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  • Books  (160)
  • 1980-1984  (158)
  • 1925-1929  (2)
  • AWI Archive  (160)
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  • Books  (160)
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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Isotopes in Antarctic research - contributions of the GDR (1982)
    Leipzig : Acad. of Sciences of the GDR, Central Inst. for Isotope and Radiation Research
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    Call number: MOP 46290 / Mitte ; ZSP-980-51 ; ZSP-980-51(2. Ex.)
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen ; 51, Nr. 51
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 140 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 51
    Note: Contents: Foreword. - Isotopes in Antarctic Research / K. Fröhlich, H. Schütze. - Deuterium variations in maritime atmospheric moisture / P. Kowski, G. Strauch, H. Schütze. - On the influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitations / R. Der. - Extractive method for obtaining gas inclusions from ice / G. Strauch, P. Kowski. - Global monitoring of atmospheric CO2: activities planned by the GDR in Antarctica / P. Harting, U. Wand. - Deuterium and 18O variations in lakes of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter, G. Strauch. - Environmental studies in Antarctica on the basis of tritium and radiocarbon measurements / D. Herbert, K. Fröhlich. - Isotope variations of hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen in florae from the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / G. Strauch, D. Haendel, I. Maaß, K. Mühle, A. Runge. - The ecology and chemistry of some Antarctic lichens / W. Richter, S. Huneck. - Another seal find in the Schirmacher Oasis (Queen Maud Land, Antarctica) / A. Hiller, W. Richter, R. Trettin. - Survey on hitherto published numbers of ZfI-Mitteilungen.
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  • 2
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Beiträge zur Antarktisforschung (1981)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581 ; MOP Per 581(1/8) ; ZSP-319/A-1(Sonderheft) ; ZSP-319/A-1(Sonderheft, 2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 8, Sonderheft 1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: Sonderheft des NKSCAR der DDR
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 8
    Language: German , English
    Note: Inhalt: I. Zoologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation "Bellinghausen" / R. BANNASCH und K. ODENING. - II. Deuterium- und 18O-Variationen in Seen der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika) / W. RICHTER und G. STRAUCH. - III. Stable isotope investigations in Antarctica / H. SCHÜTZE, G. STRAUCH, K. WETZEL. - IV. The influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitation / R. DER. - V. Sommerliche Eisvariationen in der Olaf-Prydz-Bucht / H. GERNANDT. - VI. Zur Geologie des nördlichen Teils des Neptune Range / Pensacola-Gebirges (Antarktika) / W. WEBER und L. V. FEDOROV. - VII. Beobachtungen am Krill (Euphausia superba DANA) im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis in der Sommersaison 1978 und 1979 / S. HOLZLÖHNER. - VIII. Forschungsreise eines Zubringertrawlers in die Antarktis / G. GUBSCH und U. HOFFMANN.
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  • 3
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    Geodätische und meteorologische Untersuchungen der terrestrischen Refraktion über dem Inlandeis des Enderby-Landes (Ostantarktis) (1982)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/48) ; ZSP-319/C-48
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 48
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 245 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 48
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Zusammenfassungen 1. Problemstellung 2. Terrestrische Refraktion in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.1. Lichtausbreitung und Refraktionskoeffizient 2.2. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.3. Meteorologische Prozesse in der Grenzschicht Antarktikas 2.4. Terrestrische Refraktion Und vertikales Temperaturprofil über polaren Schnee- und Eisflächen (Literaturübersicht) 3. Terrestrische Refraktion bei der trigonometrischen Höhenbestimmung 3.1. Formeln 3.2. Technische Realisierung 3.3. Meßprogramm 3.3.1. Lagemessungen 3.3.2. Streckenbestinunungen für die Refraktionsuntersuchungen 3.3.3. Höhenbestimmungen 3.3.3.1. Nivellements 3.3.3.2. Vertikale Eisbewegung 3.3.3.3. Höhenübertragung auf den Mast 3.3.3.4. Genauigkeit der Höhenbestimmung 3.3.4. Relief der Schneeoberfläche 3.3.5. Messung der Zenitwinkel 3.3.5.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 3.3.5.2. Anzahl der Beobachtungen 3.3.5.3. Dauer und Synchronität der Beobachtungen 3.3.6. Elektrooptische Streckenmessung 3.3.6.1. Meßprogramm 3.3.6.2. Gerätetechnische Parameter 3.4. Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.1. Mittlerer Fehler der Streckenmessung 3.4.2. Mittlere Beobachtungsfehler der Zenitwinkel 3.4.3. Mittlere Fehler des berechneten Höhenwinkels A0, B0 für RK = 0 auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.4. Mittlere Fehler der berechneten Refraktionswinkel und der Refraktionskoeffizienten auf den Endpunkten der Linien auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.5. Mittlere Fehler des Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.5. Mittlere Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM 3.6. Refraktionskoeffizienten RKA und RKB der einzelnen Visuren 3.7. Differenz der Refraktionswinkel (Refraktionskoeffizienten) bei gegenseitigen gleichzeitigen Beobachtungen 3.8. Geschlossene Dreiecke 4. Thermische Struktur der eisnahen Luftschicht und terrestrische Refraktion 4.1. Meßprogramm und Datenverarbeitung 4.1.1. Geräte 4.1.2. Meßprogramm 4.1.3. Datenverarbeitung 4.2. Meteorologische Verhältnisse im Maßgebiet 4.2.1. Station Molodeznaja 4.2.2. Meßfeld (Punkte 1 - 3)· 4.3. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Schicht 0 - 6 m über dem Inlandeis 4.3.1. Form der Temperaturprofile 4.3.2. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der vertikalen Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3. Statistische Analyse der Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.3.3.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.3.3.3. Räumliche Unterschiede bei gleichzeitigen Messungen 4.3.4. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.3.5. Berechnung von integralen Temperaturgradienten aus wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4. Berechnung von lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten aus dem vertikalen Temperaturprofil 4.4.1. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2. Statistische Analyse der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.4.2.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.4.3. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.5. Vergleich zwischen geodätischen und lokalen meteorologischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6. Multiple Regression zwischen dem wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizient und meteorologischen Parametern 4.6.1. Schätzung des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6.2. Schätzung der Differenz des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten von Stand- und Zielpunkt 4.7. Näherungsweise Lösung des FEARNLEY-Integrals und Korrelation mit geodätischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.7.1. Beschreibung des Rechenverfahrens 4.7.2. Vergleich zwischen RK und RP, RM, RF und RJ 4.7.3. Übersicht über die relativen Abweichungen 4.8. Abhängigkeit der Differenz der Refraktionswinkel bei gleichzeitigen gegenseitigen Beobachtungen von meteorologischen Elementen 5. Schlußbemerkungen 6. Literaturverzeichnis
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  • 4
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Symposium zur Antarktisforschung der DDR : Garwitz 1982 (1983)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(1/9) ; ZSP-319/A-9
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 9
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 9
    Language: German
    Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: 25 Jahre Zusammenarbeit der Geophysiker sozialistischer Länder / H. Peschel. - Aktivitäten der DDR auf dem Gebiet der Polarforschung / I. Stange. - Magnetische Vermessung im Gebiet der Schirmacher Oase (Königin-Maud-land) während der 25. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition und erste Interpretationsergebnisse / U. Schäfer. - Vergleich hochatmosphärischer Partikeleffekte in verschiedenen Breiten auf beiden Hemisphären / J. Bremer, E. A. Lauter, H. Rößler, B. Schäning. - Abend-Morgen-Asymmetrieeffekt der Elektronenpräzipitation in auroralen Breiten / A. Grafe. - Potentielle Möglichkeiten zum Einsatz des Dopplerverfahrens der Satellitengeodäsie in Polargebieten / R. Dietrich. - Zu Stand und Tendenzen der glaziologischen Forschungsarbeiten in der Antarktis / B. Kahmann. - Ergebnisse der geodätisch-glaziologischen Arbeiten einer DDR-Gruppe der 23. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition (SAE) am Hays-Gletscher, Enderby-Land / G. Reppchen. - Statistische Eigenschaften von Bewegungsschwankungen polarer Eisströme (Kurzfassung) / S. Meier. - 14C-Datierung von Pflanzen und Pinguinguano aus dem Gebiet von Moledeshnaja (Antarktiko) und daraus ableitbare glaziologische Aussagen / D. Hebert. - Zur hydrographischen Karte der Schirmacher Oase (Königin-Maud-land), Ostantarktika / W. Richter. - Geologische Beobachtungen in der Schirmacher Oase, Königin-Maud-land, Ostantarktis / U. Wand. - Über die Südpolaren Raubmöven (Catharacta maccormicki) in der Schirmacher Oase (Königin-Maud-Land, Ostantarktika) / W. Richter. - Polarbekleidung unter thermophysiologischem Gesichtspunkt / G. Schrader. - Über konimetrische Staubmessungen in der Antarktis / G. Völksch, G. Schrader. , Zusammenfassungen auch in englischer und russischer Sprache
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  • 5
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    Reguläre und exzessive Variationen des ionosphärischen Plasmas in der Mesospäre und unteren Thermospäre hoher Breiten : wissenschaftliche Auswertung des ionosphärischen Meßprogramms des Zentralinstituts für solar-terristische Physik während der 21.-23. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1975-1978 (1984)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(1/10) ; ZSP-319/A-10 ; ZSP-319/A-10(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 10
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 139 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 10
    Language: German
    Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (deutsch, englisch, russisch). - 1. EINLEITUNG. - 1.1 Wissenschaftliche Aufgabenstellung. - 1.2 Meßort und Maßzeitraum. - 1.3 Verwendetes Datenmaterial. - 2. ANALYSE DER HEP-ABREGNUNGSPHASEN IM TAGESGANG. - 2.1 Tagesgänge der HEP-Ionisation in hohen Breiten. - 2.2 Tagesgänge in mittelhohen Breiten und Nachwirkungseffekte. - 3. PARTIKELPAAZIPITATION WÄHREND AUSGEWÄHLTER POLARLICHTERSCHEINUNGEN. - 3.1 Allgemeines. - 3.2 Substorm-Eventuntersuchungen während der 21. SAE. - 3.2.1 Zusammenstellung des Beobachtungsmaterials. - 3.2.2 Polarlicht und auroraler Elektrojet. - 3.2.3 Polarlicht und ionosphärische Absorption. - 3.2.4 Die breitenmäßige Verteilunq der Polarlichtluminosität. - 3.2.5 Beobachtete Intensitätsverhältnisse von Polarlichtemissionen. - 3.3 Substorm-Eventuntersuchungen während der 22. SAE. - 3.3.1 Zusammenstellung des Beobachtungsmaterials. - 3.3.2 Eventbeschreibung. - 3.3.3 Diskussion der Beobachtungsresultate der 22. SAE. - 4. STEUERUNG DER PARTIKELPRÄZIPITATION DURCH DEN SOLAREN WIND UND DAS INTERPLANETARE MAGNETFELD. - 4.1 Physikalische Modellvorstellungen zur Energieübertragung aus dem Sonnenwind in die Erdatmosphäre. - 4.2 Einfluß von IMF-Sektordurchgängen auf das ionosphärische Plasma. - 4.3 Tages- und jahreszeitlicher Einfluß der IMF-Sektorstruktur auf das ionosphärische Plasma. - 4.4 Auswirkungen solarer Plasmaströme auf das ionosphärische Plasma. - 4.5 Vergleich der Energieübertragungsfunktion mit ionosphärischen Meßergebnissen. - 4.6 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion. - 5. EINIGE SPEZIELLE MIT DER PARTIKELEINREGNUNG VERBUNDENE PROBLEME. - 5.1 Exzessive D-Schicht Ionisation mittlerer Breiten in Sturm- und Nachwirkungsphase. - 5.2 Einige statistische Betrachtungen zur Rolle des D-Schicht Plasmas als Tracer für die HEP-Einregnung und NO Akkumulation. - 5.3 Exkursion zum statistischen Zusammenhang von Kp-Indizes und Events in A2-Messungen. - 5.4 Einige Bemerkungen zur Rolle der HEP II-Flüsse bei der Winteranomalie. - 6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND EINSCHÄTZUNG DER ERGEBNISSE. - ABBILDUNGEN. - FIGURE CAPTIONS. - LITERATURVERZEICHNIS. - Anhang 1: Ionosphärische Absorptionsmessunqen in hohen Breiten (J. BREMER, K. EVERS, D. KEUER, H. RÖSSLER). - Anhang 2: Beobachtung von Polarlichtern mit dem Spektralphotometer (A. GRAFE). , Zusammenfassung in deutscher, englischer und russischer Sprache
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  • 6
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    Fortsetzung der biologischen Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation Bellingshausen (1984)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: MOP Per 581 ; MOP Per 581(1/11) ; ZSP-319/A-11
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 11
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 63 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 11
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt: I. Untersuchungen zur Avifauna von King George / R. Bannasch und U. Lundberg. - II. Robbenbeobachtungen im Gebiet von King George / R. Bannasch. - III. Beobachtungen der marinen Fauna im Litoral und Benthal von King George (Südshetlandinseln, Antarktis) / M. Rauschert. - IV. Untersuchungen zum Helminthenbefall und zur Nahrung verschiedener Tiergruppen / K. Feiler. - , Zusammenfassung in englischer, deutsche und russischer Sprache , Teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 7
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    Forschungsergebnisse von DDR-Wissenschaftlern in der Antarktis (1959-1979) : Vorträge des Kolloquiums "20 Jahre Beteiligung der DDR an extraterritorialen Forschungsaufgaben in den Polargebieten" am 15. und 16. Mai 1979 in Matzlow-Garwitz, Bezirk Schwerin (1980)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(1/7) ; ZSP-319/A-7
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 7
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 196 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 7
    Language: German , English
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents: Foreword. - Summaries. - Zwei Jahrzehnte Forschungsarbeiten der Geowissenschaftler der DDR auf Expeditionen = Two decades of expeditionary research work of geoscientists of the GDR / H. PESCHEL. - Methodische Aspekte der geologischen Erkundung des Subglazials am Beispiel des Hays-Gletschers = Methodological aspects of the geological investigation of the subglacial demonstrated by example of the Hays Glacier / H. DIETRICH. - Geodätisch-glaziologische Arbeiten in der Ostantarktis (1962 -1978) = Geodetic-glaciological activities carried out in East Antarctica between 1962 and 1978 / S. MEIER. - Geodätisch-glaziologische Wiederholungsmessungen am Hays-Gletscher 1977/78 = Geodetic-glaciological repetition measurements at the Hays Glacier /R. HOYER. - Gravimetrische Messungen und Erdgezeitenuntersuchungen in Antarktika = Gravimetric measurements and studies of earth tides in Antarctica / Cl. ELSTNER ; M. M. SCHNEIDER; H. WIRTH. - Vertikale Erdkrustenbewegungen und Potentialänderungen bei wechselnden Eis-Auflasten = Vertical earth crustal movements and variations in gravity potential related to changing ice load / R. DIETRICH. - Geodätisch-astronomische Arbeiten während der 8. und 17. SAE = Geodetic-astronomical activities during the 8th and 17th SAE / J. LIEBERT. - Zur Geologie der Gebirge in der Umrandung des Filchner-Eisschelfes = Geology of the mountain ranges surrounding the Filchner shelf ice / H. J. PAECH; J. HOFMANN; A. FRISCHBUTTER. - Tektonische Untersuchungen in der Gebirgsumrandung des Lambert-Gletschers, Ostantarktis = Tectonic investigations in the mountain ranges surrounding the Lambert Glacier, East Antarctica / J. HOFMANN. - Meteorologische Prozesse in der antarktischen Atmosphäre = Meteorological processes in the antarctic atmosphere / A. HELBIG. - Wettersatellitenbeobachtungen im Südpolargebiet = Weather satellite Observations in the south-polar region / H. GERNANDT. - Untersuchungen zur terrestrischen Refraktion und der thermischen Struktur der eisnahen Luftschicht in der Kilstenzone des Enderby-Landes/Antarktis (Kurzfassung) = Investigations of the terrestrial refraction and thermal structure of the near-ice air layer in the coastal zone of Enderby Land, Antarctica / G. DITTRICH; A. HELBIG. - Ergebnisse ionosphärischer Beobachtungen in hohen südlichen Breiten als Beitrag zur globalen Untersuchung der Hochatmosphäre = Results of ionospheric observations in high southern latitudes as a contribution to global investigations of the upper atmosphere / H. GERNANDT. - Forschungen mit Umweltnukliden in der Antarktis = Research with environmental nuclides in Antarctica / K. FRÖHLICH; H. SCHÜTZE. - Bioklimatisch-physiologische Untersuchungen einer DDR-Gruppe während der 20. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition = Bioklimatic-physiological investigations of a group of GDR-participants during the 20th Soviet Antarctic expedition / L. KLINKER; W. SPANGENBERG. - Untersuchungen zur biologischen Langzeitrhytmik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung cirkaseptaner Variationen = Investigations of the biological long-term rhythmic with particular emphasis on 7-day variations / M. TÖPFER. - Körperliche Belastung und Sauerstoffverbrauch - Untersuchungsergebnisse von der 20. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition = Physical stress and Oxygen consumption - results of investigations during the 20th SAE / G. SCHRADER; L. KLINKER. - Umweltuntersuchungen während der 20. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition zum Vorkommen von resistenten Clostridienstämmen im Boden und zur Verbreitung von DDT in der Fauna der Antarktis = Environmental investigations during the 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition (SAE) relating to occurence in the soil of resistent phylla of clostridia and to the distribution of DDT in the antarctic fauna / G. SCHRADER. - Ergebnisse und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der geoelektromagnetischen und technischen Untersuchungen auf Spitzbergen = Results and possibilities for application of geo-electromagnetic and technical investigations at Spitsbergen / V. AUSTER; K. LENGNING. - Tritium- und 14C-Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Antarktisforschung der DDR = Tritium and 14C investigations in the framewerk of GDR research activities in Antarctica /D. HEBERT; K. FRÖHLICH; M. M. SCHNEIDER. - Autorenverzeichnis. , Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache
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  • 8
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    Erdmagnetismus und Polarlicht (1929)
    [Berlin : Springer]
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    Call number: AWI PY-90-0189
    In: Naturwissenschaftliche Monographien und Lehrbücher ; 8, Bd. 8
    In: Einführung in die Geophysik ; 2, Bd. 2
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 168 S , Ill., graph. Darst
    Edition: Sonderabdr.
