ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Background Objectives Profiling system Approach Profiling method Data reduction and interpretation Results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Comparison of ground and aerial data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction I. Initiation of ice jams by partial surface obstructions A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedure C. Dimensional analysis D. Presentation of results and discussion ΙΙ. Thickness of ice jams due to accumulation and transport of ice floes A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedures C. Presentation of results E. Conclusion III. Compressive strength of floating fragmented ice covers A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental setup and procedure C. Presentation of results and discussion D. Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results on ice jam initiation Appendix B: Effect of surface tension on submergence velocity of ice floes Appendix C: Experimental results for ice jam thickness study Appendix D: Experimental results on compressive strength of fragmented ice cover

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurements Introduction The freezing proeess Icing observations Geographical distribution of icing and contributing meteorological conditions Extreme icing conditions Extremes of icc accumulation Prediction of icing occurrences Prediction of icing intensity and rate Control methods Measurement of icing rate Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Maps of icing occurrence and rate Appendix B. Data for computing ship icing rates Appendix C. Estimation of ice accumulation

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Grain growth Stressed particle contacts Fluid pressure Packing geometry Temperature distribution and heat flow Fluid and impurity flows Results The liquid film Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Theory Solution by superposition Solution by Fourier integral Solution by Fourier series Application and results Literature cited Appendix A: Bearing capacity of river ice for military vehicles Appendix B: Vehicle specifications Appendix C: Fortran II computer program

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The protected membrane roof Winter construction considerations Construction costs Conclusion

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Background Objective and procedure Theory of plane surface waves Waveguide design and characteristics Physical apparatus Frequency characteristics Spatial distribution of Ey above the guide Guide wave length Surface wave interaction with a slab discontinuity Experiments with a trough Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The problem The solution Method of numerical integration Ramp/steady loading Curve fitting to time lapse deflections Asymptotic deflection Deflection profiles Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix I. Analytical background Appendix II. Computer programs, ramp time profiles and steady time profiles

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Segregation freezing Analysis Heat conduction in the nascent ice layer Water flow in the unfrozen soil Heat transfer in the unfrozen soil Energy balance at the segregation-freezing front Numerical computation Literature cited Appendix A. Essence of Portnov’s method Appendix B. Frost-heaving without air available

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) Units of measurement Introduction Test procedure Pavement types Deicing chemicals Description of tests Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Test results Appendix B: Portland cement concrete materials data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: Metric (SI) to U.S. customary units of measurement Introduction Selection of experimental approach Previous investigations of effect of freeze-thaw on soil deform ability Selection of laboratory test method Selection of method of field validation tests Field repeated-load plate-bearing tests Test pavements, soils and materials Test procedures and results Resilient modulus of subgrade calculated from field tests Mathematical model Characterization of asphalt concrete Characterization of frozen silt Calculated resilient modulus of silt within the zone of freezing Laboratory repeated-load triaxial tests Specimens, equipment and testing procedures Apparatus Procedures Resilient properties calculated from laboratory tests Calculation methods Asphalt concrete - test results Asphalt concrete - statistical analysis and discussion Silt - test results Silt - statistical analysis Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Repeated-load plate-bearing test results Appendix B. Laboratory repeated-load triaxial test results Appendix C. Regression equation coefficients for resilient modulus and Poisson’s ratio from repeated-load triaxial test data on asphalt concrete and silt Appendix D. Detailed procedures for repeated-load triaxial testing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Principles of cutting Forces acting on a single cutter Theoretical Ideas on cutting Experimental data on cutting forces Effect of chipping depth on tool forces Effect of rake angle on tool forces Effect of relief angle on cutting forces Effect of side rake on tool forces Effect of base angle or face profile on tool forces Effect of rounding at the cutting edge Effect of tool width on cutting forces Tool compliance and force fluctuations Effect of tool speed on cutting forces Effect of rock properties on cutting forces Tool interaction and kerf spacing Effect of multiple pass cutting on tool forces Effect of tool wear on cutting forces Development of wear Energetics of cutting Energetics of parallel-motion tools Variation of specific energy with chipping depth for a single tool Effect of rake angle on specific energy Effect of relief angle on specific energy Effect of side rake on specific energy Effect of base angle or face profile on specific energy Effect of tip radius on specific energy Effect of tool width on specific energy Effect of tool speed on specific energy Variation of specific energy with rock properties Effect of kerf spacing on specific energy Effect of multiple pass cutting on specific energy Effect of tool wear on specific energy General summary Literature cited Appendix Α. Additional data for ice Appendix Β. Conversion factors: U.S. customary and metric units of measurement

