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  • Bücher  (211)
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  • 1
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Snow, ice, and permafrost research survey and statement of research needs : [Draft copy] (1952)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-10
    In: SIPRE report, 10
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 97 Seiten
    Serie: SIPRE report 10
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents Foreword Synopsis Introduction Authority Purpose and scope SIPRE organization and activities Cryological problems and military end points Present state of knowledge General Introduction Terminology and classification Snow and ice Introduction Physical properties and geometry Density and water equivalent Water holding or storage capacity of snow Water transmission through snow Bound water Crystallography and metamorphism Porosity and permeability Mechanical properties Elasto-plastic properties Friction Strength Hardness Electromagnetic properties Dielectric constants Conductivity Magnetic properties Piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects Triboelectricity Freezing potential Thermodynamic properties Thermal properties Radiation Phase relations Engineering problems Snow and ice removal Snow compaction Snow draft control Trafficability Temporary structures Snow melt and runoff Maps Frozen ground and permafrost Introduction Frost action Theory of frost action Cyclic freezing and thawing Manifestations of frost actions Frost heave on freezing Reduction in load-carrying capacity on thawing Soil movements on slopes Ground properties affecting or affected by frost action Composition, grain size, and grain-size distribution Soil-moisture-movement properties Thermal properties Structure of unfrozen ground Structure of frozen ground Strength of frozen ground Freezing point Ground conditions affecting or affected by frost action Density Degree of saturation Interrelation of climate, position, vegetation, and soil Frost phenomena Climate Position Vegetation Engineering problems Excavation and replacement Subsurface drainage Base courses Insulation courses Surface icing and its control Trafficability Building foundations Maps Current related research Introduction Military cryological research in United States and Canada Non-military cryological research in the Western World Research needed Introduction Subjects for fundamental research Subjects for applied research
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  • 2
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Creep of single crystals of ice (1954)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-11
    In: SIPRE report, 11
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A commercial deep-freeze unit was modified to serve as a laboratory for growing single crystals, cutting specimens of a given orientation, testing these specimens in compressive creep, and studying thin-sections of the results on a universal stage. A method of growing single crystals of adequate size was developed by adapting the Bridgman method. Fortyone creep tests were made at temperatures ranging from -1° to -18°C. These gave an unexpected form of creep-curve in which the rate of strain continuously increases with time. The mechanism of deformation is dominantly basal translation—consistent with earlier work. The dependence on temperature and stress is expressed empirically.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: SIPRE report 11
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/6031
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents Introduction Use of the deep-freeze as a cold laboratory Growing single crystals Creep tests Conclusions References cited
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  • 3
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Isotopes in Antarctic research - contributions of the GDR (1982)
    Leipzig : Acad. of Sciences of the GDR, Central Inst. for Isotope and Radiation Research
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    Signatur: MOP 46290 / Mitte ; ZSP-980-51 ; ZSP-980-51(2. Ex.)
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen ; 51, Nr. 51
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 140 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Serie: ZfI-Mitteilungen 51
    Anmerkung: Contents: Foreword. - Isotopes in Antarctic Research / K. Fröhlich, H. Schütze. - Deuterium variations in maritime atmospheric moisture / P. Kowski, G. Strauch, H. Schütze. - On the influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitations / R. Der. - Extractive method for obtaining gas inclusions from ice / G. Strauch, P. Kowski. - Global monitoring of atmospheric CO2: activities planned by the GDR in Antarctica / P. Harting, U. Wand. - Deuterium and 18O variations in lakes of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter, G. Strauch. - Environmental studies in Antarctica on the basis of tritium and radiocarbon measurements / D. Herbert, K. Fröhlich. - Isotope variations of hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen in florae from the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / G. Strauch, D. Haendel, I. Maaß, K. Mühle, A. Runge. - The ecology and chemistry of some Antarctic lichens / W. Richter, S. Huneck. - Another seal find in the Schirmacher Oasis (Queen Maud Land, Antarctica) / A. Hiller, W. Richter, R. Trettin. - Survey on hitherto published numbers of ZfI-Mitteilungen.
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  • 4
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Fortsetzung der biologischen Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation Bellingshausen (1984)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581 ; MOP Per 581(1/11) ; ZSP-319/A-11
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 11
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 63 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 11
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Inhalt: I. Untersuchungen zur Avifauna von King George / R. Bannasch und U. Lundberg. - II. Robbenbeobachtungen im Gebiet von King George / R. Bannasch. - III. Beobachtungen der marinen Fauna im Litoral und Benthal von King George (Südshetlandinseln, Antarktis) / M. Rauschert. - IV. Untersuchungen zum Helminthenbefall und zur Nahrung verschiedener Tiergruppen / K. Feiler. - , Zusammenfassung in englischer, deutsche und russischer Sprache , Teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 5
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Die geodätischen Arbeiten der deutschen Gruppe während der 7. Sowjetischen Antarktis-Expedition 1962 : Bericht der Teilnehmergruppe der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Fachgruppe Geodäsie
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(3/5) ; ZSP-319/C-5
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Nr. 5
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 112 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 2 Beilagen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 5
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Beilage unter dem Titel: Eisbewegung Mirny - 100.km , Beilage unter dem Titel: Trigonometrisches Netz Mirny 1962 〈1 : 100 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Einführung 1. Aufgabenstellung 2. Beschreibung des Arbeitsgebietes 3· Frühere geodätische Arbeiten im Expeditionsgebiet 4. Expeditionsverlauf 5· Messungen zur Bestimmung der Eisbewegung 5.1. Die trigonometrischen Arbeiten Mirny - 100. km 5.1.1. Technische Ausrüstung und Teilnehmer 5.1.2. Geodätische Instrumente 5.1.3. Erste Beobachtung der trigonometrischen Kette 5.1.4. Zweite Beobachtung der trigonometrischen Kette 5.1.5. Genauigkeiten 5.1.5.1. Richtungen und Zenitwinkel 5.1.5.2. Azimute 5.1.5.3. Streckenmessung 5.1.6. Berechnung der Koordinaten und Höhen 5.1.6.1. Lagemessung 5.1.6.1.1. 1. Beobachtung (2.4.1962) 5.1.6.1.2. 2. Beobachtung (10.11.1962) 5.1.6.2. Höhenmessung 5.1.6.2.1. 1. Beobachtung (2.4.1962) 5.1.6.2.2. 2. Beobachtung (10.11.1962) 5.1.7. Auswertung der Ergebnisse (Horizontale und vertikale Eisbewegung) 5.2. Eisbewegung im Stationsgebiet Mirny 6. Untersuchung der trigonometrischen und nivellitischen Refraktion 6.1. Aufgabenstellung 6.2. Trigonometrische Messungen 6.2.1. Maßanordnung 6.2.2. Durchführung der Beobachtungen 6.2.3. Ergebnisse der trigonometrischen Messungen 6.3. Nivellitische Messungen 6.3.1. Maßanordnung 6.3.2. Durchführung der Beobachtungen 6.3.3. Ergebnisse der nivellitischen Messungen 6.4. Zusammenfassung 7. Versuch zur Durchführung eines motorisierten Nivellements 7.1. Technische Ausrüstung 7 .2. Durchführung der Messungen 7.3. Ergebnisse 8. Literatur
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  • 6
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    Geodätische und meteorologische Untersuchungen der terrestrischen Refraktion über dem Inlandeis des Enderby-Landes (Ostantarktis) (1982)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(3/48) ; ZSP-319/C-48
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 48
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 245 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 48
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Zusammenfassungen 1. Problemstellung 2. Terrestrische Refraktion in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.1. Lichtausbreitung und Refraktionskoeffizient 2.2. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.3. Meteorologische Prozesse in der Grenzschicht Antarktikas 2.4. Terrestrische Refraktion Und vertikales Temperaturprofil über polaren Schnee- und Eisflächen (Literaturübersicht) 3. Terrestrische Refraktion bei der trigonometrischen Höhenbestimmung 3.1. Formeln 3.2. Technische Realisierung 3.3. Meßprogramm 3.3.1. Lagemessungen 3.3.2. Streckenbestinunungen für die Refraktionsuntersuchungen 3.3.3. Höhenbestimmungen 3.3.3.1. Nivellements 3.3.3.2. Vertikale Eisbewegung 3.3.3.3. Höhenübertragung auf den Mast 3.3.3.4. Genauigkeit der Höhenbestimmung 3.3.4. Relief der Schneeoberfläche 3.3.5. Messung der Zenitwinkel 3.3.5.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 3.3.5.2. Anzahl der Beobachtungen 3.3.5.3. Dauer und Synchronität der Beobachtungen 3.3.6. Elektrooptische Streckenmessung 3.3.6.1. Meßprogramm 3.3.6.2. Gerätetechnische Parameter 3.4. Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.1. Mittlerer Fehler der Streckenmessung 3.4.2. Mittlere Beobachtungsfehler der Zenitwinkel 3.4.3. Mittlere Fehler des berechneten Höhenwinkels A0, B0 für RK = 0 auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.4. Mittlere Fehler der berechneten Refraktionswinkel und der Refraktionskoeffizienten auf den Endpunkten der Linien auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.5. Mittlere Fehler des Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.5. Mittlere Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM 3.6. Refraktionskoeffizienten RKA und RKB der einzelnen Visuren 3.7. Differenz der Refraktionswinkel (Refraktionskoeffizienten) bei gegenseitigen gleichzeitigen Beobachtungen 3.8. Geschlossene Dreiecke 4. Thermische Struktur der eisnahen Luftschicht und terrestrische Refraktion 4.1. Meßprogramm und Datenverarbeitung 4.1.1. Geräte 4.1.2. Meßprogramm 4.1.3. Datenverarbeitung 4.2. Meteorologische Verhältnisse im Maßgebiet 4.2.1. Station Molodeznaja 4.2.2. Meßfeld (Punkte 1 - 3)· 4.3. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Schicht 0 - 6 m über dem Inlandeis 4.3.1. Form der Temperaturprofile 4.3.2. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der vertikalen Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3. Statistische Analyse der Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.3.3.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.3.3.3. Räumliche Unterschiede bei gleichzeitigen Messungen 4.3.4. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.3.5. Berechnung von integralen Temperaturgradienten aus wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4. Berechnung von lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten aus dem vertikalen Temperaturprofil 4.4.1. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2. Statistische Analyse der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.4.2.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.4.3. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.5. Vergleich zwischen geodätischen und lokalen meteorologischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6. Multiple Regression zwischen dem wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizient und meteorologischen Parametern 4.6.1. Schätzung des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6.2. Schätzung der Differenz des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten von Stand- und Zielpunkt 4.7. Näherungsweise Lösung des FEARNLEY-Integrals und Korrelation mit geodätischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.7.1. Beschreibung des Rechenverfahrens 4.7.2. Vergleich zwischen RK und RP, RM, RF und RJ 4.7.3. Übersicht über die relativen Abweichungen 4.8. Abhängigkeit der Differenz der Refraktionswinkel bei gleichzeitigen gegenseitigen Beobachtungen von meteorologischen Elementen 5. Schlußbemerkungen 6. Literaturverzeichnis
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  • 7
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Formation of a modern ice-push ridge by thermal expansion of lake ice in southeastern Connecticut (1969)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-259
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 259
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - Previous work. - Study area. - Field procedures. - Results and discussion. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A modern ice-push ridge on the northwest shore of Gardner Lake in southeastern Connecticut is 0.6 - 1.2 m high and 1.2 - 3.1 m wide. In February and March 1967, the positions of survey stakes placed on the lake ice were measured periodically. During the same period, air and ice temperature and solar radiation intensity were also recorded. Analysis of the data supports the hypothesis that thermal expansion of the lake ice rather than wind action, was the principal cause of ice push. An ice temperature change of approximately 1°C/hr increase for 6 hr was sufficient to induce ice thrust. In a 30-day period, the average net shoreward movement of the surveyed area of the ice surface was 1.0 m. During the 1966-67 winter, approximately 14 m^3 of beach material was reworked and deposited, forming a discontinuous ice-push ridge along 260 m of shoreline.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 259
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5743
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 8
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    The equation of state of ice and composite frozen soil material (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-257
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: PREFACE. - NOMENCLATURE. - SUMMARY. - INTRODUCTION. - TECHNICAL BACKGROUND. - Rankine-Hugoniot Shock Equations. - The Rayleigh Line. - Release Cross Curves. - Impedance Match Technique for Measuring Hugoniots and Release Isentropes. - EXPERIMENTS. - Sample Materials. - Ottawa Sand. - West Lebanon Glacial Till. - Ice . - Sample Preparation. - Experimental Procedures. - EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND RESULTS. - Ottawa Sand. - West Lebanon Glacial Till. - Ice. - Release Cross Curves. - Dry Ottawa Sand. - Saturated Ottawa Sand. - Ice. - SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK. - REFERENCES.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: To compute shock wave propagation in frozen soil-water mixtures it is necessary to know a constitutive relation or an equation of state of the medium under consideration. Shock wave techniques provide a powerful tool for the investigation of equations of state at very high stress levels. The stress-volume behavior of frozen soil-water mixtures in the range from 60 to 500 kbar was investigated. Hugoniot data were obtained for Ottawa banding sand (pure quartz sand) and West Lebanon (New Hampshire) glacial till of varying degrees of saturation and for polycrystalline and monocrystalline ice (c-axis oriented in the direction of shock propagation). Release cross curve data were obtained for dry and saturated Ottawa banding sand and for polycrystalline ice. All materials were at an initial temperature of -10°C. In all experiments plane one-dimensional shock waves were used. The Hugoniots and release curves for the soil materials show evidence of a quartz-stishovite phase transition at about 300 kbar. The Hugoniots of single and polycrystalline ice do not differ significantly over the stress range studied - 30 kbar to 300 kbar.
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    Seiten: vii, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 257
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227500834
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  • 9
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    Diffusion law for the dispersion of hard particles in an ice matrix that undergoes simple shear deformation (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-252
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Theory. - Discussion. - Conclusion. - Literature cited.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A diffusion equation is obtained that describes the mechanical dispersion of a dilute mixture of solid particles within an ice matrix that is undergoing deformation. It is shown that within the limits of time intervals and strain rates appropriate to the movement of glaciers and ice sheets the dispersal distance usually is no larger than a distance about one order of magnitude greater than the size of the particles themselves.
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    Seiten: iv, 6 Seiten , Illistrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 252
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000030963
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 10
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    Beiträge zur Antarktisforschung (1981)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581 ; MOP Per 581(1/8) ; ZSP-319/A-1(Sonderheft) ; ZSP-319/A-1(Sonderheft, 2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 8, Sonderheft 1
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Ausgabe: Sonderheft des NKSCAR der DDR
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 8
    Sprache: Deutsch , Englisch
    Anmerkung: Inhalt: I. Zoologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation "Bellinghausen" / R. BANNASCH und K. ODENING. - II. Deuterium- und 18O-Variationen in Seen der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika) / W. RICHTER und G. STRAUCH. - III. Stable isotope investigations in Antarctica / H. SCHÜTZE, G. STRAUCH, K. WETZEL. - IV. The influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitation / R. DER. - V. Sommerliche Eisvariationen in der Olaf-Prydz-Bucht / H. GERNANDT. - VI. Zur Geologie des nördlichen Teils des Neptune Range / Pensacola-Gebirges (Antarktika) / W. WEBER und L. V. FEDOROV. - VII. Beobachtungen am Krill (Euphausia superba DANA) im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis in der Sommersaison 1978 und 1979 / S. HOLZLÖHNER. - VIII. Forschungsreise eines Zubringertrawlers in die Antarktis / G. GUBSCH und U. HOFFMANN.
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  • 11
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Final report on IQSY activities in the German Democratic Republic : 1964 - 1965 (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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    Signatur: MOP 34587 ; MOP Per 581(1/3) ; ZSP-319/A-3
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 3
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 48 Seiten
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 3
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 12
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Attenuation of visible light by falling snow (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    In: Research report, 242
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The attenuation of visible light by falling snow was studied by making simultaneous attenuation measurements and snow concentration measurements. The attenuation coefficient was calculated from photometric measurements and from visual observations. Snow concentration in the air was evaluated by two methods: from Formvar replicas collected during the snowfall, and by mass accumulation of snow in collecting pans. The snowflakes were arbitrarily classified by crystal types according to their estimated fall velocity. It was found that the correlation between extinction coefficient (attenuation) and snow concentration was generally much higher by types than when all snowflakes were considered together regardless of crystal components and degree of riming. Two types, apparently improperly classified, displayed lower correlations than the overall group. When no fog is present during the snowfall, the experimental results coincide well with attenuation theory if a reasonable correction is applied to the values obtained in the measurement of snowflake diameters. Measurements of mass flux indicate that for a given intensity the attenuation caused by snow is an order of magnitude greater than that caused by the same mass flux of rain.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 242
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5949
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Initial theoretical considerations. - Light attenuation by particles. - Basis of attenuation meter measurements. - Contrast reduction and visual range. - Transmissometer theory, Pritchard photometric method. - Terminal velocity of snowflakes. - Methods of measurement: Light attenuation. - Duntley (Scripps Institution) attenuation meter. - "Meteorological range" observations. - Pritchard photometric method. - Methods of measurement: Atmospheric concentration of snowflakes. - Replication method. - Mass accumulation method. - Analysis of snow samples. - Terminal velocity of snowflakes. - Flux density and atmospheric concentration. - Mass accumulation rate. - Concurrent attenuation due to fog. - Discussion of results. - Computational methods. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs area concentration. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs are a flux. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs mass concentration and mass flux. - Comparison of sampling methods for mass flux. - Attenuation of visible light by snow compared to rain. - Literature cited. - Appendix A.