    Series Statement: Naturwissenschaftliche Monographien und Lehrbücher 8
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einleitung. - Instrumentelles. - Grundbegriffe. - Natürliche Magnete, künstliche Magnete und künstliche Magnetfelder. - Die gegenseitige Einwirkung zweier Magnete. - Grundlagen der Messung der erdmagnetischen Elemente. - Die Bestimmung der Deklination. - Die Bestimmung der Inklination. - Die Bestimmung der Horizontalintensität. - Absolute und relative Messungen. - Beobachtung der zeitlichen Variationen. - Das beharrliche Magnetfeld der Erde. - Allgemeines. - Kartographische Darstellung. - Darstellung der Reihenentwicklungen. - Das quasi-homogene Magnetfeld der Erde. - Das Feld der höheren Glieder. - Das überbleibende Feld. - Die säkulare Variation des beharrlichen Feldes. - Innere und äußere Kräfte. - Der potentiallose Anteil des Gesamtfeldes. - Erklärungsversuche des erdmagnetischen Feldes. - Das beharrliche Feld in einzelnen Ländern. Allgemeines über Landesaufnahmen. - Verteilung des Erdmagnetismus in Europa. - Zusammenhang der Anomalien mit dem Bau des Untergrundes. - Ursachen der Anomalien. - Die Fernwirkung störender magnetischer Massen. - Praktische Lösungen der Aufgabe. - Magnetische Störungen und Schwerestörungen. - Der Magnetismus der Sonne. - Die zeitlichen Variationen. - Der tägliche Gang. - Die Mondvariationen. - Die Störungen. - Theorie der Elektronenbahnen nach der Erde. - Aktivität, Ringstrom, äußerer Anteil der Sälularvariation. - Zusammenhang mit der Sonnentätigkeit. - Der innere Anteil der Variationen: Erdstrom. - Über die Verbindung erdmagnetischer Variationen mit erdelektrischen. - Das Polarlicht. - Allgemeines. - Verteilung über die Erde. - Verteilung am Himmelsgewölbe. - Verteilung in der Höhe. - Birkeland-Störmersche Theorie des Polarlichts. - Spektrum des Polarlichts. - Birkelands Versuche.
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  • 9
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    Beiträge zur Geologie der Shackleton Range und der Pensacola Mountains (Antarktika) (1982)
    Leipzig : VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
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    Call number: SR 99.0015(371) ; ZSP-292-371
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 371
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 117 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISSN: 0071-9404
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 371 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Enthält 3 Beiträge , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Annotation Tektonische Untersuchungen in den Herbert Mountains (Shackleton Range, Antarktika) / Joachim Hofmann Beitrag zur Geologie des Pensacola-Gebirges (Antarktika) / Wolfgang Weber Tektonische Untersuchungen in der Patuxent-Formation der Schmidt Hills (Pensacola Mts. (Antarktika)) / Joachim Hofmann und V. V. Samsonov
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  • 10
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1983-October 1984 ; II. Planned activities October 1984-October 1985 (1984)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-6
    In: Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 6
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 6
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 83-October 84. - II. Planned Activities, October 84-October 85. - References.
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  • 11
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1980-October 1981 ; II. Planned activities October 1981-October 1982 (1981)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-3
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 3
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 3
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 80-October 81. - II. Planned Activities, October 81-October 82. - References.
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  • 12
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    Wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisbericht 1983 des Zentralinstituts für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung der AdW der DDR, Leipzig (1984)
    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Call number: ZSP-980-90
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 90
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 358 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 90
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Wissenschaftliche Beiträge. - (01) Isotopen- und elementgeochemische sowie radiogeochronologische Untersuchungen an der Zinnlagerstätte Ehrenfriedersdorf (Beste wissenschaftliche Arbeit des ZfI 1983 / Autorenkollektiv. - (02) Einsatz ionisationsgasanalytischer Methoden an der Mikroelektronik (Beste wissenschaftlich-technische Arbeit des ZfI 1983) / Autorenkollektiv. - (03) Zur Geschichte der künstlichen Radioaktivität / H. Koch. - (04) 50 Jahre künstliche Radioaktivität / G. Vormum. - (05) Frédéric und Irène Joliot-Curie - Biographische Skizze / K.-P- Dostal. - 2. Institutskolloquien. - 3. Patente. - 4. Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge. - 5. Register. - 5.1. Namensregister. - 5.2. Deskriptorenregister. - 6. Verzeichnis aller bisher erschienenen Hefte der ZfI-Mitteilungen. - 6.1. Titel der bis 1982 erschienenen Hefte 1-61 und Sonder-Nr. 1. - 6.2. Inhaltsverzeichnisse der im Jahre 1983 erschienenen Hefte 62-82. - 6.3. 1984 bisher erschienene Hefte. - 7. Verzeichnis aller bisher erschienenen Preprints.
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  • 13
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    Aktivierungsanalytische und massenspektrometrische Methoden der Elementspurenanalyse (1981)
    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Call number: ZSP-980-46
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 46
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 134 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 46
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Nichtkonstante relative Atommassen als Folge variierender Isotopenhäufigkeiten polynuklider Elemente und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Richtigkeit analytischer Meßwerte bei der Elementanalytik / H. Gerstenberger. - Massenspektrographische Analyse an Standardgesteinsproben / H.-J. Dietze. - Methodische Untersuchungen zur massenspektrographischen Analyse an geologischen Proben mit relativ hohen Seltenerdengehalten / S. Becker, H.-J. Dietze. - Massenspektrographische Analyse von Calciumfluorid-Einkristallen / H.-J. Dietze, H. Zahn. - Gammaaktivierungsanalyse am Mikrotron MT 22 : analytische Möglichkeiten für geologische Proben und Rohsilizium, Bestimmung von Blei / M. Geisler, H. Gerstenberger. - Zur Korrektur von Inhomogenitäten des Reaktorneutronenflusses bei der Aktivierungsanalyse / M. Geisler, H. Schelhorn. - Instrumentelle Aktivierungsanalyse von Molybdäniten / M. Geisler, H. Schelhorn. - Bestimmung von Osmium in Molybdäniten / H. Schelhorn, M. Geisler. - Instrumentelle Aktivierungsanalyse von Flugstaub / M. Geisler. - Aktivierungsanalytische Kontrolle von Spurenelementen bei der Gallium-Diffusion in Silizium / M. Geisler. - Übersicht über bisher erschienene Hefte der ZfI-Mitteilungen.
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  • 14
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1982-October 1983 ; II. Planned activities October 1983-October 1984 (1983)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-5
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 5
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 35 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 5
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 82-October 83. - II. Planned Activities, October 83-October 84. - References.
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  • 15
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    Ice growth on Post Pond, 1973-1982 (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/4
    In: CRREL Report, 83-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements and analysis of seasonal ice growth and decay on Post Pond, New Hampshire, for the period 1973-1982 are presented. Observations included ice thickness measurements, examination of the various ice types contributing to the ice cover, and measurements of meteorological parameters for correlation with and modeling of the ice growth process. The overall nature of ice growth and decay (ice loss) on the Post Pond has been ascertained, the seasonal variability in the timing of freeze-up and ice-out and the duration of the ice cover have been determined, and the relationship of ice growth to freezing-degree-day (deg C) records evaluated on the basis of a Stefan conduction equation modified to deal with ice sheets covered with or free of snow. Ice growth occurs predominantly by the direct freezing of lake water, but snow ice may compose as much as 50% of the ice cover in winters with higher than average snowfall. Freeze-up leading to the establishment of a stable ice cover occurs during the 4-week period from the end of November to the end of December. Maximum seasonal ice thicknesses were from 45 to 67 cm and are generally attained during the first two weeks of March; ice-out, marking the final disappearance of ice from Post Pond, usually occurs by the third week of April. The overall rate of the ice loss is three to four times that of ice growth, and is dominated initially by melting from the top. As much as 50% of the ice may be lost in this way before the onset of any bottom melting. Final dissipation of the ice cover is usually expedited by candling resulting from preferential melting and disintegration of the ice at crystal boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-4
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA126334
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9277
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves
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  • 16
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    Analysis of roof snow load case studies : uniform loads (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/1
    In: CRREL Report, 83-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Roof snow load case studies gathered throughout the United States over a three-year period are analyzed. The objective of the analysis is to determine a relationship between the snow load on the ground and the corresponding uniform snow load on flat and sloped roofs. The main parameters considered are the thermal characteristics of the roof, the roof slope and the exposure of the structure. Exposure has the strongest effect on the ratio of ground to roof snow loads. Comparisons are made with existing and proposed building codes and standards.
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    Pages: iv, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a126330.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9329
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard
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  • 17
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    Direct filtration of streamborne glacial silt (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/23
    In: CRREL Report, 82-23
    Description / Table of Contents: A direct filtration, water treatment pilot plant was operated on the Kenai River at Soldotna, Alaska, during the summer of 1980. The purpose of the pilot plant operations was to determine the feasibility of the direct filtration process for removal of glacial silt. The major criterion used to determine feasibility was production of water containing less than 1.0 NTU of turbidity. For the range of raw water turbidities encountered (22-34 NTU), the pilot plant testing indicated that direct filtration was feasible and could be considered as an alternative to conventional waiter treatment plants containing sedimentation tanks.
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    Pages: 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a120751.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9360
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric Introduction Glacial characteristics Water treatment Materials and methods Experimental design Pilot plant intake Hydrocyclone Chemical addition system Flocculation system Filtration system Pilot plant operations Coagulant chemical preparations Flow measurement Sampling Results and discussion Kenai River w ater quality Evaluation of pilot plant testing Performance of pilot plant elements Physical and chem ical variables Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 18
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    Subsea permafrost in Harrison Bay, Alaska : an interpretation from seismic data (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/24
    In: CRREL Report, 82-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Velocity data derived from petroleum industry seismic records from Harrison Bay show that high-velocity material ( or = 2 km/s) interpreted to be ice-bonded permafrost is common. In the eastern part of the bay, the depth to high velocity material increases and velocity decreases in an orderly manner with increasing distance from shore until the layer is no longer apparent. The western part of the bay is less orderly, possibly reflecting a different geological and thermal history. This western part may be an inundated section of the low coastal plain characterized by the region north of Teshekpuk Lake, and could have contained deep thaw lakes, creating low velocity zones. Along some seismic lines, the high-velocity material extends approximately 25 km offshore. Two anomalies have been found which could be associated with rapidly degrading permafrost. One is strong attenuation, which was interpreted as an indication of gas in the shallow deposits. The other is the presence of considerable seismic noise, including identifiable small seismic events. The origin of this noise has not been positively established, and it is proposed that it may indicate that some movement is occurring in the sediments due to thaw.
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    Pages: 65 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA121020
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9361
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Reading records Refractions Reflections Rayleigh waves Spatial resolution Anomalies Results and discussion Seismic velocity distribution Attenuation Low-level natural seismicity Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Error estimates Appendix B: Velocity profiles Appendix C: Seismic cross sections
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  • 19
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    Hydrology and climatology of the Caribou-Poker Creeks research Watershed, Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/26
    In: CRREL Report, 82-26
    Description / Table of Contents: The Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed is a small (101.5-sq km) drainage basin located 48 km northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Elevations within the watershed range from 210 to 826 m, and approximately 28% of its area is underlain by permafrost. Climatic differences between the watershed and Fairbanks are primarily due to the higher elevation of the watershed. Generally the watershed climatic sites are warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Fairbanks. Within the watershed the greatest temperature contrasts exist in winter, when the valley-bottom sites are beneath the regional air temperature inversion, and the higher sites are above it. From May through September the total precipitation averages 270 mm, 1.47 times that received at Fairbanks. The annual precipitation is about 1.7 times that of Fairbanks. The historical precipitation record at Fairbanks indicates that summer precipitation was below the long-term normal in eight of the eleven years of watershed measurements (1969-1980); no climatic extremes occurred during this period. An analysis of annual streamflow data showed an inconsistency of baseflow recessions from year to year. The runoff-rainfall ratio for individual summer storms averaged 0.35 for Caribou Creek. Comparisons of spot discharge measurements of predominantly permafrost and non-permafrost subwatersheds showed that permafrost-dominated watersheds have a much flashier response to precipitation than non-permafrost watersheds. A comparison of the annual flow distribution of the watershed indicated that Caribou Creek has lower summer and higher winter discharges per unit area than the Chena or Salcha Rivers.
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    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122402
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9369
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Setting Geology and soils Vegetation Climate Air temperature Precipitation Hydrology Annual and monthly runoff Individual storms Baseflow recessions Spatial flow variability Temporal flow variability Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Station histories
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  • 20
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    Least life-cycle costs for insulation in Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/27
    In: CRREL Report, 82-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Recommendations for economical thicknesses for building insulation result from a study of fuel and construction costs of 12 military installations in Alaska. A comparison between the insulation thickness that a building owner might choose today and what he might choose in 20 years indicates a trend for much thicker insulation in the future. An analysis of how much more expensive a building built today with the thickness that would be appropriate 20 years hence indicates only a small penalty in life-cycle costs for the additional insulation. Therefore, a minimum of R-32 walls and R-62 attics is recommended for most of Alaska.
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    Pages: 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-27
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122806
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9367
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Summary Introduction Determining economic thicknesses for insulation Background Analysis method for new construction Analysis method for reinsulating existing construction Sensitivity and longevity of the results Sensitivity Longevity Recommendations Saving money vs. saving energy Energy economics conservation Building energy performance standards Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Heating system costs Appendix B: Present worth factors Appendix C: Base case and incremental thermal properties Appendix D: LCC comparison graphs for wall and roof systems Appendix E: Cost penalties for energy conservatism Appendix F: Graphic aid for figuring energy savings thermal improvements
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  • 21
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    Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea ice samples (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/30
    In: CRREL Report, 82-30
    Description / Table of Contents: Equations are developed that can be used to determine the amount of gas present in sea ice from measurements of the bulk ice density, salinity and temperature in the temperature range o f-2 to -30°C. Conversely these relationships can be used to give the density of sea ice as a function of its temperature and salinity, considering both the presence of gas and of solid salts in the ice. Equations are also given that allow the calculation of the gas and brine volumes in the ice at temperatures other than that at which the bulk density was determined.