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site description Background and objectives Project history Approach General Aircraft imagery and sensor data LANDSAT imagery Ground truth data Results and discussion Remote sensing techniques Conventional techniques Comparison of results Conclusions Advantages and disadvantages Applications Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Water movement through snow Vertical percolation Lateral flow Flat roofs Sloping roofs Rainfall intensity-duration effects Miscellaneous effects Radial flow to drains Flow along gutters on snow-covered roofs Snow structure Basal layer Conclusion Literature citied Appendix A. Computer program calculating roof loads from rain-on-snow

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Location of test sites Fairbanks Anchorage Hanover, N.H. Test program Instrumentation Effectiveness Therma lefficiency Heat balance within the roof Comparisons with conventional systems Conclusions Effectiveness of the test roof Thermal efficiency Heat balance within the roof Applicability Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Temperature and heat flow measurements, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix B. Thermal efficiencies of the test roof, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix C. January 1973 and August 1972 comparisons of protected membrane and conventional built-up membrane systems at Hanover, New Hampshire

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling and analytical procedures Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Summary Introduction Recent ice research in Denmark General Structures with vertical faces Wedges with inclined faces Recording of the strength of natural ice Artificial ice — properties and manufacture General Composition of material Order of mixing ingredients Rupture theory Theoretical approach Initial contact Forces acting on wedge Maximum force and actual force Principal stress equations 8Dynamic equations Intermittent nature of force Theoretical curve Verifiction of theory by model tests Description Width of rupture channel Plotting of results Engineering application Comparison with Korahavin’s results Recommendations for future research References Appendix A

