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  • Books  (114)
  • 2005-2009  (11)
  • 2000-2004  (12)
  • 1995-1999  (9)
  • 1960-1964  (44)
  • 1955-1959  (39)
  • AWI Archive  (72)
  • Archive - must be ordered  (34)
  • Reading room/gallery  (8)
Collection
Source
Publisher
Language
Years
Year
Classification
Branch Library
Reading Room Location
  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    1953 (1959)
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: Q 119(1953) / Regal 51
    In: Astronomical results from observations made at the Royal Observatory Greenwich, in the year ...
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: vii, A 72 S.
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 2
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2005 (2004)
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: S 91.0710(2005) / Regal 16
    In: Apparent places of fundamental stars
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 39 S.
    ISBN: 3765003271
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 3
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2006 (2005)
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    Call number: S 91.0710(2006) / Regal 16
    In: Apparent places of fundamental stars
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 39 S.
    ISBN: 376500328X
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 4
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2007 (2008)
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: S 91.0381(2007) / A4
    In: Jahrbuch der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 469 S.
    ISBN: 9783110207781
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 5
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2008 (2009)
    Berlin ; New York : Walter de Gruyter
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    Call number: S 91.0381(2008) / A4
    In: Jahrbuch der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 527 S.
    ISBN: 9783110221602
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  • 6
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2005 (2005)
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    Call number: S 91.0381(2005) / A4
    In: Jahrbuch der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 373 S.
    ISBN: 3525851219
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  • 7
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2008 (2007)
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: S 91.0710(2008) / Regal 16
    In: Apparent places of fundamental stars
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 39 S.
    ISBN: 9783765003301
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 8
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Excavations in frozen ground; Part I. Explosion tests in Keweenaw Silt (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-201-30
    In: SIPRE report, 30
    Description / Table of Contents: Mining Research Corporation, Inc., under contract with Snow Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, conducted explosion tests in frozen Keweenaw silt, to determine; (1) the most efficient type of explosive for blasts in frozen ground, (2) the fundamental relation between weight of explosive and depth of charge, (3) the proper position of the charge relative to the frozen-ground interface, (4) the feasibility of fracturing the frozen layer by placing a charge in the underlying unfrozen material, and (5) the effect of the diameter of the borehole and of the shape of the charge upon the resultsof blasting. Information obtained from the tests applies to the specific problem of excavating in frozen ground and to fundamental explosives research. Conclusions and recommendations based on this information are presented here concerning the feasibility of using explosives for fox-holes in frozen ground; methods of placing the charge; mechanics of crater formation; the crater equation; future instrumentation; classification of explosives; and correlation of blast data.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 97 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: SIPRE report 30
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0115156
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Abstract Chapter I. Introduction to problem 1. Previous attempts at blasting frozen ground 2. Necessity for fundamental approach 3. Terminology 4. Description, objectives, and scope of the Keweenaw Tests 5. Selection of explosives 6. Classification and properties of commercial explosives 7. Characteristics of explosives in the Keweenaw Tests 8. Comparison of Atlas, Hercules, and Du Pont nitroglycerine-base explosives Chapter II. Test program Section I. Field tests 1. General 2. Test site 3. Field test procedure a. Site preparation b. Instrumentation c. Snow removal d. Determining depth of frozen ground e. Soil sampling and coring f. Layout of the test site g. Spacing of blast holes h. Blast-hole drilling i. Blasting procedure j. Field analysis and crater surveys k. Data-sheet computations l. Photography Section II. Laboratory tests 1. Soil handling and storage 2. Soil classification tests a. Specimen preparation b. Test procedure c. Test results 3. Tests to determine stress-strain relationship a. General b. Specimen preparation for unconfined compression tests c. Test procedure d. Results e. Observations Chapter III. Analysis of blast tests Section I. Mechanics of crater formation in frozen Keweenaw silt 1. Introduction 2. Shock phenomena 3. Expansion of the gas bubble 4. Rupture of surface and conversion of pressure head to velocity head Section II. Blast Test A - Relationships of explosive, radius of crater, volume of crater, and depth of crater 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section Ill. Blast