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    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-30
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7048
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9372
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    Growth of faceted crystals in a snow cover (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/29
    In: CRREL Report, 82-29
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice grains in a snow cover with a low temperature gradient assume a well-rounded equilibrium form. However, at temperature gradients of 0.1 to 0.2 C/cm (depending somewhat on temperature and snow density), the rounded grains recrystallize into a faceted kinetic growth form. The large temperature gradient must play a decisive role in moving the vapor fast enough to sustain the rapid growth rate associated with the kinetic growth form. Once the large temperature gradient is removed, the grains recrystallize back to the equilibrium form. the recrystallization occurs in either direction without a change in bulk density. The growth of faceted crystals begins at the warmer base of the snow cover where the excess vapor pressure is largest. A transition between the overlying rounded grains moves upward in time. Faceted crystals also grow just below crusts of reduced permeability, where the increased vapor accumulation can sustain the excess vapor pressure neded for kinetic growth. The heat and vapor flows are described using a model based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The temperature distribution is shown to be quasi-linear at steady state in homogeneous snow. The recrystallization of the snow is modeled using the rounded grains as sources and the faceted grains as sinks. In the future this model should be extended to account for different temperatures among the sources and sinks.
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    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-29
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122792
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9373
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited
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  • 23
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    Bering Strait sea ice and the Fairway Rock icefoot (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/31
    In: CRREL Report, 82-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Information on sea ice conditions in the Bering Strait and the icefoot formation around Fairway Rock, located in the strait, is presented. Cross-sectional profiles of Fairway Rock and the relief of the icefoot are given along with theoretical analyses of the possible forces active during icefoot formation. It is shown that the ice cover most likely fails in flexure as opposed to crushing or buckling, as the former requires less force. Field observations reveal that the Fairway Rock icefoot is massive, with ridges up to 15 m high, a seaward face only 20 degrees from vertical, and interior ridge slopes averaging 33 degrees. The icefoot is believed to be grounded and its width ranges from less than 10 to over 100 m.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-31
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122477
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9317
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Bering Strait Field reconnaissance Estimation of ice forces on Fairway Rock 1. Creep deformation 2. Crushing failure 3. Flexural failure 4. Forces required to form floating or grounded pressure ridges along therock or to pile ice on the beaches 5. Buckling failure Driving forces Angle of internal friction of sea ice Summary Literature cited Appendix A: April 1982 field observations at Fairway Rock
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  • 24
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    Shore ice ride-up and pile-up features : Part I: Alaska's Beaufort Sea Coast (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/9
    In: CRREL Report, 83-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent observations of shore ice pile-up and ride-up along the coast of the Alaska Beaufort Sea are presented. Information is given to show that sea ice movement on shore has overridden steep coastal bluffs and has thrust inland over 150 m, gouging into and pushing up mounds of beach sand, gravel, boulders and peat and, inland, the tundra material. The resulting ice scar morphology was found to remain for tens of years. Onshore ice movements up to 20 m are relatively common, but those over 100 m are very infrequent. Spring is a dangerous time, when sea ice melts away from the shore, allowing ice to move freely. Under this condition, driving stresses of less than 100 kPa can push thick sea ice onto the land.
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    Pages: v, 59 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA127198
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9316
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps
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    Properties of urea-doped ice in the CRREL test basin (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/8
    In: CRREL Report, 83-8
    Description / Table of Contents: In the course of model tests with urea-doped ice in the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility test basin, the growth process and the physical and mechanical properties of the model ice were investigated. The parameters which were varied were: urea concentration in the tank water, air temperature during growth, growth duration, and tempering time. Uniformity of ice thickness and ice mechanical properties over the whole tank area were found to be satisfactory. The structure of the urea-doped ice was found to be similar to that of the ice except for a relatively thick incubation layer over a dendritic bottom layer. Empirical relationships were established between: ice thickness and negative degree-hours; mechanical properties and growth temperature, urea concentration, and ice thickness; and reduction in mechanical properties and tempting time. The results of the study are presented in charts which permit reliable scheduling of model tests with required ice thickness and ice flexural strength.
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    Pages: vii, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-8
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA128219
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9315
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental facility and procedures Ice test basin Ice growth procedure Measurements Ice growth and structure Ice thickness distribution Ice growth during freeze-up Ice growth during warm-up Structure of urea-doped ice Mechanical properties of urea-doped ice Introductory remarks Model of a two-layer elastic material Properties of urea-doped ice during freeze-up Properties of urea-doped ice during warm-up Applications to test program scheduling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Results of ice thickness measurements for various growth conditions Appendix B: Properties of untempered ice Appendix C: Properties of tempered ice
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  • 26
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    Shore ice ride-up and pile-up features : Part II: Alaska's Beaufort Sea coast - 1983 and 1984 (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/26
    In: CRREL Report, 84-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations of shore ice pile-up and ride-up along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast in 1983 and 1984 are presented. New information on historical accounts of onshore ice movement, uncovered since publication of Part I in this series, is reported. An account is given of ice overtopping a concrete caisson exploration island in the Canadian Beaufort Sea.
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    Pages: iii, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a148428.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9557
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Observations Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Site location maps
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  • 27
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    Ice forces on rigid, vertical, cylindrical structures (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/33
    In: CRREL Report, 84-33
    Description / Table of Contents: A small-scale experimental study was conducted to characterize the magnitude and nature of ice forces during continuous crushing of ice against a rigid, vertical, cylindrical structure. The diameter of the structure was varied from 50 to 500 mm, the relative velocity from 10 to 210 mm/s, and the ice thickness from 50 to 80 mm. The ice tended to fail repetitively, with the frequency of failure termed the characteristic frequency. The characteristic frequency varied linearly with velocity and to a small extent with structure diameter. The size of the damage zone was 10 to 50% of the ice thickness, with an average value of 30%. The maximum and mean normalized ice forces were strongly dependent on the aspect ratio (structure diameter/ice thickness). The forces increased significantly with decreasing aspect ratio, but were constant for large aspect ratios. The maximum normalized forces appeared to be independent of strain rate. The effect of velocity on the normalized ice forces depended on structure diameter. The mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice crushing depended on both aspect ratio and ice-structure relative velocity. The energy required to crush the ice for the one failure cycle was obtained from the ice force records for each test, and was compared to the energy calculated from an idealized sawtooth shape for the force record, the maximum force, velocity and characteristic frequency data. Originator - supplied keywords included: Cold regions, Cold regions construction, Cylindrical test structures, Ice, Ice crushing, Ice forces, and Test facilities.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-33
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9351
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Test objectives Experimental setup and procedures Facilities Test fixture Data acquisiton system Ice sheets Measurement of ice properties Daily test summary Experimental results and discussion Observations Ice force records Frequency of ice force variations Discussion Maximum crushing forces Mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice in crushing Failure energy of ice Ratio of maximum force to mean force Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Data for continuous crushing tests
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  • 28
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    Crystalline structure of urea ice sheets used in modeling experiments in the CRREL test basin (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/24
    In: CRREL Report, 84-24
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the growth characteristics and crystalline textures of urea ice sheets which are now used extensively in the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. (CRREL) test basin for modeling sea ice. The aims of the report are to describe the different kinds of crystalline texture encountered in urea ice sheets and to show that even small variations in texture can drastically influence the mechanical behavior of urea ice sheets. Standard petrographic techniques for studying microstructure in thin sections were used on 24 urea ice sheets. These investigations entailed observations of the crystalline texture of the ice (including details of the subgrain structure), grain size measurements, and studies of the nature and extent of urea entrapment and drainage patterns in the ice. Increased knowledge of the factors controlling the crystalline characteristics of urea ice sheets has progressed to the point where test basin researchers at CRREL are now able to fabricate ice sheets with prescribed structures leading to predictable mechanical properties. Originators supplied keywords include: Sea ice, and Mechanical properties.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA148434
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9553
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Procedures for growing urea ice sheets Analysis of the crystalline structure of urea ice Characteristics of urea ice Results and discussion Ice sheet no. 1 Ice sheet no. 2 Ice sheet no. 3 Ice sheet no. 4 Ice sheet no. 5 Ice sheet no. 6 Ice sheet no. 7 Ice sheet no. 8 Ice sheet no. 9 Ice sheet no. 10 Ice sheet no. 11 Ice sheet no. 12 Ice sheet no. 13 Ice sheet no. 14 Ice sheet no. 15 Ice sheet no. 16 Ice sheet no. 17 Ice sheet no. 18 Ice sheet no. 19 Ice sheet no. 20 Ice sheet no. 21 Ice sheet no. 22 Ice sheet no. 23 Ice sheet no. 24 Urea concentrations in test tank solution and ice Discussion and conclusions E/σf ratio Thickness of incubation layer Crystal properties Literature cited Appendix A: Thin sections of urea ice sheets
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    Pulse transmission through frozen silt (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/17
    In: CRREL Report, 84-17
    Description / Table of Contents: VHF-band radiowave short pulses were transmitted within the permafrost tunnel at Fox, Alaska, over distances between 2.2 and 10.5 m. The propagation medium was a frozen silt containing both disseminated and massive ice with temperatures varying from -7°C near the transmitter to probably -2 C near the center of the tunnel overburden. The short pulses underwent practically no dispersion in the coldest zones but did disperse and refract through the warmer overburden, as suggested by calculations of the effective dielectric constant. Most significantly the measured frequency content decreased as the effective dielectric constant increased. The results indicate that deep, cross-borehole pulse transmissions over distances greater than 10 m might be possible, especially when the ground is no warmer than -4°C. The information thus pined could be used for identifying major subsurface variations, including ground ice features.
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    Pages: ii, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a147108.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9519
    Language: English
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    Baseline acidity of ancient precipitation from the South Pole (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/15
    In: CRREL Report, 84-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements of meltwater pH from annual layers of South Pole firn and ice samples ranging in age from 40 to 2000 years B.P. show that precipitation at this remote site has a higher natural acidity than that expected from atmospheric equilibrium with CO2. The average pH of deaerated (CO2-free) samples was 5.64 + or - 0.08, while air-equilibrated samples averaged 5.37 + or - 0.008, a pH that is about a factor of two more acidic than the expected background pH of 5.65. The observed 'excess' acidity can be accounted for by natural SO4(2)- and NO(3)- levels in the samples probably originating from non-anthropogenic H2SO4 and HNO3. Because of the presence of these naturally occurring acids in South Pole precipitation, a pH of 5.4 is considered a more representative baseline reference pH for acid precipitation studies.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA145007
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9510
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Frazil ice formation (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/18
    In: CRREL Report, 84-18
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the influences of turbulence and water temperature on frazil ice formation. The rate and thequantity of frazil ice formed in a specified volume of supercooled water increase with both increasing turbulence inten-sitv and decreasing water temperature. The influence of turbulence intensity on the rate of frazil ice formation, how-ever. is more pronounced for larger initial supercooling. The turbulence characteristics of a flow affect the rate offrazil ice formation by governing the temperature to which the flow can be supercooled, by influencing heat transferfrom the frazil ice to surrounding water, and by promoting collision nucleation, particle and floc rupture and increasingthe number of nucleation sites. larger frazil ice particles formed in water supercooled to lower temperatures. The par-ticles usually were disks, with diameters several orders greater than their thickness. Particle size generally decreased with increasing turbulence intensity. This report develops an analytical model, in which the rate of frazil ice formation isrelated to temperature rise of a turbulent volume of water from the release of latent heat of fusion of liquid water toice. Experiments conducted in a turbulence jar with a heated, vertically oscillating grid served both to guide and tocalibrate thanalytical'model as well as to afford insights into frazil ice formation. The formation of frazil ice wasstudied for Vemperatures of supercooled water ranging from -0.9° to -0.050°C.
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    Pages: vi, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-18
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a147425.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9547
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .
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    The effects of soluble salts on the unfrozen water contents of the Lanzhou, P.R.C., silt (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/16
    In: CRREL Report, 84-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Phase composition curves are presented for a typical saline silt from Lanzhou, P.R.C., and compared to some silts from Alaska. The unfrozen water content of the Chinese silt is much higher than that of the Alaskan silts due to the large amount of soluble salts present in the silts from China, which are not present in silt from interior Alaska. When the salt is removed, the unfrozen water content is then similar for both the Chinese and Alaskan silt. Here we introduce a technique for correcting the unfrozen water content of partially frozen soils due to high salt concentrations. We calculate the equivalent molality of the salts in the unfrozen water at various temperatures from a measurement of the electrical conductivity of the extract from saturated paste.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a152825.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9520
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Materials Sample preparation Nuclear magnetic resonance Specific surface area Electrical conductivity Results and discussion Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content vs temperature data for Lanzhou silt
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    Icing rate on stationary structures under marine conditions (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/12
    In: CRREL Report, 84-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Icing on stationary structures such as oil rigs is becoming an increasingly serious problem as offshore drilling operations in the subpolar regions become more common. Little information exists on this subject. Extensive observations have been made of icing on the upper structures of moving ships, but the complexity of this problem makes analysis of the results very difficult. Even the generation of water drops in this case involves many factors, such as windspeed, wave direction relative to the bearing of the ship, and size and free-board of the ship. On stationary structures, however, the problem is much simpler, since the major factor in drop generation is whitecaps produced by wind, and no motion of the structure is involved. In the present study, a theoretical calculation was made by combining the data available on the generation of drops by wind with data on the proportion of ice frozen from the collected water. The rate of ice accumulation on stationary structures was calculated using published data. The results were compared with icing measured on board ships. Although the general trend of this calculation indicated parallelism with the onboard measurements, the measured ice accumulation rate on ships needed a 5 to 8 m/s higher windspeed to correspond with the calculated rate for stationary structures.
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    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA145795
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9507
    Language: English
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  • 34
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    Sea ice data buoys in the Weddel Sea (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/11
    In: CRREL Report, 84-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Data obtained from two sets of data buoys either air-dropped or deployed by ship onto the Weddell Sea pack ice during the period from Dec 1978 to Nov 1980 are presented. The buoy data include position, pressure and temperature information and to date represent the most complete combined weather and pack ice drift records for the ice-covered Southern Ocean regions. The buoys tended to drift north initially and then to turn east generally between latitudes 62°S and 64°S. Buoy 1433 turned east farther south at approximately 67°S but at about the same time as buoy 0527, implying that the westerly wind belt was farther south than usual in 1979. The range of air pressures-from about 950 mb to about 1020 mb is typical of the circumpolar low pressure trough in the Southern Hemisphere. All buoys were equipped with an internal or compartment temperature sensor. The 1980 buoys also contained an external air temperature sensor in a ventilated, shielded can at 1-m height. Although differences of 10°C or more between recorded air and compartment temperatures are common, the correlation between the two measured temperatures is generally very good. The compartment temperatures are higher probably because the buoy is radiationally heated. We found that subtracting 3°C from the average daily compartment temperature yielded a good estimate of the average air temperature for any given day. This technique can be used to construct average daily air temperature records for the 1979 buoys which only contained the internal or compartment temperature sensor.
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    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a144953.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9504
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : Phase I: Test results (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/9
    In: CRREL Report, 84-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the first phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase I, 222 constant-strain-rate uni-axial compression tests were performed on ice samples from ten multi-year pressure ridges to examine the magnitude and variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges. A limited number of constant-strain-rate compression and tension tests, constant-load compression tests, and conventional triaxial tests were also performed on ice samples from a multi-year floe to provide preliminary data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws for multi-year sea ice. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain, and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The statistical variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges is examined, as well as the effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice.
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    Pages: v, 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA144132
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9279
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field Sampling Site selection and description Ice sampling procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Testing Techniques Multi-year Pressure Ridge Tests Ice description Sampling scheme and test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Residual compressive strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Statistical Variations in Ice Strength Differences in strength above and below level ice Sources of the variation in strength Shape of the strength histograms Multi-year Floe Ice Tests Ice description Uniaxial compressive strength Constant-load compression tests Constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial tests Conclusions Literature Cited Appendix A: Structural profile of a multi-year pressure ridge core Appendix B: Ridge uniaxial compression test data Appendix C: Structural profile of the continuous multi-year floe core Appendix D: Multi-year floe test data
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  • 36
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    Force distribution in a fragmented ice cover (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/7
    In: CRREL Report, 84-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments were conducted in CRREL's refrigerated flume facility to examine the two-dimensional force distribution of a floating, fragmented ice cover restrained by a boom in a simulated river channel. To determine the force distribution, a vertically walled channel, instrumented for measuring normal and tangential forces, and an instrumented restraining boom were installed in a 40.0- by 1.3-m flume. Two sizes of polyethylene blocks and two similar sizes of fresh-water ice blocks were tested using water velocities ranging from 10 to 30 cm/s. The forces measured at the instrumented boom leveled off with increasing cover length. The contribution of the increasing shear forces developed along theshorelines to this leveling off in the data was clearly evident. The shear coefficients of the polyethylene blocks averaged 0.43, and the freshwater ice averaged 0.044. The normal force measured along the instrumented shoreline could not be related simply by a K coefficient to the longitudinal force; another expression was required, with a term being a function of the cover thickness and independent of the undercover shear stress or cover length. By adding this term, good agreement was then found between the measured and predicted values of the boom forces and the shoreline normal and shear forces
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    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-7
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a142100.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9284
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experiments Test flume facility Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Plastic versus freshwater ice Shoreline forces Boom forces Average shear stress under ice cover Internal forces Discussion Data scatter Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results
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  • 37
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    Relationship between the ice and unfrozen water phases in frozen soil as determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and physical desorption data (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/15
    In: CRREL Report, 82-15
    Description / Table of Contents: An experiment is described that demonstrates the balance between the ice and the unfrozen water in a frozen soil as water is removed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used to monitor the unfrozen water content as the soil is dehydrated by a molecular sieve material. Our results show that the unfrozen water content of a Morin clay soil remains constant until the total water content has been reduced to the point where no ice remains in the system. Once the ice is depleted, the unfrozen water content determined by NMR corresponds to the total water content of the soil determined by the weight of water removed by the molecular sieve material. Thus the validity of utilizing NMR in determining unfrozen water contents vs temperature is established.