Note: Inhalt Vorwort 1. Beiträge zu den geologisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppen 4, 7, 9 1.1. OLSZAK, G.: Zur strukturellen Umformung der Erdkruste bei der Entwicklung regionaler tektonischer Elemente 1.2. PAECH, H.-J.: Kurzer Tätigkeitsbericht über geologische Arbeiten in der westlichen Antarktis (Shackleton Range) 1.3. JUBITZ, K.-B.: Die Entwicklung des Amadeus-Beckens in Zentralaustralien - Beckendynamik im Bereich alter Tafeln 1.4. TESCHKE, H.-J.: Sarmato-Turan-Lineament 1.5. SCHROEDER, E.: Probleme der Entwicklung und des Baues der Varisziden in Mitteleuropa und im Gebiet der UdSSR 1.6. SOHROEDER, E.: Beiträge zur vergleichenden Analyse tektonischer Strukturen im Variszikum des Südurals und Mitteleuropas 1.7. SCHWAB, G.; BENEK, R.; BRÜCKNER, W.; JUBITZ, K.-B.; LUDWIG, A.; MEIER, R.; NÖLDEKE, W.; STOLL, A.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Beckendynamik der Norddeutsch-Polnischen Senke - Paläomobilität im Bereich einer jungen Tafel (Fortschrittsbericht) 1.8. JUBITZ, K.-B.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Das IGCP-Projekt 86 "SW-Rand der Osteuropäischen Tafel" und seine Beziehungen zum Geodynamik-Projekt 1.9. KRAUSS, M.: Ein Beitrag zur paläotektonischen Abgrenzung, Gliederung und Entwicklung des westlichen Teils der Osteuropäischen Plattform während des Paläozoikum (Gebiet Dänemark - Baltikum) 1.10. LÜTZNER, H.: Sedimentation, Vulkanismus und Tektonik der variazischen Innenmolasse im Thüringer Wald - Studien zur Paläomobilität im Übergangsstockwerk zwischen Geosynklinal- und Tafeletappe im Gebiet der DDR 1.11. LÄCHELT, S.: Geologisch-tektonisch-magmatische Entwicklung und metallogenetische Prozesse 1.12. KRAMER, W.: Zu einigen basischen magmatischen Formationen im Gebiet der DDR und deren geotektonischer sowie metallegenetischer Bedeutung 1.13. RÖSLER, H.J.; WERNER, C.-D.: Variazische Initialmagmatite Mitteleuropas 1.14. BENEK, R.: Vulkanit-Formationen als Indikatoren der Krustenfelderung bzw. unterschiedlichen Mobilitätsverhaltens 1.15. BANKWITZ, P.: Überblick über Magmatismus und Metamorphose im Altpaläozoikum Mittel- und Westeuropas 1.16. LÄCHELT, S.: Beziehungen zwischen der Blocktektonik, dem Magmatismus und der endogenen Metallogenie im mitteleuropäischen Raum 1.17. PAECH, H.-J.: Zum Ablauf tektogener Deformationen im mitteleuropäischen Variszikum 1.18. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.: Zur Tektonik des Präkambriums der Elbezone und ihres Rahmens 1.19. BENEK, R.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.; NEUMANN, W.: Methodische Arbeiten im Kristallin des Baikal-Riftes 1.20. NEUMANN, W.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Nossen-Wilsdruffer Schiefergebirges (Saxothuringikum im Bereich des Zentralsächsischen Lineamentes) 1.21. LUDWIG, A.O.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Saxen von Mitteleuropa 1.22. MEIER, R.: Halogenese und Beckendynamik 1.23. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.: Geologische Interpretation rezenter Krustenbewegungen Osteuropas 1.24. LUDWIG, A.O.: Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Quartärforschung im südlichen Ostseeraum - Paläogeographie, Neotektonik, Aussagen zur Paläotektonik 1.25. ELLENBBRG, J.; FALK, F.; GRUMBT, E.; LÜTZNER, H.: Methodik der Untersuchungen von Molassen 1.26. NEUMANN, W.: Geologisches Modell zur Interpretation des tiefenseismischen NW - SE-Profils zwischen Granulit- und Erzgebirge 2. Beiträge zu der geophysikalisch-geodätisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppe 5 2.1. BÖLSCHE, J.; KRESSER, K.-D.: Erste Ergebnisse reflexionsseismischer Tiefenerkundung auf einem Profil von 30 km Länge im Süden der DDR 2.2. GRÄSSL, S.; HURTIG, E.; GRÜNTHAL, G.: Untersuchungen zum Bau der Erdkruste mit Hilfe seismischer Dreikomponentenregistrierungen 2.3. SCHULZE, A.: Untersuchungen zur Auflösung von Interferenzstrukturen seismischer Wellen mit Hilfe von Polarisationsfiltern 2.4. GROSSER, H.: Einfluß der Geometrie seismischer Punktwellen auf den Spektralinhalt des Wellenfeldes 2.5. STILLER, H.; WAGNER, F.C.; VOLLSTÄDT, H.: Die Geschwindigkeiten elastischer Wellen im klüftigen Gestein und in Erdbebengebieten 2.6. GRÜNTHAL, G.; HURTIG, E.: Zur .makroseismischen Auswertung des Friaul-Erdbebens vom 6. Mai 1976 auf dem Territorium der DDR 2.7. NEUNHÖFER, H.: Observation of microearthquakes in the Vogtland region since 1962 2.8. MAAZ, R.: Zur Statistik von Erdbeben 2.9. ELSTNER, CL.; HARNISCH, G.; ALTMANN, W.: Präzisionsgravimetrische Messungen auf der W - E-Linie der DDR 1970-76 2.10. FISCHER, H.; NEUBERT, R.: Instrumentelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Laser-Satellitenentfernungsmessung 2.11. MONTAG, H.; GENDT, G.: Zur Untersuchung geodynamischer Parameter mit Hilfe von Satellitenbeobachtungen 2.12. JOCHMANN, H.: Betrachtungen zur Variation einiger Parameter der Polbewegung 2.13. HÖPFNER, J.: Untersuchungen von Amplituden- und Phasenänderungen der CHANDLER-, Jahres- und Halbjahreswelle 2.14. ARNOLD, K.: Einige Betrachtungen zum Auftreten und zur Bedeutung von Lateralinhomogenitäten der Dichte im Erdinneren 2.15. WALZER, U.: Report on mantle convection 2.16. SEIPOLD, U.: Messungen der thermischen Eigenschaften von Gesteinen unter extremen Bedingungen 2.17. ULLMANN, W.: Thermische Zustandsgleichung und GRÜNEISEN-Parameter zur Erforschung des tiefen Erdinneren 2.18. DITTFELD, H.