Test B - Energy utilization in blasting 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observation Section IV. Blast Test C - The frozen-ground interface 1. Introduction 2. Relation of frozen-ground interface to scaling laws 3. Relation between the ratio of chamber volume to crater volume and the volume-utilization factor 4. Increase in volum.e-utilization factor for charges placed below the frozen layer 5. Position of the gas bubble relative to the frozen-ground interface 6. Igloo-type foxhole construction Section V. Blast Test D - Foxhole construction 1. Introduction 2. Application of shaped charges to foxhole construction 3. Application of hand-auget drilling to foxhole construction 4. Conclusions Section VI. Blast Test E - Temperature effect 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section VII. Blast Test F - Effect of charge shape 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Conclusions Chapter IV. Summary of objectives; conclusions and recommendations Section I. Summary of objectives 1. Introduction 2. Objective 1: Most efficientt type of explosive for blasts in frozen ground 3. Objective 2: Fundamental relation between weight of explosive and depth of charge 4. Objective 3: Proper position of charge relative to the frozen-ground interface 5. Objective 4: Feasibility of fracturing the frozen layer by placing a charge in the underlying unfrozen material 6. Objective 5: Effect of diameter of the borehole and shape of charge on results of blasting Section II. Conclusions and recommendations 1. Feasibility of using explosives for constructing foxholes in frozen ground 2. Methods of placing the charge 3. Mechanics of crater formation 4. The crater equation 5. Future instrumentation 6. Classification of explosives 7. Correlation of blast data Appendix: Data sheets, Experiments 1-13
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  • 9
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2009 (2008)
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    Call number: S 91.0710(2009) / Regal 16
    In: Apparent places of fundamental stars
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 39 S.
    ISBN: 9783765003325
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 10
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Mikrometeorologische Prozesse bei der Ablation eines Alpengletschers : vorgelegt von Michael Kuhn in der Sitzung vom 10. November 2006 (2008)
    München : Beck
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: S 90.0944(177) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 258, XL S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISBN: 9783769625646
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F., H. 177
    Classification:
    Meteorology and Climatology
    Note: Zugl.: Innsbruck, Univ., Diss., 2004
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 11
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2007 (2006)
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: S 91.0710(2007) / Regal 16
    In: Apparent places of fundamental stars
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 39 S.
    ISBN: 3765003298
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 12
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Excavations and installations at SIPRE test site, site 2, Greenland (1955)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-201-20
    In: SIPRE report, 20
    Description / Table of Contents: Work carried out at the SIPRE Test Site, Site 2, on the Greenland Ice Cap,during the summer 1954, included: (1) Excavation of trenches, a circular tunnel and a deep pit; (2) Instrumentation of excavations for pressure and deformation measurements; (3) Tests on the properties of snow from the deep pit; (4) Construction of a snow house as an experimental structure and to provide a heated shelter for an observer stationed at the site for the winter. Observations and measurements over a period of five years are expected to provide sufficient information for the establishment of satisfactory design criteria for all kinds of surface and subsurface military installations on high polar ice caps.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: SIPRE report 20
    URL: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101740913
    Language: English
    Note: Contents I. Introduction, by H. Bader II. Excavation of trenches and tunnels, by R.W. Waterhouse III. Excavation of deep pit, by J.K. Landauer IV. Trench covering, framing, and instrumentation, by R.W. Waterhouse V. The snow house, by R.W. Waterhouse VI. Load measurements in the N-S trench, by R.W. Waterhouse VII. Deformation measurements, by J.K. Landauer VIII. Distance changes on the ice cap, by B.L. Hansen and H. Bader IX. Annual accumulation, by H. Bader X. Snow density and snow load in deep pit, by J.K. Landauer XI. Air permeability of snow from deep pit, by J.A. Bender XII. Viscosity of snow from deep pit, by J.K. Landauer XIII. Crushing strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XIV. Shear strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XV. Tensiel strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XVI. Angle of internal friction of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XVII. Snow temperatures, by J.K. Landauer
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  • 13
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Richtlinien für die Durchführung von Bauaufgaben des Bundes im Zuständigkeitsbereich der Finanzbauverwaltungen : RBBau ; Ausgabe 1970 mit Ergänzungen ; Grundwerk bis 16. Austauschlieferung eingearbeitet (1995)
    Bonn : Dt. Bundes-Verl.
    Details Availability
    Call number: 1.7/S 03.0238
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: Losebl.-Ausg.
    ISBN: 3923106718
    Classification:
    E.1.