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    Pages: 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9357
    Language: English
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  • 38
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    Application of a numerical sea ice model to the East Greenland area (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/16
    In: CRREL Report, 82-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model which employs a viscous-plastic constitutive law has been applied to the East Greenland area. The model is run on a 40-km spatial scale at 1/4-day time steps for a 60-day period with forcing data beginning on 1 October 1979. Results tend to verify that the model predicts reasonable thicknesses and velocities within the ice margin. Thermodynamic ice growth produces excessive ice extent, however, probably due to inadequate parameterization of oceanic heat flux. Ice velocities near the free ice edge are also not well simulated, and preliminary investigations attribute this to an improper wind field in this area. A simulation which neglects ice strength, effectively damping ice interaction with itself and allowing no resistance to deformation, produces excessive ice drift toward the coast and results in unrealistic nearshore thicknesses. A dynamics-only simulation produced reasonable results, including a more realistic ice extent, but the need for proper thermodynamics is also apparent. Other simulations verify that ice import from the Arctic Basin, and ice transport due to winds and currents, were also important components in the model studies.
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    Pages: v, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen , 29 cm
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-16
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9356
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Model description and application Results and discussion Wind and current fields Standard simulation Thermodynamic simulation Zero ice strength Zero ice import Zero currents Modified currents Zero winds Dynamics simulation Summary and concluding remarks Literature cite
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  • 39
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    Osobennosti struktury atmosfery poljarnych rajonov (1981)
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
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    Call number: ZSP-799-370
    In: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatelʹskogo Instituta, Tom 370
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    Pages: 163 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatelʹskogo Instituta 370
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 40
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    Laboratory measurements of soil electric properties between 0.1 and 5 GHz (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/10
    In: CRREL Report, 82-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Dielectric measurements have been performed on silt and sand samples from permafrost areas using Time Domain Reflectometry. The sample temperatures were varied from +25 °C to -25 °C, and volumetric water content was varied between oven-dry and 0.55 gH2O/cm3. The data were processed for frequencies between 0.1 and 5.0 GHz. The results show a constant K' and a low K' for frequencies up to 1 GHz. A frequency dependence seen on the data above 2 GHz is probably the result of unfrozen, adsorbed water. At moisture levels near saturation at all temperatures, these soils have excellent propagation characteristics for ground-probing radar operating below 0.3 GHz. Massive ice should be easily detectable in permafrost within a few degrees of 0 °C.
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    Pages: 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-10
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9348
    Language: English
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  • 41
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    Asphalt concrete for cold regions : a comparative laboratory study and analysis of mixtures containing soft and hard grades of asphalt cement (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/5
    In: CRREL Report, 80-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This research comprised laboratory testing to determine the properties of asphalt-aggregate mixtures containing three grades of asphalt cements, and analyses to project the performance of pavements containing each of the asphalts, in resisting thermally induced distress and traffic-associated distress. From the results it is concluded that only the softest asphalt cement tested (AC 2.5) would perform satisfactorily in a cold climatic zone. The moderately soft (AC 5) and moderately hard (AC 20) asphalt cements showed little susceptibility to thermal cracking in a moderate and a warm climatic zone, respectively. The AC 2.5 and AC 5 asphalts are not recommended for use in warm climates, however, owing to increased susceptibility to rutting under traffic.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082198
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9528
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Research setting Objectives Materials, mixture designs, and tests Materials Mixture design tests Brazil test Resilient modulus test Data analysis Marshall tests Asphalt grade Compactive effort Aggregate type Data analysis Brazil tests Indirect tensile strength Tensile strain Vertical deformation Summary of Brazil test results Data analysis-resilIient modulus. Comparison of mixture susceptibility to temperature cracking General asphalt concrete stiffness Thermal cracking. Influence of asphalt cement properties Summary Comparison of mixture susceptibility to traftic-load-associated distress Stress/strain analysis Fatigue damage analysis Rutting analysis Strength correlations Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength Indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus Summary Summary and conclusions Recapitulation of investigations Summary of results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Asphalt adggregate mixture properties by Marshall method Appendix B: Equations for calculating specimen properties from Brazil tests Appendix C: Calculated displacements, strains and stresses
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  • 42
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    Environmental analysis of the Upper Susitna River Basin using Landsat imagery (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/4
    In: CRREL Report, 80-4
    Description / Table of Contents: The primary objectives of this study were to 1) prepare a map from Landsat imagery of the Upper Susitna River Basin drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, 2) identify possible faults and lineaments within the upper basin and within a 100-km radius of the proposed Devil Canyon and Watana dam sites as observed on Landsat imagery, and 3) prepare a Landsat-derived map showing the distribution of surficial geologic materials and poorly drained areas. The EROS Digital Image Enhancement System (EDIES) provided computer- enhanced images of Landsat-1 scene 5470-19560. The EDIES false color composite of this scene was used as the base for mapping drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, six surficial geologic materials units and poorly drained areas. We used some single-band and other color composites of Landsat images during interpretation. All the above maps were prepared by photointerpretation of Landsat images without using computer analysis, aerial photographs, field data, or published reports. These other data sources were used only after the mapping was completed to compare and verify the information interpreted and delineations mapped from the Landsat images. Four Landsat-1 MSS band 7 winter scenes were used in the photomosaic prepared for the lineament mapping. We mapped only those lineaments related to reported regional tectonics, although there were many more lineaments evident on the Landsat photomosaic.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-4
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a084900.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9039
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Objectives Conclusions Introduction Background Previous cooperative investigations Project rationale and coordination Approach Landsat imagery Interpretation techniques Part I. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping the drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields (Lawrence W. Gatto) Objective Methods Results Conclusions Part II. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping and evaluating geologiclineaments and possible faults (Carolyn J. Merry) Objective Geologic structure Methods Results Conclusions Part Ill. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping surficial materials Section A. Landsat mapping (Harlan L. McKim) Objective Methods Results Section B. Field evaluation (Daniel E. Lawson) Objectives Methods Results Discussion Section C. Conclusions (Daniel E. Lawson and Harlan L. McKim) Literature cited Glossary
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  • 43
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    Block motion from detonations of buried near-surface explosive arrays (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/26
    In: CRREL Report, 80-26
    Description / Table of Contents: A vital concern to the survivability of hardened underground structures in rock is the relative displacement induced along geologic discontinuities by nearby explosions. Such displacement, commonly termed block motion, can occur along faults, joints, bedding planes and other structural weaknesses in rock. This report documents all occurrences of block motion observed during the development of DIHEST, a series of shallow-buried high explosive experiments designed to simulate the direct induced ground motions from a nuclear surface burst. Instances of block motion are described, along with pertinent details of the explosive arrays, geology and ground motion fields. The influence of these and other factors on the direction and magnitude of block motion is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 62 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-26
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6082
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction STARMET Test description Test results PLANEWAVE II Test description Test results DATEX II Test description Test results HANDEC II Test description Test results ROCKTEST II Test description Test results Summary and discussion Literature cited
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  • 44
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    Modeling of anisotropic electromagnetic reflection from sea ice (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/23
    In: CRREL Report, 80-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The contribution of brine layers to observed reflective anisotropy of sea ice at 100 MHz is quantitatively assessed. The sea ice is considered to be a stratified, inhomogeneous, anisotropic dielectric consisting of pure ice containing ordered arrays of conducting inclusions (brine layers). Below the transition zone, the ice is assumed to have constant azimuthal c-axis orientation within the horizontal plane, so that the orientation of brine layers is uniform. The brine layers are also assumed to become increasingly well-defined with depth, since adjacent brine inclusions tend to fuse together with increasing temperature. A theoretical explanation for observed reflective anisotropy is proposed in terms of an isotropic electric flux penetration into the brine layers. Penetration anisotropy and brine layer geometry are linked to anisotropy in the complex dielectric constant of sea ice. In order to illustrate the above effects we present a numerical method of approximating the reflected power of a plane wave pulse incident on a slab of sea ice. Mixture dielectric constants are calculated for two polarizations of the incident wave: 1) the electric field parallel to the c-axis direction, and 2) the electric field perpendicular to the c-axis direction. These dielectric constants are then used to calculate power reflection coefficients for the two polarizations. Significant bottom reflection (R ~ 0.08) occurs when the polariza-tion is parallel to the c-axis. However, when the polarization is perpendicular to the c-axis, the return may be almost completely extinguished (R 〈 0.001). This extinction is due primarily to absorptive loss associated with the conduct-ing inclusions and secondarily to an impedance match at the ice/water interface that results in transmission of the wave to the water without reflection.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-23
    URL: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/bitstream/11681/9576/1/CR-80-23.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Anisotropy and sea ice macrostructure Anisotropy and sea ice microstructure A theory of anisotropic radar return from sea ice Anisotropic electric flux penetration into brine layers Implications of normal exclusion, tangential penetration, and brine layer geometry for dielectric behavior of sea ice Modeling of electromagnetic reflection from a stratified, anisotropic, inhomogeneous lossy medium Calculation of mixture complex dielectric constants Calculation of interfacial power reflection coefficients Calculation of bulk power reflection coefficients Calculation of attenuated power reflection coefficients Beam spread Results Anisotropic bottom reflections Anisotropic complex dielectric constants Sensitivity of parameters Internal reflection: the bumps Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 45
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    Environmental engineering and ecological baseline investigations along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/19
    In: CRREL Report, 80-19
    Description / Table of Contents: During the period 1975-1978 the Federal Highway Administration sponsored a series of environmental engineering in­vestigations along the Yukon River to Prudhoe Bay Haul Road. In 1976 the Department of Energy joined these in­vestigations with a series of ecological projects which continue to the present. Both agencies research efforts were con­ducted on a cooperative basis with CRREL’s in-house research program. The objectives of the research focused on 1) an evaluation of the performance of the road, 2) an assessment of changes in the environment associated with the road, 3) documentation of flora and vegetation along the 577-km-long transect, 4) methodologies for revegetation and restoration, and 5) an assessment of biological parameters as indicators of environmental integrity. In support of these objectives, specific studies were undertaken that investigated the climate along the road, thaw and subsidence beneath and adjacent to the road, drainage and side slope performance, distribution and properties of road dust, vegetation distribution, vegetation disturbance and recovery, occurrence of weeds and weedy species, erosion and its control, revegetation and restoration, and construction of the fuel gas line. This report presents background, information on the region, detailed results of the road thaw subsidence and dust investigations, and summaries of revegetation, fuel gas line, vegetation distribution, soil, and weed studies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: xv, 187 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-19
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6433
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Chapter 1. The road and its environment Introduction General physiography Regional climate Surficial and bedrock geology Permafrost and ground ice General biota Vegetation Floristic survey Vegetation mapping Soils and mapping Chapter 2. Roadbed performance and associated investigations Roadbed investigations Roadbed performance Performance of drainage features Performance of sideslopes Conclusions from road, drainage and sideslope performance studies Fuel gas line construction Chapter 3. Distribution and properties of road dust along the northern portion of the Haul Road Introduction Methods Results of wind direction and velocity measurements Dust load and distribution Particle size analyses of dust Chemical composition properties of dust and related samples Soil cation composition Dust impacts on vegetation Discussion and conclusions Chapter 4. Revegetation and restoration investigations Introduction Revegetation approaches Alyeska erosion control and revegetation program Weeds and weedy plants Performance of revegetation Alyeska willow cutting program CRREL restoration experiments Conclusions Revegetation recommendations General report recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: General environmental guidelines applicable to subarctic and arctic road construction Appendix B: University-based studies along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road Appendix C: CRREL maps of Haul Road showing locations of all study Sites Appendix D: Additional Haul Road cross-sectional profiles Appendix E: Clay mineralogy of road-related materials Appendix F: List of reports in the Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Ad­visory Team series
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  • 46
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    Snow pads used for pipeline construction in Alaska, 1976 : construction, use and breakup (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/17
    In: CRREL Report, 80-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Construction pads made of snow were used to build two sections of the Trans Alaska Pipeline and a small gas pipeline during the winter of 1975-76. Construction during the winter has become increasingly common in the Arctic. Surface travel and the use of heavy construction equipment on the unprotected tundra have been severely restricted, even during the winter, so the use of temporary winter roads and construction pads built of snow and ice has been advocated and is being adopted. The three snow construction pads mentioned above were the first snow roads and construction pads used on a large scale in Alaska. Snow roads and construction pads have two objectives: to protect the underlying vegetation and upper layers of the ground, and to provide a hard, smooth surface for travel and the operation of equipment. Several types have been built, and a brief discussion is given of their history and classification systems. The three snow construction pads used in construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and the small gas pipeline in 1975-76 were visited and observed while in use. The Globe Creek snow pad, about 50 miles north of Fairbanks, was built primarily of manufactured snow hauled to the site and watered. With very high densities this pad withstood heavy traffic and use by heavy construction equipment except on one steep slope. There, the use of tracked vehicles and vehicles without front wheel drive disaggregated the snow on and near the surface so that vehicles without front wheel drive were unable to climb the hill. The Toolik snow pad, just north of the Brooks Range, was built of compacted snow and proved capable of supporting the heaviest traffic and construction equipment. The fuel gasline snow pad ran from the northern Brooks Range to the Arctic Coast and also proved capable of supporting the necessary traffic. Both the Toolik snow pad and the fuel gasline snow pad failed in very early May because of unseasonably warm and clear weather before the associated construction projects were completed. However, the three snow pads must be considered successful. Common problems were the lack of snow, slopes, unseasonably warm spring weather, and inexperience on the part of contractors and construction personnel.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a090521.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction History of snow and ice roads Classification of snow and ice roads Snow pads used by Alyeska during the winter of 1975-1976 The Globe Creek snow pad The Toolik snow pad The gasline snow pad Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 47
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    Revegetation and selected terrain disturbances along the trans-Alaska pipeline, 1975-1978 (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/12
    In: CRREL Report, 81-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Revegetation techniques along the trans-Alaska pipeline as employed by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company during the 1975-1978 summers were observed. Objectives included determining the success of treatments, identifying problem areas, and noticing long-term implications. Observations and photographs at 60 sites located along the trans-Alaska pipeline indicated frequent occurrence of successful revegetation as well as frequent problems, such as erosion, slope instability, poor scheduling of seed application, occurrence of weed species, failure to optimally reuse topsoil and fine-grained soil, and low rates of native species reinvation. Alyeska's visual impact engineering was observed to be very successful, as shown by high first-season survival. However, a related program for establishing willow cuttings was unsuccessful in 1977 but appeared very promising in 1978 largely due to improved management and more favorable growing conditions. Terrain disturbances due to the construction of the fuel gas line, snowpads, and oil spills were examined to identify and describe related environmental impacts on natural vegetation. Proper construction and use of snowpads minimized the extent and severity of disturbance. Crude oil spills, although damaging to vegetation did not cause total kill of vegetation, and certain types of spills may have only short-term effects. Results of restoration research by CRREL along the trans-Alaska pipeline are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 115 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-12
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9467
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Revegetation procedures 1975-1978 construction seasons Willow cutting program Visual impact engineering program Selected terrain disturbances Fuel gas line and snowpads Island Lake and oil line snowpads Oil spills and revegetation CRREL restoration sites Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: List of sites observed during 1975 Appendix B: Annotated photographs of permanent revegetation observation sites-1975-1978 Appendix C: Photographic record of fuel gas line observation sites
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  • 48
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    VHF electrical properties of frozen ground near Point Barrow, Alaska (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/13
    In: CRREL Report, 81-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrical properties of frozen ground were measured using radio frequency interferometry (RFI) in the very high frequency (VHF) radiowave band. Ice-rich organic silts and sands and gravels of variable ice content were investigated during early April of both 1979 and 1980. Frequencies between 10 and 150 MHz were used with best results obtained between 40 and 100 MHz. Surface impedance and magnetic induction techniques were also used to obtain an independent measure of low frequency resistivity and to obtain a separate control on vertical inhomogeneity. Soil samples were tested for organic and water content. The dielectric constants determined for the ice-rich organic silts ranged from 4.0 to 5.5 while those for the sands and gravels were about 5.1. Dielectric loss was due to d.c. conduction and was very low for the silts but significant for the sands and gravels. The higher values for the sands and gravels were most likely due to the higher concentrations of salt that are reported to exist in the old beach ridges in this region. All the RFI measurements are believed to be indicative of only the first few meters of the ground although the radiowaves could penetrate to tens of meters.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-13
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9466
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Theory and instrumentation Radio frequency interferometry Case 1: Homogeneous ground model Case 2: Two-layer ground model RFI instrumentation Low frequency methods Point Barrow sites Results and discussion Site 1: Tundra Site 2: Beach ridge Site 3: Marsh Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Discussion of low-frequency geophysical methods
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  • 49
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    A statistical evaluation of soil and climatic parameters affecting the change in pavement deflection during thawing of subgrades (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/15
    In: CRREL Report, 81-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report analyzes the results of a field study previously reported by Scrivner et al. (1969) for the National Cooperative Highway Research Program. These authors studied the seasonal pavement deflection characteristics of 24 test sites on roads in service in regions with freezing indexes ranging from 100 F-days to 2100 F-days. They used the Dynaflect cyclic pavement loading device to determine the pavement system response. Of specific interest to my analysis was the increased pavement deflection after freezing and thawing and the time to recovery of normal deflection characteristics. These characteristics were related to soil and climatic factors using statistical techniques. The most significant observations of this statistical analysis are: (1) that the freezing index is not a significant parameter in determining the percent increase in pavement deflection during thawing, and (2) that the recovery time is inversely proportional to the depth of freezing. As was expected, the most significant variable affecting the increase in pavement deflection was the frost susceptibility classification. This observation reinforces the necessity for careful selection of soil materials used in pavement systems.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 10 Seiten , Ilustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9492
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of test site Test results Method of analysis Results of analysis Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A Recovery time after onset of thawing, t20 Discussion of results Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A. Recovery time after thawing, t20 Conclusions Literature cited ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Pavement deflection and frost penetration vs time Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus F Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus W Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus I Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus N Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus D Data points and regression line for t20 versus A Permeability vs void ratio for the Toledo Penn 7 material TABLES Properties of test sections Test results from Scrivner et al Results of regression analysis
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  • 50
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    Cold regions testing of an air-transportable shelter (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/16
    In: CRREL Report, 81-16
    Description / Table of Contents: An air-transportable shelter designed and built at CRREL for use in cold regions underwent testing in Hanover, New Hampshire, and Ft. Greely, Alaska. The shelter demonstrated some of its capabilities for mobility by being towed for more than 60 miles behind various vehicles and by being transported on a C-130 cargo airplane, a CH-47 helicopter, and a trailer truck. The shelter proved to be very easy for a crew of two to four to set up in all weather conditions including -40 F cold. However, the gasoline-powered generator, which was a source for space heat as well as electricity, functioned very poorly. Overall, the prototype successfully demonstrated qualities of self-reliance, ease of operation and thermal efficiency.