-J.: Experimentelle Aussagen zum dynamischen Effekt des flüssigen Erdkerns 2.19. KOWALLE, G.: Untersuchung zur Dämpfung seismischer Wellen im Erdkern 2.20. DONNER, F. ; GÖTHE, W.; KNOTHE, C.; OELSNER, C.; PORSTENDORFER, G.:Beiträge der Tiefenelektromagnetik, Tiefenseismik und Geothermie zum Geodynamik-Projekt 2.21. HURTIG, E.; STROMEYER, D.: Temperatur-Tiefenverteilung und Viskosität im oberen Erdmantel unter Europa 2.22. OELSNER, C.: Eine Wärmestromanomalie im Gebiet von Freiberg (Sachsen) (in memorian Ferdinand Reich) 2.23. STROMEYER, D.: Studien zur Inversion geothermischer Daten 2.24. MAYER, P.: Einige Ergebnisse magnetisoher Messungen· im Nordatlantik 2.25. MENNING, M.: Tektonische Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der paläomagnetischen Bearbeitung von Bohrkernen 2.26. ROTHER, K.; WIEGANK, F.: Zur Interpretation paläomagnetischer Daten von Europa 2.27. MUNDT, W.: Zum Nachweis lokaler Säkularvariationsanomalien im Gebiet der DDR 2.28. MUNDT, W.; PORSTENDORFER, G.: Mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen einer elektrischen Leitfähigkeitsanomalie im Erdmantel und anomalen magnetischen Säkularvariationen in Mitteleuropa 2.29. RITTER, E.: Zum Problem geoelektrischer Leitfähigkeitsanomalien und Tiefenbau von Kruste und oberem Mantel 2.30. HARWARDT, H.: Aufbau einer Strainmeteranlage in der Untertagestation Tiefenort 2.31. HARNISCH, G.: Zur Autokorrelationsfunktion der rezenten vertikalen Krustenbewegungen 2.32. THURM, H.; BANKWITZ, P.; HARNISCH, G.: Rezente horizontale Deformationen der Erdkruste im Südostteil der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 2.33. KAUTZLEBEN, H.: Zur geophysikalischen Interpretation der planetaren Dynamik der Erde 3. Ergänzende Literatur 3.1. Untersuchung zur Geologie und Geophysik von Meeresböden (WG 4) 3.2. Rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen (WG 5) 3.3. Beziehungen zwischen Metamorphose und Tektonik (WG 9) 4. Autorenverzeichnis , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorbemerkung Teilnehmerverzeichnis Vorträge 0. Meteorologische Einflüsse auf geodätische Messungen / Bahnert, G. 1.1 Terrestrische Refraktion und vertikale Temperaturverteilung über dem Inlandeis Antarktikas / Helbig, A. 1.2. Refraktionsschwankung und Turbulenz / Meier, S. 1.3. Opyt opredelenija pulsacii pokazatelja prelomlenija, c usredneniem izmerenij vo vremeni / Tikasz, E. 1.4. Fisičeskie osnovy slučajnych izmenenij uglov optičeskoj refrakcii v zemnoj atmosfere / Alekaeev, A. u.a. 1.5. Issledovanie refrakcii optičeskich voln v prizemnom sloe atmosfery / Alekseev, A. u.a. 2.1. Der Refraktionseinfluß auf Visuren bis 250 m Länge / Bahnert, G. 2.2. Trigonometrisches Nivellement im Testnetz der TH Praha / Hauf, M. 2.3. Bestimmung der Refraktion bei dem trigonometrischen Nivellement / Blazek, R. 2.4. Refraktionseinfluß auf trigonometrische Nivellements hoher Präzision / Milev, G. 2.5. Bestimmung der Refraktion bei der dreidimensionalen Triangulation insbesondere im Gebirge / Hradilek, L. 2.6. Neuere Untersuchungen in Refraktionsforschungen in Ungarn / Horvath, K. 2.7. Geodeziko-meteorologičeskij metod opredelenija bokovoj refrakcii / Djankov, I. 2.8. Issledovanija vlijanija fluktuacij sobstvennogo izlučenija lazerov i atmosfery na točnost' dispersionnogo metoda izmerenija refrakcii / Suškov, A. 2.9. Issledovanie vozmožnosti ispolzovanija predvestnika dlja oslablenija vlijanija atmosfery na geodezičeskie izmerenija / Galkin, J., Genike, A. 2.10. Brechungsindexschwankungen und die Interferenzerscheinung im Väisälä-Interferometer / Rauhut, J. 2.11. Zur Brechungsindexbestimmung mittels selbstregistrierender Luftrefraktometer auf der Standardbasis Potsdam / Kühne, K. 2.12. Erfassung des Refraktionseinflusses bei geodätischen Interferenzlängenmessungen mittels der Luftdispersion / Schüler, R. 3.1. Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung des vertikalen Tagesganges der bodennahen Refraktion zur Ableitung von Einsatzkriterien für Laserleitstrahlsysteme / Hübner, E. 3.2. Erfahrungen über die erreichbare Fluchtungsgenauigkeit mit Lasergeräten im Gelände / Freitag, P., Zschiesche, K. 3.3. Studium der Vibration und der Refraktion durch den Laser / Tlusty, J. 3.4. Beitrag zum Einfluß des systematischen Anteils der Luftturbulenz auf die Richtungsstabilität eines He-Ne-Laserstrahles in Erdbodennähe / Hübner, E. Empfehlungen , Beiträge zum Teil in deutscher, zum Teil in russischer Sprache , Text zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Procedures for growing urea ice sheets Analysis of the crystalline structure of urea ice Characteristics of urea ice Results and discussion Ice sheet no. 1 Ice sheet no. 2 Ice sheet no. 3 Ice sheet no. 4 Ice sheet no. 5 Ice sheet no. 6 Ice sheet no. 7 Ice sheet no. 8 Ice sheet no. 9 Ice sheet no. 10 Ice sheet no. 11 Ice sheet no. 12 Ice sheet no. 13 Ice sheet no. 14 Ice sheet no. 15 Ice sheet no. 16 Ice sheet no. 17 Ice sheet no. 18 Ice sheet no. 19 Ice sheet no. 20 Ice sheet no. 21 Ice sheet no. 22 Ice sheet no. 23 Ice sheet no. 24 Urea concentrations in test tank solution and ice Discussion and conclusions E/σf ratio Thickness of incubation layer Crystal properties Literature cited Appendix A: Thin sections of urea ice sheets