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  • 13
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    Unsteady motion of a sphere along a circular path in a viscous fluid (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-255
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Previous work on unsteady rectilinear motion of a sphere. - Experiments with a circular path. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Comparisons of the measured and calculated forces.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Forces on a sphere moving unsteadily along a circular path in a viscous fluid are measured, and it is found that within the experimental range the formula valid for rectilinear motion has to be modified to account for the curvature of the path.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 255
    URL: https://worldcat.org/de/title/227535461
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 14
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    Evaluation of forest canopies by photography (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-253
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Theoretical considerations. - Method of canopy evaluation. - Application to forest problems. - Forest blowdown. - Radioactivity gradient. - Phenology. - Forest types and structure. - Distribution of leaves and canopy gaps. - Light quality. - Discussion and summary. - Literature cited.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A technique for evaluating forest canopies was developed based on the use of a divergent lens system to obtain hemispherical photographs of tree crowns. The photography was processed from 35 mm film and enlarged as a silhouette, and the light transmission was measured with a specially fabricated macrodensitometer. It is concluded that the amount of forest canopy can be expressed as canopy closure index (CCI) at a precision of approximately 5%. It is shown by application to a variety of problems in diverse geographical areas that this technique can be used for measuring both temporal and spatial changes in the canopy, for estimating the shade light climate, and for specifying the probability of target detection through a canopy. Data are presented to analyze changes caused by explosions, radioactivity, growing season, and vegetation types. The geometry of gaps in tree crowns is discussed and the nature of shade light quality under forests is illustrated.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 253
    URL: https://www.worldcat.org/de/title/6071924
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 15
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    Aerial sensing and photographic study of the El Verde rain forest, Puerto Rico (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-250
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Methods. - Results. - Ground and aerial photography. - Hemispherical photography. - Light quality. - Discussion. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Aerial and ground photographs were taken over a 2-year period of sites in the El Verde rain forest to record the consistency of the vegetational patterns in untreated sites and the changes that occurred following gamma irradiation. Four emulsions were used: panchromatic infrared, false color transparency and color transparency. Densitometry was used to evaluate color film and the vegetation response to 3 months of radiation. The color emulsions provided the sharpest indication of damage to vegetation and the succession following treatment. Hemispherical photography of the canopy was evaluated in terms of a canopy cover index defined as percent of light passing through the negative in a 90-degree cone area. Control stations were remarkably constant in all photography, establishing the stability and slow natural changes in rain forest structure. Spectral light measurements within the forest confirmed the predominance of far red shade light. Compared to similar studies on the chronic irradiated forest at Brookhaven National Laboratory the El Verde results were less distinct.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 250
    URL: https://www.worldcat.org/de/title/3298743
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 16
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    Bubbles and bubble pressures in Antarctic glacier ice (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-249
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Analytical procedures. - Results and discussion. - Bubbles in ice. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Application of the gas law to fourth-place density measurements of ice samples from two deep drill holes at Byrd Station and Little America V, Antarctica, shows that virtually all density increase beyond the pore close-off density (0.830 g/cm^3) can be attributed to compression of the entrapped bubbles of air. Data from Byrd Station also indicate that the lag between overburden pressure and bubble pressure, initially 4-5 kg/cm^2 at pore close-off, diminishes to less than 1.0 kg/cm^2 at about 200-m depth. By substituting the overburden pressure for the bubble pressure in the pressure-density relationship based on the gas law, ice densities below 200 m can be calculated more accurately than they can be measured per se on cores because of the relaxation that occurs in samples recovered from high confining pressures. This relaxation, resulting in a progressive increase in the bulk volume of the ice with time, is generally attributed to decompression of the entrapped air bubbles following removal of the ice from high confining pressures. However, calculations of the stress in ice due to bubble pressure, together with measurements of bubble sizes in cores from various depths at Byrd Station, both tend to indicate that there has'been negligible decompression of the inclosed bubbles. It is suggested that most of this relaxation may be due to the formation of microcracks in the ice. Anomalous bubble pressure-density relations at Little America V tend to confirm abundant stratigraphic evidence of the existence of considerable deformation in the upper part of the Ross Ice Shelf. Studies of crystal-bubble relations at Byrd Station revealed that the concentration of bubbles in ice remains remarkably constant at approximately 220 bubbles per cm^3. Bubbles and crystals were found to be present in approximately equal numbers at pore close-off at 64-m depth, at which level the average bubble diameter was 0.95 mm, decreasing to 0.49 mm at 116 m and to 0.33 mm at 279 m. Despite a tenfold increase in the size of crystals between 64 and 279 m, the bubbles showed no tendency to migrate to grain boundaries during recrystallization of the ice. The observation that most of the bubbles had assumed substantially spherical shapes by 120-m depth points to essentially hydrostatic conditions in the upper layers of the ice sheet at Byrd Station.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 249
    URL: https://www.worldcat.org/de/title/6023806
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 17
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    Electrolytic conductivity of snow and glacier ice from Antarctica and Greenland (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-248
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Analytical procedures. - Results and discussion. - Literature cited.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Conductivity measurements have been made on snow and ice samples from pits and deep drillholes at a number of localities in Antarctica and Greenland. Conductivities of the order 1-2 [My]mho/cm only were recorded at the inland sites. Data from deep cores representing more than 1900 years of continuous snow accumulation at Byrd Station, Antarctica, and more than 400 years deposition at Inge Lehmann, Greenland, showed no significant variations of conductivity with time. Measurements of freshly precipitated snow from a single coastal location in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, also yielded relatively low conductivities of the order 3-4 [My]mho/cm. The substantial increase observed in the conductivity of core samples from near the surface of the Ross Ice Shelf at Little America V can be attributed most probably to windborne salts of marine origin that had accumulated on the surface after the snow was deposited. A peak conductivity of 49 [My]mho/cm was recorded in snow estimated to have been deposited within 20 km of the seaward edge of the Ross Ice Shelf and the maritime effect could still be detected in samples deposited more than 40 km from the ice front. For samples deposited at distances of greater than 200 km from the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf conductivities never exceeded 2 [My]mho/cm. The very low conductivities observed in ice cores from near the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf confirm earlier conclusions based on detailed petrographic studies oi the cores that the 258-m-thick ice shelf at Little America V is composed entirely of glacial ice.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 248
    URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB073i012p03643
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 18
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    On plates sealing an incompressible liquid (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-260
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction and statermnt of problem. - Solution of problem shown in Figure 3. - Solution of problem shown in Figure 4. - The negligibility of the effects of buoyancy and incompressibility of the sealed liquid. - Literature cited.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: After a brief description of the circumstances which led to the investigation of the title problem and discussion of some related previous investigations, exact solutions are derived for a circular plate which seals an incompressible liquid, is clamped along the boundary and is subjected at an arbitrary point to a lateral concentrated force P. For the case when the plate is covered by a thin liquid layer the solution is obtained in closed form. When this liquid layer is absent, the solution is obtained as an infinite series. The paper concludes with a study of the range of the parameter ([Lambda] a) for which the effort of buoyancy is negligible upon the deflections and stresses in the plate.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustartionen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 260
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5325791
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 19
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Ergebnisse geophysikalischer und geodätischer Forschungsarbeiten im Polargebiet : Vorträge der Arbeitstagung des Referats Expeditionen im Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR am 1. und 2. Juni 1965 in Berlin (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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    Signatur: MOP 34344 ; ZSP-319/A-2 ; ZSP-319/A-2(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 2
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 64 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Karte
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 2
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Das Zungenende des Kongsvegen-Gletschers in der Kingsbay / Spitzbergen 〈1 : 25 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Eröffnungsvortrag des Leiters des Referats Expeditionen / G. SKEIB. - Der Kongsvegen in der Kingsbay, ein blockbewegter arktischer Gletscher / W. PILLEWIZER. - Probleme der photogrammetrischen Gletschergeschwindigkeitsmessung / I. RUDOLPH. - Gravimetrische Eismächtigkeitsbestimmungen / CHR. OELSNER. - Studien an der periglazialen Auftauschicht in Spitzbergen / K. HERZ. - Ablationsbestimmungen am mittleren Lovéngletscher mittels hydrologisch-meteorologischer Methoden / H. SCHMIDT. - Neue Geräte für Ablations- und Abflußmessungen / H. KARBAUM. - Zur Untersuchung der regelmäßigen Variationen des geomagnetischen Feldes / G. FANSELAU. - Erdstrommessungen in Spitzbergen / K. LENGNING. - Schiffsmagnetische Messungen im hohen Norden / V. AUSTER. - Einige Besonderheiten in der thermischen Struktur des Windfeldes von Mirny / G. SKEIB. - Untersuchungen über den Ozongehalt der bodennahen Luft in Mirny/Antarktika / J. KOLBIG. - Messungen der langwelligen Strahlungsströme auf dem antarktischen Inlandeis und dem Meereis vom Flugzeug aus / ST. KLEMM. - Die Eisverhältnisse an der Prawda-Küste während der 6. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1961/62 / O. SCHULZE. - Die geodätischen Arbeiten der deutschen Gruppe während der 1. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1962 / G. SCHNARZ. - Maßmethodik und Ergebnisse astronomischer Ortsbestimmungen in der Antarktis / G. LEONHARDT. - Maßmethodik und Ergebnisse astronomisch-geodätischer Ortsbestimmungen in Antarktika / J. LIEBERT. - Winterliche Temperaturänderungen in der freien Atmosphäre über Mirny / M. BUTTENBERG. - Zur Bearbeitung von Luftdruckmessungen an ostantarktischen Inlandstationen und zum Problem der glazialen Antizyklone / P. NITZSCHKE. - Messungen des CO2-Gehaltes der bodennahen Luft im Jahre 1960 in Mirny/Antarktika / J. KOLBIG. - Messungen der atmosphärischen Radioaktivität im Jahre 1960 in Mirny/Antarktika / J. KOLBIG.
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  • 20
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Forschungsergebnisse von DDR-Wissenschaftlern in der Antarktis (1959-1979) : Vorträge des Kolloquiums "20 Jahre Beteiligung der DDR an extraterritorialen Forschungsaufgaben in den Polargebieten" am 15. und 16. Mai 1979 in Matzlow-Garwitz, Bezirk Schwerin (1980)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(1/7) ; ZSP-319/A-7
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 7
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 196 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 7
    Sprache: Deutsch , Englisch
    Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents: Foreword. - Summaries. - Zwei Jahrzehnte Forschungsarbeiten der Geowissenschaftler der DDR auf Expeditionen = Two decades of expeditionary research work of geoscientists of the GDR / H. PESCHEL. - Methodische Aspekte der geologischen Erkundung des Subglazials am Beispiel des Hays-Gletschers = Methodological aspects of the geological investigation of the subglacial demonstrated by example of the Hays Glacier / H. DIETRICH. - Geodätisch-glaziologische Arbeiten in der Ostantarktis (1962 -1978) = Geodetic-glaciological activities carried out in East Antarctica between 1962 and 1978 / S. MEIER. - Geodätisch-glaziologische Wiederholungsmessungen am Hays-Gletscher 1977/78 = Geodetic-glaciological repetition measurements at the Hays Glacier /R. HOYER. - Gravimetrische Messungen und Erdgezeitenuntersuchungen in Antarktika = Gravimetric measurements and studies of earth tides in Antarctica / Cl. ELSTNER ; M. M. SCHNEIDER; H. WIRTH. - Vertikale Erdkrustenbewegungen und Potentialänderungen bei wechselnden Eis-Auflasten = Vertical earth crustal movements and variations in gravity potential related to changing ice load / R. DIETRICH. - Geodätisch-astronomische Arbeiten während der 8. und 17. SAE = Geodetic-astronomical activities during the 8th and 17th SAE / J. LIEBERT. - Zur Geologie der Gebirge in der Umrandung des Filchner-Eisschelfes = Geology of the mountain ranges surrounding the Filchner shelf ice / H. J. PAECH; J. HOFMANN; A. FRISCHBUTTER. - Tektonische Untersuchungen in der Gebirgsumrandung des Lambert-Gletschers, Ostantarktis = Tectonic investigations in the mountain ranges surrounding the Lambert Glacier, East Antarctica / J. HOFMANN. - Meteorologische Prozesse in der antarktischen Atmosphäre = Meteorological processes in the antarctic atmosphere / A. HELBIG. - Wettersatellitenbeobachtungen im Südpolargebiet = Weather satellite Observations in the south-polar region / H. GERNANDT. - Untersuchungen zur terrestrischen Refraktion und der thermischen Struktur der eisnahen Luftschicht in der Kilstenzone des Enderby-Landes/Antarktis (Kurzfassung) = Investigations of the terrestrial refraction and thermal structure of the near-ice air layer in the coastal zone of Enderby Land, Antarctica / G. DITTRICH; A. HELBIG. - Ergebnisse ionosphärischer Beobachtungen in hohen südlichen Breiten als Beitrag zur globalen Untersuchung der Hochatmosphäre = Results of ionospheric observations in high southern latitudes as a contribution to global investigations of the upper atmosphere / H. GERNANDT. - Forschungen mit Umweltnukliden in der Antarktis = Research with environmental nuclides in Antarctica / K. FRÖHLICH; H. SCHÜTZE. - Bioklimatisch-physiologische Untersuchungen einer DDR-Gruppe während der 20. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition = Bioklimatic-physiological investigations of a group of GDR-participants during the 20th Soviet Antarctic expedition / L. KLINKER; W. SPANGENBERG. - Untersuchungen zur biologischen Langzeitrhytmik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung cirkaseptaner Variationen = Investigations of the biological long-term rhythmic with particular emphasis on 7-day variations / M. TÖPFER. - Körperliche Belastung und Sauerstoffverbrauch - Untersuchungsergebnisse von der 20. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition = Physical stress and Oxygen consumption - results of investigations during the 20th SAE / G. SCHRADER; L. KLINKER. - Umweltuntersuchungen während der 20. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition zum Vorkommen von resistenten Clostridienstämmen im Boden und zur Verbreitung von DDT in der Fauna der Antarktis = Environmental investigations during the 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition (SAE) relating to occurence in the soil of resistent phylla of clostridia and to the distribution of DDT in the antarctic fauna / G. SCHRADER. - Ergebnisse und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der geoelektromagnetischen und technischen Untersuchungen auf Spitzbergen = Results and possibilities for application of geo-electromagnetic and technical investigations at Spitsbergen / V. AUSTER; K. LENGNING. - Tritium- und 14C-Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Antarktisforschung der DDR = Tritium and 14C investigations in the framewerk of GDR research activities in Antarctica /D. HEBERT; K. FRÖHLICH; M. M. SCHNEIDER. - Autorenverzeichnis. , Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache
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  • 21
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Die Tätigkeit des Nationalkomitees für Geodäsie und Geophysik : 1963 - 1966 (1967)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(1/4) ; ZSP-319/A-4 ; ZSP-319/A-4(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 4
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 20 Seiten
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik (NKGG). - 1.1. Zusammensetzung. - 1.2. Mitgliedschaften in internationalen wissenschaftlichen Vereinigungen. - 2. Die Tätigkeit des NKGG erfolgt in den drei grossen Komplexen. - 2.1. Lithosphäre. - 2.1.1. Upper-Mantle-Project und Studium rezenter Erdkrustenbewegungen. - 2.1.2. Geodäsie. - 2.1.3. Gravimetrie. - 2.1.4. Erdgezeiten. - 2.1.5. Geodätische Astronomie und Arbeitsgruppe Optische Satellitenbeobachtungen. - 2.1.6. Seismologie und Physik des Erdinneren. - 2.1.7. Magentische Weltvermessung und Geomagnetismus. - 2.2. Atmosphäre. - 2.2.1. Internationale Jahre der ruhigen Sonne 1964/65 (IQSY). - 2.2.2. Mitgliedschaft der DDR im COSPAR, Bericht zu den Arbeiten der COSPAR-Kommission des NKGG. - 2.2.3. Meteorologie und Physik der Atmosphäre. - 2.2.4. Ionosphäre und Kosmische Strahlung. - 2.3. Hydrosphäre. - 2.3.1. Ozeanographie. - 2.3.2. Hydrologisches Dezennium und Fachgruppe Wissenschaftliche Hydrologie. - 3. Expeditionen. - 3.1. Polargebiete. - 3.1.1. Antarktis. - 3.1.2. Arktis. - 3.2. Mittlere und niedere Breiten. - 3.3. Ozeanographische Unternehmungen. - 4. Technisches Büro. - 5. Referat Publikationen. - 5.1. Schriftenreihe des NKGG. - 5.2. Internationale geodätische Dokumentation, IGD. - 5.3. Hydrologische Bibliographie. - In Memorian Otto Meisser. - In Memorian Gertraud Richter.