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    Pages: v, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-16
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9412
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Summary Introduction Description of shelter Test procedures and results Mobility Ease of erecting and striking Therinal efficiency and performance Heat output Electrical system Habitation Safety features Water system Shelter reliability Structure Performance of other shelters Conclusions Future studies Literature cited
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  • 51
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    Investigation of the acoustic emission and deformation repsonse of finite ice plates (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/6
    In: CRREL Report, 81-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A procedure is described for monitoring the microfracturing activity in ice plates subjected to constant loads. Sample time records of freshwater ice plate deflections as well as corresponding total acoustic emission activities are presented. The linear elastic, as well as viscoelastic, response for a simply supported rectangular ice plate is given. Suggested future work using the above procedure is discussed.
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    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-6
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9475
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Notation Introduction Experimental procedure and considerations Growth of the ice plate Support of the ice plate Acoustic emission monitoring system Displacement transducers and data recording Mechanical loading System Analysis Experimental results Thin section analysis Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A : Ice plate linear elastic response Appendix B: Acoustic emission system sensitivity Appendix C: Ice plate linear viscoelastic response Appendix D: Equipment list
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  • 52
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    On the buckling force of floating ice plates (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/9
    In: CRREL Report, 81-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The calculation of the largest horizontal force a relatively thin floating ice plate may exert on a structure requires the knowledge of the buckling load for this floating plate. In the published literature on the stability of continuously supported beams and plates, it is usually assumed that this buckling force corresponds to the lowest bifurcation force Pcr. However, recent studies indicate that, generally, this is not the case, and this report clarifies the situation for floating ice plates. This problem is first studied on a simple model that exhibits the buckling mechanism of a floating ice plate but is amenable to an exact nonlinear analysis. This study shows that, depending on the ratio of the rigidities of the "liquid" and "plate," the post-buckling branch may rise or drop away from the bifurcation point. Thus, Pcr may or may not be the actual buckling load. It is also shown that when lift-off of "plate" from the "liquid" takes place the actual buckling load may drop substantially. This study is followed by an analysis of a floating compressed semi-infinite plate with a straight free edge, assuming that there is no lift-off. It is found that for this case there always exists a buckling load that is lower than Pcr. According to the obtained results, the value Pcr should be used with caution as a buckling load for floating ice plates. It is suggested that the buckling load be determined using the postbuckling equilibrium branch of the plate, taking into consideration the possibility of lift-off of the ice cover from the liquid base.
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    Pages: 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-9
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9471
    Language: English
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  • 53
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    Prediction of explosively driven relative displacements in rocks (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/11
    In: CRREL Report, 81-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Relative displacement data from high explosive, shallow-buried bursts in rock are combined with relative displacement data from the contained nuclear explosion MIGHTY EPIC. Analysis of these data yields a preliminary, semi-empirical technique for predicting the location, direction and magnitude of relative displacements in rock from contained explosions. This technique is used to make relative displacement predictions for the DIABLO HAWK nuclear blast.
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    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-11
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9468
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction DIHEST analysis MIGHTY EPIC analysis Geological setting and relative displacement documentation Shear stress analysis 8 Displacement analysis DIABLO HAWK predictions Literature cited
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  • 54
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    Revegetation at two construction sites in New Hampshire and Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/3
    In: (DE-B103)105551, CRREL Report
    Description / Table of Contents: Revegetation techniques were investigated for gravel soils in cold regions. Two gravel soil test sites were established in Hanover, New Hampshire, and Fairbanks, Alaska. During three growing seasons, we studied the applicability and cost effectiveness of various nutrient sources and mulch materials. The nutrient sources included sewage sludge (at 40, 60 and 80 tons/acre) and commercial fertilizer (at 200, 400 and 600 lb/acre). The mulching materials were wood fiber mulch with various types of tackifiers, peat moss, and sewage sludge. The effects of refertilization during the second growing season were also studied. At both sites the use of sewage sludge produced superior results in many respects to the use of fertilizer at the application rates studied. Grasses receiving sludge showed better establishment rates and greater plant cover and growth, and were able to withstand the hot drying conditions encountered during the summer months. Slightly quicker grass establishment was noted at the higher rates of application of each nutrient source in Fairbanks, while grass establishment at all sludge rates was good in Hanover. All fertilizer treatments performed poorly in Hanover. No evidence of winter injury to the grasses was noted in any of the treatments. Supplemental applications of nitrogen fertilizer in Hanover during spring of the second growing season proved highly beneficial. The fertilizer helped maintain grass growth even during dry summer conditions. The mulches were applied at the rate of 2,000 lb/acre. They were found to be important in providing a more nearly optimum environment for seedling establishment. Wood fiber mulch and the commercial Wood Fiber Mulch 2000, generally, were the best performers.
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    Pages: vi, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082305
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9040
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Literature review Experimental design Climate Results and discussion Nutrient sources Mulches Soil fertility Cost analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 55
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    Chena River Lakes Project revegetation study : three-year summary (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/18
    In: CRREL Report, 81-18
    Description / Table of Contents: During the growing seasons of 1977, 1978, and 1979, revegetation techniques were studied on the Chena River Lakes Project, a flood control dam and levee near Fairbanks, Alaska, to find an optimal treatment for establishing permanent vegetation cover on the gravel structures. The treatments tested on plots at the dam andor levee involved three main variables 1 vegetation grass and clover seed andor willow cuttings, 2 mulch, mulch blanket, andor sludge, and 3 substrate gravel or fine-grained soil over the gravel base. The mulches were hay, wood-cellulose-fiber, peat moss, and Conwed Hydro Mulch 2000, which is a wood-cellulose-fiber mulch with a polysaccharide tackifier. A constant rate of fertilizer was applied to all plots except the control. A section of each plot was refertilized again in their third growing season to compare annual and biannual fertilization. The high fertilization rate produced above-average growth. Fescue, brome, and foxtail were the most productive species on the dam, while alsike cover was the most productive on the wetter levee site. When grass seed and willow cuttings were planted at the same time, willow survival and growth were reduced. Fertilization is required for at least two years to produce an acceptable permanent vegetation cover, although fine- grained soil or sludge reduces the amount of fertilizer needed in the second year. Third-year fertilization may not be necessary since the benefits of the second fertilization continue for at least two years. A sludge treatment refertilized during its second growing season produces the highest biomass recorded in this study.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ix, 59 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-18
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9427
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abbreviations Conversion factors Summary Introduction Background Site characterization Climate Purpose Materials and methods General Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Sampling and measurement Abiotic controls on vegetation Meteorological data Soil moisture as a limiting factor Soil chemical analysis Vegetation growth and survival Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Biomass by species Roof penetration Seedling density of invading woody species Weeds Supplemental observations Sediment loss Sludge and runoff-water composition Cost analysis Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: 1977 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix B: 1978 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix C: 1979 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix D: Grass growth on 1978 dam treatments Appendix E: 1977, 1978, and 1979 survival of willow treatments Appendix F: Grass growth on Tanana levee treatments Appendix C: Chemical analysis of sludge and runoff water
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    Ice distribution and winter surface circulation patterns, Kachemak Bay, Alaska (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/22
    In: CRREL Report, 81-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Development of the hydropower potential of Bradley Lake, Alaska, would greatly increase winter freshwater discharge from the Bradley River into Kachemak Bay, which may result in increased ice formation and related ice-induced problems. The objectives of this investigation were to describe winter surface circulation in the bay and document ice distribution patterns for predicting where additional ice might be transported if it forms. Landsat MSS bands 5 and 7 and RBV imagery with 70% cloud cover or less, taken between 1 November and 30 April each year from 1972 to 1980, were analyzed. Surface circulation patterns inferred from suspended sediment patterns and ice distribution and movement were observed and mapped from the Landsat imagery. The generalized circulation patterns indicate that any additional ice formed due to future increased winter discharge from Bradley River would be likely to accumulate along Homer Spit and to be blown into the outer bay by the dominant northerly winter winds.
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    Pages: vi, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-22
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9428
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Introduction Physical setting Hydrology Climate Bathymetry PhysIcal oceanography Wind effects on circulatIon Previous investigations Approach Imagery analyzed Wind and tidal data Results Suspended sediment patterns Ice distribution Generaltzed surface circulation Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Keys to Figures 2, 3 and 4 Appendix B. Observations made from usable Landsat Imagery Appendix C. Selected landsat images used to make observations and interpretations of surface water patterns and ice distribution
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  • 57
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    Application of the heat balance integral to conduction phase change problems (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/25
    In: CRREL Report, 81-25
    Description / Table of Contents: The problem of heat conduction with phase changeAoften called the Stefan problemrincludes some of the mostintractable mathematical areas of heat transfer. Exact solutions are extremely limited and approximate methodsare widely used. This report discusses the collocation method for the heat balj ce integral approximation. The methodis applied to some standard problems of phase change-Neumann's problem-and a new solution is presented for thecase of surface convection for a semi-infinite body. Numerical results are given for soil systems and also for materialsof interest in latent heat thermal storage.
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    Pages: v, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-25
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9434
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors Introduction Collocation method Neumann problem Specified surface heat flux Convective surface heat flux Insulated semi-infinite body Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Program listing for numerical quadrature of equation 28
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  • 58
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    The fate and effects of crude oil spilled on subarctic permafrost terrain in interior Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/29
    In: CRREL Report, 80-29
    Description / Table of Contents: This study was conducted to determine the short- and long-term physical, chemical and biological effects of spills of hot Prudhoe Bay crude oil on permafrost terrain near Fairbanks, Alaska. Two experimental oil spills, one in winter and one in summer, of 7570 liters (2000 gallons) were made at a forest site. The winter-spill oil moved within the surface moss layer beneath the snow. The summer-spill oil moved primarily below the moss in the organic soil. The oil moved faster and further downslope in the summer spill. Oil in the winter spill stopped during the first day but remobilized and flowed further downslope in the spring. The total area affected by the summer spill was nearly one and one-half times as large as that affected by the winter spill. The initial heat of the spilled oil had little measurable thermal effect on the soil. However, thaw depth significantly increased following two full thaw seasons. The greatest increases occurred beneath oil blackened surfaces. Evaporation of volatile components is the most significant weathering process in the first two years. Volatiles evaporated faster from surface oil than from oil carried deeper into the soil profile. Microbial degradation has not been observed. The indigenous soil microbial populations responded differently to winter and summer oil applications, ranging from inhibition to stimulation, with stimulation appearing to predominate. Vegetation showed both immediate and long-term damage. Damage was greatest near the top of the slope and in areas with surface oil. Deciduous species showed damage faster than evergreen species.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 67 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-29
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9307
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methods Site description Oil application Physical characterization Thermal characterization Oil and oily soil characterization Soil microbiological methodology Vegetation Results and discussion Oil movement Effects on permafrost Compositional changes Microbiological responses Oil effects on vegetation Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A Physical and thermal information Appendix B Chemical information Appendix C Microbiological information
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  • 59
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    Fluid dynamic analysis of volcanic tremor (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/32
    In: CRREL Report, 82-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Low-frequency (10 Hz) volcanic earthquakes originate at a wide range of depths and occur before, during, and after magmatic eruptions. The characteristics of these earthquakes suggest that they are not typical tectonic events. Physically analogous processes occur in hydraulic fracturing of rock formations, low-frequency icequakes in temperate glaciers, and autoresonance in hydroelectric power stations. We propose that unsteady fluid flow in volcanic conduits is the common source mechanism of low-frequency volcanic earthquakes (tremor). The fluid dynamic source mechanism explains low-frequency earthquakes of arbitrary duration, magnitude, and depth of origin, as unsteady flow is independent of physical properties of the fluid and conduit. Fluid transients occur in both low-viscosity gases and high-viscosity liquids. A fluid transient analysis can be formulated as generally as is warranted by knowledge of the composition and physical properties of the fluid, material properties, geometry and roughness of the conduit, and boundary conditions. To demonstrate the analytical potential of the fluid dynamic theory, we consider a single-phase fluid, a melt of Mount Hood andeside at 1250 deg C, in which significant pressure and velocity variations occur only in the longitudinal direction.
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    Pages: 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-32
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122778
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9375
    Language: English
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  • 60
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    On the differences in ablation seasons of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/33
    In: CRREL Report, 82-33
    Description / Table of Contents: Arctic sea ice is freckled with melt ponds during the ablation season; Antarctic sea ice has few, if any. On the basis of a simple surface heat budget, we investigate the meteorological conditions necessary for the onset of surface melting in an attempt to explain these observations. The low relative humidity associated with the relatively dry winds off the continent and an effective radiation parameter smaller than that characteristic of the Arctic are primarily responsible for the absence of melt features in the Antarctic. Together these require a surface-layer air temperature above 0 C before Antarctic sea ice can melt. A ratio of the bulk transfer coefficients C sub H/C sub E less than 1 also contributes to the dissimilarity in Arctic and Antarctic ablation seasons. The effects of wind speed and of the sea-ice roughness on the absolute values of C sub H and C sub E seem to moderate regional differences, but final assessment of this hypothesis awaits better data, especially from the Antarctic.