    Language: German
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  • 14
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2001 (2002)
    Göttingen [u.a.] : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
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    Call number: S 91.0381(2001) / A4
    In: Jahrbuch der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 371 S.
    ISBN: 3525851588
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  • 15
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Apparent places of fundamental stars : ... for 64 stars selected from the Sixth catalogue of fundamental stars (1)
    Karlsruhe : Braun ; 1.1941(1940) - 59.1999(1997); 2000(1999) -
    Details Availability
    Call number: S 91.0710 ; S 91.0710 (2020) ; S 91.0710 (2021) ; S 91.0710 (2022) ; S 91.0710 (2023)
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    ISSN: 0174-254X
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 16
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2002 (2003)
    Göttingen [u.a.] : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
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    Call number: S 91.0381(2002) / A4
    In: Jahrbuch der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 345 S.
    ISBN: 3525851596
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  • 17
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Der deutsche Anteil an der Europäischen Gravimeter-Eichlinie Hammerfest-Rom : Unterteilung, Beschreibung und vorläufige Ergebnisse der Gravimetrierungen 1955 (1956)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(78) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 23 S. + 1 Beil.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 78
    Language: German
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  • 18
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Das europäische Gravimeter-Eichsystem, Unterlagen und Vorberichte zur einheitlichen internationalen Ausgleichung nach der Methode von Dr. A. H. Cook (1963)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(111) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 118 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 111
    Language: German
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  • 19
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Lectures on rock magnetism : being the second Weizmann Memorial Lectures, December, 1954 (1956)
    Jerusalem : Weizmann Science Press of Israel
    Details Availability
    Call number: 3196
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 131 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Weizmann memorial lecture series 2
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 20
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ergebnisse der Interferenzmessungen 1958 mit dem "Väisälä"-Komparator auf der Münchener Normalstrecke (1959)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(98) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 52 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 98
    Language: German
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 21
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Nachweis systematischer Fehler beim Feinnivellement (1955)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(68) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 54 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 68
    Language: German
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 22
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Vorschläge und Schlußergebnisse für die Ausgleichung des europäischen Gravimeter-Eichsystems (1963)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(112) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 31 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 112
    Language: German
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 23
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Normalstrecke, Basis und Basisvergrößerungsnetz München-Ebersberg : Anlage und Vermessungsergebnisse 1958 (1959)
    Müchnen : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(97) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 76 S. + 1 Kt.-Beil., 18 Beil.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 97
    Language: German
    Location: Archive - must be ordered
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  • 24
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Beschreibung eines neuentwickelten Seegravimeters und Ergebnisse der ersten Meßfahrt auf dem Starnberger See an Bord der "Seeshaupt" (1956)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(75) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 75
    Language: German
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  • 25
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Die physikalischen Grundlagen der elektro-optischen Entfernungsmessung (1958)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(92) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 46 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 92
    Language: German
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  • 26
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    Series available for loan
    Basis Ebersberger Forst : Invardrahtmessungen der I. Abteilung des Deutschen Geodätischen Forschungsinstituts 1958 (1959)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(99) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 25 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 99
    Language: German
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  • 27
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    Series available for loan
    Apollonische Kurven auf der Kugel (1962)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(107) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 79 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 107
    Language: German
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  • 28
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    Series available for loan
    Schwerewerte im europäischen Gravimetereichsystem 1962 für die Linie Kopenhagen-Catania : mit einem Vorwort von Max Kneissl (1964)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(115) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 12 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 115
    Language: German
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  • 29
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    Series available for loan
    Europäisches Dreiecksnetz (RETRIG) Basis München im Ebersberger Forst : Bericht über die endgültige Auswertung (1960)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(103) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 28 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 103
    Language: German
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  • 30
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    Series available for loan
    Studien zur trigonometrischen Höhenmessung im Gebirge (1955)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(70) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 87 S.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 70
    Language: German
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  • 31
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Die internationalen europäischen Gravimeter-Eichbasen : Beschreibung und vorläufige Messungsergebnisse 1954-1956 (1956)
    München : Beck
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    Call number: SR 90.0944(79) Schrank 9
    In: Abhandlungen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 53 S. + 1 Beil.
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse N.F.; 79
    Language: German
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  • 32
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    2010 (2009)
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: S 91.0710(2010) / Regal 16
    In: Apparent places of fundamental stars
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 39 S.
