • 50
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    Atmospheric ozone measurements made from B-747 AIRLINERS: Spring 1975 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere north of the equator has been registered aboard two commercial B-747 airliners. The composite ozone, flight and meteorological data are reported. Attention is drawn particularly to the vertical profiles of atmospheric ozone mixing ratio as a function of both distance from the tropopause and curvature of the streamlines. The GASP observations suggest that ozone levels typical of the lower stratosphere are often embedded in the upper troposphere, principally during occassions when cyclonic wind curvature was noted.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-73675 , Joint Symp. on Atmospheric Ozone; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 51
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    Research of Magnetospheric Physics Phenomena Using Sounding Rockets (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A bibliography of approximately 25 papers is presented on the Electron Echo Experiments. The data analysis included an extensive study of the electron accelerator beam, detector data correlations with the electron beam injections, and the study of about 30 onboard detected echoes.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-152503
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  • 52
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    Reduction and analysis of ATS-6 data (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The reduction of data obtained by the experiment on ATS-6 is presented and a scientific analysis of the data is included. During the period covered significant progress was made in both reduction and analysis of ATS-6 data. The relationship between the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field and the fluxes of energetic electrons at the synchronous altitude was clarified, and a simple model of the energetic electron environment as observed by ATS-6 was developed and a simple empirical relationship was extended, which predicts the maximum energetic electron flux to be expected at the synchronous orbit.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-149460 , ATR-76(7580)-1
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  • 53
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    Atmospheric aerosols: Their Optical Properties and Effects (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Measured properties of atmospheric aerosol particles are presented. These include aerosol size frequency distribution and complex retractive index. The optical properties of aerosols are computed based on the presuppositions of thermodynamic equilibrium and of Mie-theory.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CP-2004 , Dec 13, 1976 - Dec 15, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 54
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    Atmospheric aerosols: Their Optical Properties and Effects (supplement) (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A digest of technical papers is presented. Topics include aerosol size distribution from spectral attenuation with scattering measurements; comparison of extinction and backscattering coefficients for measured and analytic stratospheric aerosol size distributions; using hybrid methods to solve problems in radiative transfer and in multiple scattering; blue moon phenomena; absorption refractive index of aerosols in the Denver pollution cloud; a two dimensional stratospheric model of the dispersion of aerosols from the Fuego volcanic eruption; the variation of the aerosol volume to light scattering coefficient; spectrophone in situ measurements of the absorption of visible light by aerosols; a reassessment of the Krakatoa volcanic turbidity, and multiple scattering in the sky radiance.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CP-2004-SUPPL , Dec 13, 1976 - Dec 15, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 55
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    Diurnal measurements with prototype CMOS Omega receivers (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Diurnal signals from eight omega channels have been monitored at 10.2 KHz for selected station pairs. All eight Omega stations have been received at least 50 percent of the time over a 24 hour period during the month of October 1976. The data presented confirm the expected performance of the CMOS omega sensor processor in being able to digsignals out of a noisy environment. Of particular interest are possibilities for use of antipodal reception phenomena and a need for some ways of correcting for multi-modal propagation effects.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-149160 , TM-42
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  • 56
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    Global measurements of gaseous and aerosol trace species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from daily flights of 747 airliners (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Extensive measurements include ozone, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and aerosol and condensation nuclei number density. Less extensive measurements include chlorofluoromethanes, sulfates and nitrates. Certain meteorological and flight information are also recorded at the time of these measurements. World routes range in latitude from about 60 deg N near North America to about 40 deg S over Australia and 23 deg S over South America. Typical data show significant changes in ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor when crossing the tropopause either during changes in altitude or at cruise altitude. These gases as well as light scattering particles and condensation nuclei exhibit considerable variability along a flight route.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-73544 , E-8945 , Joint Symp. of the Am. Geophys. Union; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 12, 1976; Miami, FL; United States
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  • 57
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    Evaluation of upwelling infrared radiance from the earth's troposphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Basic equations for calculating the upwelling atmospheric radiance are presented. Theoretical formulation of the transmittance models (line-by-line and quasi-random band) and computational procedures for the evaluation of transmittance and radiance are discussed. This information is useful in the interpretation of the data obtained from measuring gaseous pollutants in the troposphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: ASME PAPER 76-HT-5 , Heat Transfer Conference; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 11, 1976; St. Louis, MO