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    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-33
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122454
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9374
    Language: English
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  • 61
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    Hydraulic model study of Port Huron ice control structure (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/34
    In: CRREL Report, 82-34
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data taken at the St. Marys ICS. The dynamic loading conditions were independent of vessel direction. The dynamic loading to the structure using 3 types of ice (plastic, natural and urea-doped) showed a considerable difference in their means and standard deviations. The urea-doped ice was evaluated for dynamic loading conditions, and reasonable peak values of 3 to 5 times the mean load at each measuring position were recorded, independent of vessel direction. It appears that synthetic random ice floes may be used in model studies where ice discharge through an opening in a structure needs to be documented. This study shows the synthetic random ice floe discharge to fall reasonably within the values obtained for natural ice discharge for both rafted and non-rafted ice fields above the ICS. However, the question of whether synthetic ice can be used for analyzing force distributions and dynamic force loading criteria cannot be fully answered at this time because the load distributions of the synthetic and natural floes appear to differ.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-34
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123715
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9331
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge
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    A study on the tensile strength of ice as a function of grain size (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
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    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134889
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9340
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 63
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    Ice sheet retention structures (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/30
    In: CRREL Report, 83-30
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice sheets are formed and retained in several ways in nature, and an understanding of these factors is needed before most structures can be successfully applied. Many ice sheet retention structures float and are somewhat flexible; others are fixed and rigid or semirigid. An example of the former is the Lake Erie ice boom and of the latter, the Montreal ice control structure. Ice sheet retention technology is changing. The use of timber cribs is gradually but not totally giving way to sheet steel pilings and concrete cells. New structures and applications are being tried but with caution. Ice-hydraulic analyses are helpful in predicting the effects of structures and channel modifications on ice cover formation and retention. Often, varying the flow rate in a particular system at the proper time will make the difference between whether a structure will or will not retain ice. The structure, however, invariably adds reliability to the sheet ice retention process.
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    Pages: iv, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-30
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA138030
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9289
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Natural ice sheets Choosing an ice control structure Flexible structures Ice booms Frazil collector lines Fence booms Rigid or semirigid structures Pier-mounted booms Stone groins Artificial islands Removable gravity structures Timber cribs Weirs Pilings and dolphins Structures built for other purposes Hydroelectric dams Wicket dams Light piers and towers Bridge piers Breakwaters Ice control not using Structures Channel improvements Ice sheet tying Ice sheet bridges Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice control structure
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  • 64
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    Mechanics of ice jam formation in rivers (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/31
    In: CRREL Report, 83-31
    Description / Table of Contents: A mathematical model is described that is used to determine the maximum ice conveyance capacity of a river channel. Based upon this model, computer programs were developed that enable the ice discharge to be calculated for steady-state flow conditions. For rivers that have uniform flow, the maximum ice-conveying capacity can be described with a simple function expressed in terms of the size of the ice fragments, channel geometry, and the flow of water in the river. For nonuniform flows, the computer program determines the elevation profile of the surface layer in addition to other flow characteristics, such as the velocity and surface concentration of the ice fragments. The location along this surface profile where the ice conveyance capacity becomes less than the upstream supply is determined and is considered to be the position where a surface ice jam or ice bridge will be formed.
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    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-31
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a138371.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9292
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited
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    Ice force measurements on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, Vermont (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/32
    In: CRREL Report, 83-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice forces on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, in Quechee, Vermont, were measured by installing fourpanels-each capable of measuring forces in the normal and tangential direction - on both sides of a vertical V-shaped pier nose. The measured forces are presented for a short period during an ice run. After the ice run, the thickness and sizes of the ice floes were measured and the compressive strength of the ice was determined in the laboratory from the ice samples collected along the river banks. The water level measurements made at several locations along theriver are also presented for the period of the ice run.
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    Pages: ii, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-32
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139425
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9291
    Language: English
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    Thermodynamic model of creep at constant stresses and constant strain rates (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/33
    In: CRREL Report, 83-33
    Description / Table of Contents: A thermodynamic model has been developed that for the first time describes the entire creep process, including primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, and failure for both constant stress (CSR) tests (σ= const.) and constant strain rate (CSR) tests (ϵ = const.), in the form of a unified constitutive equation and unified failure criteria. Deformation and failure areconsidered as a single thermoactivated process in which the dominant role belongs to the change of entropy. Failure occurs when the entropy change is zero. At that moment the strain rates in CS tests reach the minima and stress in CSR tests reaches the maximum (peak) values. Families of creep (ϵ vs τ) and stress-strain (σ vs ϵ) curves, obtained from uni-axial compression CS and CSR tests of frozen soil, respectively (both presented in dimensionless coordinates), are plotted as straight lines and are superposed, confirming the unity of the deformation and failure process and the validity of the model. A method is developed for determining the parameters of the model, so that creep deformation and the stress-strain relationship of ductile materials such as soils can be predicted based upon information obtained from either type of test.
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    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-33
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139883
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9285
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Introduction Principal relationships Constitutive equation Failure criteria Secondary creep: Flow equations Creep at constant stress (σ = Const.) Creep model Creep strain (σ = Const.) Creep at constant strain rate (ϵ = Const.) Stress-strain relationship Stress/strain/strain rate at failure Test data Preliminary analysis Constant stress tests (σ = Const.) Constant strain rate tests (ϵ = Const.) The principle of superposition Thermodynamic equation of creep Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 67
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    Electromagnetic properties of sea ice (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/2
    In: CRREL Report, 84-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the in situ complex dielectric constant of sea ice were made using time-domain spectroscopy. It was found that (1) for sea ice with a preferred horizontal crystal c-axis alignment, the anisotropy of polarizing properties of the ice increased with depth, (2) brine inclusion conductivity increased with decreasing temperature down to about -8 C, at which point the conductivity decreased with decreasing temperature, (3) the DC conductivity of sea ice increased with increasing brine volume, (4) the real part of the complex dielectric constant is strongly dependent upon brine volume but less dependent upon the brine inclusion orientation, (5) the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant was strongly dependent upon brine inclusion orientation but much less dependent upon brine volume. Because the electromagnetic (EM) properties of sea ice are dependent upon the physical state of the ice, which is continually changing, it appears that only trends in the relationships between the EM properties of natural sea ice and its brine volume and brine inclusion microstructure can be established.
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    Pages: vi, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA140330
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9287
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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    Model tests on two models of WTGB 140-foot icebreaker (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/3
    In: CRREL Report, 84-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of resistance tests in level ice and broken ice channels are presented for two models of the WTGB 140-fticebreaker at scales of 1:10 and 1:24, respectively. No scale effect on the resistance in level ice could be detected between the two models. From the test results an empirical predictor equation for the full scale ice resistance is derived. Predicted resistance is compared against, and found to be 25 to 40% larger than, available full-scale values estimated from thrust measurements during full-scale trials of the Great Lakes icebreaker Katmai Bay.
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    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a139882.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9288
    Language: English
    Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 69
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    Aerosol growth in a cold environment (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/6
    In: CRREL Report, 84-6
    Description / Table of Contents: An expression relating aerosol growth to cold environmental conditions was developed. This was accomplished by solving the diffusion equation with the method of Laplace transformation. The series solution was expressed in terms of the dimensionless parameters K (ratio of vapor density over droplet surface to droplet density), ω (ratio of environmental vapor density at time zero to vapor density over droplet surface), and dimensionless time τ (ratio of product of diffusion coefficient D and time t to square of initial radius of condensation nucleus). To take into account the variation of the vapor density over the surface of an acidic condensation nucleus due to the continuous dilution of the droplet, the solution was obtained by assuming various levels of constant vapor concentration. The final expression [R/R sub o - 1 = 2.4917 x 10 to the minus 18th power) exp(0.0737 θ) (P sub RHS/25) x (100-P sub RHS) τ to the 0.9890 powder] can be used to compute the value of R once the values of initial radius R sub o, relative humidity P sub RH, percent of relative humidity at the droplet surface P sub RHS, and environmental temperature θ are given.
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    Pages: vi, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-6
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139907
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9283
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : testing techniques (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/8
    In: CRREL Report, 84-8
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the equipment and procedures that were used for acquiring, preparing and testing samples of multi-year sea ice. Techniques and procedures are discussed for testing ice samples in compression and tension at constant strain rates and constant loads, as well as in a conventional triaxial cell. A detailed account is given of the application and measurement of forces and dispiacements on the ice test specimens under these different loading conditions.
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    Pages: iv, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-8
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a144431.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9278
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test material and test specimens Test material Required dimensions for test specimens Acquisition and preparation of specimens Field core sampling Specimen preparation in the laboratory Application of forces and displacements to uniaxial specimens Compression Tension Squareness imperfections Loading devices Universal testing machine Gas actuator for constant load Weight-and-pulley system for constant tension Equipment for triaxial tests Measurement of force and displacement Force Displacement Readouts and recorders Literature cited Appendix A: Phenolic-resin end caps Appendix B: Compliant platens Appendix C: Theoretical factor for converting overall strain to gauge-length strain indumbbell specimens Appci dix D: Items developed but not used in Phase I Appendix E: Use of the Brazil test
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  • 71
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    Ice action on pairs of cylindrical and conical structures (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/25
    In: CRREL Report, 83-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice action on two cylindrical and conical structures, located side by side, was investigated in a small-scale experimental study to determine the interference on the ice forces generated during ice-structure interaction. The proximity of the two structures changes the mode of ice failure, the magnitude and direction of ice forces on the individual structure, and the dominant frequency of ice force variations. Interference effects were determined by comparing the experimental results of tests at different structure spacings.
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    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-25
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134595
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9298
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Results and discussion Cylindrical structures Conical structures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Relationship between flexural strength and in-situ unconfined compressive strength Appendix B: Test data
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  • 72
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    Forecasting water temperature decline and freeze-up in rivers (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/19
    In: CRREL Report, 84-19
    Description / Table of Contents: In this study a method for making long-range forecasts of freeze-up dates in rivers is developed. The method requires the initial water temperature at an upstream station, the long-range air temperature forecast, the predicted mean flow velocity in the river reach, and water temperature response parameters. The water temperature response parameters can be either estimated from the surface heat exchange coefficient and the average flow depth or determined empirically from recorded air and water temperature data. The method is applied to the St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario, and Massena, New York, and is shown to be capable of accurately forecasting freeze-up. Originator-supplied keywords include: Ice formation, and River ice.
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    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA147068
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9544
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Problem formulation Analytical treatment Application to the upper St. Lawrence River Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Basic program for St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast
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  • 73
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    2nd Working Meeting "Radioisotope Application and Radiation Processing in Industry" : 28th September to 1st October 1982 ; selected papers; Part 1, 1 to 48 (1983)
    Leipzig : Academy of Sciences of GDR, Central Institute of Isotope and Radiation Research
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    Call number: ZSP-980-69
    In: 2nd Working Meeting "Radioisotope Application and Radiation Processing in Industry", Part 1, 1 to 48
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 69
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 480 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 69
    Language: English
    Note: Contents of Part 1 S. Niese: Reactor neutron activation analysis of industrial materials R.P. Gardner, K. Verghese: Use of Monte Carlo methods in the calibration and design optimization of radiation gauges and analyzers R. Otto, P. Hecht: On labelling with generator nuclides M. Richter: Measurement of residence time distribution with radiotracers using periodic pseudo-random binary signal sequences J. Schoen: A computer code for tracer experiment data analysis H.-H. Deicke, J. Flachowsky, K.-P. Rudolph, N. Beiermann: Transit time measurements in technical plants by using a multichannel analyzer H. Bohne: Measurements of air currents L. Baranyai: Tracer study of simultaneous homogenization and segregation in industrial equipments N. Balabanov, N. Kapitanova: Application of radiotracer method for study of glass furnaces J. Thẏn: Evaluation of mixing particulate solids by radiotracer method H.-G. Koennecke, P. Kulicke, E. Antal, J. Jentzsch, H. Michael: Investigation of the mixing efficiency of kneading machines using radionuclides A.G. Belov, V.E. Zhuchko, Yu.S. Zamyatnin, Yu.G. Teterev, D. Rubio: Development of the nuclear-physical methods of analysis at the laboratory of nuclear reactions of the JINR R. Burek, K. Wojcik: A new concept for measuring of free moisture in solid materials N. Bachvarov, I. Georgiev, E. Manolov, P. Pavlov, H. Shukov, K. Tropolov: Process control system for fresh concrete preparation H. Baumbach: Investigation of moisture migration in the concrete of a special test construction under simulated load conditions A. Petrov, A. Sreno, H. Hristov, P. Penev, G. Georgiev: Beta-ray backscatter instruments for coating thickness measurements in electronic and electrotechnical industry W. Stuchlik, H. Kupsch: Radioactive level indicator for bulk materials in containers with calculation of the residual volume H. Baumbach, K. Fichtler, R. Melzer, D. Tietze, H. Ullrich: The determination of density variation in radiation protective walls of concrete by means of Bremsstrahlung of 1o MeV from linear accelerator D. Avramov: Modernized versions of mobile NDT laboratories V. Friedrich: Examples for radioisotope application in environment protection St. Szpilowski: Prediction of mixing length for transport of effluent in rivers A. Owczarczyk: The localization of the leakages through the dams and bottoms of large water reservoires W. Listwan: Progress in leak detection methods for underground pipelines and tanks J. Starẏ, A. Zeman, B. Havlik: Radionuclides in the investigation of the cumulation of toxic elements on alga and fish W. Richter, D. Kahl, H.-J. Grosse, F. Gleisberg: The use of an AIG-analyzer for the investigation of SO2-dispersion problems R. Goeldner, H.-J. Grosse, F. Gleisberg: Possibilities of the development of improved smoke detectors J. Adler, H.-R. Doering, H.-J. Grosse, F. Gleisberg: The use of the AIG in microelectronics P. Popp, R. Fahnert, S. Mothes, G. Oppermann: Methods for the determination of toxic compounds at work places H.-R. Doering. H.-J. Grosse: The detection of halocarbons by means of the aerosol ionization gas analyzer (AIG) E, Jaworska, I. Kaluska, G. Strzelczak: Crosslinking and free radical decay reactions in irradiated polyethylene in presence of additives J. Zahalka: Radiation modified materials in machine engineering W. Bobeth, R. Hanke, A. Heger, J. Morgenstern, H. Paessler: Technological aspects of planar structurizing on woven and knitted fabrics by localized radiation induced grafting B. Ihme, E. Maeder, A. Mally: Problems in the development of high-energy radiation processing of woven and knitted fabrics S. Nikolov. P, Panayotov, V. Diakova, M. Nikolova: Radiation modification of timber in people's republic of Bulgaria H. Dahlhelm. G. Matejko. G. Huebner: Experiments on sprouting inhibition in onions J. Thẏn: Process analysis with nuclear technique A. Merz: Axial dispersion and homogenization in chemical engineering systems A. Zeuner, F. Hartmann: Investigation of material transport in rotating dryers by aid of Lanthanum-140 D. Manr: Tracer research for modelling of Ion-exchange equipment
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  • 74
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    High-explosive cratering in frozen and unfrozen soils in Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/9
    In: CRREL Report, 80-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Explosive cratering tests were conducted in seasonally frozen and thawed gravel at Ft. Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska, and in seasonallly frozen and thawed silt overlying permafrost and in silt permafrost at Ft. Wainwright near Fairbanks, Alaska. Explosive charge weights ranged from 26 to 3120 lb and charge burial depths ranged from about 3 to 40 ft. The cube root of the charge weight scaling was used to determine maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled depth of burial of the charge. Test results for frozen and thawed gravel were essentially the same because of the low moisture content and the relatively shallow depth of freezing (5 to 6 ft). The optimum depth of burial of the charge for maximizing the apparent radius and depth and the true radius was about 1.8 times the cube root of the charge weight for both the frozen and thawed conditions. In seasonally frozen silt overlying a talik and silt permafrost the maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled burial depths of the charge were smaller than for the thawed condition except for the true crater dimensions. The channeling of energy in the talik produces maximum crater dimensions and an optimum burial depth for the true crater that is larger than for the thawed condition. The results for the homogeneous silt permafrost were very similar to the frozen gravel results with much smaller maximum crater dimensions and smaller optimum charge burial depths than for the thawed silt overlying permafrost.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA084702