    ISBN: 9783765003332
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    Berliner Platz 1 NEU : Deutsch im Alltag ; Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch ; [A1] (2009)
    Berlin [u.a.] : Langenscheidt
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    Call number: 22/M 13.0197 (1. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (2. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (3. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (4. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (5. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (6. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (7. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (8. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (9. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (10. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (11. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (12. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (13. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (14. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (15. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (16. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (17. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (18. Ex) ; 22/M 13.0197 (19. Ex)
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 280 S. , zahlr. Ill. , 2 CDs
    ISBN: 9783126060264
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    DK Dezimalklassifikation : Fachausgabe Elektrotechnik (1960)
    Berlin ; Köln : Beuth
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    Call number: Q 2345
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 135 S.
    Edition: 2., vollst. überarb. und erw. Aufl.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Internationalen Verbandes für Dokumentation (FID) 324
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    Dezimal-Klassifikation. Deutsche Kurzausgabe (1955)
    Berlin [U.a.] : Beuth
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    Call number: Q 1598
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 275 S.
    Edition: 3. vollst. überarb. Aufl
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Internationalen Verbandes für Dokumentation 279
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    Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on International Gravity Field Research : Graz, 2003 (2004)
    Wien : Zentralanst. für Meteorologie und Geodynamik
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    Call number: S 91.0550(31)
    In: Österreichische Beiträge zu Meteorologie und Geophysik
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: X, 191 S.
    Series Statement: Österreichische Beiträge zu Meteorologie und Geophysik 31
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    Évolution des besoins dans le domaine de la métrologie pour le commerce, l'industrie et la société et le rôle du BIPM : rapport préparé par la CIPM pour les gouvernements des états membres de la Convention du Mètre et les Associés à la Conférence générale (2005)
    Sérvres Cedex : BIPM
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    Call number: S 97.0188(22, 2) / Mag. 38
    In: 22e Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM)
    In: Comptes rendus des séances de la ... Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM)
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    Pages: 144 S.
    ISBN: 9282222128
    Series Statement: 22e Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) [2]
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    Das HTML/XHTML-Buch : mit Cascading Style Sheets und einer Einführung in XML (2002)
    Nürnberg : SuSE PRESS
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    Call number: 18/M 05.0536
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XII, 529 S. , Ill., graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 3935922523
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  • 39
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    2003 (2004)
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    Call number: S 91.0381(2003) / A4
    In: Jahrbuch der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 386 S.
    ISBN: 352585160X
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    Geodätische Arbeiten im Rahmen der glaziologischen Expedition der Usbekischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zum Fedtschenkogletscher im Jahre 1958 : Bericht der Teilnehmergruppe der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (1964)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/1) ; ZSP-319/C-1(2. Ex.) ; ZSP-319/C-1
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, 1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 188 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 5 Kartenbeilagen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 1
    Language: German
    Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Fedtschenko-Gletscher : Südblatt 〈1 : 50 000〉 , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Fedtschenko-Gletscher : Nordblatt 〈1 : 50 000〉 , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Fedtschenko-Gletscher : Zungenkarte 〈1 : 25 000〉 , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Fedtschenko-Gletscher : Unterer Zungenteil 〈1 : 10 000〉 , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Fedtschenko-Gletscher : Tanymas-Lappen 〈1 : 10 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Die Aufgabenstellung und die Durchführung der Arbeiten 1.1. Einführung 1.2. Fragen der glaziologischen Forschung 1.3. Der Fedtschenkogletscher und seine Erforschung 1.4. Die Aufgaben der glaziologischen Expedition im Jahre 1958 1.5. Die Tätigkeit der geodätischen Arbeitsgruppe 1.5.1. Organisation und Ablauf der Arbeiten 1.5.2 Trigonometrische Arbeiten 1.5.2.1. Die verwendeten Instrumente 1.5.2.2. Die Anlage und Beobachtung des trigonometrischen Netzes 1.5.3. Photogrammetrische Aufnahmearbeiten 1.5.3.1. Instrumente und photographisches Material 1.5.3.2. Die Anlage der photogrammetrischen Standlinien und die Aufnahme der Meßbilder 1.5.3.3. Die Ermittlung der Oberflächengeschwindigkeit des Eises 2. Die Auswertung der geodätischen und photogrammetrischen Messungen 2.1. Vorbemerkungen 2.2 Die Berechnung des trigonometrischen Netzes 2.2.1. Grundzüge der Berechnungen 2.2.2. Netzberechnungen 2.2.2.1. Die Dreieckskette am Unterlauf des Fedtschenkogletschers 2.2.2.2. Die trigonometrischen Beobachtungen am Mittellauf des Fedtschenkogletschers 2.2.2.3. Die trigonometrischen Beobachtungen im Tal des Gletschers Kleiner Tanymas 2.2.3. Die Kontrolle des Maßstabes der Triangulationen durch Basismessungen 2.2.4. Die Ergebnisse der trigonometrischen Messungen 2.3. Bestimmung der Koordinaten und Höhen für die photogrammetrischen Aufnahmestandlinien 2.4. Die photogrammetrische Paßpunktverdichtung 2.4.1. Allgemeines zur Paßpunktverdichtung 2.4.2. Das Identifizieren von Paßpunkten 2.4.3. Die photogrammetrische Bestimmung von Paßpunkten 2.4.3.1. Bemerkungen zur Bestimmungsmethode 2.4.3.2. Die Bestimmung der Daten der inneren Orientierung 2.4.3.3. Die Bestimmung der Paßpunkte durch numerische Meßtischphotogrammetrie 2.4.3.4. Die Genauigkeit der photogrammetrischen Paßpunktbestimmung 2.5. Die Kartierung der terrestrisch-stereophotogrammetrischen Aufnahmen 2.5.1. Auswertegrundlagen und Kartierungsmethode 2.5.2. Inhalt und Genauigkeit der Kartierungen 2 5.2.1. Kartierung des Fedtschenkogletschers und Teile seiner Nebengletscher im Maßstab 1 : 25000 2.5.2.2. Die Kartierung des letzten Teiles der Zunge des Fedtschenkogletschers im Maßstab 1 : 10000 2.5.2.3. Die Kartierung des Tanymaslappens im Maßstab 1 : 10000 2.6 Kartographische Arbeiten 3. Die glaziologische Auswertung 3.1. Die Aufgabenstellung für die glaziologische Auswertung 3.2. Die Verfahren der glaziologischen Auswertung 3.2.1. Die Bestimmung der Gletscherveränderungen durch Kartenvergleich 3.2.2. Die Ermittlung der Oberflächengeschwindigkeit des Eises 3.2.2.1. Die Auswertung der Meßbilder 3.2.2.2. Die Genauigkeit der Bestimmung der Oberflächengeschwindigkeit 3.2.3. Berechnung der Eisdicke und der Durchflußmengen 3.3. Die Ergebnisse der glaziologischen Auswertung 3.3.1. Vergleich der topographischen Karten von 1928 und 1958 3.3.1.1. Vergleich der Gletscherstände 3.3.1.2. Ermittlung des Eisverlustes des Fedtschenkogletschers 3.3.1.3. Sonstige Veränderungen 3.3.2. Ermittlung der Oberflächengeschwindigkeit des Eises 3.3.3. Berechnung der Eisdicke und der Durchflußmengen 3.3.4. Zusammenfassung der Vergleichsergebnisse 4. Literaturangaben 5. Bildanhang
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    2004 (2003)
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    Call number: S 91.0710(2004) / Regal 16
    In: Apparent places of fundamental stars
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    Pages: 39 S.
    ISBN: 3765003263
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    Call number: S 91.0381(2004) / A 4
    In: Jahrbuch der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
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    Pages: 404 S.
    ISBN: 3525851200
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    Rechtshandbuch für Frauen- und Gleichstellungsbeauftragte : Recht von A-Z für Frauen- und Gleichstellungsbeauftragte in der Öffentlichen Verwaltung, in Unternehmen und Beratungsstellen ; [Grundwerk] (2001)
    Hamburg : Dashöfer
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    Call number: 1.7/S 09.0130
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    Pages: Losebl.-Ausg.
    Edition: Stand: Januar 2009
    ISBN: 3931832449
    Classification:
    E.5.
    Language: German
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  • 44
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    2003 (2002)
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    Call number: S 91.0710(2003) / Regal 16
    In: Apparent places of fundamental stars
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    Pages: 39 S.