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  • 58
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    The magnetosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The terrestrial magnetic field shields the earth from the supersonic wind of the expanding solar atmosphere, forming a cavity called the magnetosphere. Since the velocity of the solar wind is supersonic, a detached shock wave stands in front of this cavity. The flow past the cavity is viscous, drawing the field lines back into a long tail. In this paper we review briefly the nature of the magnetosphere, the outstanding problem areas in this field, and what space missions are needed to attack these problems.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: IAF PAPER 76-068 , International Astronautical Congress; Oct 10, 1976 - Oct 16, 1976; Anaheim, CA
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  • 59
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    Day-to-day variability of the equatorial electrojet, as observed by rocket-borne magnetometers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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    The storm-time equatorial electrojet (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A Petrel rocket carrying a double cell rubidium magnetometer was launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station during the early main phase of a magnetic storm. No ionospheric currents associated with the storm were observed and the large field depression, at the flight time, must therefore be attributed to currents at higher altitudes. The equatorial enhancement of ionospheric magnetic storm currents, predicted on the basis of theory and earlier ground data, was not observed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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    Detailed gravimetric geoid computations in North America (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A detailed gravimetric geoid has been computed for the Eastern United States and the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean by combining the Goddard Space Flight Center GEM-8 earth gravity model with the available 15 x 15 arcmin and 1 x 1 deg mean free air surface gravity observations. The short wavelength undulations were computed by applying Stokes' formula to the 15 x 15 arcmin and 1 x 1 deg surface data. The long wavelength undulations were provided by the GEM-8 model. The gravimetric geoid has been compared with Geoceiver derived and astrogeodetically determined geoid heights in the United States and the rms agreement is on the order of 1.5 meters. Excellent agreement in shape has been found between the detailed geoid and geoidal profiles derived from GEOS-III altimeter data in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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    Polarization of the zodiacal light - First results from Skylab (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A brief description is given of the Skylab ten color photoelectric photometer and the programs of measurements made during Skylab missions SL-2 and SL-3. Results obtained on the polarized brightness of zodiacal light at five points on the antisolar hemisphere are discussed and compared with other published data for the north celestial pole, south ecliptic pole, at elongation 90 degrees on the ecliptic, and at two places near the north galactic pole.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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    The S sub 10 /V/ unit of surface brightness (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Some discrepancies in the use of the unit of zodiacal light measurements - S sub 10 (V), which is the equivalent number of tenth magnitude stars of solar spectral type per square degree - are discussed. It is suggested that: (1) the S sub 10 (V) unit be understood to represent 10th magnitude solar (G2V) stars per square degree at mean solar distance, (2) the V refers to the visual color in the UBV system defined by Johnson and Morgan (1953), (3) the apparent solar visual magnitude be taken as -26.73 and the B-V index as .63, (4) the solar spectral irradiance values of Labs and Neckel (1970) be used, and (5) when using Vega as a standard to obtain brightnesses in S sub 10 (V), +.04 be used as its magnitude at all wavelengths and the irradiance values of Hayes and Latham (1975) be used.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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    Pioneer 10 observations of zodiacal light brightness near the ecliptic - Changes with heliocentric distance (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Sky maps made by the Pioneer 10 Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP) at sun-spacecraft distances from 1 to 3 AU have been analyzed to derive the brightness of the zodiacal light near the ecliptic at elongations greater than 90 degrees. The change in zodiacal light brightness with heliocentric distance is compared with models of the spatial distribution of the dust. Use of background starlight brightnesses derived from IPP measurements beyond the asteroid belt, where the zodiacal light is not detected, and, especially, use of a corrected calibration lead to considerably lower values for zodiacal light than those reported by us previously.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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    Space observations of the zodiacal light (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: An annotated tabular listing of balloon, rocket, satellite and space probe observations of zodiacal light from 1962 to 1974 is presented. Some selected results concerning zodiacal light observations from Skylab and Pioneers 10 and 11 are discussed, and some remarks on wavelength and spatial coverage of zodiacal light observations are made, noting the paucity of space observations in the ultraviolet and near the sun.