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Problem formulation Analytical treatment Application to the upper St. Lawrence River Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Basic program for St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Summary, Rezjume 1. Einleitung 2. Das Bewegungsverhalten von Eismassen, seine Untersuchung und Modellierung 2.1. Zum Modellbegriff 2.2. Typische Eismassen und ihr Bewegungsverhalten 2.2.1. Zur Theorie der Eisbewegung 2.2.2. Gletscher 2.2.3. Schelfeis und Eiskappe 2.3. Die Ermittlung von Eisbewegungen durch geodätische Verfahren 2.3.1. Die Vorplanung der Messungen 2.3.2. Die Durchführung der Messungen 2.3.3. Reduktion der Beobachtungen 2.3.4. Berechnung der Eisbewegungen 2.4. Das trendbehaftete vektorielle Zufallsfeld - Modell zur Beschreibung des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse - in der Theorie stochastischer Prozesse 2.4.1. Definition des Vektorfeldes 2.4.2. Das Geschwindigkeitsfeld einer Eismasse - trendbehaftetes vektorielles Zufallsfeld 2.4.3. Definition eines vektoriellen Zufallsfeldes 2.4.4. Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte und Verteilungsfunktion 2.4.5. Die Momente und die Korrelationsfunktionen 2.4.6. Vektorielle Zufallsfelder mit Hormalverteilungsgesetz 2.4.7. Homogene und isotrope vektorielle Zufallsfelder 2.4.8. Das Ergodenproblem 3. Das Konzept der Kollokation und seine Anwendung auf die Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.1. Zur Theorie der Kollokation 3.1.1. Das Kollokationsmodell von Moritz [40] 3.1.2. Nichtlineare Prädiktion nach Grafarend [12] 3.1.3. Kollokation von Vektorgrößen 3.2. Analyse und Bearbeitung des Datenmaterials 3.2.1. Die Trendbestimmung 3.2.2. Die Analyse des Zufallsfeldes 3.3. Das Kollokationsmodell bei der Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.3.1. Zuordnung und Interpretation der Größen 3.3.2. Zur zeitlichen Variation des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse 3.3.3. Kollokation mit den ursprünglichen reduzierten Beobachtungen 4. Praktische Untersuchungen 4.1. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofile des Fedtschenko-Gletschers (Pamir) 4.2. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Kongsvegen-Gletschers (Spitzbergen) 4.3. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Hays-Gletschers (Antarktika) 4.4. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofil des Ross-Schelfeises (Antarktika) 4.5. Vergleich mit früheren Untersuchungen zur Abschätzung von Geschwindigkeitskorrelationen natürlicher Eismassen 5. Zusammenfassung 6. Literaturverzeichnis , Zusammenfassung in englischer und russischer Sprache