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  • 22
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Symposium zur Antarktisforschung der DDR : Garwitz 1982 (1983)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 9
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 9
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: 25 Jahre Zusammenarbeit der Geophysiker sozialistischer Länder / H. Peschel. - Aktivitäten der DDR auf dem Gebiet der Polarforschung / I. Stange. - Magnetische Vermessung im Gebiet der Schirmacher Oase (Königin-Maud-land) während der 25. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition und erste Interpretationsergebnisse / U. Schäfer. - Vergleich hochatmosphärischer Partikeleffekte in verschiedenen Breiten auf beiden Hemisphären / J. Bremer, E. A. Lauter, H. Rößler, B. Schäning. - Abend-Morgen-Asymmetrieeffekt der Elektronenpräzipitation in auroralen Breiten / A. Grafe. - Potentielle Möglichkeiten zum Einsatz des Dopplerverfahrens der Satellitengeodäsie in Polargebieten / R. Dietrich. - Zu Stand und Tendenzen der glaziologischen Forschungsarbeiten in der Antarktis / B. Kahmann. - Ergebnisse der geodätisch-glaziologischen Arbeiten einer DDR-Gruppe der 23. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition (SAE) am Hays-Gletscher, Enderby-Land / G. Reppchen. - Statistische Eigenschaften von Bewegungsschwankungen polarer Eisströme (Kurzfassung) / S. Meier. - 14C-Datierung von Pflanzen und Pinguinguano aus dem Gebiet von Moledeshnaja (Antarktiko) und daraus ableitbare glaziologische Aussagen / D. Hebert. - Zur hydrographischen Karte der Schirmacher Oase (Königin-Maud-land), Ostantarktika / W. Richter. - Geologische Beobachtungen in der Schirmacher Oase, Königin-Maud-land, Ostantarktis / U. Wand. - Über die Südpolaren Raubmöven (Catharacta maccormicki) in der Schirmacher Oase (Königin-Maud-Land, Ostantarktika) / W. Richter. - Polarbekleidung unter thermophysiologischem Gesichtspunkt / G. Schrader. - Über konimetrische Staubmessungen in der Antarktis / G. Völksch, G. Schrader. , Zusammenfassungen auch in englischer und russischer Sprache
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  • 23
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Über den etwa 2jährigen Zyklus der allgemeinen Zirkulation und seine Ursachen (1969)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 9
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 160 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 9
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Inhalt: Zusammenfassung. - Abstract. - 1. EINLEITUNG UND ZIELSTELLUNG. - 2. EIN KURZER ÜBERBLICK ÜBER DEN STAND DER KENNTNIS DER ETWA 2JÄHRIGEN SCHWANKUNG. - 2.1. Das Phänomen. - 2.1.1. Die Eigenschaften der etwa 2jährigen Schwankung in der tropischen Stratosphäre (vom Äquator bis etwa 30° Breite) 2.1.2. Eigenschaften der etwa 2jährigen Schwankung in den gemäßigten und höheren Breiten. - 2.2. Dynamik und hypothetische Ursachen. - 2.2.1. Zur Dynamik der etwa 26monatigen Schwankung. - 2. 2.1.1. Einige qualitative dynamische Betrachtungen (Vertikalaustausch, meridionale Zirkulationszellen, horizontaler Großaustausch). - 2.2.1.2. Turbulenzbedingter Abwärtstransport einer in größerer Höhe vorgegebenen periodischen Störung des Temperaturfeldes. - 2.2.1.3. Bilanzbetrachtungen des zonalen Impulses. - 2.2.1.4. Abwärtswandernde Zirkulationszellen 2.2.1.5. Einbeziehung des Ozonhaushaltes und der mit dem Ozon verbundenen Energieumsetzungen. - 2.2.2. Hypothetische Ursachen der 26monatigen Schwankung der allgemeinen Zirkulation. - 2.2.2.1. Einwirkung einer extraterrestrischen (solaren) 26monatigen Fluktuation. - 2.2.2.2. Die 26monatige Periode als Folge von Schwingungen mit anderen Perioden. - a) Subharmonische Schwingungen. - b) Wechselwirkung zwischen zwei Schwingungen verschiedener Periode. - 2.2.2.3. Freie Schwingungen (Eigenschwingungen) der allgemeinen Zirkulation der Erdatmosphäre. - a) Auswirkungen der Existenz der Ozonschicht. - b) Wechselwirkung mit den Ozeanen. - c) Wechselwirkung mit der Bewölkungsverteilung. - 3. EINIGE BEMERKUNGEN ZU DEN METHODEN, DIE ZUM STUDIUM VON SCHWANKUNGEN MIT VERÄNDERLICHER PERIODE IN FRAGE KOMMEN. - 3.1. Elimination kurzer Perioden, insbesondere des Jahresganges. - 3.2. Zur Anwendung der harmonischen Analyse und der Periodogrammanalyse 3.3. Autokorrelation und Powerspektrum. - 3.4. Anwendung mathematischer Filter. - 4. BEZIEHUNGEN ZWISCHEN EINER ETWA 2JÄHRIGEN SCHWANKUNG DER SONNENAKTIVITÄT UND DER SCHWANKUNG DER ALLGEMEINEN ZIRKULATION DER ERDATMOSPHÄRE. - 4.1. Das Problem. - 4.2. Zum Vergleich verwendete Daten. - 4.3. Das Powerspektrum einiger Reihen. - 4.4. Vergleich gefilterter Reihen. - 4.5. Vergleich der Perioden- und Amplitudenvariationen. - 4.6. Die Änderung der Phasendifferenz zwischen der 26monatigen Schwankung der heliographischen Breite der Sonnenflecken B und der meridionalen Zirkulationsformen über Europa M'. - 4.7. Zu prüfende Folgerungen für die Physik des Zusammenhanges. - 4.8. Weitere Diskussion der Phasendifferenz der 26monatigen Schwankung von B und M'. - 4.9. Einige weitere Beziehungen. - (1) Zusammenhang mit dem 11jährigen Sonnenfleckenzyklus. - (2) Beziehung zur Schwankung der grünen Koronalinie. - (3) Eine Beziehung zwischen der 26monatigen Schwankung der mittleren heliographischen Breite der Sonnenflecken und der 26monatigen Schwankung der Sonnenfleckenrelativzahl. - 5. VERVOLLSTÄNDIGUNG UND DISKUSSION DES BILDES DER 26MONATIGEN SCHWANKUNG DER ZIRKULATION DER ERDATMOSPHÄRE. - 5.1. Einleitung. - 5.2. Die Darstellungsweise. - 5.3. Erläuterungen zu den aufgestellten schematischen Darstellungen Abb. 5.1. bis 5.4. und Zusammenstellung neu gewonnener Aussagen über Beziehungen zwischen den an der 26monatigen Schwankung beteiligten Elementen und Vorgängen. - 5.3.1. Die Zonalwindkomponente. - 5.3.2. Anschluß des Schemas an die ca. 26monatige Schwankung der mittleren heliographischen Breite B der Sonnenflecken und der Maßzahl M' für die Häufigkeit meridionaler Zirkulationsformen. - 5.3.3. Temperatur in der Stratosphäre und Mesosphäre. - 5.3.4. Höhe der Tropopause. - 5.3.5. Ozon. - 5.3.6. Stratosphärische Erwärmungen. - 5.3.7.Weitere Zirkulationsparameter der Erdatmosphäre (Zonalzirkulationsindex, räumliche Varianz des Luftdruckes in Meeresniveau, Divergenz des durch Großaustausch bedingten horizontalen Impulstransports, Impulsaustausch in der Troposphäre der gemäßigten Breiten, blockierende Hochdruckgebiete über dem Nordatlantik und Europa, Zyklonalität in der Umgebung der Britischen Inseln, Southern oscillation). - 5.3.8. Meteorologische Elemente der bodennahen Luftschicht (Temperatur, Luftdruck, Niederschlagshäufigkeit). - 5.3.9. Weitere geophysikalische Elemente. - 5.4. Verwendung des Gesamtschemas zur Gewinnung von Aussagen über Struktur und Anregungsmechanismus der 26monatigen Schwankung der Zirkulation der Erdatmosphäre. - 6. EINIGE THEORETISCHE UND QUANTITATIVE BETEACHTUNGEN ZUM EINFLUSS VERÄNDERLICHER SOLARER STRAHLUNG AUF DIE ERDATMOSPHÄRE. - 6.1. Gegenstand und Ziel. - 6.2. Mögliche Einwirkungen hochenergetischer Partikel. - 6.3. Die Gleichung der atmosphärischen Dynamik unter Einbeziehung des Ozonhaushaltes. - 6.4. Das linearisierte Gleichungssystem. - 6.5. Die 26monatige Schwankung in der äquatorialen Stratosphäre. - 6.5.1. Anregung durch Schwankung der elektromagnetischen Strahlung der Sonne. - 6.5.2. Anregung durch Schwankung der hochenergetischen Partikelstrahlung der Sonne. - 6.6. Diskussion der Resultate einiger numerischer Berechnungen. - 7. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN. - LITERATUR. - ABBILDUNGEN.
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  • 24
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965; Ergänzungen zu Teil 1, 1967 (1967)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    In: Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965, 1, [Ergänzungsband]
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, 9,1 [Ergänzungsband]
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 138 Seiten , Illustrationen , 2 Karten
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 9,1 [Ergänzungsband]
    Sprache: Deutsch , Englisch
    Anmerkung: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Indre Kongsfjorden (Vestspitsbergen) : Nordblatt 〈1 : 25 000〉 , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Indre Kongsfjorden (Vestspitsbergen) : Südblatt 〈1 : 25 000〉 , Inhalt: Zur Karte "Indre Kongsfjorden (Vestspitsbergen) 1: 25 000" (W. Pillewizer) Zur Karte des Kongsvegen-Kronebre 1 : 50 000, (Westspitzbergen) (W. Pillewizer) Die Bewegung der Zunge des Blomstrandbre (Kongsfjord, Vestspitzbergen) (I. Militzer, U. Voigt) Block Movement of Glaciers (W. Pillewizer, U. Voigt) Errata zu Teil I
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  • 25
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965; Teil 1: Die geodätischen und glaziologischen Arbeiten (1967)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(3/9,Textbd.) ; ZSP-319/C-9,1
    In: Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965, Teil 1
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, 9,1
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 138 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 1 Karte
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der Deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Kongsvegen-Kronebreen (Vestspitsbergen) 〈1 : 50 000〉 , INHALT 1. EINLEITUNG (W. Pillewizer) 1.1. Teilnehmer an der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964/1965 1.2. Wissenschaftliches Schrüttum über die deutschen Spitzbergenexpeditionen 1962 und 1964-1965 2. DIE GEODÄTISCHEN ARBEITEN ZUR KARTENAUFNAHME (L. Stange) 2.1. Triangulation (L. Stange) 2.2. Die photogrammetrische Geländeaufnahme (K. Dreßler) 2.3. Die photogrammetrische Auswertung der topographischen Geländeaufnahme (I. Militzer) 2.4. Die Bearbeitung der Karten (W. Pillewizer) 2.5. Die terrestrische Refraktion im Kongsfjord - Westspitzbergen - (S. Meier) 3. DIE GLAZIOLOGISCHEN ARBEITEN 3.1. Einleitung (W. Pillewizer) 3.2. Bewegungsmessungen an den Gletschern des Kongsfjordgebietes (S. Meier, G. Lorenz, I. Militzer) 3.3. Ergebnisse der Bewegungsmessungen an Kongsvegen und Kronehre (U. Voigt, G. Lorenz) 3.4. Ein Geschwindigkeitsvektorenfeld auf dem Blomstrandgletscher (I. Militzer) 3.5. Ergebnisse photogrammetrischer Messungen auf dem mittleren Lovéngletscher in den Jahren 1962 und 1964/65 (U. Voigt) 3.6. Ein Oberflächen-Querprofil auf dem mittleren Lovéngletscher (G. Lorenz) 3.7. Ergebnisse von Gravimetermessungen im Kongsfjordgebiet (C. Oelsner) 3.8. Seismoakustische Untersuchungen auf dem mittleren Lovénbreen (C. Oelsner) 3.9. Eisdickenbestimmung durch Lotungen vor der Gletscherfront des Kongsvegen (U. Voigt) 3.10. Direkte Beobachtungen der Unterseite des Kongsvegen (U. Voigt) 3.11. Ergebnisse von Ablationsmessungen auf dem Kongsvegen (U. Voigt) 3.12. Zusammenfassung (U. Voigt)
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  • 26
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Bestimmungen von Eisbewegungen am Rand des antarktischen Inlandeises (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(3/4) ; ZSP-319/C-4(2. Ex.) ; ZSP-319/C-4
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Nr. 4
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 4
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Aufgabenstellung 2. Expeditionsverlauf 2.1. Vorbereitung der Expedition 2.2. Schiffsreise und Arbeiten im Expeditionsgebiet 3. Die trigonometrischen Messungen 3.1. Vorbereitung 3.2. Signalisierung 3.3.Beobachtung 3.4. Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen 4. Die Auswertung 4.1. Aufbereitung der Maßergebnisse 4.2. Berechnung der Basen und Azimute 4.3. Lagebestimmung 4.3.1. Ermittlung der Näherungskoordinaten 4.3.2. Ausgleichung der Richtungsmessungen 4.3.3. Zusammenschluß der vier Teilnetze 4.3.4. Einfluß der Eisbewegung während der Messung 4.3.5. Genauigkeit der Lagebestimmung und der Eisbewegungsvektoren 4.4. Höhenbestimmung 4.4.1. Ermittlung der einzelnen Höhenunterschiede 4.4.2. Ausgleichung des Höhennetzes 4.4.3. Genauigkeit der Höhenbestimmung 5. Die Angabe der Eisbewegung und kurzer Vergleich mit den Meßergebnissen 1962 6. Ausblick 7. Zusammenfassung Schrifttum Schlußbemerkungen Anlagenverzeichnis
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  • 27
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Trzaski atmosferyczne (1936)
    Warszawa : Państwowego Instytutu Meteorologicznego
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    Signatur: AWI PY-1926-13
    In: Wyniki spostrzeżeń polskiej wyprawy roku polarnego 1932/33 na wyspie niedźwiedziej / Jean Lugeon; Czeslaw Centkiewicz; Władysław Łysakowski ; 3, z. 3
    Materialart: Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Seiten: 18, 21, III S. , Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst., Kt.
    Sprache: Polnisch , Französisch
    Anmerkung: Table des Matières: Introduction. - Considérations sur les méthodes de sondage par les parasites atmosphériques, en rapport avec les diagrammes de l'Année Polaire. La portée mondiale des parasites atmosphériques. - Planches. , In poln. und franz. Sprache
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  • 28
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Zorza polarna (1936)
    Warszawa : Państwowego Instytutu Meteorologicznego
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    Signatur: AWI PY-1921-13 ; AWI PY-1926-13
    In: Wyniki spostrzeżeń polskiej wyprawy roku polarnego 1932/33 na wyspie niedźwiedziej / Jean Lugeon; Czeslaw Centkiewicz; Władysław Łysakowski ; 4, z. 4
    Materialart: Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Seiten: IX, 21, 15 S , Ill., graph. Darst
    Sprache: Polnisch , Französisch
    Anmerkung: Table des Matières: Introduction. - 1 Groupe Formes homogènes. - 2 Groupe Formes rayonnantes. - Journal d'observations des aurores polaires. - Planches. , In poln. und franz. Sprache
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  • 29
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    3. Arbeitstagung "Isotope in der Natur" : vom 15. - 18. November 1983 in Leipzig ; [Band 2,2]: Vorträge 2 (1983)
    Leipzig : Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Signatur: ZSP-980-85
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 85
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 448 Seiten
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Serie: ZfI-Mitteilungen 85
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Inhalt Bd. 85 - Vorträge 2: δD-Variationen der Granite und Glimmerschiefer im Kontaktbereich eines Intrusivkörpers im mittleren Erzgebirge / T. Böttger ; G. Stiehl ; K. Mühle. - Über die Anwendung von Zustandsdiagrammen zur anschaulichen Darstellung von Prozessen der Isotopenfraktionierung (System Wasser-Eis-Salz) / S. B. Brandt ; S. S. Brandt. - Die Anwendung von Neodym- und Strontiumisotopen auf TR-Mineralisationen / S. B. Brandt ; W. S. Lepin ; V. N. Solodjankina ; T. I. Kolosnizyna. - Zur Berechnung und Interpretation natürlicher Isotopenvariationen in Alumosilikaten / G. Christoph. - Theoretische Aspekte zur radiogeochronologischen Datierung von Gesteinen und Mineralen / G. Christoph. - Strontium-, Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoffisotope in Karbonaten aus Kimberliten Jakutiens / L. W. Dneprowskaja ; M. N. Maslowskaja ; S. B. Brandt. - Zur Veränderung der isotopischen Zusammensetzung des Sauerstoffs von Cherts und Carbonaten im Prozeß der Diagenese/Metamorphose / O. Gebhardt ; H. Schütze. - Zur Genese der variszisch-postkinematischen Granite des Erzgebirges / H. Gerstenberger ; G. Haase ; G. Tischendorf ; K. Wetzel. - Zur Theorie von Isotopenaustauschgleichgewichten in komplizierten natürlichen Systemen / R. Haberlandt ; G. Christoph. - C-Isotopenuntersuchungen zur Entwicklung des Altpaläozoikums im Thüringischen Schiefergebirge / K. Hahne ; I. Maaß ; H. Lützner ; J. Ellenberg ; F. Falk ; E. Grumbt. - Der Einfluß des Druckes auf die Geschwindigkeit von Isotopenaustauschreaktionen / P. Harting ; N. I. Medvedovskaja ; U. Schröter ; Ju. A. Borstchevskij. - Thermodynamische Beschreibung von Hochdruck-Adsorptionsisothermen / P. Harting ; K. Weingart. - Experimentelle Untersuchungen zu speziellen Adsorptionsisotopieeffekten unter geologischen Bedingungen / P. Harting ; K. Weingart ; J. Heybey. - Isotopenhydrologische und hydrochemische Charakterisierung des innerantarktischen "Untersees" im Wohlthatmassiv, Dronning-Maud-Land (Ostantarktika) / W.-D. Hermichen ; M. Grelle ; P. Kowski ; W. Kurze ; U. Wand. - Die isotopenglaziologische Situation im Umfeld der Schirmacheroase / Dronning-Maud-Land - ein erster Überblick / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; G. Strauch. - Theoretische Untersuchungen zu Adsorptionsisotopieeffekten von Erdgaskomponenten unter erhöhten Drücken / J. Heybey ; P. Harting. - Statistisch-mechanische Behandlung der Unterschiede im Adsorptionsverhalten isotopischer Spezies / J. Heybey ; H. Schmid ; H.-L. Vörtler. - Versuch zur 14C-Datierung von Sturmvogelbrutplätzen in der Antarktis / A. Hiller ; U. Wand. - Untersuchungen zur CO2-Resorption aus thermoindifferenten Kohlendioxidmineralwasserbädern durch die Haut des Menschen / G. Hübner ; I. Maaß ; C. Epperlein ; G. Plötner ; H. Jordan. - Stoff- und Isotopenwerte des Nitrat-Stickstoffs in der Bodenzone und ihre zeitlichen Veränderungen / H. Hübner. - Biogennye faktory formirovanija izotopnogo sostava ugleroda organičeskogo veščestva porod raznogo facial'no-genetičeskogo tipa = Biogene Faktoren der Herausbildung der isotopischen Zusammensetzung der organischen Substanz von Gesteinen unterschiedlichen faziell-genetischen Typs / A. A. Ivlev ; R. G. Pankina ; M. V. Dachnova. - Matematičeskij analiz frakcionirovanija izotopov ugleroda v živoj kletke = Mathematische Analyse der Kohlenstoffisotopenfraktionierung im lebenden Gewebe / A. A. Ivlev. - Statistische Untersuchungen von Altersdaten variszischer Granitoide im Erzgebirge und Vogtland / T. Kaemmel. - Zur Genese des Strontiums in Granitoiden des Vogtlandes / T. Kaemmel. - Untersuchung der Beziehung der Deuteriumkonzentration zwischen atmosphärischem Wasserdampf und Niederschlägen im Gebiet der Schirmacheroase / Ostantarktika / P. Kowski. - Untersuchungen der 18O-Variationen von Graniten und Glimmerschiefern im Kontaktbereich eines Intrusivkörpers im mittleren Erzgebirge / K. Mühle ; G. Stiehl ; H. Schütze ; Ju. A. Borschtschewski ; N. I. Medwedowskaja. - Neue Möglichkeiten zur Freisetzung von Meßgasen für die massenspektrometrische Isotopenanalyse aus Feststoffen / G. Müller ; K. Mühle ; D. Hessel ; H. Zahn. - Isotopenhydrologische und hydrochemische Charakterisierung von Seen im Gebiet der Schirmacher-Oase (Ost-Antarktika) / W. Richter ; U. Wand ; G. Strauch ; P. Kowski ; W. Kurze. - Temporal and spatial variations of deuterium and oxygen-18 in European precipitation and groundwaters / K. Rozanski. - The dissection of carbon and hydrogen isotope effects in the alkanes / S. Skaron ; S. K. Sarpal ; M. Wolfsberg. - Modell zur Verteilung der Stickstoffisotope zwischen Gasphase und Feststoff bei thermischer Beanspruchung organischer Substanz / H. Schütze ; M. Lehmann. - Komplexe isotopengeochemische, geochemische und geochronologische Untersuchungen von Graniten und Glimmerschiefern im Kontaktbereich eines Intrusivkörpers im mittleren Erzgebirge / G. Stiehl ; P. Beuge ; T. Böttger ; I. Beyer ; M. Geisler ; H. Gerstenberger ; G. Haase ; R. Haberlandt ; D. Haendel ; K. Mühle ; H.-M. Nitzsche ; H. Schütze ; G. Strauch ; G. Tischendorf ; U. Wand ; K. Wetzel. - Die Isotopenvariationen des Stickstoffs der Granite und Glimmerschiefer im Kontaktbereich eines Intrusivkörpers im Mittleren Erzgebirge / G. Stiehl ; D. Haendel ; U. Günther. - Isotopengeochemische, thermobarogeochemische und element-geochemische Untersuchungen an einer hydrothermalen Fluoritmineralisation im Südteil der DDR / G. Strauch ; H. Kämpf ; G. Stiehl ; R. Thomas ; M. Geisler ; G. Haase ; P. Vogler. - Anwendung der modifizierten Zelltheorie zur Berechnung von Zustandseigenschaften dichter isotopensubstituierter Fluide / H.-L. Vörtler ; J. Heybey. - Ein quantitatives Modell des Schwefelkreislaufes mit Berücksichtigung der Isotopenverhältnisse / G. Weise ; K. Wetzel. - Teilnehmerverzeichnis.