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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    Ionization by energetic electrons in the midlatitude nighttime E region (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Observations of the electron density profile and flux of energetic electrons obtained in two rocket flights at Wallops Island near midnight are presented. The ionization rates of the upper E region deduced from the electron density profiles are found to support the dependence on Kp established in previous observation. Calculations of the ionization rates using the observed electron fluxes show agreement with the values derived from the electron density profiles.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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    EUV absorption analysis of thermospheric structure from AE-satellite observations of 1974-1976 (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric absorption characteristics at various selected wavelengths of solar EUV emission have been observed by spectrophotometers on the Atmosphere Explorer satellites. Two levels of results are defined as (A) results independent of any cross section values and involving no specific atmospheric model assumptions, and (B) results expressed in terms of particle concentrations, mass density, and other aeronomical parameters. The present report will mostly deal with results of type B, with emphasis on molecular oxygen. Studies of EUV-derived results in correlation with results of other simultaneous experiments on the same satellite are expected soon to improve the assessment of technique-peculiar errors, possible errors in the various EUV cross sections or accommodation coefficients, and lead to the design of a 'correlative approach' based on the use of mixed inputs of the most reliable aspects of one and the other types of observations, respectively.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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    Substorm observations of magnetic perturbations and ULF waves at synchronous orbit by ATS-1 and ATS-6 (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: In the empirical study of the geomagnetic cavity, the synchronous equatorial orbit has been shown to be a most advantageous site for scientific measurements. Satellites in this orbit are fixed in the earth's main magnetic field so that the records are not dominated by changes due to satellite motion through this field. Also, the satellites traverse the same geometric region of space daily, thus facilitating statistical studies of magnetospheric phenomena. Thirdly, the magnetic field lines leaving the earth's surface near the auroral zone cross the equatorial plane close to this orbit, thus subjecting the region to a number of such phenomena. Previous observations at synchronous orbit with the UCLA fluxgate magnetometers on ATS-1 and ATS-6 have revealed a variety of substorm-associated field variations. These effects may be divided tentatively into two classes, those resulting from instabilities (ULF waves) and those produced by changes in macroscopic current systems. The data and their interpretations will be reviewed in order to illustrate the potential importance of observations in the synchronous orbit during the International Magnetospheric Study.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Substorm phenomena and the uniqueness of the geostationary orbit for observation of dynamic processes in the magnetosphere (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: During the Spring equinox, both ATS-6 and ATS-5 were in geosynchronous orbit with a separation of about 11 deg longitude. A ground-based campaign was undertaken by Eather, Mende, and Judge to observe aurora at the foot of the ATS field line with a variety of instruments. Initial results support the injection boundary hypothesis of Mauk and McIlwain. Also during this period, the Cs-ion thrusters on both spacecraft were exercized in a deliberate attempt to control the spacecraft potential. Some success was achieved, and the presence of a sheath with a potential minimum about ATS-5 has been demonstrated (the sheath about ATS-6 is observed directly).
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Magnetospheric dynamics and wave-particle interactions (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: It has been demonstrated that two general classes of wave-particle interactions are of great importance for magnetospheric dynamics. Electromagnetic and electrostatic plasma instabilities give rise to relatively narrow-banded spontaneous emissions (e.g., ELF hiss, chorus, three-halves noise, ion cyclotron and ion-plasma-frequency turbulence) that can scatter trapped particles into the loss cone, leading to modified pitch-angle distributions, stable trapping limits, diffuse aurora, proton precipitation events, etc. The current-driven plasma instabilities give rise to impulsive ion acoustic or Buneman mode turbulence that provides very effective energy transfer (via the anomalous conductivity mechanism) at the bow shock and in regions where strong field-aligned currents are observed. We review these interactions and identify significant open questions that must be investigated during the IMS.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Trapped particles and waves, and what can be learned from multisatellite experiments (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Calculations concerning the pitch-angle diffusion resulting from resonant wave-particle interactions can lead to definitive predictions of equatorial pitch-angle distributions and rates of particle loss as a function of particle energy and L-value. Thus, given simultaneous high-altitude measurements of pitch-angle distributions and low-altitude measurements of precipitating fluxes as a function of energy and L, the importance of proposed wave-particle interactions can be verified or discarded. Since many wave-particle phenomena occur over large spatial and temporal scales, exact simultaneity in longitude and time is not necessary. Simultaneous low and high altitude (preferably nearly equatorial) particle measurements could thus greatly increase our understanding of trapped particles and their effects on the ionosphere. Furthermore, given a verified pitch-angle diffusion mechanism and simultaneous low- and high-altitude measurements, accurate lowto high-altitude mappings of field lines and magnetospheric boundaries (such as the plasmapause) could be obtained.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    The IMS satellite programme - Scientific objectives (1976)