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Materials Sample preparation Nuclear magnetic resonance Specific surface area Electrical conductivity Results and discussion Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content vs temperature data for Lanzhou silt

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field Sampling Site selection and description Ice sampling procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Testing Techniques Multi-year Pressure Ridge Tests Ice description Sampling scheme and test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Residual compressive strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Statistical Variations in Ice Strength Differences in strength above and below level ice Sources of the variation in strength Shape of the strength histograms Multi-year Floe Ice Tests Ice description Uniaxial compressive strength Constant-load compression tests Constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial tests Conclusions Literature Cited Appendix A: Structural profile of a multi-year pressure ridge core Appendix B: Ridge uniaxial compression test data Appendix C: Structural profile of the continuous multi-year floe core Appendix D: Multi-year floe test data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Tool forces Number of active cutting teeth Tool force and chain force Chain power Tool turce and belt power Tractive thrust and normal reaction Traction of carrier vehicles Power/weight ratio Cutter bar moments Specific energy Performance index Power density Apparent belt pressure Acceleratin and transport of cuttings Examples

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction St. Marys River Ice problems Remedial measures Field studies Highlights, trends, and major findings Modifications to boom Maximum forces Ship traffic Characteristics Effect of boom forces Effect on ice Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Ice boom forces

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test material and test specimens Test material Required dimensions for test specimens Acquisition and preparation of specimens Field core sampling Specimen preparation in the laboratory Application of forces and displacements to uniaxial specimens Compression Tension Squareness imperfections Loading devices Universal testing machine Gas actuator for constant load Weight-and-pulley system for constant tension Equipment for triaxial tests Measurement of force and displacement Force Displacement Readouts and recorders Literature cited Appendix A: Phenolic-resin end caps Appendix B: Compliant platens Appendix C: Theoretical factor for converting overall strain to gauge-length strain indumbbell specimens Appci dix D: Items developed but not used in Phase I Appendix E: Use of the Brazil test

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Observations Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Site location maps

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Test objectives Experimental setup and procedures Facilities Test fixture Data acquisiton system Ice sheets Measurement of ice properties Daily test summary Experimental results and discussion Observations Ice force records Frequency of ice force variations Discussion Maximum crushing forces Mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice in crushing Failure energy of ice Ratio of maximum force to mean force Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Data for continuous crushing tests

Note: Contents: Preface. - Tritium in Antarctic precipitation - information on global distribution / D. Hebert. - On the physical geography of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica, Dronning Maud Land) / W. Richter. - Investigation of Deuterium concentration relations between atmospheric water vapour and precipitations in the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / P. Kowski. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical characterization of lakes in the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter, U. Wand, G. Strauch, P. Kowski, W. Kurze. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical studies of the interior Antarctic lake "Untersee" in the Wohlthat Massif, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen, M. Crelle, P. Kowski, W. Kurze, U. Wand. - The isotope-glaciological situation in the surroundings of the Schirmacher Oasis/Dronning Maud Land - a first overview / W.-D. Hermichen, P. Kowski, G. Strauch. - Radiocarbon dating of breeding places of petrels in the Antarctic / A. Hiller, U. Wand. - K - Ar dating of basalt dykes in the Schirmacher Oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / G. Kaiser, U. Wand.