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  • 30
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    The effects of soluble salts on the unfrozen water contents of the Lanzhou, P.R.C., silt (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/16
    In: CRREL Report, 84-16
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Phase composition curves are presented for a typical saline silt from Lanzhou, P.R.C., and compared to some silts from Alaska. The unfrozen water content of the Chinese silt is much higher than that of the Alaskan silts due to the large amount of soluble salts present in the silts from China, which are not present in silt from interior Alaska. When the salt is removed, the unfrozen water content is then similar for both the Chinese and Alaskan silt. Here we introduce a technique for correcting the unfrozen water content of partially frozen soils due to high salt concentrations. We calculate the equivalent molality of the salts in the unfrozen water at various temperatures from a measurement of the electrical conductivity of the extract from saturated paste.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a152825.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9520
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Materials Sample preparation Nuclear magnetic resonance Specific surface area Electrical conductivity Results and discussion Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content vs temperature data for Lanzhou silt
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  • 31
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    Sea ice data buoys in the Weddel Sea (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/11
    In: CRREL Report, 84-11
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Data obtained from two sets of data buoys either air-dropped or deployed by ship onto the Weddell Sea pack ice during the period from Dec 1978 to Nov 1980 are presented. The buoy data include position, pressure and temperature information and to date represent the most complete combined weather and pack ice drift records for the ice-covered Southern Ocean regions. The buoys tended to drift north initially and then to turn east generally between latitudes 62°S and 64°S. Buoy 1433 turned east farther south at approximately 67°S but at about the same time as buoy 0527, implying that the westerly wind belt was farther south than usual in 1979. The range of air pressures-from about 950 mb to about 1020 mb is typical of the circumpolar low pressure trough in the Southern Hemisphere. All buoys were equipped with an internal or compartment temperature sensor. The 1980 buoys also contained an external air temperature sensor in a ventilated, shielded can at 1-m height. Although differences of 10°C or more between recorded air and compartment temperatures are common, the correlation between the two measured temperatures is generally very good. The compartment temperatures are higher probably because the buoy is radiationally heated. We found that subtracting 3°C from the average daily compartment temperature yielded a good estimate of the average air temperature for any given day. This technique can be used to construct average daily air temperature records for the 1979 buoys which only contained the internal or compartment temperature sensor.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a144953.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9504
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 32
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    Ice sheet retention structures (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/30
    In: CRREL Report, 83-30
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ice sheets are formed and retained in several ways in nature, and an understanding of these factors is needed before most structures can be successfully applied. Many ice sheet retention structures float and are somewhat flexible; others are fixed and rigid or semirigid. An example of the former is the Lake Erie ice boom and of the latter, the Montreal ice control structure. Ice sheet retention technology is changing. The use of timber cribs is gradually but not totally giving way to sheet steel pilings and concrete cells. New structures and applications are being tried but with caution. Ice-hydraulic analyses are helpful in predicting the effects of structures and channel modifications on ice cover formation and retention. Often, varying the flow rate in a particular system at the proper time will make the difference between whether a structure will or will not retain ice. The structure, however, invariably adds reliability to the sheet ice retention process.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-30
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA138030
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9289
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Natural ice sheets Choosing an ice control structure Flexible structures Ice booms Frazil collector lines Fence booms Rigid or semirigid structures Pier-mounted booms Stone groins Artificial islands Removable gravity structures Timber cribs Weirs Pilings and dolphins Structures built for other purposes Hydroelectric dams Wicket dams Light piers and towers Bridge piers Breakwaters Ice control not using Structures Channel improvements Ice sheet tying Ice sheet bridges Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice control structure
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  • 33
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    Erosion of perennially frozen streambanks (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/29
    In: CRREL Report, 83-29
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A literature review indicated that the effects or permafrost on streambank erodibility and stability are not yet understood because systematic and quantitative measurements are seriously lacking. Consequently, general controversy exists as to whether perennially frozen ground inhibits lateral erosion and bankline recession, or whether it increases bank recession rates. Perennially frozen streambanks erode because of modification of the bank's thermal regime by exposure to air and water, and because of various erosional processes. Factors that determine rates and locations of erosion include physical, thermal and structural properties of bank sediments, stream hydraulics and climate. Thermal and physical modification of streambanks may also induce accelerated erosion within permafrost terrain removed from the immediate river environment. Bankline or bluffline recession rates are highly variable, ranging from less than 1 m/year to over 30 m/year and, exceptionally, to over 60 m/year. Long-term observations of the physical and thermal erosion processes and systematic ground surveys and measurements of bankline-bluffline recession rates are needed.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-29
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA138410
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9290
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications
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  • 34
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    Mechanics of ice jam formation in rivers (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/31
    In: CRREL Report, 83-31
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A mathematical model is described that is used to determine the maximum ice conveyance capacity of a river channel. Based upon this model, computer programs were developed that enable the ice discharge to be calculated for steady-state flow conditions. For rivers that have uniform flow, the maximum ice-conveying capacity can be described with a simple function expressed in terms of the size of the ice fragments, channel geometry, and the flow of water in the river. For nonuniform flows, the computer program determines the elevation profile of the surface layer in addition to other flow characteristics, such as the velocity and surface concentration of the ice fragments. The location along this surface profile where the ice conveyance capacity becomes less than the upstream supply is determined and is considered to be the position where a surface ice jam or ice bridge will be formed.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-31
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a138371.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9292
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 35
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    Ice force measurements on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, Vermont (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/32
    In: CRREL Report, 83-32
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ice forces on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, in Quechee, Vermont, were measured by installing fourpanels-each capable of measuring forces in the normal and tangential direction - on both sides of a vertical V-shaped pier nose. The measured forces are presented for a short period during an ice run. After the ice run, the thickness and sizes of the ice floes were measured and the compressive strength of the ice was determined in the laboratory from the ice samples collected along the river banks. The water level measurements made at several locations along theriver are also presented for the period of the ice run.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: ii, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-32
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139425
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9291
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 36
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    Thermodynamic model of creep at constant stresses and constant strain rates (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/33
    In: CRREL Report, 83-33
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A thermodynamic model has been developed that for the first time describes the entire creep process, including primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, and failure for both constant stress (CSR) tests (σ= const.) and constant strain rate (CSR) tests (ϵ = const.), in the form of a unified constitutive equation and unified failure criteria. Deformation and failure areconsidered as a single thermoactivated process in which the dominant role belongs to the change of entropy. Failure occurs when the entropy change is zero. At that moment the strain rates in CS tests reach the minima and stress in CSR tests reaches the maximum (peak) values. Families of creep (ϵ vs τ) and stress-strain (σ vs ϵ) curves, obtained from uni-axial compression CS and CSR tests of frozen soil, respectively (both presented in dimensionless coordinates), are plotted as straight lines and are superposed, confirming the unity of the deformation and failure process and the validity of the model. A method is developed for determining the parameters of the model, so that creep deformation and the stress-strain relationship of ductile materials such as soils can be predicted based upon information obtained from either type of test.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-33
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139883
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9285
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Introduction Principal relationships Constitutive equation Failure criteria Secondary creep: Flow equations Creep at constant stress (σ = Const.) Creep model Creep strain (σ = Const.) Creep at constant strain rate (ϵ = Const.) Stress-strain relationship Stress/strain/strain rate at failure Test data Preliminary analysis Constant stress tests (σ = Const.) Constant strain rate tests (ϵ = Const.) The principle of superposition Thermodynamic equation of creep Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 37
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    Electromagnetic properties of sea ice (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/2
    In: CRREL Report, 84-2
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Investigations of the in situ complex dielectric constant of sea ice were made using time-domain spectroscopy. It was found that (1) for sea ice with a preferred horizontal crystal c-axis alignment, the anisotropy of polarizing properties of the ice increased with depth, (2) brine inclusion conductivity increased with decreasing temperature down to about -8 C, at which point the conductivity decreased with decreasing temperature, (3) the DC conductivity of sea ice increased with increasing brine volume, (4) the real part of the complex dielectric constant is strongly dependent upon brine volume but less dependent upon the brine inclusion orientation, (5) the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant was strongly dependent upon brine inclusion orientation but much less dependent upon brine volume. Because the electromagnetic (EM) properties of sea ice are dependent upon the physical state of the ice, which is continually changing, it appears that only trends in the relationships between the EM properties of natural sea ice and its brine volume and brine inclusion microstructure can be established.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: vi, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA140330
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9287
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 38
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    Model tests on two models of WTGB 140-foot icebreaker (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/3
    In: CRREL Report, 84-3
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The results of resistance tests in level ice and broken ice channels are presented for two models of the WTGB 140-fticebreaker at scales of 1:10 and 1:24, respectively. No scale effect on the resistance in level ice could be detected between the two models. From the test results an empirical predictor equation for the full scale ice resistance is derived. Predicted resistance is compared against, and found to be 25 to 40% larger than, available full-scale values estimated from thrust measurements during full-scale trials of the Great Lakes icebreaker Katmai Bay.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a139882.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9288
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 39
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    The effectiveness and influences of the navigation ice booms on the St. Marys River (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/4
    In: CRREL Report, 84-4
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ice problems developed in the Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, portion of the St. Marys River because of winter navigation. Passing ships and natural influences moved ice from Soo Harbor into Little Rapids Cut in sufficient quantities to jam, cause high water in the harbor, and prevent further ship passage. After physical model and engineering studies, two ice booms with a total span of 1375 ft (419 m) with a 250-ft (76-m) navigation opening between were installed at the head of Little Rapids Cut in 1975. A modest field study program on the booms was conducted for the ensuring four winters to determine ice and boom interaction and the effects of ship passages on the system. Forces on some anchors were recorded and supplemental data were taken by local personnel. Several reports have been written about the booms' early operations. This paper presents four-year summary of the main effects of the booms on ice and ship interaction and vice versa. Throughout the four winter seasons, the small quantities of ice lost over and between the booms were manageable. Ships usually passed through the boom without influencing the boom force levels, but at time they brought about large changes. One boom needed strengthening, and artificial islands were added for upstream ice stability. Coast Guard icebreakers were also a necessary part of winter navigation in this area.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-4
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139908
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9281
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction St. Marys River Ice problems Remedial measures Field studies Highlights, trends, and major findings Modifications to boom Maximum forces Ship traffic Characteristics Effect of boom forces Effect on ice Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Ice boom forces
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  • 40
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    Aerosol growth in a cold environment (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/6
    In: CRREL Report, 84-6
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: An expression relating aerosol growth to cold environmental conditions was developed. This was accomplished by solving the diffusion equation with the method of Laplace transformation. The series solution was expressed in terms of the dimensionless parameters K (ratio of vapor density over droplet surface to droplet density), ω (ratio of environmental vapor density at time zero to vapor density over droplet surface), and dimensionless time τ (ratio of product of diffusion coefficient D and time t to square of initial radius of condensation nucleus). To take into account the variation of the vapor density over the surface of an acidic condensation nucleus due to the continuous dilution of the droplet, the solution was obtained by assuming various levels of constant vapor concentration. The final expression [R/R sub o - 1 = 2.4917 x 10 to the minus 18th power) exp(0.0737 θ) (P sub RHS/25) x (100-P sub RHS) τ to the 0.9890 powder] can be used to compute the value of R once the values of initial radius R sub o, relative humidity P sub RH, percent of relative humidity at the droplet surface P sub RHS, and environmental temperature θ are given.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: vi, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-6
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139907
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9283
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25
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  • 41
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    Morphology and ecology of diatoms in the sea ice from the Weddell Sea (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/5
    In: CRREL Report, 84-5
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Diatom species composition and relative abundances were determined for ice cores obtained from Weddell Sea pack ice during the October-November 1981 Weddell Polynya Expedition (WEPOLEX). Ice thickness and salinity indicate that the ice was less than one year old. The predominant ice type (70%) was frazil, which has the capacity to mechanically incorporate biological material through nucleation and scavenging. Diatoms were found throughout the length of the cores. Species showed down-core fluctuations in abundance that appeared to be correlated with changes in ice type. Pennate forms were more abundant than centrics, the average ratio being 16:1. Diatom frustules with intact organic material were more abundant (5 billion cells/liter). Differences in species abundances are attributed initially to incorporation of algal cells from a temporally changing water column and subsequently to diatom reproduction within the ice. Scanning electron micrographs illustrating the morphologic characteristics of the predominant species are included.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 46 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA141994
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9282
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs
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  • 42
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    Force distribution in a fragmented ice cover (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/7
    In: CRREL Report, 84-7
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Experiments were conducted in CRREL's refrigerated flume facility to examine the two-dimensional force distribution of a floating, fragmented ice cover restrained by a boom in a simulated river channel. To determine the force distribution, a vertically walled channel, instrumented for measuring normal and tangential forces, and an instrumented restraining boom were installed in a 40.0- by 1.3-m flume. Two sizes of polyethylene blocks and two similar sizes of fresh-water ice blocks were tested using water velocities ranging from 10 to 30 cm/s. The forces measured at the instrumented boom leveled off with increasing cover length. The contribution of the increasing shear forces developed along theshorelines to this leveling off in the data was clearly evident. The shear coefficients of the polyethylene blocks averaged 0.43, and the freshwater ice averaged 0.044. The normal force measured along the instrumented shoreline could not be related simply by a K coefficient to the longitudinal force; another expression was required, with a term being a function of the cover thickness and independent of the undercover shear stress or cover length. By adding this term, good agreement was then found between the measured and predicted values of the boom forces and the shoreline normal and shear forces
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-7
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a142100.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9284
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experiments Test flume facility Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Plastic versus freshwater ice Shoreline forces Boom forces Average shear stress under ice cover Internal forces Discussion Data scatter Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results
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  • 43
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1983-October 1984 ; II. Planned activities October 1984-October 1985 (1984)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Signatur: ZSP-SCAR-570-6
    In: Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 6
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 38 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Serie: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 6
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 83-October 84. - II. Planned Activities, October 84-October 85. - References.
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  • 44
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1982-October 1983 ; II. Planned activities October 1983-October 1984 (1983)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Signatur: ZSP-SCAR-570-5
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 5
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 35 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Serie: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 5
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 82-October 83. - II. Planned Activities, October 83-October 84. - References.