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    Beschreibung: The International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) will make use of a number of satellites launched by the ESA, Japan, the USA, and the USSR. The instrumentation carried by these satellites is considered, taking into account GEOS, ISEE-A, ISEE-B, ISEE-C, EXOS-A, EXOS-B, and ISS. The morphology of the magnetosphere is examined and questions regarding the origin of substorms are investigated. IMS objectives are discussed, giving attention to the macroscopic behavior of the magnetosphere, microscopic processes, approaches to be used for monitoring the state of the magnetosphere, and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Low-energy-proton regime in the geomagnetic tail at lunar distance (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The reported investigation makes use of data obtained with the aid of the suprathermal ion detector experiment (SIDE) that is being conducted with instruments which were placed on the moon during the Apollo lunar landings. The moon traverses the geomagnetic tail once each month. Observations of a new low-energy plasma regime in the tail are presented. It is pointed out that the new regime lies within the magnetosphere, but outside the plasma sheet. According to the mass analyzer data of SIDE, the observed low-energy fluxes could consist entirely of protons. However, there might be an admixture of ions of greater mass.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Remote sensing of the ozone profile in the lower stratosphere using UV and IR measurements from Nimbus-4 (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A method of combining the information from the infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) and the backscatter ultraviolet spectrometer (BUV) on board the Nimbus-4 satellite to derive the ozone profile from 10 mb to surface is described. The radiance in the IRIS 9-micron band can be related to the ozone profile by the radiative transfer equation. The IR intensity due to ozone is dependent on the pressure broadening of spectral lines, and an estimate of a weighted mean pressure of the ozone layer can be obtained from total ozone supplied by BUV long wave intensity measurements. With the aid of the Chapman function, a model of the ozone concentration profile described by three parameters is obtained. Given the ozone concentration at 10 mb one calculates several possible combinations of the three parameters that can produce the required total ozone, and the final choice of parameter is determined from IR measurements. An ozone profile calculated in this way reproduces well the gross features of balloon ozone sounding results. Meridional cross sections of ozone concentration have also been derived which are in reasonably good agreement with balloon-derived cross-section for the northern latitudes and tropics.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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    Stratospheric-related research using the shock tube (1978)
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    Beschreibung: The capabilities of shock tubes used in stratospheric-related research are considered, and the results of three independent shock tube research projects are reported. The studies are concerned with the evaluation of stratospheric ozone depletion. In the first experiment, photoabsorption cross sections of Freon 11 and 12 at stratospheric temperatures were measured using rarefaction waves. In the second experiment, reaction-rate coefficients were determined from measurements made behind reflected shock waves. In the third experiment, electronic-transition moments of the O2 Schumann-Runge system and the A2Pi-X2Pi system of ClO were deduced from intensity measurements made behind the incident shock.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Shock tube and shock wave research; Eleventh International Symposium; Jul 11, 1977 - Jul 14, 1977; Seattle, WA
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    Long period time variations of ozone in the lower stratosphere (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Observations of total ozone at a number of stations in the Northern Hemisphere show an increase during the period 1961-1970 followed by a decrease of ozone during the 1970's, at least at many stations in Central Europe. It is well known that total ozone is highly correlated with ozone in the lower stratosphere. Analysis of the trends of ozone based on data derived from balloon-borne ozonesondes during the period 1967-75 at four stations in Central Europe shows that most of the ozone variations occurred in the lower stratosphere with relatively little contribution from tropospheric changes or those above the ozone peak. Possible meteorological origins of these decade type variations will be discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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    Millimeter wavelength spectroscopy of trace atmospheric constituents from the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory system, located in western Massachusetts, is described. It is suggested that high sensitivity in the three-millimeter wavelength band facilitates detection and monitoring of a number of trace molecules in the earth's atmosphere as well as astonomical observation at radio wavelengths. Line formation and radiative transfer in the earth's atmosphere are discussed, and the receiver sensitivity is considered.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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    An analysis of the first two years of GASP data (1978)