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Radio physical methods of ice and snow studies / V. V. Bogorodsky. - Radar frequency-modulated signals reflected from ice surfaces and the possibility of their modelling / A. B. Babayev, V. P. Logachev, V. N. Parfentyev, V. A. Fedorov, G. P. Shelomanova. - Ice structure and its effect on ice SHF emissivity / A. Ye. Basharinov, A. A. Kurskaya. - Radio wave propagation in glaciers / V. V. Bogorodsky, G. V. Trepov, B. A. Fedorov. - Radio echo sounding of sea ice / V. V. Bogorodsky, V. P. Tripolnikov. - Emissivity of ice, land and sea surfaces modelled by layered heterogeneous structures / V. V. Bogorodsky, A. I. Kozlov, L. T. Tuchkov. . - Radio sounding wide angle reflection measurements / J. W. Clough. - Depolarization of radio echo returns / J. W. Clough. - Remote radar measurements of sea ice thicknesses / M. I. Finkelshtein, V. A. Kutev, V. G. Glushnev, E. I. Lazarev. - Electrical properties of the vacuum-formed ice and their dependence on structure / A. K. Zhebrovsky, G. M. Strakhovsky, V. N. Nedostayev, V. I. Stebin. - Ice forces on separate supporting structures by laboratory and field tests / S. A. Vershinin, Ye. M. Kopaygorodsky, V. V. Panov, Z. I. Shvaishtein. - Correlation between the salinity of sea ice and extinction coefficient at 6328 Å / H. Davis, R. Munis. - Optical characteristics of some vanehes of natural ice / B. Ya. Gaitskhoki. - Instruments for the investigation of spectral reflection of liquid water on 1-50 Mm wave lengths / M. A. Kropotkin. - On the study of the process of charge generation at the phase interface of 10-3 molar solution of natrium chlorirde, freezing oriented / V. Petera. - The behavior of ice in rapidly variable electromagnetic fields of high intensity / L. B. Nekrasov. - Magnetic survey of ice wedges / B. V. Volodko, V. S. Yakupov, E. N. Akhmedzyanov, V. M. Kalinin, V. O. Papitashvili, G. A. Sereda. - Low frequency polarization of ice and frozen coarse-disperse formations / V. P. Melnikov, A. M. Snegiryev. - Coastal ice dynamics by SLAR observations / S. M. Losev, Yu. A. Gorbunov. - Surface water temperature observations by airborne radiation thermometer / A. I. Paramonov, Yu. A. Gorbunov, S. M. Losev. - Acoustic techniques in snow and ice studies / V. P. Gavrilo, A. V. Gusev. - Attenuation and scattering of sound waves by sea ice / V. V. Bogorodsky, G. E. Smirnov, S. A. Smirnov. - A study of sound attenuation in natural ice / N. A. Grubnik, O. V. Kudryavtsev. - Ice cover studies by seismic and tiltmeter methods / V. N. Smirnov, Ye. M. Linkov. - Glacier dynamics studies by laser deformograph / I. M. Belousova, I. P. Ivanov, N. G. Firsov. - An expenmental study of ice adhesion by laboratory and field tests / V. V. Panov, A. V. Panyushkin, Yu. D. Sinochkin, Z. I. Shvaishtein. - A study of ice layer destruction process / N. A. Grubnik, V. I. Fomin, A. B. Shemyakin. - Mechanical propterties of snow related to its use as a construction material / A. F. Wuori. - Arctic snow cover / I. M. Dolgin, N. N. Bryazgin, L. S. Petrov. - A technique to measure large moisture content in the snow by cosmic radiation / S. I. Avdyushin, Y. F. Barabantshchikov, R. M. Kogan, Y. M. Kulagin, I. M. Nazarov, Sh. D. Fridman, I. S. Yudkevich. - Techniques for measuring the strength characteristics of natural and processed snow / G. Abele. - Statistic evaluation of spatial distribution of the main parameters of the ice cover / A. Ya. Buzuyev. - Study of mechanical properties of fresh-water ice with slowly variable load / K. N. Korzhavin, A. B. Ivchenko. - On the short-term ice creep and micro crack kinetics of new formations / Yu. K. Zaretsky, A. M. Fish, V. P. Gavrilo, A. V. Gusev. - Field tests of physical and mechanical properties of the ice cover / A. Ya. Ryvlin. - Determination of specific failure energy and impact pressure values of ice / D. Ye. Kheisin, V. A. Likhomanov, V. A. Kurdyumov. - Radio hydro/acoustical method to study meso-scale characteristics of sea ice dynamics / V. V. Bogorodsky, V. P. Gavrilo, A. P. Polyakov. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Mit englischem Inhaltsverzeichnis

Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample preparation Apparatus and testing procedure Test results Discussion Compressive strength Tensile strength Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli Specific energy Mode of failure Strength as a function of unfrozen water Thermal activation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Background Objectives Subarctic snow General Snow processing Construction productivity Shovel capacity Snow piles Bullet behavior and penetration in snow Test procedure M16 M60 ball M60 tracers .50 caliber Tumbling Bullet deformation and breakage Design penetration values Defensive works of snow Revetments Snow bags The snow trench The hardened snow trench Breastworks and bunkers Evaluation of foreign technology Russian expedient snow trenches Snow blocks and block structures The snow arch An expedient shelter Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Study areas Study methods Winter freeze-up Composition of ice cover Freezing degree day records and applications Evaluation of ice growth coefficient α Growth history and entrapped bubble stratigraphy Mechanical properties Electrolytic conductivity Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice boom basic principles General loading considerations Design ice areas Prediction of ice boom loads Summary Ice cover forces Ice barrier reaction force Ice forces in the structure Analytical relationships Design force summary Special features Extension of west ice boom Pipe restraint structure Diagonal anchor cables Measurement systems Measured anchor cable forces Data records Average and peak loads Ice activity on or about 1 February 1976 C3W cable forces Ship-induced leads Ice cover load check Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. St. Marys River ice booms test data

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 83-October 84. - II. Planned Activities, October 84-October 85. - References.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experiments Test flume facility Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Plastic versus freshwater ice Shoreline forces Boom forces Average shear stress under ice cover Internal forces Discussion Data scatter Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Location Purpose of study Previous work Chapter 2. Methodology Geology Overland erosion Wave erosion Frost penetration and heave Thaw failure Bank recession Ground water Soil moisture Chapter 3. Results Geology Geotechnical properties Overland erosion Wave erosion Freeze-thaw phenomena Ground water fluctuations Other slope failures Chapter 4. Discussion Overland erosion Wave erosion Thaw failure Universal soil loss equation Chapter 5. Summary and conclusions Techniques Erosion processes at Orwell lake Bank recession Literature cited Appendix A1: Average cumulative change of surface at erosion stations #2-12, 1980-81 Appendix A2: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix A3: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1 -12, 198 1-82 Appendix A4: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix AS: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1981-82 Appendix A6: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1 -1 2A, 1982 Appendix B: Dimensions of erosion sections, Orwell Lake, Minnesota Appendix C: Piezometer installation data, Orwell Lake, Minneso

Note: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Sample preparation. - Apparatus and testing procedure. - Test results. - Uniaxial strength. - Initial tangent and 50% strength moduli. - Specific energy. - Discussion. - Testing method. - Compressive strength. - Tensile strength. - Ductile and brittle fracture.. - Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli. - Specific energy. - Conclusions and recommendations. - References. - Appendix A: Description of soil and calculations. - Appendix B: Description of the LVDT and averaging circuits. - Appendix C: Determination of strain in the neck section of a dumbbell specimen.