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  • 45
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    Window performance in extreme cold (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/38
    In: CRREL Report, 82-38
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Extreme cold causes heavy buildup of frost, ice and condensation on many windows. It also increases the incentive for improving the airtightness of windows against heat loss. Our study shows that tightening specifications for Alaskan windows to permit only 30% of the air leakage allowed by current American airtightness standards is economically attractive. We also recommend triple glazing in much of Alaska to avoid window icing in homes and barracks. We base our conclusions on a two-year field study of Alaskan military bases that included recording humidity and temperature data, observing moisture accumulation on windows and measuring airtightness with a fan pressurization device.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-38
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124528
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9333
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing
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  • 46
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    Long-term modifications of perennially frozen sediment and terrain at East Oumalik, northern Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/36
    In: CRREL Report, 82-36
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Camp construction and drilling activities in 1950 at the East Oumalik drill site in northern Alaska caused extensive degradation of ice-rich, perennially frozen silt and irreversible modification of the upland terrain. In a study of the long-term degradational effects at this site, the near-surface geology was defined by drilling and coring 76 holes (maximum depth of 34 m) in disturbed and undisturbed areas and by laboratory analyses of these cores. Terrain disturbances, including bulldozed roads and excavations, camp structures and off-road vehicle trails, were found to have severely disrupted the site's thermal regime. This led to a thickening of the active layer, melting of the ground ice, thaw subsidence and thaw consolidation of the sediments. Slumps, sediment gravity flows and collapse of materials on slopes bounding thaw depressions expanded the degradation laterally, with thermal and hydraulic erosion removing materials as the depressions widened and deepened with time. Degradational processes became less active after thawed sediments thickened sufficiently to slow the increase in the depth of thaw and permit slope stabilization. The site's terrain is now irregular and hummocky with numerous depressions. Seasonal thaw depths are deeper in disturbed areas than in undisturbed areas and reflect the new moisture conditions and morphology. The severity of disturbance is much greater at East Oumalik than at another old drill site, Fish Creek. The difference results primarily from differences in the physical properties of the sediments, including the quantity and distribution of ground ice.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-36
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123731
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9330
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methodology Geologic setting Camp construction and occupation Types of disturbance Degradational processes and the effective area of impact Areal effects of disturbance Topography Groundwater, surface water and drainage Sediment properties and near-surface stratigraphy Surficial processes Depth of thaw Comparison to Fish Creek Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 47
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    Landsat-assisted environmental mapping in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/37
    In: CRREL Report, 82-37
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report presents a Landsat-derived land cover map of the northwest portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The report is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to the land cover map with detailed descriptions of the mapping methods and legend. The second part is a description of the study area. The classification system used for the maps is an improvement over existing methods of describing tundra vegetation. It is a comprehensive method of nomenclature that consistently applies the same criteria for all vegetation units. It is applicable for large- and small-scale mapping and is suitable for describing vegetation complexes, which are common in the patterned-ground terrain of the Alaskan Arctic. The system is applicable to Landsat-derived land cover classifications. The description of the study area focuses on five primary terrain types: flat thaw-lake plains, hilly coastal plains, foothills, mountainous terrain, and river flood plains. Topography, landforms, soils and vegetation are described for each terrain type. The report also contains area summaries for the Landsat-derived map categories. The area summaries are generated for the five terrain types and for the 89 townships within the study areas. Two land cover maps at 1:250,000 are included.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen, 2 Karten
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-37
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7051
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9332
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area
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  • 48
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    A study on the tensile strength of ice as a function of grain size (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134889
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9340
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 49
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    Developing a model for predicting snowpack parameters affecting vehicle mobility (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/16
    In: CRREL Report, 83-16
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The presence of snow on the ground can impose limitations on the mobility of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Snow depth and density are the two most easily measured snow properties that can be related to mobility over snow. Existing models of snowpack accumulation and ablation processes and models of internal snowpack structure were examined to determine if a model of the snowpack can be developed for use in predicting the snow parameters that affect mobility. Simple models, such as temperature index models, do not provide sufficient snowpack details, and the more detailed models require too many measured inputs. Components of the various models were selected from a basis of a snowpack model for predicting snow properties related to mobility over snow. Methods of obtaining the input data from some components are suggested, and areas where more development is needed are described.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134878
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9338
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 50
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    Radar profiling of buried reflectors and the groundwater table (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/11
    In: CRREL Report, 83-11
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Investigations of ground radar performance over thawed and seasonally frozen silts, and sands and gravels containing artificial and natural reflectors were carried out in Alaska. The radar emitted 5-10 ns pulses, the center frequency of which was approximately 150 MHz. The artificial reflectors were metal sheets and discs and the natural reflectors were the groundwater table and interfaces between frozen and thawed material. The water table was profiled at three sites where the subsurface material was coarse-grained alluvium. Dielectric constants of 16 to 18 were measured for the thawed silts, 6 to 7 for the frozen silts and 3 to 9 for the sands and gravels. Signal penetration in the thawed high moisture content silts may be achieved only by use of a lower frequency radar, whereas in the sands and gravels greater depths may be detected with more sophisticated signal processing.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA130225
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9337
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: AWI Archiv
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  • 51
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    Transport of water in frozen soil : I. Experimental determination of soil-water diffusivity under isothermal conditions (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/22
    In: CRREL Report, 83-22
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A new experimental method for measuring the soil-water diffusivity of frozen soil under isothermal conditions is introduced. The theoretical justification of the method is presented and the feasibility of the method is demonstrated by experiments conducted using marine-deposited clay. The measured values of the soil-water diffusivity are found comparable to reported experimental data.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA135419
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9297
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: AWI Archiv
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  • 52
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    Stress measurements in ice (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/23
    In: CRREL Report, 83-23
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The problems associated with measuring stresses in ice are reviewed. Theory and laboratory test results are then presented for a stiff cylindrical sensor made of steel that is designed to measure ice stresses in a biaxial stress field. Loading tests on freshwater and saline ice blocks containing the biaxial ice stress sensor indicate that the sensor has a resolution of 20 kPa and an accuracy of better than 15% under a variety of uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. Principal stress directions can also be determined within 5 degrees. The biaxial ice stress sensor is not significantly affected by variations in the ice elastic modulus, ice creep or differential thermal expansion between the ice and gauge. The sensor also has a low temperature sensitivity (5 kPa/deg C).
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA133906
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9296
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 53
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    Ice action on pairs of cylindrical and conical structures (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/25
    In: CRREL Report, 83-25
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ice action on two cylindrical and conical structures, located side by side, was investigated in a small-scale experimental study to determine the interference on the ice forces generated during ice-structure interaction. The proximity of the two structures changes the mode of ice failure, the magnitude and direction of ice forces on the individual structure, and the dominant frequency of ice force variations. Interference effects were determined by comparing the experimental results of tests at different structure spacings.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-25
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134595
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9298
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Results and discussion Cylindrical structures Conical structures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Relationship between flexural strength and in-situ unconfined compressive strength Appendix B: Test data
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  • 54
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    Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea ice samples (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/30
    In: CRREL Report, 82-30
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Equations are developed that can be used to determine the amount of gas present in sea ice from measurements of the bulk ice density, salinity and temperature in the temperature range o f-2 to -30°C. Conversely these relationships can be used to give the density of sea ice as a function of its temperature and salinity, considering both the presence of gas and of solid salts in the ice. Equations are also given that allow the calculation of the gas and brine volumes in the ice at temperatures other than that at which the bulk density was determined.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-30
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7048
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9372
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: AWI Archiv
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  • 55
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    Growth of faceted crystals in a snow cover (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/29
    In: CRREL Report, 82-29
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ice grains in a snow cover with a low temperature gradient assume a well-rounded equilibrium form. However, at temperature gradients of 0.1 to 0.2 C/cm (depending somewhat on temperature and snow density), the rounded grains recrystallize into a faceted kinetic growth form. The large temperature gradient must play a decisive role in moving the vapor fast enough to sustain the rapid growth rate associated with the kinetic growth form. Once the large temperature gradient is removed, the grains recrystallize back to the equilibrium form. the recrystallization occurs in either direction without a change in bulk density. The growth of faceted crystals begins at the warmer base of the snow cover where the excess vapor pressure is largest. A transition between the overlying rounded grains moves upward in time. Faceted crystals also grow just below crusts of reduced permeability, where the increased vapor accumulation can sustain the excess vapor pressure neded for kinetic growth. The heat and vapor flows are described using a model based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The temperature distribution is shown to be quasi-linear at steady state in homogeneous snow. The recrystallization of the snow is modeled using the rounded grains as sources and the faceted grains as sinks. In the future this model should be extended to account for different temperatures among the sources and sinks.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-29
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122792
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9373
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited
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  • 56
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    Computer models for two-dimensional transient heat conduction (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/12
    In: CRREL Report, 83-12
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This paper documents the development and verification of two finite difference models that solve the general two-dimensional form of the heat conduction equation, using the alternative-direction implicit method. Both can handle convective, constant flux, specified temperature and semi-infinite boundaries. The conducting medium may be composed of many materials. The first program, ADI, solves for the case where no change of state occurs. ADIPC solves for case where a freeze/thaw change of phase may occur, using the apparent heat capacity method. Both models are verified by comparison to analytical results.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 74 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134893
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9334
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output
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  • 57
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    Forecasting water temperature decline and freeze-up in rivers (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/19
    In: CRREL Report, 84-19
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In this study a method for making long-range forecasts of freeze-up dates in rivers is developed. The method requires the initial water temperature at an upstream station, the long-range air temperature forecast, the predicted mean flow velocity in the river reach, and water temperature response parameters. The water temperature response parameters can be either estimated from the surface heat exchange coefficient and the average flow depth or determined empirically from recorded air and water temperature data. The method is applied to the St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario, and Massena, New York, and is shown to be capable of accurately forecasting freeze-up. Originator-supplied keywords include: Ice formation, and River ice.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA147068
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9544
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Problem formulation Analytical treatment Application to the upper St. Lawrence River Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Basic program for St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast
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  • 58
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    A comparison of sea ice model results using three different wind forcing fields (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/17
    In: CRREL Report, 83-17
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A sea ice model was applied to the East Greenland Sea to examine a 60-day ice advance period beginning 1 October 1979. This investigation compares model results using driving geostrophic wind fields derived from three sources. Winds calculated from sea-level pressures obtained from the National Weather Service's operational analysis system resulted in strong velocities concentrated in a narrow band adjacent to the Greenland coast, with moderate velocities elsewhere. The model showed excessive ice transport and thickness build-ups in the coastal region. The extreme pressure gradient parallel to the coast resulted partially from a pressure reduction procedure that was applied to the terrain-following sigma coordinate system to obtain sea-level pressures. Additional sea-level pressure fields were obtained from an independent optimal interpolation analysis that merged FGGE buoys drifting in the Arctic basin with high latitude land stations and from manual digitization of the NWS hand-analyzed Northern Hemisphere Surface Charts. Modeling results using winds from both of these fields agreed favorably.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134462
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9339
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 59
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1980-October 1981 ; II. Planned activities October 1981-October 1982 (1981)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Signatur: ZSP-SCAR-570-3
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 3
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 16 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Serie: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 3
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 80-October 81. - II. Planned Activities, October 81-October 82. - References.
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  • 60
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    Second report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of the Federal Republic of Germany : activities 1979-1980 ; planned activities 1980-1981 (1980)
    Bonn : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Signatur: ZSP-SCAR-570-2
    In: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG), 2
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 16 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Serie: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG) 2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research of the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Station. - Antarctic Research Activities 1979-1980. - Planned Research Activities 1980-1981. - References.
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  • 61
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    2nd Working Meeting "Radioisotope Application and Radiation Processing in Industry" : 28th September to 1st October 1982 ; selected papers; Part 2, 50 to 97 (1983)
    Leipzig : Academy of Sciences of GDR, Central Institute of Isotope and Radiation Research
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    Signatur: ZSP-980-70
    In: 2nd Working Meeting "Radioisotope Application and Radiation Processing in Industry", Part 2, 50 to 97
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 70
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 355 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Serie: ZfI-Mitteilungen 70
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents of Part 2 Hecht, K. Gerber, R. Otto: Studies on the drying of paints by means of 14C-labelled compounds K. Wagner, F. Brutschin, I. Ritter, T. Gritsch, H. Zimmermann, H. Borchert: Investigations by the aid of radioisotope methods on the technology of the production of carbon and silicon carbide materials K. Gloe, P. Mühl: Determination of metal extraction process parameters using tracer technique W. Migdał, W. Łada, K. Malec-Czechowska: Studies on liquid-liquid extraction of noble metals using radiotracers L. Petryka, K. Przewłocki: Radiotracer investigations of benefication copper ore in the industrial flotation process Z. Bazaniak, J. Palige: Determination of Cu recovery degree from slags in shaft process by means of radiotracers R. Burek, J .K. Zurawicz: On the optimization of concentration measurements in heterogeneous materials based on β-backscatter measurements B. Heinrich: Analysis of carbon content in crude brown coal by inelastic scattering of neutrons and the method of time correlated associated particles P. Urbańaki, D. Wagner, M. Jankowska, E. Kowalska: Determination of calcium and iron and measurements of ash content in the brown coal H.-W. Thümmel: Some considerations relating to the prediction of the efficiency of radiometric methods for the continuous ash content determination of coal L. Wawrzonek: Monitor of ash content of coal with X-ray source I. Pavlicsek, V. Stenger, A. Veres: Apparatus for gamma activation analysis I. Végvári, I. Juhász: Determination of PbO content of lead-glass samples on the ground of gamma-absorption E. Schöntube, H.-J. Große: Aerosol ionization gas analysis as a monitoring for waste halothane in the atmosphere of operating theatre S. Mothes, P. Popp, G. Oppermann, W.-D. Herberg: Measurement of fluorocarbons with the ECD P. Popp, E. Schöntube, G. Oppermann: The usability of radiation ionization detectors for the determination of N2O concentrations in the air of operating theatres P. Popp, G. Arnold, G. Oppermann: A hydrocarbon-sensitized argon ionization detector for the detection of inorganic compounds R. Szepke, W. Lisieski, J. Harasimczuk: Automatic dust monitor AMIZ G. Vormum: Sealed sources - problems of design, measurement and quality control L. Gąsiorowski: New trends in developments of ratioisotope gauges in Poland G. Brunner: Direct chemical information from special radio tracers as well as from outer X-ray excitation J. Hirling: Experience and future trend in industrial application of nuclear methods in Hungary I. N. Ivanov, O. K. Nikolaenko, Yu. V. Phecktistov, V. L. Chulkin: Use of short-lived nuclides in activation analysis Kl.-P. Rudolph, J. Flachowsky, A. Lange: Trace element determination in semiconducter selenium by neutron activation analysis (NAA) W. Lisieski, J. Mirowicz: Some industrial applications of instruments with neutron sources R. Dybczyński, H. Maleszewaka, S. Sterliński, Z. Szopa, M. Wasek: Some problems in neutron activation determination of gold and silver in ores and concentrates of copper industry L. Jankowski: Cost-benefit aspects of radioisotope application in industry B. Manouchev, T. Boschkova, L. Tsankov, V. Gurev, I. Kojucharov, G. Grozev: On the possibilities of the direct gamma-spectremetry in natural waters P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, W. Riedel: A parallel grid proportional scintillation counter for the X-ray region from 3 to 20 keV with regard to high count rates N. A. Anders, V. S. Isaev, V. I. Filatov, B. E. Kolesnikov, D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, V. P. Varvaritsa: X-ray fluroescence analyzer of light elements with proportional scintillation counter D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, W. Warwariza, B. E. Kolesnikow, N. A. Anders, W. J. Filatov: General considerations concerning the use of the X-ray analyzer "RALE" in industry
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  • 62
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    Bering Strait sea ice and the Fairway Rock icefoot (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/31
    In: CRREL Report, 82-31
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Information on sea ice conditions in the Bering Strait and the icefoot formation around Fairway Rock, located in the strait, is presented. Cross-sectional profiles of Fairway Rock and the relief of the icefoot are given along with theoretical analyses of the possible forces active during icefoot formation. It is shown that the ice cover most likely fails in flexure as opposed to crushing or buckling, as the former requires less force. Field observations reveal that the Fairway Rock icefoot is massive, with ridges up to 15 m high, a seaward face only 20 degrees from vertical, and interior ridge slopes averaging 33 degrees. The icefoot is believed to be grounded and its width ranges from less than 10 to over 100 m.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-31
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122477
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9317
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Bering Strait Field reconnaissance Estimation of ice forces on Fairway Rock 1. Creep deformation 2. Crushing failure 3. Flexural failure 4. Forces required to form floating or grounded pressure ridges along therock or to pile ice on the beaches 5. Buckling failure Driving forces Angle of internal friction of sea ice Summary Literature cited Appendix A: April 1982 field observations at Fairway Rock
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  • 63
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    Fluid dynamic analysis of volcanic tremor (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/32
    In: CRREL Report, 82-32
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Low-frequency (10 Hz) volcanic earthquakes originate at a wide range of depths and occur before, during, and after magmatic eruptions. The characteristics of these earthquakes suggest that they are not typical tectonic events. Physically analogous processes occur in hydraulic fracturing of rock formations, low-frequency icequakes in temperate glaciers, and autoresonance in hydroelectric power stations. We propose that unsteady fluid flow in volcanic conduits is the common source mechanism of low-frequency volcanic earthquakes (tremor). The fluid dynamic source mechanism explains low-frequency earthquakes of arbitrary duration, magnitude, and depth of origin, as unsteady flow is independent of physical properties of the fluid and conduit. Fluid transients occur in both low-viscosity gases and high-viscosity liquids. A fluid transient analysis can be formulated as generally as is warranted by knowledge of the composition and physical properties of the fluid, material properties, geometry and roughness of the conduit, and boundary conditions. To demonstrate the analytical potential of the fluid dynamic theory, we consider a single-phase fluid, a melt of Mount Hood andeside at 1250 deg C, in which significant pressure and velocity variations occur only in the longitudinal direction.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-32
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122778
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9375
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: AWI Archiv