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    Beschreibung: Distributions of mean ozone levels from the first two years of data from the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) show spatial and temporal variations in agreement with previous measurements. The standard deviations of these distributions reflect the large natural variability of ozone levels in the altitude range of the GASP measurements. Monthly mean levels of ozone below the tropopause show an annual cycle with a spring maximum which is believed to result from transport from the stratosphere. Correlations of ozone with independent meteorological parameters, and meteorological parameters obtained by the GASP systems show that this transport occurs primarily through cyclogenesis at mid-latitudes. The GASP water vapor data, analyzed with respect to the location of the tropopause, correlates well with the simultaneously obtained ozone and cloud data.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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    Statistical sampling analysis for stratospheric measurements from satellite missions (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Earth orbiting satellite experiments can be designed to measure stratospheric constituents such as ozone by utilizing remote sensing techniques. Statistical analysis techniques, mission simulation and model development have been utilized to develop a method for analyzing various mission/sensor combinations. Existing and planned NASA satellite missions such as Nimbus-4 and G, and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment-Application Explorer Mission (SAGE-AEM) have been analyzed to determine the ability of the missions to adequately sample the global field.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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    Comparison of ozone concentrations obtained from Skylab eclipse and ozonesonde measurements (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The satellite eclipse technique of ozone measurement is evaluated to determine its accuracy and resolution. The method of obtaining ozone concentrations from ground-based observations of eclipsing satellites is described, the theory of this method is outlined, and the data reduction procedure is summarized. It is shown that the satellite eclipse technique successfully measures the vertical distribution of ozone from 15 to 40 km with precisions ranging from + or - 12% between 20 and 35 km and + or - 25% at both 15 and 40 km. The ozone profile is found to be in good agreement with in situ measurements obtained from an ozonesonde launched near the eclipse tangent point at local sunset, the percent differences being less than 14% from 20 to 40 km.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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    On the estimation of the vertical ozone distribution from satellite measurements (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A simple relationship has been established between the vertical ozone profile above the ozone maximum and satellite measured radiances for wavelengths shorter than 3000 A. The method is based on the computation of the penetration depths for solar radiation entering the atmosphere at wavelengths employed by the BUV satellite. Suitably defined penetration depths are shown to be linear functions of the normalized intensities for typical conditions, eliminating the requirement for iterative solutions and considerably simplifying the error analysis for the system. For ozone distributions which depart significantly from the exponential form, a noniterative extension of the analysis procedure has been developed and tested through application to simulated intensities.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 82
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    Pressure sensing of the atmosphere by solar occultation - An application to remote sensing of atmospheric minor gases (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The simultaneous inference of pressure and gas concentration in a remote-sensing experiment will increase the accuracy of inverted gas concentrations and minimize the dependence of the experiment on pressure or mass-path error resulting from use of climatological pressure data, satellite ephemeris, and instrument pointing accuracy. A technique for obtaining tangent-point pressure information needed for inversion of gas concentration in an IR solar occultation experiment is described. By measuring IR absorption in bands of atmospheric CO2 (e.g., 2.0, 2.7, or 4.3 microns) pressure values for each layer (2 km or less in the vertical) of the atmosphere can be obtained with rms errors of less than 3%.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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    Tropospheric ozone (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Photochemical equilibrium models have been used to study the effect of recent revisions in important chemical reaction rates on the calculated tropospheric ozone concentration. Reasonable agreement with observed values is obtained if the NO(x) background is approximately 0.02 to 0.03 ppb, about an order of magnitude less than used in many previous model studies, but consistent with present nitrogen budget considerations and with observations of NO2. Chemical production and loss of ozone may dominate transport terms depending on values of key chemical rate constants and of the NO(x) background. This is consistent with the structure observed in the mean annual latitudinal distribution of ozone since ozone is its own chemical precursor and regions of enhanced stratosphere-troposphere exchange are also regions of enhanced photochemical activity.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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    The role of computational chemistry in the science and measurements of the atmosphere (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The role of computational chemistry in determining the stability, photochemistry, spectroscopic parameters, and parameters for estimating reaction rates of atmospheric constituents is discussed. Examples dealing with the photolysis cross sections of HOCl and (1 Delta g) O2 and with the stability of gaseous NH4Cl and asymmetric ClO3 are presented. It is concluded that computational chemistry can play an important role in the study of atmospheric constituents, particularly reactive and short-lived species which are difficult to investigate experimentally.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 85
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    Rocket observations of electron density irregularities in the equatorial E region (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Space research XVIII; Proceedings of the Open Meetings of the Working Groups on Physical Sciences; Jun 07, 1977 - Jun 18, 1977; Tel Aviv; Israel
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  • 86