    ISBN: 3765003255
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    Installation des instruments et méthodes d'observations (1961)
    Bruxelles
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    Call number: AWI PY-5831
    In: Expédition Antarctique Belge 1957-1958 : Résultats Scientifiques ; Vol. 3, Fasc. 1, Vol. 3, Fasc. 1
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 174 S , graph. Darst., Kt
    Series Statement: Expédition Antarctique Belge 1957-1958 : résultats sientifiques ; Vol. 3, Fasc. 1
    Language: French
    Note: Table des Matières: Liste des figures. - Avant propos. - Préambule. - Introduction. - 1. Programme du Géomagnétisme. - 2. Situation de la base Roi Baudouin et plans des installations. - 3. Installation de la station de Géomagnétisme. - Pavillon des mesures absolues. - Pavillon des enregistreurs. - Le géomagnétisme au bâtiment "Science". - Installations électriques. - 4. Les instruments. - Nomenclature et description. - Etablissement du méridien magnétique et orientation des aimants des variomètres. - Installation et réglage des instruments. - 5. Les températures. - Variations journalières pour chaque variomètre. - Moyennes et écarts max. - Humidité relative. - 6. Les temps. - Controle et correction du temps. - Temps vrai de la station. - 7. Les magnétogrammes. - Marquage et magnétogrammes disponibles. - Magnétogramme du 8/9/1958 et description de l'aurore. - 8. Méthodes d'observation. - Constantes, méthodes de mesure utilisées, calculs. - Valeurs d'echelle et parallaxes. - Valeurs tabulées des mesures absolues. - 9. Mesures magnétiques en campagne. - Etablissement des stations. - Températures, durée et nombre des mesures. - Azimuts et temps. - Valeurs tabulées des mesures. - 10. Difficultés rencontrées et propositions. - Choix du terrain et installation des pavillons. - Solutions proposées pour la stabilité des pilliers. - Résumé des caractéristiques principales de la station. - Bibliographie.
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    Rate of growth or shrinkage of nonequilibrium ice sheets (1964)
    Hanover, New Hampshire : U.S. Army Material Command, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-145
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 145
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis is made of the time required to build up an ice-age ice sheet and of the time required to destroy such an ice sheet. The calculations are based on the approximation that the theory of perfect plasticity is valid. It is concluded that the time required to eliminate it. If it is assumed that the accumulation rate of an ice-age ice sheet lies of a large ic sheet is of the order of 15.000 to 30.00 years. Ablation rates of 1 to 2 meters/year lead to shrinkage times of the order of 2000 to 4000 years, provided ablation occurs over an appreciable area of the ice sheet.
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    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 145
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Preface. - Summary. - Introduction. - Basis of theory. - Basic equations. - Ice sheets with only accumulation or ablation. - Growing ice sheets which contain only an accumulation zone. - Shrinking ice sheets which contain only an ablation zone. - Comments. - Ice sheet with both accumulation and ablation zones. - Growing ice sheets. - Shrinking ice sheets. - Conclusions. - References.