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  • 64
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    On the differences in ablation seasons of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/33
    In: CRREL Report, 82-33
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Arctic sea ice is freckled with melt ponds during the ablation season; Antarctic sea ice has few, if any. On the basis of a simple surface heat budget, we investigate the meteorological conditions necessary for the onset of surface melting in an attempt to explain these observations. The low relative humidity associated with the relatively dry winds off the continent and an effective radiation parameter smaller than that characteristic of the Arctic are primarily responsible for the absence of melt features in the Antarctic. Together these require a surface-layer air temperature above 0 C before Antarctic sea ice can melt. A ratio of the bulk transfer coefficients C sub H/C sub E less than 1 also contributes to the dissimilarity in Arctic and Antarctic ablation seasons. The effects of wind speed and of the sea-ice roughness on the absolute values of C sub H and C sub E seem to moderate regional differences, but final assessment of this hypothesis awaits better data, especially from the Antarctic.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-33
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122454
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9374
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: AWI Archiv
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  • 65
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    Hydraulic model study of Port Huron ice control structure (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/34
    In: CRREL Report, 82-34
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data taken at the St. Marys ICS. The dynamic loading conditions were independent of vessel direction. The dynamic loading to the structure using 3 types of ice (plastic, natural and urea-doped) showed a considerable difference in their means and standard deviations. The urea-doped ice was evaluated for dynamic loading conditions, and reasonable peak values of 3 to 5 times the mean load at each measuring position were recorded, independent of vessel direction. It appears that synthetic random ice floes may be used in model studies where ice discharge through an opening in a structure needs to be documented. This study shows the synthetic random ice floe discharge to fall reasonably within the values obtained for natural ice discharge for both rafted and non-rafted ice fields above the ICS. However, the question of whether synthetic ice can be used for analyzing force distributions and dynamic force loading criteria cannot be fully answered at this time because the load distributions of the synthetic and natural floes appear to differ.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-34
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123715
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9331
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge
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  • 66
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    Shore ice ride-up and pile-up features : Part I: Alaska's Beaufort Sea Coast (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/9
    In: CRREL Report, 83-9
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Recent observations of shore ice pile-up and ride-up along the coast of the Alaska Beaufort Sea are presented. Information is given to show that sea ice movement on shore has overridden steep coastal bluffs and has thrust inland over 150 m, gouging into and pushing up mounds of beach sand, gravel, boulders and peat and, inland, the tundra material. The resulting ice scar morphology was found to remain for tens of years. Onshore ice movements up to 20 m are relatively common, but those over 100 m are very infrequent. Spring is a dangerous time, when sea ice melts away from the shore, allowing ice to move freely. Under this condition, driving stresses of less than 100 kPa can push thick sea ice onto the land.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 59 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA127198
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9316
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps
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  • 67
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    Dynamic ice-structure interaction during continuous crushing (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/5
    In: CRREL Report, 83-5
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report presents the results of dynamic ice-structure interaction model tests conducted at the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility. A flexible, single-pile, bottom-founded offshore structure was simulated by a test pile with about a one-to-ten scale ratio. Urea (instead of sodium chloride) was used as dopant to scale down the ice properties, resulting in good model ice properties. Six ice fields were frozen and 18 tests carried out. In all cases distinctive dynamic ice structure interaction vibrations appeared, from which abundant data were collected. In tests with linear ice velocity sweep, sawtooth-shaped ice force fluctuations occurred first. With increasing velocity the natural modes of the test pile were excited, and shifts from one mode to another occurred. The maximum ice force values appeared mostly with low loading rates, but high forces appeared random'y at high ice velocities. As a general trend, ice force maximums, averages and standard deviations decreased with increasing ice velocities. The aspect ratio effect of the ice force in continuous crushing follows the same dependence as in static loadings. The frequency of observed ice forces is strongly dominated by the natural modes of the structure. Dynamically unstable natural modes tend to make the developing ice force frequencies the same as the natural frequencies. Otherwise the resulting frequency depends directly on structural stiffness and ice velocity and inversely on the ice force range. During vibrations the displacement rates of the structure overcome the velocity of ice, making low loading rates and hence high ice forces possible. During crushing, ice induces both positive and negative damping.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA126349
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9311
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 68
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    Chemical fractionation of brine in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/6
    In: CRREL Report, 83-6
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: During the austral summers of 1976-77 and 1978-79, several ice cores were taken from the McMurdo Ice Shelf brine zone to investigate its thermal, physical and chemical properties. This brine zone consists of a series of super-imposed brine layers (waves) that originate at the seaward edge of the ice shelf and migrate at various rates, depending upon their age and position in the ice shelf. The brine in these layers becomes increasingly concentrated as the waves migrate inland through the permeable ice shelf firn. Chemical analyses of brine samples from the youngest (uppermost) brine wave show that it contains sea salts in normal seawater proportions. Further inland, deeper and older brine layers, though highly saline (S 〉 200 ‰), are severely depleted in SO2-4 with the SO2-4/Na+ ratio being an order of magnitude less than that of normal seawater. Analyses of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2-4 and CI-, together with solubility and temperature considerations, show that the sulfate depletion is due to selective precipitation of mirabilite, Na2SO4*10H2O. The location of the inland boundary of brine penetration is closely related to the depth at which the brine en-counters the firn/ice transition. However, a small but measurable migration of brine is still occurring in otherwise impermeable ice; this is attributed to eutectic dissolution of the ice by concentrated brine as it moves into deeper and warmer parts of the McMurdo Ice Shelf.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-6
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a127821.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9312
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: AWI Archiv
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  • 69
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    Ice growth on Post Pond, 1973-1982 (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/4
    In: CRREL Report, 83-4
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Measurements and analysis of seasonal ice growth and decay on Post Pond, New Hampshire, for the period 1973-1982 are presented. Observations included ice thickness measurements, examination of the various ice types contributing to the ice cover, and measurements of meteorological parameters for correlation with and modeling of the ice growth process. The overall nature of ice growth and decay (ice loss) on the Post Pond has been ascertained, the seasonal variability in the timing of freeze-up and ice-out and the duration of the ice cover have been determined, and the relationship of ice growth to freezing-degree-day (deg C) records evaluated on the basis of a Stefan conduction equation modified to deal with ice sheets covered with or free of snow. Ice growth occurs predominantly by the direct freezing of lake water, but snow ice may compose as much as 50% of the ice cover in winters with higher than average snowfall. Freeze-up leading to the establishment of a stable ice cover occurs during the 4-week period from the end of November to the end of December. Maximum seasonal ice thicknesses were from 45 to 67 cm and are generally attained during the first two weeks of March; ice-out, marking the final disappearance of ice from Post Pond, usually occurs by the third week of April. The overall rate of the ice loss is three to four times that of ice growth, and is dominated initially by melting from the top. As much as 50% of the ice may be lost in this way before the onset of any bottom melting. Final dissipation of the ice cover is usually expedited by candling resulting from preferential melting and disintegration of the ice at crystal boundaries.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-4
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA126334
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9277
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves
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  • 70
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    Osobennosti struktury atmosfery poljarnych rajonov (1981)
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
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    Signatur: ZSP-799-370
    In: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatelʹskogo Instituta, Tom 370
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 163 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatelʹskogo Instituta 370
    Sprache: Russisch
    Anmerkung: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Standort: AWI Archiv
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  • 71
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    Winter thermal structure, ice conditions and climate of Lake Champlain (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-80/2
    In: CRREL Report, 80-2
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Winter thermal structure and ice conditions in the land-fast ice cover of Lake Champlain were studied in detail for the winters of 1975-76 and 1976-77. The lake was instrumented to a depth of 8.5 m with a string of highly calibrated thermistors attached to an ice mooring system and connected to a data logger at Shelburne Point, Vermont, during the winter of 1975-76 and at Gordon Landing on Grand Isle, Vermont, during 1976-77. This data logger automatically recorded water temperatures from the surface of the lake though snow, ice and water vertical profiles to the bottom of the lake every four hours. Pertinent meteorological parameters are presented for the appropriate measurement sites during the two winter periods, November '75-April '76, and November '76-April '77. Computations were made of freezing degree days (C) for both winters and correlated with ice formation dates. Predictions of ice growth, using the Stefan equation with an empirical coefficient, were correlated with actual ice growth. Documentation was made of the Lake Champlain Transportation Company's first attempt at wintertime navigation by ferry from Gordon Landing, Vermont, to Cumberland Head, New York, in a land fast ice cover during one of the coldest winters of this century.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 80-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082304
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9049
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Climate Site preparation and data collection Instrumentation, measurements and calibration Relocation of measurement site, Fall 1976 Visual observations, ice conditions, and pertinent photography Analysis Air temperature comparisons Degree days of freezing Prediction of ice growth Water and ice temperature Wind Solar radiation Grand Isle ferry operations 1976-77 Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. General observations of ice conditions on Lake Champlain
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  • 72
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    Wastewater applications in forest ecosystems (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/19
    In: CRREL Report, 82-19
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Under proper design and management, a forest ecosystem in the central United States should renovate municipal wastewater as long or longer than conventional agricultural systems, especially when design limitations are hydraulic loading rate, heavy metals, P and N. Forest systems require smaller buffer zones than agricultural systems and lower sprinkler pressures. Immature forests are better wastewater renovators than mature forests.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9364
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Forest systems design Pretreatment Distribution systems Public health considerations Buffer zone requirements Toxic effects Public access Hydraulic loading Nutrient uptake and loading Introduction Nitrogen Phosphorus Trace metals Design considerations Hydraulic loading rates Nitrogen loading rates Forest management options Reforestation Existing forest ecosystems Short term rotation plantations Potential long term effects on forest ecosystems Longevity of forest systems Consequences of overloading Soil chemical, physical and hydrologic properties Productivity Summary Literature cited
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  • 73
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    Single and double reaction beam load cells for measuring ice forces (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-80/25
    In: CRREL Report, 80-25
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Two new types of load cells for attachment to bridge piers and direct measurement of ice forces were developed and tested with one type being installed on a pier of the Yukon River Bridge northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Both types of load cells used beams supported by base plates and carried nose plates that were loaded by the ice. The loads were imposed at the beams at locations differing from the support reactions so that the loads developed moments in the beams. By instrumenting them with strain gauges, the loads could be measured. Details of the design of the load cells, the means of calculating the loads and experience obtained with load cells are discussed.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 80-25
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6038
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors Introduction Estimates and field measurements of ice forces on structures General Indirect estimates Direct measurements Small-scale and laboratory studies Instrumentation plan for measuring ice loads on the Yukon River Bridge Load cell development The single reaction beam system Performance of a single reaction beam load cell The double reation beam load cell Reaction beam design Stress in the beam Deflection Axial tensile stress in the reaction beam Measurement techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Finding load magnitude and location with a single reaction beam device Appendix B. Finding load magnitude and location on a double reaction beam device
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  • 74
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    Measurement of the shear stress on the underside of simulated ice covers (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-80/24
    In: CRREL Report, 80-24
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The fluid shear stress applied to the underside of a simulated floating ice cover was measured in a laboratory flume. The measured values were compared with values of the shear stress computed from the von Karman-Prandtl velocity distribution fitted to the velocity profiles measured beneath the cover. For the lower velocity runs (approx 0.079 m/s) the measured and computed values of the shear stress were in close agreement. At the high velocity flows (approx 0.137 m/s) the measured values were roughly one-half those calculated from the velocity distribution. As the underside of the cover became increasingly rougher, the position of maximum velocity moved closer to the bottom of the channel. It was shown that the Darcy friction coefficient is exponentially related to a normalized ice cover thickness, which suggests that it is measure of the roughness of a fragmented ice cover.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 80-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA094621
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental procedures Analysis of forces Experimental results Analysis of data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 75
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    Roof leaks in cold regions : school at Chevak, Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-80/11
    In: CRREL Report, 80-11
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Four types of roof leaks occurred at a new school building in Chevak, Alaska: 1) blowing snow entered the roof through eave vents and then melted, 2) slush and ice in roof valleys caused meltwater to overflow the valley flash­ing and run into the building, 3) water entered at a roof/wall intersection and 4) in many areas water entered through gaps in the sloping plywood deck. Sealing the eave vents made it impossible for blowing snow to enter the roof at the eaves. Electric heat tapes eliminated the valley icing problem. Missing flashing was responsible for the roof/wall intersection leaks. The absence of a vapor barrier in the roof was the cause of many leaks. We recom­mended that the roof be repaired from the exterior by removing component elements down to the plywood deck,installing an adhered continuous vapor barrier and reassembling the roof. An alternative roof cladding of compos­ition shingles was discussed as was conversion to a “cold roof.” The roof was repaired and modified following our recommendations, and problems appear to have been solved.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 80-11
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6434
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Description of school Roof problems Snow infiltration leaks Valley leaks Intersection leaks Condensation leaks Tests to verify the cause of condensation leaks Eliminating the condensation leaks Recommendations for eliminating condensation leaks Repairing existing roof An alternative roof cladding The "cold roof" alternative Repairs and modifications Summary and conclusions
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  • 76
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    Comparative analysis of the USSR construction codes and the US Army technical manual for design of foundations on permafrost (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/14
    In: CRREL Report, 82-14
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A comparative study was made of design criteria and analytical methods for footings and pile foundations on perma­frost employed in U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP II-18-76 (1977) and U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report 80-34 developed in the early 1970's by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and published in 1980. The absence of adequate constitutive equations for frozen soils and of rigorous solutions of the boundary prob­lems has made it necessary to incorporate (explicitly or implicitly) various safety factors in the foundation analyses. From the review it is concluded that the principal difference between these practices is in the assessment and application of appropriate values of safety factors, which leads to a substantial discrepancy in the dimensions and cost of footings and pile foundations in permafrost.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9358
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction U.S.S.R. system of standards U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP 11-18-76 (1977) subsoils and foundations on permafrost General regulations Classification of soils Basic regulations for foundation design Analysis of subsoils and foundations Design of foundations for special soil conditions, and appendices SR 80-34 (1980) design and construction of foundations in areas of deep seasonal frost and permafrost General information Foundation design Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 77
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    Numerical solutions for a rigid-ice model of secondary frost heave (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/13
    In: CRREL Report, 82-13
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Frost heave is analyzed for the common case in which some ice penetrates the soil. In this situation, heave is due to the accumulation of soil-free ice just within the frozen zone, behind a frozen fringe of finite thickness. Heat and mass transport within and across that fringe are crucial processes in the dynamics of heave. This analysis concentrates on activity within the fringe, also connecting that activity to heat and mass flows in the more frozen and unfrozen zones. Each component in a set of governing differential equations is developed from rational physics and thermodynamics, using previous experimental work. It is assumed that the soil ice grows through interconnected interstices; hence it constitutes and can move as a rigid body. When the assumption is translated into mathematical terms, it completes the governing equations. The model resulting from these considerations is a one-dimensional finite element computer program that solves the equations for arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. The model is used to simulate the heave history of a hypothetical soil column frozen unidirectionally and subjected to a surcharge. The results are gratifying in that they predict qualitatively the characteristics of numerous laboratory observations. Some questions about the completeness of the theory remain, and strict verification of the model awaits further experimentation and better parameter identification.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-13
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9344
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 78
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    Laboratory measurements of soil electric properties between 0.1 and 5 GHz (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/10
    In: CRREL Report, 82-10
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dielectric measurements have been performed on silt and sand samples from permafrost areas using Time Domain Reflectometry. The sample temperatures were varied from +25 °C to -25 °C, and volumetric water content was varied between oven-dry and 0.55 gH2O/cm3. The data were processed for frequencies between 0.1 and 5.0 GHz. The results show a constant K' and a low K' for frequencies up to 1 GHz. A frequency dependence seen on the data above 2 GHz is probably the result of unfrozen, adsorbed water. At moisture levels near saturation at all temperatures, these soils have excellent propagation characteristics for ground-probing radar operating below 0.3 GHz. Massive ice should be easily detectable in permafrost within a few degrees of 0 °C.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-10
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9348
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 79
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    Continuity in foundation models and related problems (1965)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-109
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 109
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The present paper contains a critical study of a number of foundation models suggested by various investigators, as well as a further development of some of the ideas involved. It is found that the model by Pasternak is the most natural extension of the Winkler foundation. It is also shown that the "non-solvability" of the problem of a finite bean or plate resting on a continuous foundation as posed by Wieghardt and further elaborated by Pflanz is not correct, and that problems of this type are solvable for any load distribution permissible in classical plate theory. The paper concludes with derivations of differential equations for plates resting on viscous and viscoelastic foundations, which may be used for solving problems involving compacted snow and permafrost bases.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 109
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5834
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction The Hetényi foundation The Filonenko-Borodich foundation The Pasternak foundation Plates on a Pasternak foundation Visco-elastic Pasternak foundation Plates on visco-elastic foundations References Appendix A: Notation
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  • 80
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    Application of the heat balance integral to conduction phase change problems (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-81/25
    In: CRREL Report, 81-25
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The problem of heat conduction with phase changeAoften called the Stefan problemrincludes some of the mostintractable mathematical areas of heat transfer. Exact solutions are extremely limited and approximate methodsare widely used. This report discusses the collocation method for the heat balj ce integral approximation. The methodis applied to some standard problems of phase change-Neumann's problem-and a new solution is presented for thecase of surface convection for a semi-infinite body. Numerical results are given for soil systems and also for materialsof interest in latent heat thermal storage.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 81-25
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9434
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors Introduction Collocation method Neumann problem Specified surface heat flux Convective surface heat flux Insulated semi-infinite body Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Program listing for numerical quadrature of equation 28
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  • 81
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    Sedimentological characteristics and classification of depositional processes and deposits in the glacial environment (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-81/27
    In: CRREL Report, 81-27