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9543
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Test sites Test procedures and materials Analysis of test data Mobility tests Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 75
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    Maximum thickness and subsequent decay of lake, river and fast sea ice in Canada and Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/6
    In: CRREL Report, 80-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Weekly measurements of the thickness of lake, river and fast sea ice made over a period of 10 to 15 years at 66 locations in Canada and Alaska are analyzed, and the portion of the data relating to maximum ice thickness and decay (i.e. the decrease in ice thickness) is examined. Ice thickness curves revealed individual patterns of ice decay, and comparisons between locations disclosed major contrasts in the amount of ice accretion and the times of maximum ice and ice clearance. Although many factors affect the ice decay process, this study investigates in detail the effect of thawing temperatures. Concurrent measurements of the air temperature at each location made it possible to analyze the relationship between accumulated thawing degree-days (ATDD) and ice cover decay. Other factors affecting ice ablation and breakup, such as snow-ice formation, snow cover depth, solar radiation and wind are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 160 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-6
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6395
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9526
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources and literature review Canada Alaska Data tabulation Station selection Description of tabulated data Station location and ice measurement site descriptions Review of previous studies on maximum ice in North America Maximum ice thickness maps Date of maximum ice Plotting of the ice decay curves General procedures Categories of water bodies Ice decay at sea ice locations Envelope curves Average curves Snow-ice formation Ice decay at lake ice locations Average curves Regional variations and similarities Ice decay at river ice locations Variations in ice thickness Rapid ice clearance Comparison between Alaskan and Canadian river ice decay curves Incremental extraction of ice decay data for analysis purposes Selection of ice decay intervals Preliminary evaluation of the methodology Further considerations of the methodology Relationships between ice decay and thawing air temperatures Average daily vs maximum daily air temperature 10-day increments vs accumulated values Total years vs year-to-year analysis Evaluation of use of 0°C as a base Final format of the relationship between ice decay and ATDD Evaluation of the final form Possible causes for variations in slope values Decreasing sea ice thickness and thawing air temperatures Factors affecting sea ice decay Relationship between ATDD and sea ice decay Influence of solar radiation and wind on sea ice decay Literature cited Selected bibliography Appendix A. Ice thickness measurements and other related (or associated) observations for stations in Canada and Alaska Appendix B. Maps of least and greatest ice thickness observed at the time of maximum growth, and average date of occurrence Appendix C. Annual ice decay curves for stations in Canada and Alaska
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  • 76
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    Winter thermal structure, ice conditions and climate of Lake Champlain (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/2
    In: CRREL Report, 80-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Winter thermal structure and ice conditions in the land-fast ice cover of Lake Champlain were studied in detail for the winters of 1975-76 and 1976-77. The lake was instrumented to a depth of 8.5 m with a string of highly calibrated thermistors attached to an ice mooring system and connected to a data logger at Shelburne Point, Vermont, during the winter of 1975-76 and at Gordon Landing on Grand Isle, Vermont, during 1976-77. This data logger automatically recorded water temperatures from the surface of the lake though snow, ice and water vertical profiles to the bottom of the lake every four hours. Pertinent meteorological parameters are presented for the appropriate measurement sites during the two winter periods, November '75-April '76, and November '76-April '77. Computations were made of freezing degree days (C) for both winters and correlated with ice formation dates. Predictions of ice growth, using the Stefan equation with an empirical coefficient, were correlated with actual ice growth. Documentation was made of the Lake Champlain Transportation Company's first attempt at wintertime navigation by ferry from Gordon Landing, Vermont, to Cumberland Head, New York, in a land fast ice cover during one of the coldest winters of this century.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082304
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9049
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Climate Site preparation and data collection Instrumentation, measurements and calibration Relocation of measurement site, Fall 1976 Visual observations, ice conditions, and pertinent photography Analysis Air temperature comparisons Degree days of freezing Prediction of ice growth Water and ice temperature Wind Solar radiation Grand Isle ferry operations 1976-77 Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. General observations of ice conditions on Lake Champlain
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  • 77
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    Subsea trenching in the Arctic (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/17
    In: CRREL Report, 81-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Environmental conditions are described for the continental shelf of the western Arctic, and for the shelf of Labrador and Newfoundland. Special emphasis is given to the gouging of bottom sediments by ice pressure ridges and icebergs, and an approach to systematic risk analysis is outlined. Protection os subsea pipelines and cables by trenching and direct embedment is discussed, touching on burial depth, degree of protection, and environmental impact. Conventional land techniques can be adapted for trenching across the beach and through the shallows, but in deeper water special equipment is required. The devices discussed include hydraulic dredges, submarine dredges, plows, rippers, water jets, disc saws and wheel ditchers, ladder trenchers and chain saws, routers and slot millers, ladder dredges, vibratory and percussive machines, and blasting systems. Consideration is given to the relative merits of working with seabed vehicles, or alternatively with direct surface support from vessels or from the sea ice
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9409
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The western Arctic of North America The continental shelf of Newfoundland and Labrador Burial depth for pipes and cables Degree of protection offered by burial Environmental impact Trenching the beach and the shallows in the western Arctic Trenching beyond the shallows Suction, or hydraulic, dredging Bottom-t raveling cutterhead dredges Plows Rippers Water jets Subsea disc saws and wheel ditchers Subsea ladder trenchers and chain saws Subsea routers and slot millers Bucket ladder trenchers Vibratory and percussive devices Hard rock excavation under water Control and monitoring of subsea machines Vessels and vehicles Trenching from the sea ice Costs of subsea trenching Reference Appendix: Description of waters off Alaska and Newfoundland
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  • 78
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    Analysis of ice jams and their meteorological indicators for three winters on the Ottauquechee River, Vermont (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/1
    In: CRREL Report, 81-01
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The formation of ice jams and their meteorological indicators were studied in detail for the winters of 1975-76, 1976-77 and 1977-78 on the Ottauquechee River at and east of Woodstock, Vermont. Meteorological data are presented for nearby National Weather Service Co-Operative Stations as well as for CRREL sites on the Ottauquechee River. The severity of each winter is discussed, as are the effects of a heavy rainfall on a high water equivalent snow cover. The resultant runoff and subsequent ice jamming that occurs is discussed. Continuous monitoring of water temperature before, during and immediately after an ice cover formed on the river during the winter of 1977-78 is included. The report includes a section on warm sewer outfall effects on the ice at and below a municipal treatment plant. Retrieved data will assist in future modeling studies to help predict ice formation, growth, decay and jamming of river ice covers.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-01
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9569
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Meteorological data retrieval and measurements Meteorological effects on river ice cover Winter 1975-76 Winter 1976-77 Winter 1977-78 Analysis of ice formation and decay Mechanism of ice formation Ice growth and decay on the Ottauquechee River, 1975-76, 1976-77, 1977-78 Influence of warm sewage effluent on river water temperatures and ice conditions Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Climatological observations Appendix B: Ice conditions, field remarks and pertinent photography
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    Hydraulic model study of a water intake under frazil ice conditions (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/3
    In: CRREL Report, 81- 3
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A 1:24 scale hydraulic model study of water intake under frazil ice conditions is presented. The intake, located 9 m below the surface of the St. Lawrence River in Massena, New York,has a through flow of 0.14 m^3/s. The model study, conducted in the refrigerated flume facility of the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, investigated methods of minimizing the frazil ice blockage on the intake. Two protective structures were modeled and the relative benefits of each are presented. The additional cross-sectional area provided by the protective structures lowered the vertical velocity component of the intake water to 0.0027 m/s. At this velocity the buoyant force acting on the frazil ice particle is larger than the downward drag force, causing the particle to rise. The results demonstrate that under certain low flow conditions a protective structure can minimize frazil ice blockage problems.
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    Pages: 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-03
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9573
    Language: English
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  • 80
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    Hyperbolic reflections on Beaufort Sea seismic records (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/2
    In: CRREL Report, 81-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Many hyperbolic reflections have been observed on marine seismic records obtained during oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea, and on USGS seismic sub-bottom profiles from the Prudhoe Bay vicinity. A hyperbolic projection system was designed to rapidly measure seismic velocities from the curves on the records. The velocities observed were approximately the velocity of sound in water. The hyperbolic signals also showed dispersion properties similar to acoustic normal modes in shallow water. These observations indicate that the signals responsible for the hyperbolic reflections propagate as normal modes within the water layer, with very limited penetration of the seabed. Determinations of the dominant frequency of these signals indicate that the penetration into the seabed has a characteristic attenuation depth (skin depth) of about 1.5 m for the sub-bottom profiles and 12 m for the marine records. It therefore appears that some hyperbolic reflections may be generated by variations in materials that occur near the seabed. There is some evidence of linearity of the anomalies, possibly related to sediment-filled or open ice gouges, or other changes in material properties at shallow depths.
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    Pages: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-2
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9571
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods of analysis Marine seismic records Seismic sub-bottom profiles Results and discussion Distribution of hyperbolic reflections Hyperbolas on oil exploration records Hyperbolas on sub-bottom profiles Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Hyperbola projector
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  • 81
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    Movement study of the trans-Alaska pipeline at selected sites (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/4
    In: CRREL Report, 81-04
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Eight sites along the trans-Alaska pipeline from the Denali Fault to Fairbanks were selected for pipeline and pipeline support movement studies. Four measurement surveys were conducted, starting before oil pumping operations began up to September 1978, to determine the lateral and longitudinal pipe movement due to the thermal expansion of elevated sections of the pipeline, the tilt of the vertical support members (VSM's), and the changes in relative elevation of the support crossbeams. A maximum lateral and longitudinal motion of the pipe of 13 3/8 in. and 2 13/16 in. respectively were measured up to September 1978. Tilt data for 180 VSM's showed little change over a one-year period, with only S VSM's tilting more than 0.5 °. Relative elevation measurements showed insignificant changes for two sites compared over a one-year period. Comparisons of our data with as-built elevations at 8 sites show a few large differences that cannot be readily explained. In general the pipeline and its supports, at least at the sites studied, show minimal movement and activity.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81- 4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9484
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Measurement technique Pipeline movement Vertical support member tilt Relative elevations of pipe support crossbeams Results and discussion Pipeline movement Vertical support member tilt Relative elevations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Lateral, longitudinal and horizontal pipe movement Appendix Β. Tabulation of movement measurements
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  • 82
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    Single and double reaction beam load cells for measuring ice forces (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/25
    In: CRREL Report, 80-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Two new types of load cells for attachment to bridge piers and direct measurement of ice forces were developed and tested with one type being installed on a pier of the Yukon River Bridge northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Both types of load cells used beams supported by base plates and carried nose plates that were loaded by the ice. The loads were imposed at the beams at locations differing from the support reactions so that the loads developed moments in the beams. By instrumenting them with strain gauges, the loads could be measured. Details of the design of the load cells, the means of calculating the loads and experience obtained with load cells are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-25
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6038
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors Introduction Estimates and field measurements of ice forces on structures General Indirect estimates Direct measurements Small-scale and laboratory studies Instrumentation plan for measuring ice loads on the Yukon River Bridge Load cell development The single reaction beam system Performance of a single reaction beam load cell The double reation beam load cell Reaction beam design Stress in the beam Deflection Axial tensile stress in the reaction beam Measurement techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Finding load magnitude and location with a single reaction beam device Appendix B. Finding load magnitude and location on a double reaction beam device
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  • 83
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    Measurement of the shear stress on the underside of simulated ice covers (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/24
    In: CRREL Report, 80-24
    Description / Table of Contents: The fluid shear stress applied to the underside of a simulated floating ice cover was measured in a laboratory flume. The measured values were compared with values of the shear stress computed from the von Karman-Prandtl velocity distribution fitted to the velocity profiles measured beneath the cover. For the lower velocity runs (approx 0.079 m/s) the measured and computed values of the shear stress were in close agreement. At the high velocity flows (approx 0.137 m/s) the measured values were roughly one-half those calculated from the velocity distribution. As the underside of the cover became increasingly rougher, the position of maximum velocity moved closer to the bottom of the channel. It was shown that the Darcy friction coefficient is exponentially related to a normalized ice cover thickness, which suggests that it is measure of the roughness of a fragmented ice cover.
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    Pages: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA094621
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental procedures Analysis of forces Experimental results Analysis of data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 84
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    Investigations of sea ice anisotropy, electromagnetic properties, strength, and under-ice current orientation (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/20
    In: CRREL Report, 80-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Results of impulse radar studies of sea ice give support to the concept of a sea ice model in which the ice bottom is composed of an array of lossy parallel plate waveguides. The fundametal relation between the average bulk brine volume of sea ice and its electrical and strength properties is discussed as is the remote detection of under-ice current alignment. It was found that 1) the average effective bulk dielectric constant is dependent upon the average bulk brine volume of the sea ice; 2) sea ice anisotropy, arising from a bottom structure of crystal platelets with a preferred c-axis horizontal alignment, can be detected by radio echo sounding measurements made not only on the ice surface but also from an airborne platform; 3) the effective coefficient of reflection from the seaiIce bottom decreases with increasing average effective bulk dielectric constant of the ice, decreases with increasing bulk brine volume, and is typically one to two orders of magnitude lower dhan the coefficient of reflection from the ice surface; and 4) the losses In sea ice increase with increasing average bulk brine volume.
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    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a092089.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field program Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Data analysis procedures
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  • 85
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    Icing on structures (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/31
    In: CRREL Report, 80-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice accretion on structures built on the earth’s surface is discussed. Sources of water are the atmosphere or water bodies near or surrounding the structure. Ice types include frost, rime, glaze, and spray; properties and conditions governing their formation are presented. Methods of estimating accretion rates and total accretion on structures are given, and extracts from U.S. and Canadian codes for ice and wind loads on structures are included. Techniques for preventing or removing ice accretion are presented.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-31
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6072/rec/1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface 1. Types of ice accretion a. Frost b. Rime c. Glaze d. Spray ice 2. Conditions governing type of accreted ice a. Meteorological b. Structural 3. Accretion rates a. Fundamentals b. Effect of height c. Geographical distribution 4. Spray icing 5. Structural design factors a. Dead loads b. Wind field in the boundary layer c. Windloads 6. Techniques for minimizing structural icing 7. Data collection needs 8. Literature cited
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  • 86
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    Clearing ice-clogged shipping channels (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/28
    In: CRREL Report, 80-28
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the feasibility of clearing ice from the shipping channel of the St. Marys River. Four basic concepts are investigated: disposal under the ice, disposal on top of the ice, slurrying, and rafting. Each technique was found to have application in limited portions of the river with the exception of disposal on top of the adjacent ice sheet which is deemed feasible throughout the river system. Disposal onto the adjacent ice sheet will increase the free stream velocity less than 1.0 ft/s (30.5 cm/s) and raise the water level less than 1.0 ft (0.30 m). Further model and field tests are recommended to validate the findings of this report.
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    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-28
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9565
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The Environment Ice Growth and Accumulation Natural Ice Transport Accumulation Sites 1. Under-ice accumulation 2. Accumulation on top of the ice Evaluation of Ice Disposal Techniques 1. General 2. Disposal by displacement under the remaining ice sheet 3. Disposal by ejection on top of adjacent ice cover 4. Disposal by slurrying 5. Disposal by rafting Conclusions and Recommendations Literature Cited
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  • 87
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    Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium "35 Jahre DDR - 15 Jahre Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung der AdW" : Leipzig, 2.10.1984 (1984)
    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Call number: ZSP-980-100
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 100
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 184 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 100
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 15 Jahre Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung der AdW der DDR / K. Wetzel. - Spurenanalyse mittels Ionisationsgasanalyse in der Mikroelektronik / H.-J. Große, P. Popp. - Beiträge der Isotopenforschung im ZfI zum Erkenntnisgewinn in den Geowissenschaften / R. Haberlandt, H. Schütze. - Radioisotopentechnik in der chemischen Industrie / G. Hoffmann. - EDV und moderne Informatik - wesentliche Elemente der Intensivierung des Forschungsprozesses im ZfI / L. Jankowski. - Nukleare Analyseverfahren in der Halbleiterindustrie / H. Koch. - Radionuklide in der Energetik / J. W. Leonhardt. - Ergebnisse der strahlenchemischen Grundlagenforschung und Entwicklungstendenzen der Strahlenchemie / W. Reicherdt. - Gewinnung von Wertmetallen aus Abprodukten / M. Rösseler. - Zur Isotopenproduktion am ZfI / G. Vormum.