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    Acceleration of H, He, and CNO ions and electrons observed in the earth's magnetospheric environment (1978)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The probability of simultaneous observation of ion pulses on the IMP 7 and 8 satellites in the earth's magnetotail was analyzed. It was found that the simultaneous observation was rather infrequent unless the two satellites were separated by a distance less than about 5 earth radii. It is suggested that this separation is a measure of the linear dimension of the regions where magnetic field line annihilation took place at a rapid rate and the observed ions with energy equal to or greater than 100 keV ions were accelerated. The annihilation rate was estimated to be equal to the Alfven velocity of the local plasma medium.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 87
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    Abundances of He and CNO ions in the ion pulses observed in the earth's magnetospheric environment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The abundance of He and CNO ions in the ion pulses which are frequently observed in the earth's magnetosheath, magnetotail, and near-by interplanetary space was analyzed and found to be highly variable. Based on the assumption that these ions are solar wind particles accelerated in the magnetospheric environment to the observed energies, it is suggested that this variability reflects the inhomogeneity of the solar atmosphere and/or the physical conditions under which the solar wind particles were energized.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 88
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    Man's impact on the troposphere: Lectures in tropospheric chemistry (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Lectures covering a broad spectrum of current research in tropospheric chemistry with particular emphasis on the interaction of measurements, modeling, and understanding of fundamental processes are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-RP-1022 , L-12142 , Jan 01, 1977; Hampton, VA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 89
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    Analysis and geological interpretation of gravity data from GEOS-3 altimeter (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A number of detailed gravimetric geoids of portions of the world's oceans from marine gravity measurements were constructed. The geoids were constructed by computing 1 x 1 deg or 10 x 10 deg averages of free-air anomaly data and subtracting these values from currently used satellite derived Earth models. The resulting difference gravity anomalies are then integrated over a sphere using a simplified form of Stoke's equation to obtain a difference geoid. This difference geoid is added to the satellite derived model to obtain a 1 x 1 deg or 10 x 10 deg total gravimetric geoid. The geoid undulations are studied by comparison of the altimeter measurements with the morphology of the ocean floor. Utilizing a combination of altimetry data, gravity and seismic reflection data, geophysical models of the earth can be constructed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-156849
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 90
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    Variations including possible solar cycle variations of stratospheric ozone over central Switzerland (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The annual variation of the total amount of ozone over central Switzerland and the partial pressures in each of 7 layers from the surface to 7.8 m zeta shows the pattern representative of mid-latitude ozone: summer maximum in the troposphere, spring maximum in the lower stratosphere up to 30 mb and summer maximum in the middle stratosphere up to approx. mb. It was also shown that at the level of the ozone maximum the ozone partial pressure has a pronounced period of about 26 months. Total ozone and the ozone concentration in the different layers have marginally significant (at plus or minus sigma) correlations with relative sunspot number. The time lag for these correlations is long in the troposphere (about 36 months) but decreases with height to the level of ozone maximum (to about 2 months). A similar analysis of the data derived from the ozonesonde program at Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (GFR) gave completely consistent results with those discussed above.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Observed and Theoretical Variations of Atmospheric Ozone; 14 p|Intern. Ozone Symp.; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 91
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    Hot plasmas in the earth's magnetosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Several recent findings from observational researches of various facets of magnetospheric plasmas are summarized. These new results encompass entry of solar wind plasmas into the dayside magnetosphere, the acceleration of plasmas both at great distances from the earth in the magnetotail and at low altitudes over auroral luminosities, and the substantial contributions of the upper ionosphere to the plasma compositions of the distant magnetosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 92
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    Convection (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: We review the status of theoretical work on magnetospheric convection in the lower auroral zone and at midlatitudes, and compare with various observed features, such as ionospheric electric fields and plasma flows, the form of the plasmasphere, and the distribution of plasma-sheet particles. We present preliminary results from a new series of computerized convection models, which follow the time evolution of the inner magnetosphere (L less than around 10), self-consistently including ionospheric currents and Birkeland currents, as well as the currents generated in a model plasma sheet with a realistic energy spectrum. We find that the model plasma sheet's inner edge quickly becomes rather sharp. Computed electric field distributions resemble those obtained earlier for a simple single-energy plasma sheet.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 93
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    A summary of observations of the earth's bow shock (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The earth's bow shock can be regarded as a fast steady-state collisionless magnetohydrodynamic shock exhibiting a wide range of plasma parameter values or as an example of superalfvenic flow of a MHD fluid past a blunt body. This paper summarizes our knowledge of the bow shock. Satellite crossings of the shock have given some empirical data on the position and shape of the bow shock. Theoretical calculations on position and shape show the critical nature of the Alfven number. The main physical process to be explained with regard to the bow shock is the mechanism of thermalization of the upstream solar wind. Some of the main classes of shocks observed are quasi-parallel shocks, low Mach number laminar shocks, and high beta shocks.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 94