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Existing classifications for deposits in the glacial environment are inadequate and inconsistent. Deposits should be classified both descriptively and genetically; adequate descriptive classifications already exist. A major problem for previous genetic classifications has been that glacial deposition and the resulting deposits' properties were poorly understood. On the basis of three criteria-sediment source, uniqueness to the glacial environment, and preservation of glacier-derived properties-deposits in the glacial environment result from either of two groups of processes: primary or secondary. Primary processes release the debris of the glacier directly and form deposits that may bear properties related to the glacier and its mechanics. Their deposits are classified genetically as till and are the only deposits indicative of glaciation. In contrast, secondary processes mobilize, rework, transport and resediment debris and deposits in the glacial environment. They develop new, nonglacial properties in their deposits, while destroying or substantially modifying glacier-derived properties. Interpretation of their properties may provide information on the depositional are classified genetically according to the depositional process just as they are in other sedimentary environments. This genetic classification differs from previous classifications in that not all diamictons deposited in the glacial environment are classified as till; it is based strictly on process-related criteria. The origin of properties of glacial deposits in relation to the glacier's mechanics and environment must be recognized if the mechanisms and depositional processes of former glaciers are to be precisely understood.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 81-27
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9444
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Criteria for process grouping Depositional processes Deposit groups-tills and nontills Comparison of melt-out and sediment flow Melt-out Sediment flow Classification of glacial deposits Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 82
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    Mathematical model to correlate frost heave of pavements with laboratory predictions (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-80/10
    In: CRREL Report, 80-10
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A mathematical model of coupled heat and moisture flow in soils has been developed. The model includes algorithms for phase change of soil moisture and frost heave and permits several types of boundary and initial conditions. The finite element method of weighted residual (Galerkin procedure) was chosen to simulate the spatial regime and the Crank-Nicholson method was used for the time domain portion of the model. To facilitate evaluation of the model, the heat and moisture fluxes were essentially decoupled; moisture flux was then simulated accurately, as were heat flux and frost heave in a laboratory test. Comparison of the simulated and experimental data illustrates the importance of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. It is one parameter which is difficult to measure and for which only a few laboratory test results are available. Therefore, unsaturated hydraulic conductivities calculated in the computer model may be a significant source of error in calculations of frost heave. The algorithm incorporating effects of surcharge and overburden was inconclusively evaluated. Time-dependent frost penetration and frost heave in laboratory specimens were closely simulated with the model. After 10 days of simulation, the computed frost heave was about 2.3 cm vs 2.0 cm and 2.8 cm in two tests. Frost penetration was computed as 15 cm and was measured at 12.0 cm and 12.2 cm in the two laboratory samples after 10 days.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 80-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA084737
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9217
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction One-dimensional equations of simultaneous heat and moisture flux Moisture transport Heat transport Phase change Coupling effects Frost heave algorithm Development of computer model Finite difference vs finite element method Finite element formulation Time domain solution Evaluation of the mathematical model Heat flux Moisture flux Numerical dispersion Frost heave of homogeneous laboratory samples Conclusions Recommended studies to refine the model Literature cited Appendix A. Work plan, staffing and instrumentation requirements for correlating results oflaboratory frost susceptibility tests with field performance Appendix B. Proposed investigation of thaw weakening of subgrade soil and granular unboundbase course Appendix C. Derivation of finite element system matrices
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  • 83
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    Plane plastic deformation of soils (1966)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-87
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 87
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract: A consistent theory of plane plastic deformation of soil is formulated by assuming soil as an ideal material that has constant cohesion and friction angle. Such an ideal soil is an extension of the ideal metal that has, in the terminology of soil mechanics, cohesion only. After a review of the existing theories from which the present theory has emerged, the mathematical expression referred to as the "compression characteristic" is developed. Then the system of differential equations is shown by the theory of characteristic lines. Many mathematical and physical problems remain to be solved before the perfect explanation of the plasticity of ideal soil will be attained.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 42 Seiten
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 87
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5896
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Review of existing theories The compression characteristic Characteristic directions Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Proof of Yamaguchi's principle Appendix B. Strain-rate tensor in the strain-rate characteristic line coordinates Appendix C. Stress, strain-rate relationship Appendix D. Bearing on the. Drucker and Prager three -dimensional deformation Appendix E. Notation
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  • 84
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    Stratigraphic analysis of a deep ice core from Greenland (1967)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-77
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 77
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract: A deep rotary core drilling project in 1957 at Site 2 on the Greenland ice sheet (76°59'N, 56°04'W provided ice core to a depth of 411 m. The vertical variation in bulk density, macroscopic structure, oxygen isotope ratios, ionic constituents, and extraterrestrial dust (black spherules) were analyzed using both field and laboratory techniques . These data permit the direct estimate of annual accumulation layers in the core. Continuous stratigraphic measurements and observations were made over the upper 110 m of the profile and detailed physical and chemical analyses were made on continuous lo 3 to 3.9-m core increments at 100, 200, 300 and 411-m depths. The average total ionic concentration in the ice sheet ranges between 0.65 and 1.35 mg/liter. The annual global mass deposit of black spherules as calculated from these studies varies from 2.10 x 10^5 metric tons in 700 year old ice to 6.57 x 10^5 metric tons in 12 year old firn. The oxygen isotope ratio variation provides the best means of estimating accumulation at depth. Results of the investigations indicate rates of net snow accumulation of 42.3, 34.2, 37.4, 41.1 and 41.6 g/cm^2 -yr at the surface, A.D. c. 1773, c. 1513, c. 1233 and c. 934 respectively. Accumulation data and other physical and chemical evidence allow climatological inferences to be made over the 10-century profile. The ice core record shows that snow accumulation and temperature in A. D. 934 were similar to today, followed by a gradual decrease in accumulation to a minimum around the late 18th century and an increase in both accumulation and temperature from A. D. 1773 to 1957 and following.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: vi, 130 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 77
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5934
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary 1. lntroduction General background Previous work The Greenland Ice sheet Present work Ice core studies ll. Field procedures General background Subsurface snow laboratory Core reference datum Core handling and processing Ill. Macroscopic stratigraphy General background Polar stratigraphy General observations and results Discussion of results and conclusions above 100 m IV. Detailed stratigraphic studies General background Macroscopic stratigraphy at 100 m Results of analysis and discussion Summary and conclusions V. Oxygen isotope studies General background Previous work Deep ice core 0-isotope stratigraphy Results of analyses Summary and conclusions Vl. Chemical composition studies General background Previous work Factors influencing the chemistry of glaciers Deep core stratigraphy using chemical variations Results of analyses and discussion Summary and interpretation of the 300 m results Geochemistry of the ice sheet Results of analyses and discussion Summary and conclusions Vll. Cosmic dust studies General background Previous work Origin of extraterrestrial dust Deep ice core and near surface studies Results of analyses Discussion of results Summary and conclusions VIII. Climatological implications General background Recent history of the inland ice Past history from the deep core Summary and conclusions- IX. Summary and conclusions Discussion Post Site l deep drilling programs Selected bibliography Appendix A. Sorge's law Appendix B. Thinning of layers Appendix C. Statistical terms Appendix D. Average density determinations for meter increments from the surface to 411.21 meters , Site 2, Greenland
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  • 85
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    Ground-truth observations of ice-covered North Slope lakes imaged by radar (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-81/19
    In: CRREL Report, 81-19
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Field observations support the interpretation that differences in the strength of radar returns from the ice covers of lakes on the North Slope of Alaska can be used to determine where the lake is frozen completely to the bottom. An ice/frozen soil interface is indicated by a weak return and an ice/ water interface by a strong return. The immediate value of this result is that SLAR (side-looking airborne radar) imagery can now be used to prepare maps of large areas of the North Slope showing where the lakes are shallower or deeper than 1.7m (the approximate draft of the lake ice at the time of the SLAR flights). The bathymetry of these shallow lakes is largely unknown and is not obvious from their sizes or outlines. Such information could be very useful, for example in finding suitable year-round water supplies.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 81-19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9424
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The experiment Results Maps of completely frozen North Slope lakes Literature cited
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  • 86
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Chena River Lakes Project revegetation study : three-year summary (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-81/18
    In: CRREL Report, 81-18
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: During the growing seasons of 1977, 1978, and 1979, revegetation techniques were studied on the Chena River Lakes Project, a flood control dam and levee near Fairbanks, Alaska, to find an optimal treatment for establishing permanent vegetation cover on the gravel structures. The treatments tested on plots at the dam andor levee involved three main variables 1 vegetation grass and clover seed andor willow cuttings, 2 mulch, mulch blanket, andor sludge, and 3 substrate gravel or fine-grained soil over the gravel base. The mulches were hay, wood-cellulose-fiber, peat moss, and Conwed Hydro Mulch 2000, which is a wood-cellulose-fiber mulch with a polysaccharide tackifier. A constant rate of fertilizer was applied to all plots except the control. A section of each plot was refertilized again in their third growing season to compare annual and biannual fertilization. The high fertilization rate produced above-average growth. Fescue, brome, and foxtail were the most productive species on the dam, while alsike cover was the most productive on the wetter levee site. When grass seed and willow cuttings were planted at the same time, willow survival and growth were reduced. Fertilization is required for at least two years to produce an acceptable permanent vegetation cover, although fine- grained soil or sludge reduces the amount of fertilizer needed in the second year. Third-year fertilization may not be necessary since the benefits of the second fertilization continue for at least two years. A sludge treatment refertilized during its second growing season produces the highest biomass recorded in this study.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: ix, 59 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 81-18
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9427
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abbreviations Conversion factors Summary Introduction Background Site characterization Climate Purpose Materials and methods General Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Sampling and measurement Abiotic controls on vegetation Meteorological data Soil moisture as a limiting factor Soil chemical analysis Vegetation growth and survival Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Biomass by species Roof penetration Seedling density of invading woody species Weeds Supplemental observations Sediment loss Sludge and runoff-water composition Cost analysis Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: 1977 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix B: 1978 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix C: 1979 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix D: Grass growth on 1978 dam treatments Appendix E: 1977, 1978, and 1979 survival of willow treatments Appendix F: Grass growth on Tanana levee treatments Appendix C: Chemical analysis of sludge and runoff water
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  • 87
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Ice distribution and winter surface circulation patterns, Kachemak Bay, Alaska (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-81/22
    In: CRREL Report, 81-22
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Development of the hydropower potential of Bradley Lake, Alaska, would greatly increase winter freshwater discharge from the Bradley River into Kachemak Bay, which may result in increased ice formation and related ice-induced problems. The objectives of this investigation were to describe winter surface circulation in the bay and document ice distribution patterns for predicting where additional ice might be transported if it forms. Landsat MSS bands 5 and 7 and RBV imagery with 70% cloud cover or less, taken between 1 November and 30 April each year from 1972 to 1980, were analyzed. Surface circulation patterns inferred from suspended sediment patterns and ice distribution and movement were observed and mapped from the Landsat imagery. The generalized circulation patterns indicate that any additional ice formed due to future increased winter discharge from Bradley River would be likely to accumulate along Homer Spit and to be blown into the outer bay by the dominant northerly winter winds.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: vi, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 81-22
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9428
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Introduction Physical setting Hydrology Climate Bathymetry PhysIcal oceanography Wind effects on circulatIon Previous investigations Approach Imagery analyzed Wind and tidal data Results Suspended sediment patterns Ice distribution Generaltzed surface circulation Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Keys to Figures 2, 3 and 4 Appendix B. Observations made from usable Landsat Imagery Appendix C. Selected landsat images used to make observations and interpretations of surface water patterns and ice distribution
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  • 88
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Mechanics of cutting and boring; Part 7: dynamics and energetics of axial rotation machines (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-81/26
    In: CRREL Report, 81-26
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, Part 7
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract: This report deals with force, torque, energy and power in machines such as drills and boring devices, where the cutting head rotates about a central axis while penetrating parallel to that axis. Starting from a cosideration of the forces developed on individual cutting tools, or segments of cutters, the thrust and torque on a complete cutting head is assessed, and simple relationships between thrust and torque are derived. Similarly, the energy and power needed to drive the cutting head arc estimated and related to tool characteristics. Design characteristics of existing machines are compiled and analyzed to give indications of thrust, torque, power, effective tool forces, nominal thrust pressure, power density, and specific energy.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 81-26
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9342
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Tool forces Parallel motion tools Indentation tools Head thrust, thrust per unit width, and nominal head pressure Power and power density Torque Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power requirements for clearance of cuttings Minimum power requirements for lifting cuttings in a vertical hole Power consumption and efficiency in continuous-flight augers Air circulation Mud circulation Literature cited Appendix A: Vertical conveyance by continuous-fiight augers Appendix B: Surface areas on a helical flight and its stem
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  • 89
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Discussion of results : meteorology ; terrestrial magnetism and aurora ; atmospheric electricity (1937)
    London
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    Signatur: AWI PY-1899-13,1
    In: British Polar Year Expedition, Vol. 1
    Materialart: Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Seiten: XIII, 336 S. , Ill.
    URL: Online Version [PDF]
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Table of Contents: GENERAL INTRODUCTION. - Figures. - North Arm of Great Slave Lake, showing positions of present and former Fort Rae sites. - Site plan of station. - METEOROLOGY. - Introduction. - PART 1. - TEMPERATURE. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of temperature. - 3. Diurnal variation of temperature. - 4. The effect of cloud and wind upon temperature. - 5. Temperature and wind direction. - 6. Non-periodic temperature changes. - PART 2. - PRESSURE. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of pressure. - 3. Diurnal variation of pressure. - 4. Non-periodic pressure changes. - 5. Pressure waves. - 6. Pressure surges. - PART 3. - SURFACE WIND. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of wind velocity. - 3. Diurnal variation of wind velocity. - 4. Frequency of winds of different velocities. - 5. Frequency of winds of different directions and of calms. - 6. SE. and NW. wind at Fort Rae. - 7. Velocity of winds from different directions. - 8. Distribution of wind velocities from different directions. - 9. Highest instantaneous wind speeds and extreme hourly winds. - 10. The effect of the NW. and SE. wind upon the meteorological elements. - 11. The resultant winds. - 12. Diurnal inequalitites of N. and E. components of resultant winds. - PART 4. - UPPER WINDS. - 1. General remarks. - 2. Monthly and seasonal mean wind velocities at different heights. - 3. Frequency of wind from various directions in the upper atmosphere. - 4. Distribution oof wind at different levels irrespective of direction. - 5. Mean wind velocities from different directions at different levels. - 6. Resultant winds in the upper atmosphere. - 7. The direction of the wind in the upper atmosphere when the wind at the surface is from stated directions. - PART 5. - UPPER AIR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. - PART 6. - CLOUDS. - 1. General. - 2. Percentage frequency of different could forms. - 3. Cloud amount: percentage frequency of each cloud amount. - 4. Annual variation of cloud. - 5. Diurnal variation of cloud. - PART 7. - PRECIPITATION. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of precipitation. - 3. Snow crystals. - PART 8. - RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR. - 1. General. - 2. Mean monthly values of humidity during the winter months. - 3. Annual variation of the relative humidity. - 4. Diurnal variation of the relative humidity. - PART 9. - SUNSHINE AND RADIATION. - PART 10. - HALO PHENOMENA. - PART 11. - VISIBILITY. - PART 12. - THE METEOGRAPH DIAGRAMS. - TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND AURORA. - 1. Magnetograph chamber. - 2. Temperature insulation of the magnetograph hut. - 3. Temperature variation within the recording chamber. - 4. Recording instruments. - 5. ILLUMINATION. - 6. TIMING. - 7. CONTROL HUT AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTS USED. - 8. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF H. - 9. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF D. - 10. AZIMUTH MARK. - 11. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF INCLINATION. - 12. PROCEDURE IN CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 13. SUMMARISED RESULTS OF CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 14. SCALE VALUES OF DECLINATION MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 15. SCALE VALUES OF H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 16. EFFECT ON SCALE VALUES OF GREAT SEASONAL RANGE OF HUMIDITY WITHIN THE RECORDING CHAMBER. - 17. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF H AND Z VARIOMETERS. - 18. METHODS OF DETERMINING TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF VARIOMETERS. - 19. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIODS OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 20. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 21. Z BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIOD OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 22. Z BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 23. USE OF AUXILIARY H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 24. D BASE LINE VALUES. - 25. MONTHLY MEAN VALUES: THE ANNUAL VARIATION AND SECULAR CHANGE. - 26. MONTHLY AND SEASONAL VALUES OF N, E, T, I, AND A. - 27. COMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT 1882-83 (OLD FORT) STATION. - 28. DETERMINATION OF H AT OLD FORT RAE. - 29. DETERMINATION OF D AT OLD FORT RAE. - 30. DETERMINATION OF I AT OLD FORT RAE. - 31. SECULAR CHANGE AT OLD FORT RAE. - 32. LONGITUDE OF OLD FORT RAE SITE. - 33. AZIMUTH OF FIXED MARK AT OLD FORT RAE. - 34. RELATIONSRIPS BETWEEN ALL, QUIET, AND DISTURBED DAY VALUES AT THE MAIN STATION. - 35. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE. - 36. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON QUIET DAYS. - 37. EXAMINATION OF THE NEGATIVE NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON q DAYS. - 38. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 39. OVERLAPPING DAY MEANS. - 40. CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT SYSTEM NECESSARY TO PRODUCE H AND Z DEPARTURES FROM MEAN VALUES. - 41. POSITION OF CURRENT SYSTEM AND DIRECTION OF FLOW DEDUCED FROM MEAN H AND Z DEPARTURES AT OTHER STATIONS ON d DAYS. - 42. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 43. CURRENT SYSTEM ON q DAYS. - 44. CONSIDERATIONS UNDERLYING APPLICATION OF NON-CYCLIC CHANGE AND USE OF GREENWICH DAYS IN FORMATION OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 45. SOME FEATURES OF THE DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - 46. DIURNAL INEQUALITIES FOR SELECTED q AND d DAYS. - 47. MEAN ANNUAL VECTOR DIAGRAMS. - 48. SEASONAL VECTOR. DIAGRAMS. - 49. VECTOR DIAGRAMS ON d' AND q' DAYS. - 50. THE TOTAL FIELD VECTOR T AND ITS POSITIONAL CO-ORDINATES. - 51. SEASONAL MEAN VALUES OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 52. DIURNAL VARIATION OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 53. SOME DIURNALLY VARYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM PRODUCING DISTURBANCE. - 54. CHANGE IN POSITION OF DISTURBING CURRENT WITH SEASON. - 55 EFFECT OF INCREASED SCALE OF DISTURBANCE ON THE CURRENT SYSTEM. - 56. T AND p ON QUIET DAYS. - 57 RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURES OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 58. COMPARISON OF INEQUALITY RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURE AT FORT RAE WITH THOSE AT OTHER STATIONS. - 59. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 INEQUALITY RANGES. - 60. ESTIMATE OF ELEVATION OF DISTURBING CURRENT SYSTEM FROM IR AND AD. - 61. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF REGULAR DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - (i) 24-hour component. - (ii) 12-hour component. - (iii) 8-hour wave. - (iv) 6-hour wave. - 62. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF MEAN INEQUALITIES FOR q' AND d' DAYS. - 63. ABSOLUTE DAILY RANGE: R. - 64. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 RANGES. - 65. COMPARISON WITH R AT OTHER STATIONS. - 66. RELATION OF DISTURBANCE TO MAGNETIC LATITUDE. - 67. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF R. - 68. DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF TIMES OF INCIDENCE OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA. - 69. DIURNAL INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN Z. - 70. INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN H AND D. - 71. DAILY RANGE PRODUCTS HRH AND ZRz. - 72. HOURLY RANGES AND RANGE PRODUCTS. - 73. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY RANGES IN REPRESENTATIVE MONTHS. - 74. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE HOURLY RANGES. - 75. RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF PERTURBATIONS IN H AND Z. - 76. THE RATIO p = CR/Cr. - 77. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF Cr AND ITS CONSTITUENTS. - 78. RANK ORDER OF DAYS, ON BASIS OF CR AND Cr: COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 79. EFFECT OF USE OF GREENWICH DAY ON SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 80. DIURNAL VARIATION OF IRREGULAR DISTURBANCE (Di). - 81. RELATION OF Di TO TIME DIFFERENTIALS OF FORCE VECTORS. - 82. CHARACTERISTICS OF D1. - 83. Di ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 84. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF Di. - 85. LOCAL CHARACTER FIGURES. - 86. RANK ORDER OF MONTHS IN DISTURBANCE BY VARIOUS CRITERIA. - 87. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY OF H AND z: MONTHLY U ACTIVITY MEASURES. - 88. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 89. COMPARISON OF COMPOSITE RANK ORDER OF MONTHS WITH INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY MEASURES. - 90. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF DISTURBANCE. - 91. N DISTURBANCES. - 92. M DISTURBANCES. - 93. OSCILLATORY DISTURBANCE. - 94. RECOVERY MOVEMENTS. - 95. SEASONAL AND DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF N AND M MOVEMENTS. - 96. REPETITION OF ISOLATED PERTURBATIONS. - NON-INSTRUMENTAL AURORAL OBSERVATIONS. - 97. THE SCOPE OF THE OBSERVATIONS. - 98. ESTIMATION OF AURORAL INTENSITY. - 99. AURORAL "ACTIVITY" FIGURES. - 100. THE AURORAL LOG. - 101. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AURORAL FREQUENCY. - 102. AURORAL ACTIVITY OF THE YEAR: GENERAL NOTE. - 103. QUARTER-HOUR AURORAL INTENSITY FIGURES. - 104. MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF BRIGHT AURORA. - 105. DIURNAL
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  • 90
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Tables : meteorology, terrestrial magnetism, atmospheric electricity (1937)
    London
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    Signatur: AWI PY-1899-13,2
    In: British Polar Year Expedition, Vol. 2
    Materialart: Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Seiten: IX, 228 S.