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  • 88
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    DOSKMF2 : ein Beitrag zur computergestützten Bewertung von Strahlenfeldern in Gamma-Bestrahlungsanlagen (1984)
    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Call number: ZSP-980-95
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 95
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 150 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 95
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 1.1. Ausgangssituation. - 1.2. Bestrahlungsanlagen als Basis strahlenchemischer Untersuchungen und Verfahren. - 1.3. Anforderungen der Praxis an ein Programmsystem zur Berechnung von Strahlenfeldern in γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen. - 2. Ableitung des Grundmodells. - 2.1. Ausgangspunkt. - 2.1.1. Punktförmige Strahlenquelle. - 2.1.2. Linienförmige Strahlenquelle. - 2.1.3. Anordnung mehrerer Strahlenquellen. - 2.2. Zugrundegelegte Struktur von Bestrahlungsanlage und Strahlenfeld. - 2.3. Geometrische Zusammenhänge. - 2.4. Berechnung der Bestrahlungsdosisleistung in einem Feldpunkt. - 3. Das Programm DOSKMF2. - 3.1. Übersicht. - 3.2. Eingabe. - 3.3. Aktivitätskorrektur. - 3.4. Auswahl der Feldpunkte. - 3.4.1. Zylinderkoordinaten. - 3.4.2. Quaderkoordinaten. - 3.4.3. Auswahl von Einzelpunkten. - 3.4.4. Variation der Rohrpositionen 3.5. Zyklusgestaltung, statistische Maßzahlen und Aufbereitung für graphische Ausgabe. - 3.5.1. Zylinderkoordinaten. - 3.5.2 Quaderkoordinaten. - 3.6. Programmtechnische Lösung. - 3.6.1. Struktur des Programms. - 3.6.2. Aufruf. - 3.6.3. Einschränkungen und programmtechnische Hinweise. - 3.7. Ein Demonstrationsbeispiel. - 3.7.1. Aufgabenstellung. - 3.7.2. Festlegung der Parameter. - 3.7.3. Resultate. - 4. Nutzung der graphischen Ausgabe. - 4.1. Ausgangspunkt und Voraussetzungen. - 4.2. Das Programm ISORADL. - 4.2.1. Übersicht. - 4.2.2. Die Programme ISOQ, ISOA. - 4.2.3. Problemlösung. - 4.2.4. Programmtechnische Lösung. - 4.2.5. Demonstrationsbeispiel. - 5. Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Programmpaketes. - 5.1. Übersicht. - 5.2. Prüfen von Voraussetzungen. - 5.3. Wechselwirkung Programmpaket-Realität. - 6. Berechnung und Modifikation von Strahlenfeldern bestehender Gammabestrahlungsanlagen. - 6.1. Technische Voraussetzungen. - 6.2. Prüfen der Anwendungsbedingungen für den Programmeinsatz. - 6.3. Durchgeführte Berechnungen. - 6.3.1. Aufklärung der Struktur des vorliegenden Strahlenfeldes. - 6.3.2. Darstellung typischer Bestrahlungskonfigurationen. - 6.3.2.1. Bestrahlung im Käfig. - 6.3.2.2. Bestrahlung flächenartiger Objekte. - 6.4. Berechnungen für eine neue Strahlenquellenkonfiguration. - 6.5. Schlußfolgerungen. - 7. Einsatz des Programmpaketes als Projektierungshilfsmittel. - 7.1. Nutzung für die Pilotanlage des PCK Bitterfeld. - 7.1.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 7.1.2. Berechnungen für Modellreaktoren. - 7.1.3. Auslegung eines Reaktors für die Pilotanlage. - 7.1.4. Kontrollrechnungen zur Dosimetrie des gefertigten Reaktors. - 7.2. Nutzung für eine industrielle Anlage des VEB PROWIKO Schönebeck. - 7.2.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 7.2.2. Entwurf eines Modellreaktors. - 7.2.3. Schlußfolgerungen für den Entwurf einer industriellen Anlage. - 8. Einige Gedanken zur Wechselwirkung Strahlenfeldberechnung - Dosimetrie am Beispiel zweier umschlossener γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen. - 8.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 8.2. Beschreibung der für den Vergleich wesentlichen Anlagenparameter. - 8.3. Durchgeführte dosimetrische Messungen. - 8.4. Durchgeführte Strahlenfeldberechnungen. - 8.5. Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 9. Erweiterte Nutzungsmöglichkeiten und Ausblick. - 10. Zusammenfassung. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Verzeichnis der Abbildungen. - Verzeichnis der Tabellen.
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    Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium "30 Jahre DDR - 10 Jahre Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung der AdW" : Leipzig, 4.10.1979 ; Vorträge (Auswahl) (1980)
    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Call number: ZSP-980-28
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 28
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 225 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 28
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Eröffnungsvortrag: Die Entwicklung der Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung in der DDR / K. Wetzel. - Neuere Arbeiten zur Stoffanalytik / G. Brunner. - Die Entwicklung der massenspektroskopischen Elementspurenanalyse / H.-J. Dietze. - Anwendung der theoretischen Physik in der Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung / R. Haberlandt. - Zur Anwendung radioaktiver tracer in der Industrie / H. Koch. - Die Wechselwirkung von Kernstrahlung mit Gasen - Grundlagen und Anwendungen / J. Leonhardt, J. Boes, H.-J. Grosse, P. Popp. - Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der strahlenchemischen Forschung / W. Reicherdt. - Die Trennung, Gewinnung und Nutzung von Spaltprodukten / M. Roesseler. - Isotope in der Natur / H. Schuetze. - Beteiligung des Zentralinstitutes für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung im Rahmen der DDR-Antarktisforschung während der 23. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition (SAE) 1977-1979 / G. Strauch, D. Fritzsche. - Radionuklide in Diagnostik und Therapie / Dr. Vormum. - Übersicht über die bisher erschienenen Nummern der ZfI-Mitteilungen.
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  • 90
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    Radar detection of ice wedges in Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/43
    In: CRREL Report, 82-43
    Description / Table of Contents: The radar signatures of ice wedges and wedge-like structures have been investigated for a variety of soil conditions. The radar used for this study emitted short sinusoidal pulses of about 10-ns duration with an approximate center frequency of 150 MHz. Most of the ice wedges existed at depths of about 1 m in a variety of silty and sandy soils with both frozen and thawed active layers. The position of the wedges was usually identified from corresponding surface features. An artificial ice wedge in coarse-grained alluvium was also profiled as well as wedge-like structures of fine silt in a coarse-grained glacial outwash. All wedges and wedge-like structures produced a hyperbolic reflection profile except when an active layer of thawed, saturated silt was present which eliminated returns from the wedges. The peaks of the hyper-bolas were sometimes masked by reflections from the permafrost table or other material interfaces, and multiple hyperbolas occurred at some sites. The dielectric constant of the host medium was often calculated from the linear portions of the hyperbolas and the results were verified by laboratory time domain reflectometry measurements per-formed on field samples. In some cases, hyperbolic profiles originated at several meters depth suggesting that deep ice wedges could be detected in areas of cold permafrost.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-43
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124571.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9324
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion
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    The effects of conductivity on high-resolution impulse radar sounding, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/42
    In: CRREL Report, 82-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A high-resolution impulse radar profiling system was evaluated for 1) detecting the existence of sea ice which coring has revealed to exist on the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9, 2) detecting the preferred horizontal c-axis azi-muthal direction of the sea ice crystals, using the voltage amplitude of the radar reflection from the sea ice bottom, and 3) determining the direction of the currents under an Antarctic ice shelf. A field program was conducted consisting of a surface radar survey on the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9 and surface and airborne radar profiling on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The CRREL impulse radar system, operating at a center frequency of either 80 MHz or 20 MHz, was unable to detect the shelf bottom at Site J-9, which drilling revealed to be 416 m below the snow surface. The radar system was used to profile the McMurdo Ice Shelf both from the snow surface and from the air; a shelf thickness of about 275 m was easily detected. Theoretical considerations indicate that the bulk conductivity of the ice shelf at Site J1-9 was higher than originally anticipated, and this limited the radar sounding depth to about 405 m when operating at a frequency of 20 MHz.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-42
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124456.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9323
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited
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  • 92
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    Evaluation of procedures for determining selected aquifer parameters (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/41
    In: CRREL Report, 82-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the important factors influencing the choice of appropriate aquifer test procedures are presented. The concepts of bias, accuracy and spatial variabil­ity are explained. The definitions of a number of aquifer parameters are devel­oped from basic principles demonstrating the underlying assumptions and limita­tions. The parameters considered are: piezometric head, hydraulic conductiv­ity/intrinsic permeability, flow direction, specific discharge magnitude, transmissivity, volumetric flow rate, total porosity, effective porosity, aver­age linear velocity, storage coefficient, specific yield, dispersion coefficient-aquifer dispersivity. For each parameter several techniques are described, evaluated and ranked in terms of perceived potential accuracy, simplicity and value to contaminant transport studies. It must be stressed, however, that the evaluations are based principally upon theoretical grounds, and not upon actual conduct of the described procedures.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-41
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7365/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9322
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 93
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    Breaking ice with explosives (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/40
    In: CRREL Report, 82-40
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of explosives to break floating ice sheets is described, and test data are used to develop design curves that predict explosives effects as ice thickness, charge size, and charge depth vary. Application of the curves to practical problems is illustrated by numerical examples. The general features of underwater explosions are reviewed and related to ice blasting. Quasi-static plate theory is considered, and is judged to be inapplicable to explosive cratering of ice plates. The specific energy for optimized ice blasting is found to compare quite favorably with the specific energy of icebreaking ships. All available field data for ice blasting are tabulated in appendices, together with details of the re­gression analyses from which the design curves are generated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-40
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6971/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9320
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted
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  • 94
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    The brine zone in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/39
    In: CRREL Report, 82-39
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations of a 4.4-m-high brine step in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, show that it has migrated about 1.2 km in 4 years. The present brine wave is overriding an older brine-soaked layer. This migration is proof of the dynamic nature of the step, which is the leading edge of a brine wave that originated at the shelf edge after a major break-out of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The inland boundary of brine penetration is characterized by a series of descending steps that are believed to represent terminal positions of separate intrusions of brine of similar origin. The inland boundary of brine percolation is probably controlled largely by the depth at which brine encounters the firn/ ice transition (43 m). However, this boundary is not fixed by permeability considerations alone, since measurable movement of brine is still occurring at the inland boundary. Freeze-fractionation of the seawater as it migrates throught the ice shelf preferentially precipitates virtually all sodium sulfate, and concomitant removal of water by freezing in the pore spaces of the infiltrated firm produces residual brines approximately six times more concentrated than the original seawater.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 35 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-39
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124516
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9319
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 95
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    Window performance in extreme cold (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/38
    In: CRREL Report, 82-38
    Description / Table of Contents: Extreme cold causes heavy buildup of frost, ice and condensation on many windows. It also increases the incentive for improving the airtightness of windows against heat loss. Our study shows that tightening specifications for Alaskan windows to permit only 30% of the air leakage allowed by current American airtightness standards is economically attractive. We also recommend triple glazing in much of Alaska to avoid window icing in homes and barracks. We base our conclusions on a two-year field study of Alaskan military bases that included recording humidity and temperature data, observing moisture accumulation on windows and measuring airtightness with a fan pressurization device.
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    Pages: v, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-38
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124528
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9333
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing
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  • 96
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    Landsat-assisted environmental mapping in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/37
    In: CRREL Report, 82-37
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents a Landsat-derived land cover map of the northwest portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The report is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to the land cover map with detailed descriptions of the mapping methods and legend. The second part is a description of the study area. The classification system used for the maps is an improvement over existing methods of describing tundra vegetation. It is a comprehensive method of nomenclature that consistently applies the same criteria for all vegetation units. It is applicable for large- and small-scale mapping and is suitable for describing vegetation complexes, which are common in the patterned-ground terrain of the Alaskan Arctic. The system is applicable to Landsat-derived land cover classifications. The description of the study area focuses on five primary terrain types: flat thaw-lake plains, hilly coastal plains, foothills, mountainous terrain, and river flood plains. Topography, landforms, soils and vegetation are described for each terrain type. The report also contains area summaries for the Landsat-derived map categories. The area summaries are generated for the five terrain types and for the 89 townships within the study areas. Two land cover maps at 1:250,000 are included.
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    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen, 2 Karten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-37
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7051
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9332
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area
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  • 97
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    Long-term modifications of perennially frozen sediment and terrain at East Oumalik, northern Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/36
    In: CRREL Report, 82-36
    Description / Table of Contents: Camp construction and drilling activities in 1950 at the East Oumalik drill site in northern Alaska caused extensive degradation of ice-rich, perennially frozen silt and irreversible modification of the upland terrain. In a study of the long-term degradational effects at this site, the near-surface geology was defined by drilling and coring 76 holes (maximum depth of 34 m) in disturbed and undisturbed areas and by laboratory analyses of these cores. Terrain disturbances, including bulldozed roads and excavations, camp structures and off-road vehicle trails, were found to have severely disrupted the site's thermal regime. This led to a thickening of the active layer, melting of the ground ice, thaw subsidence and thaw consolidation of the sediments. Slumps, sediment gravity flows and collapse of materials on slopes bounding thaw depressions expanded the degradation laterally, with thermal and hydraulic erosion removing materials as the depressions widened and deepened with time. Degradational processes became less active after thawed sediments thickened sufficiently to slow the increase in the depth of thaw and permit slope stabilization. The site's terrain is now irregular and hummocky with numerous depressions. Seasonal thaw depths are deeper in disturbed areas than in undisturbed areas and reflect the new moisture conditions and morphology. The severity of disturbance is much greater at East Oumalik than at another old drill site, Fish Creek. The difference results primarily from differences in the physical properties of the sediments, including the quantity and distribution of ground ice.
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    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-36
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123731
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9330
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methodology Geologic setting Camp construction and occupation Types of disturbance Degradational processes and the effective area of impact Areal effects of disturbance Topography Groundwater, surface water and drainage Sediment properties and near-surface stratigraphy Surficial processes Depth of thaw Comparison to Fish Creek Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 98
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    Ice forces on model bridge piers (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/19
    In: CRREL Report, 83-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Small-scale laboratory experiments were conducted on model bridge piers in the CRREL test basin. The experiments were performed by pushing model ice sheets against structures and monitoring the ice forces during the ice/structure interaction. The parameters, varied during the test program, were the geometry of the bridge piers and the velocity, thickness, and flexural strength of the ice. The results are presented in the form of ice forces on sloping and vertical structures with different geometries. During ice action on sloping structures, a phenomenon of transition of failure mode from bending to crushing was observed as the ice velocity was steadily increased.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA133082
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9300
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Results Ice forces on inclined structures Transition of ice action due to velocity increase Aspect ratio Bridge pier nose geometry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 99
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    Series available for loan
    Statistical aspects of ice gouging on the Alaskan Shelf of the Beaufort Sea (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/21
    In: CRREL Report, 83-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The probability density function of the gouge depths into the sediment is represented by a simple negative exponential over four decades of gouge frequency. The exceedance probability function is, therefore, e to the -lambda d, where d is the gouge depth in meters and lambda is a constant. The value of lambda shows a general decrease with increasing water depth, from 9/m in shallow water to less than 3/m in water 30 to 35 m deep. The deepest gouge observed was 3.6 m, from a sample of 20,354 gouges that have depths greater than or equal to 0.2 m. The dominant gouge orientations are usually unimodal and reasonably clustered, with the most frequent alignments roughly parallel to the general trend to the coastline. The value of N(bar) sub 1, the mean number of gouges (deeper than 0.2 m) per kilometer measured normal to the trend of the gouges, varies from 0.2 for protected lagoons to 80 in water between 20 and 38 m deep in unprotected offshore regions. The distribution of the spacings between gouges as measured along a sampling track is a negative exponential. The form of the frequency distribution of N sub 1 varies with water depth and is exponential for lagoons and shallow offshore areas, previously skewed for 10 to 20 m depths off the barrier islands, and near-normal for deeper water. As a Poisson distribution gives a reasonable fit to the N sub 1 distributions for all water depths, it is suggested that gouging can be taken as approximating a Poisson process in both space and time. The distributions of the largest values per kilometer of gouge depths, gouge widths, and the heights of the lateral embankment of sediments plowed from the gouges are also investigated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 40 Seiten , Illustrationen, 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134428
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9302
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea
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  • 100
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    Detection of cavities under concrete pavement (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/18
    In: CRREL Report, 83-18
    Description / Table of Contents: An evaluation of an impulse radar system for detecting cavities under concrete pavement is discussed, and field results are presented. It was found that a dual antenna mode of surveying was ideal for void detection. In this mode one antenna operated in a transceive mode and a second, offset from the first, operated in a receive-only mode. This arrangement allowed a refraction-type profile survey to be performed, which enabled subpavement voids to be easily detected. Field trails were held at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, where 28 cavities were detected and mapped. Drilling of holes verified that a cavity existed and allowed cavity depth to be measured. The cavities varied from 1.5 in. to 23 in, depth and were up to 20 ft. long.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-18
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7120/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9301
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA131851
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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