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    Substorm effects observed in the auroral plasma (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The effects of substorm temporal development on high-latitude particle precipitation and ionospheric convection patterns near midnight were studied with the aid of data from Atmosphere Explorer C. During quiet periods generally Maxwellian electron precipitation is observed from the central plasma sheet, which is completely contained within the sunward flow region. As substorms grow and begin to recover, a strong sunward flow appears within the high latitude ionospheric electron trough, equatorward of the central plasma sheet electron precipitation. Intense inverted-V electron structures consistent with strong electrostatic acceleration appear near the Harang discontinuity and extend poleward to the polar cap boundary. Then the trough flow weakens, the Harang discontinuity becomes a gradual reversal, and the electron inverted-V precipitation becomes localized at the polar cap boundary.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 95
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    Electrostatic turbulence in the magnetosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Plasma wave measurements from the IMP-6, IMP-8 and Hawkeye-1 satellites show that a broad region of intense low-frequency electric field turbulence occurs on the high latitude auroral field lines at altitudes ranging from a few thousand kilometers in the ionosphere to many earth radii in the distant magnetosphere. A qualitatively similar, but less intense, type of electric field turbulence is also observed at the plasmapause during magnetic storms. In the auroral regions the turbulence occurs in an essentially continuous band on the auroral L-shells at all local times around the earth and is most intense during periods of auroral activity. In this paper we summarize the basic characteristics of this electric field turbulence and consider the possible role this turbulence may play in the heating and acceleration of plasma in the magnetosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 96
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    Magnetopause and boundary layer (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A brief overview is given of our present knowledge, observational and theoretical, of the structure of the magnetopause and the adjoining plasma boundary layer. Particular attention is given to the relationship between these electromagnetic and plasma structures on the front lobe of the magnetosphere and the magnetic field reconnection process. Items discussed include: magnetopause thickness; behavior of magnetic field components parallel and perpendicular to the magnetopause; particle energization; structure of the boundary layer from reconnection theory.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    ISIS-2 satellite imagery and auroral morphology (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Auroral morphology is emphasized over auroral dynamics in a paper describing conspicuous auroral features picked up by the ISIS-2 scanning photometer. Results of improved programs designed to transform the data into a corrected geomagnetic coordinate frame and generate latitude profiles of auroral intensities at different magnetic local times are reported. The diffuse aurora and its relation to the morphology of discrete aurorae is given special attention.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 98
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    Substorm generated fluxes of heavy ions at the geostationary orbit (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Measurements of heavy energetic heavy ions present in the vicinity of the geostationary orbit of the ATS-6 satellite, taken with the aid of a solid-state detector telescope, are reported and analyzed. Data extracted from a single fairly isolated injection event (June 18, 1974) are examined: ions of Z not below 6 and energy above 4.0 MeV; energization of these heavy ions in the magnetosphere during substorm events; comparison of the heavy ion intensity and proton intensity; ratio of intensity of carbon ions and oxygen ions. The heavy ions are identified with oxygen for the most part. The heavy-ion spectrometer is described.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 99
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    Phenomenology of the earth's bow shock system - A summary description of experimental results (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Observational data on the earth's bow shock system are classified and characterized. Foreshock components, midshock components, and aftershock components are discussed separately. Schematic representations of the field and plasma particle parameters are elaborated, with attention given to quasi-perpendicular geometry and quasi-parallel geometry. Magnetic pulsation structure is delineated. Schematic profiles of field, particle, and wave behavior through a representative quasi-perpendicular shock crossing are displayed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 100
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    Explorer 45 observations of the proton ring current (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Explorer 45 satellite data on the stormtime proton ring current are reported and analyzed. Storm-associated variations of equatorially mirroring protons, interactions between the ring current and the plasmapause, and storm recovery phase behavior are discussed. Pitch-angle distributions are plotted as a function of proton energy and radial distance, the structure implying domination of pitch-angle diffusion of ring-current protons in the plasmapause region by resonant interactions with ion cyclotron waves during storm recovery. The anisotropic precipitation in the plasmapause region and the more poleward isotropic precipitation observed at low altitudes outside the plasmapause are compared and distinguished.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
    Format: text
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