    Serie: British polar year expedition 2
    Anmerkung: Table of Contents: 1. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of temperature. - 2. Diurnal inequalities of temperature during clear and overcast days. - 3. Absolute extremes of temperature for each day, 1932-33. - 4. Corrections for index error, temperature and latitude to the standard barometer. - 5. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of pressure. - 6. Maximum and minimum pressures at station level each day, 1932-33. - 7. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of wind velocity, 1932-33. - 8. Diurnal inequalities of wind velocity during clear and overcast days, 1932-1933. - 9. Percentage frequency of observations with wind velocity between definite intervals. - 10. Percentage frequency of winds from different directions, and of calms. - 11. Mean wind velocity from various directions, exclusive of calms. - 12. Highest instantaneous wind speed for each day, 1932-33. - 13. Diurnal inequalities of pressure, temperature, cloud amount and wind velocity during N.W. and S.E. Winds. - 14. Hourly values of the resultant wind speed and direction. - 15. Seasonal adjusted means of the N. and E. Components of wind velocity. - 16. Diurnal inequalities of the N. and E. components of the resultant wind. - 17. Diurnal inequalities of the N. and E. components of the resultant wind during clear and overcast days. - 18. Monthly and seasonal mean wind velocity in the upper air, 1932-33. - 19. Mean hourly values of total and low cloud amount, 1932-33. - 20. Diurnal inequalities of total and low cloud amount, 1932-33. - 21. Diurnal inequalities of total cloud amount, 1882-83. - 22. Forms of snow crystals at Fort Rae, 1932-33. - 23. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of the relative humidity. - 24.-37. Hourly values of temperature for 14 months. - 38.-50. Hourly values of pressure for 13 months. - 51.-64. Hourly values of relative humidity for 14 months. - 65.-78. Hourly values of precipitation for 14 months. - 79.-92. Hourly values of sunshine and radiation for 14 months. - 93.-106. Hourly values of wind: direction and velocity for 14 months. - 107.-119. Diary of weather and visibility for 13 months. - 120.-132. Hourly values of cloud for 13 months. - 133.-145. Nephoscope observations: 13 months (each month constituting a table). - 146.-159. Pilot ballon ascents. - 160.-211. Hourly values H, D and Z: hourly, daily and monthly means. - Daily extremes and range: monthly means. - Daily numerical indices of disturbance: local character figures. - Temperatures in magnetograph chamber (4 tables for each of 13 months, 1932 August to 1933 August). - 212.-214. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: all days. - 215.-217. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: quiet days. - 218.-220. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: disturbed days. - 221.-223. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: all days. - 224.-226. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: quiet days. - 227.-229.: Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: disturbed days. - 230. Seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: q' and d' days. - 231. Seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: q' and d' days. - 232.-244. Values of horizontal force hourly range product, Hrh 10^-4: hourly, daily and monthly means. - 245.-257. Values of declination hourly range, rD: Hourly, daily and monthly means. - 258.-270. Values of vertical force hourly range product, Zrz 10^10-4: hourly, daily and monthly means. - ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY. - 271.-283. Hourly values of potential gradient. - 284. Quiet day diurnal variation of potential gradient: monthly and seasonal mean values. - 285. Concentration of positive and negative small ions. - 286. Positive atmospheric electrical conductivity and air-earth current. - 287. Number of condensation nuclei per cubic centimetre.
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  • 91
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    DOSKMF2 : ein Beitrag zur computergestützten Bewertung von Strahlenfeldern in Gamma-Bestrahlungsanlagen (1984)
    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Signatur: ZSP-980-95
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 95
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: VI, 150 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: ZfI-Mitteilungen 95
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 1.1. Ausgangssituation. - 1.2. Bestrahlungsanlagen als Basis strahlenchemischer Untersuchungen und Verfahren. - 1.3. Anforderungen der Praxis an ein Programmsystem zur Berechnung von Strahlenfeldern in γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen. - 2. Ableitung des Grundmodells. - 2.1. Ausgangspunkt. - 2.1.1. Punktförmige Strahlenquelle. - 2.1.2. Linienförmige Strahlenquelle. - 2.1.3. Anordnung mehrerer Strahlenquellen. - 2.2. Zugrundegelegte Struktur von Bestrahlungsanlage und Strahlenfeld. - 2.3. Geometrische Zusammenhänge. - 2.4. Berechnung der Bestrahlungsdosisleistung in einem Feldpunkt. - 3. Das Programm DOSKMF2. - 3.1. Übersicht. - 3.2. Eingabe. - 3.3. Aktivitätskorrektur. - 3.4. Auswahl der Feldpunkte. - 3.4.1. Zylinderkoordinaten. - 3.4.2. Quaderkoordinaten. - 3.4.3. Auswahl von Einzelpunkten. - 3.4.4. Variation der Rohrpositionen 3.5. Zyklusgestaltung, statistische Maßzahlen und Aufbereitung für graphische Ausgabe. - 3.5.1. Zylinderkoordinaten. - 3.5.2 Quaderkoordinaten. - 3.6. Programmtechnische Lösung. - 3.6.1. Struktur des Programms. - 3.6.2. Aufruf. - 3.6.3. Einschränkungen und programmtechnische Hinweise. - 3.7. Ein Demonstrationsbeispiel. - 3.7.1. Aufgabenstellung. - 3.7.2. Festlegung der Parameter. - 3.7.3. Resultate. - 4. Nutzung der graphischen Ausgabe. - 4.1. Ausgangspunkt und Voraussetzungen. - 4.2. Das Programm ISORADL. - 4.2.1. Übersicht. - 4.2.2. Die Programme ISOQ, ISOA. - 4.2.3. Problemlösung. - 4.2.4. Programmtechnische Lösung. - 4.2.5. Demonstrationsbeispiel. - 5. Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Programmpaketes. - 5.1. Übersicht. - 5.2. Prüfen von Voraussetzungen. - 5.3. Wechselwirkung Programmpaket-Realität. - 6. Berechnung und Modifikation von Strahlenfeldern bestehender Gammabestrahlungsanlagen. - 6.1. Technische Voraussetzungen. - 6.2. Prüfen der Anwendungsbedingungen für den Programmeinsatz. - 6.3. Durchgeführte Berechnungen. - 6.3.1. Aufklärung der Struktur des vorliegenden Strahlenfeldes. - 6.3.2. Darstellung typischer Bestrahlungskonfigurationen. - 6.3.2.1. Bestrahlung im Käfig. - 6.3.2.2. Bestrahlung flächenartiger Objekte. - 6.4. Berechnungen für eine neue Strahlenquellenkonfiguration. - 6.5. Schlußfolgerungen. - 7. Einsatz des Programmpaketes als Projektierungshilfsmittel. - 7.1. Nutzung für die Pilotanlage des PCK Bitterfeld. - 7.1.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 7.1.2. Berechnungen für Modellreaktoren. - 7.1.3. Auslegung eines Reaktors für die Pilotanlage. - 7.1.4. Kontrollrechnungen zur Dosimetrie des gefertigten Reaktors. - 7.2. Nutzung für eine industrielle Anlage des VEB PROWIKO Schönebeck. - 7.2.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 7.2.2. Entwurf eines Modellreaktors. - 7.2.3. Schlußfolgerungen für den Entwurf einer industriellen Anlage. - 8. Einige Gedanken zur Wechselwirkung Strahlenfeldberechnung - Dosimetrie am Beispiel zweier umschlossener γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen. - 8.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 8.2. Beschreibung der für den Vergleich wesentlichen Anlagenparameter. - 8.3. Durchgeführte dosimetrische Messungen. - 8.4. Durchgeführte Strahlenfeldberechnungen. - 8.5. Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 9. Erweiterte Nutzungsmöglichkeiten und Ausblick. - 10. Zusammenfassung. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Verzeichnis der Abbildungen. - Verzeichnis der Tabellen.
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  • 92
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing) April 1981-October 1982 ; II. Planned activities October 1982-October 1983 (1982)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Signatur: ZSP-SCAR-570-4
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 4
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 24 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Serie: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 81-October 82. - II. Planned Activities, October 82-October 83. - References.
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  • 93
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    Shore ice ride-up and pile-up features : Part II: Alaska's Beaufort Sea coast - 1983 and 1984 (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/26
    In: CRREL Report, 84-26
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Observations of shore ice pile-up and ride-up along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast in 1983 and 1984 are presented. New information on historical accounts of onshore ice movement, uncovered since publication of Part I in this series, is reported. An account is given of ice overtopping a concrete caisson exploration island in the Canadian Beaufort Sea.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a148428.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9557
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Observations Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Site location maps
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  • 94
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    The effects of conductivity on high-resolution impulse radar sounding, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/42
    In: CRREL Report, 82-42
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A high-resolution impulse radar profiling system was evaluated for 1) detecting the existence of sea ice which coring has revealed to exist on the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9, 2) detecting the preferred horizontal c-axis azi-muthal direction of the sea ice crystals, using the voltage amplitude of the radar reflection from the sea ice bottom, and 3) determining the direction of the currents under an Antarctic ice shelf. A field program was conducted consisting of a surface radar survey on the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9 and surface and airborne radar profiling on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The CRREL impulse radar system, operating at a center frequency of either 80 MHz or 20 MHz, was unable to detect the shelf bottom at Site J-9, which drilling revealed to be 416 m below the snow surface. The radar system was used to profile the McMurdo Ice Shelf both from the snow surface and from the air; a shelf thickness of about 275 m was easily detected. Theoretical considerations indicate that the bulk conductivity of the ice shelf at Site J1-9 was higher than originally anticipated, and this limited the radar sounding depth to about 405 m when operating at a frequency of 20 MHz.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-42
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124456.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9323
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited
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  • 95
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    Evaluation of procedures for determining selected aquifer parameters (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/41
    In: CRREL Report, 82-41
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Many of the important factors influencing the choice of appropriate aquifer test procedures are presented. The concepts of bias, accuracy and spatial variabil­ity are explained. The definitions of a number of aquifer parameters are devel­oped from basic principles demonstrating the underlying assumptions and limita­tions. The parameters considered are: piezometric head, hydraulic conductiv­ity/intrinsic permeability, flow direction, specific discharge magnitude, transmissivity, volumetric flow rate, total porosity, effective porosity, aver­age linear velocity, storage coefficient, specific yield, dispersion coefficient-aquifer dispersivity. For each parameter several techniques are described, evaluated and ranked in terms of perceived potential accuracy, simplicity and value to contaminant transport studies. It must be stressed, however, that the evaluations are based principally upon theoretical grounds, and not upon actual conduct of the described procedures.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-41
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7365/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9322
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 96
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    Breaking ice with explosives (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/40
    In: CRREL Report, 82-40
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The use of explosives to break floating ice sheets is described, and test data are used to develop design curves that predict explosives effects as ice thickness, charge size, and charge depth vary. Application of the curves to practical problems is illustrated by numerical examples. The general features of underwater explosions are reviewed and related to ice blasting. Quasi-static plate theory is considered, and is judged to be inapplicable to explosive cratering of ice plates. The specific energy for optimized ice blasting is found to compare quite favorably with the specific energy of icebreaking ships. All available field data for ice blasting are tabulated in appendices, together with details of the re­gression analyses from which the design curves are generated.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-40
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6971/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9320
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted
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  • 97
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    The brine zone in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-82/39
    In: CRREL Report, 82-39
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Observations of a 4.4-m-high brine step in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, show that it has migrated about 1.2 km in 4 years. The present brine wave is overriding an older brine-soaked layer. This migration is proof of the dynamic nature of the step, which is the leading edge of a brine wave that originated at the shelf edge after a major break-out of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The inland boundary of brine penetration is characterized by a series of descending steps that are believed to represent terminal positions of separate intrusions of brine of similar origin. The inland boundary of brine percolation is probably controlled largely by the depth at which brine encounters the firn/ ice transition (43 m). However, this boundary is not fixed by permeability considerations alone, since measurable movement of brine is still occurring at the inland boundary. Freeze-fractionation of the seawater as it migrates throught the ice shelf preferentially precipitates virtually all sodium sulfate, and concomitant removal of water by freezing in the pore spaces of the infiltrated firm produces residual brines approximately six times more concentrated than the original seawater.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 35 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-39
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124516
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9319
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 98
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    Sensitivity of plant communities and soil flora to seawater spills, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-83/24
    In: CRREL Report, 83-24
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Secondary recovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, will involve transporting large quantities of seawater in elevated pipelines across tundra for injection into oil-bearing rock strata. The possibility of a pipeline rupture raises questions concerning the effects of seawater on tundra vegetation and soils. To evaluate the relative sensitivities of different plant communities to seawater, eight sites representing the range of vegetation types along the pipeline route were treated with single, saturating applications of seawater during the summer of 1980. Within a month of the treatment 30 of 37 taxa of shrubs and forbs in the experimental plots developed clear symptoms of stress, while none of the 14 graminoid taxa showed apparent adverse affects. Live vascular plant cover was thus reduced by 89 and 91% in the two dry sites and by 54, 74 and 83% in the three moist sites, respectively. Live(green) bryophyte cover was markedly reduced in the moist experimental sites in 1981. Bryophytes in all but one of the wet-site experimental plots were apparently unaffected by the seawater treatment. Two species of foliose lichens treated with seawater showed marked deterioration in 1981. All other lichen taxa were apparently unaffected by the seawater treatment. The absorption and retention of salts by the soil is inversely related to the soil moisture regime. In the wet sites, conductivities approached prespill levels within about 30 days. In such sites, spills at the experimental volumes are quickly diluted and the salts flushed from the soil. In the dry sites, on the other hand, salts are retained in the soil, apparently concentrating at or near the seasonal thaw line.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA136619
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9299
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Site selection and preparation Prespill assessment Seawater application Postspill assessment Enzyme assay and analysis of soil flora Results and discussion Soil-solution conductivities Vascular plant response Cryptogam response Site factors and plant response Soil flora and extracellular soil enzymes Limitations of this study Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Plant taxa included in this study
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  • 99
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : Phase I: Test results (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/9
    In: CRREL Report, 84-9
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report presents the results of the first phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase I, 222 constant-strain-rate uni-axial compression tests were performed on ice samples from ten multi-year pressure ridges to examine the magnitude and variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges. A limited number of constant-strain-rate compression and tension tests, constant-load compression tests, and conventional triaxial tests were also performed on ice samples from a multi-year floe to provide preliminary data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws for multi-year sea ice. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain, and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The statistical variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges is examined, as well as the effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA144132
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9279
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field Sampling Site selection and description Ice sampling procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Testing Techniques Multi-year Pressure Ridge Tests Ice description Sampling scheme and test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Residual compressive strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Statistical Variations in Ice Strength Differences in strength above and below level ice Sources of the variation in strength Shape of the strength histograms Multi-year Floe Ice Tests Ice description Uniaxial compressive strength Constant-load compression tests Constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial tests Conclusions Literature Cited Appendix A: Structural profile of a multi-year pressure ridge core Appendix B: Ridge uniaxial compression test data Appendix C: Structural profile of the continuous multi-year floe core Appendix D: Multi-year floe test data
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  • 100
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    Shoreline erosion processes : Orwell Lake, Minnesota (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-84/32
    In: CRREL Report, 84-32
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Orwell Lake, in west-central Minnesota, is a flood-control, water-management reservoir first impounded in 1953. Subsequent erosion of the shoreline and a lack of knowledge of slope erosion processes in this region prompted this study to identify and quantify the processes there. The processes were measured at selected sites between June 1980 and June 1983. Erosion of the banks is primarily caused by three processes: rain, frost thaw, and waves. The first two processes tend to move sediment to the base of the steep slopes, forming 4 relatively gentle surface of accumulation. Wave action then tends to move this sediment into the lake. Analysis of the data collected over three years has confirmed that wave action is the dominant erosion process, providing almost 77% of the erosion during the 1981-82 study year. During the 1981 high pool level, 2,089 Mg of sediment, mostly colluvium, was removed from the lower slopes by wave action striking the 1.62 km of eroding shoreline. More than 4,300 Mg was eroded by waves accompanying the higher pool levels of 1982., During years in which the pool level does not exceed 325.5 m in elevation, the colluvium slope builds up at the expense of the steeper slope. But during successive years with higher pool levels, the resulting thin colluvium is quickly eroded. Erosion of the primary sediment, a compact till, then occurs, forming the S typical nearly vertical banks. In winter the upland surface adjacent to the lake freezes to a depth of between 1 and 2 m, depending on the surface temperature, the mow cover, and the distance from exposed banks. In late winter soil aggregates, released by the sublimation of interstitial ice within the banks, begin to accumulate at the base of the slopes, often veneering snowbanks there. Once thaw begins, slab failure of bank sediment is followed by mudflows and earthflows. Thaw failure at Orwell Lake in the winter of 1981-82 accounted for over 20% of the erosion; in the spring of 1982, 824 Mg was eroded by this process and 746 Mg the following spring. Such slope failure is most intense along north-facing banks and considerably less intense on south-facing banks, where more effective desiccation and sublimation reduce the soil moisture content. Summer rainfall is responsible for the remaining 3% of the total erosion, amounting to 102 Mg in 1981 and 208 Mg in 1982. Because the banks are steep and relatively short, rainwash is infrequent; rainsplash is the most consistent process during the summer, but the infrequent storms during which rainwash occurscause greater total erosion. Erosion by rain has increased in each of the past three summers, largely because of increased precipitation. Infrequent massive slope failures (slumps) have occurred at the east end of the lake where a buried clay rich unit is stratigraphically and topographically positioned to favor such failures. Drought years followed by heavy spring rains probably will result in additional slope failures of this type at the east end. Unless changes are made, the banks at Orwell Lake will continue to recede. Restriction of the pool level to less than 325.5-m elevation is the least expensive solution to the problem.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: ix, 110 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 84-32
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a152952.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9266
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Location Purpose of study Previous work Chapter 2. Methodology Geology Overland erosion Wave erosion Frost penetration and heave Thaw failure Bank recession Ground water Soil moisture Chapter 3. Results Geology Geotechnical properties Overland erosion Wave erosion Freeze-thaw phenomena Ground water fluctuations Other slope failures Chapter 4. Discussion Overland erosion Wave erosion Thaw failure Universal soil loss equation Chapter 5. Summary and conclusions Techniques Erosion processes at Orwell lake Bank recession Literature cited Appendix A1: Average cumulative change of surface at erosion stations #2-12, 1980-81 Appendix A2: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix A3: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1 -12, 198 1-82 Appendix A4: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix AS: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1981-82 Appendix A6: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1 -1 2A, 1982 Appendix B: Dimensions of erosion sections, Orwell Lake, Minnesota Appendix C: Piezometer installation data, Orwell Lake, Minneso
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