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    Problems in mapping snow cover (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-27
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 27
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of a study on the feasibility of mapping selected snow-cover characteristics for military purposes, taking into account both current synoptic and average conditions, are reported in detail. Problems associated with the construction of isolines for depicting individual or combination of snow-cover conditions are discussed; the need for other statistical parameters in addition to the means is stressed; and the adaptation of frequency and variability indices is suggested. The use of a regional technique, which identified areas somewhat homogenous or substantially different from adjacent areas, is investigated. Problems in mapping snow density are also considered as well as the possibility of estimating snow density from meteorological data. Three sets of codes for the systematic recording and transmission of data are proposed, including a code for ground observers, a simplified code for use where no instruments or trained personnel are available, and a code for aerial observations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 92 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 27
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2732
    Language: English
    Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. APPLICATION OF ISOLINES FOR DEPICTING ASPECTS OF THE SNOW COVER Visual Problems Use of a simplified base map Other solutions Substantive Problems Observational errors Sampling errors Bias error Effect of reliability of data on isolines Conclusion The ''reasoned distribution'' Effects of substantive problems Conclusion II. DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER MEASURES, INDICES, AND METHODS FOR DEPICTING SNOW COVER CONDITIONS Examples of Possible Normal Indices of Snow Cover Average snow depth at end of the maximum month Average monthly snow depths by superimposed or located line graphs Time aspects Snowfall Selected Statistical Parameters of a Particular Value Extreme values Frequency values Measures of variability Conclusion III. SNOW REGIONS: AN APPROACH TO MAPPING SNOW COVER Snow Region Concept Descriptions of Snow Regions 1. Pacific Coast and Coastal Valley Region 2. The Mountain Zone 3. Great Plains Region 4. The Mackenzie-Manitoba Region 5. Upper Ontario Region 6. Northern Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region 7. Labrador Region 8. The Northern Arctic Region 9. Ungava-Baffinland Region Conclusions IV. CURRENT SNOW DATA MAPS Introduction Ground Observer's Code Suggested code for "Ground Observer's Snow Report" Comments Symbols for a comprehensive station model Air Observation Code Comments Station Model for Aircraft Snow Observations A Simplified Snow Observation Report . Introduction Proposed code and symbols for station model based on Simplified Snow Observation Report Conclusion Chapter V. MAPPING SNOW DENSITY Introduction Limitations of Data for Mapping Available data Reliability of the data Natural variations in density Snow Density Maps of Eastern Canada Statistical Investigation of Density: Eastern Canada Test for area differences Estimating regional trends in density: Orthogonal polynomials Regional density changes during the winter Conclusions: Statistical investigations Estimating Snow Density from Meteorological Data Relation of density to wind speed and temperature Application of Dmitrieva's equation Conclusion VI. CONCLUSION Snow Cover Maps: Small Scale Compilations of Various Aspects of Their Parameters Preparation of Synoptic Current Snow Data Maps Snow Density Research Investigation of Drift and Erosional Surfaces Initiation of Systematic Collection and Recording of Snow Data Internationally Research Reports Based on Existing Literature .
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    Particle-size distribution of pulverized snow (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-29
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 29
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A microscopic method for the determination of particle-size distributions of pulverized snow was worked out. The method gives satisfactory distribution curves, presenting the number of particles as a function of their cross-sectional "areas". The measurements were made by means of a filar micrometer eyepiece, the snow particles being placed on a ruled glass slide, which was submerged in silicone oil to prevent evaporation. The time for the determination of a distribution can be appreciably shortened by estimating the size of the particles instead of measuring them, though the accuracy is not so high in this case.
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    Pages: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 29
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2761
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Snow samples Procedure Experimental results Fraction 150-300 µ Fraction 0-150 µ Mixture of fractions Conclusions
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  • 49
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    Some structural properties of Greenland snow (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-42
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 42
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of petrofabric studies in the laboratory on five samples of high-density snow collected in 1954 and 1955 at depths of 8.0, 15.5, 23.0, 34.2, and 46.3 m in a pit at Site 2 are reported. The porosity of the samples, the number of grains/cm^2, the mean number of adjacent grains per grain, the mean grain cross section, the size distribution of grain cross sections, and the orientation of c-axes were determined from enlarged photomicrographs of thin sections, using reflected light and transmitted polarized light. The number of adjacent grains per grain, the ratio of free to occupied grain surface, and the sphericity clearly depended on porosity and on each other. There was no strong relation between these data and the number of grains/cm^2. Hence, the structure of high density snow can be satisfactorily described by the porosity and the number of grains/cm^2 . Conclusions from a two-dimensional thin section can be applied to a spatial sample only if the sample is isotropic by strata.
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    Pages: iv, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 42
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2719
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Methods of preparation Measurements of structural properties Measurements on homogeneity and isotropy Results Structure data Orientation of c-axes Analysis of the distribution of the orientation of c-axes Preferred directions of the fabric Distribution of grain cross sections Size and shape of the counting areas Interrelations of the structure, data Conclusions Recommendations for further studies References
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    Air temperature and precipitation on the Greenland Ice Cap (1958)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-43
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 43
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Charts of mean annual air temperature and precipitation over the ice cap are constructed on the basis of snow-profile studies at 8 locations, data collected for several years after 1953 at two U.S. Air Force weather stations, and records from expeditions since 1930. The warming trend in the Arctic appears to have occurred to a lesser degree on the ice cap, possibly because of the effect of the snow cover. The lowest mean annual temperature in South Greenland is estimated to occur within the area bounded by the 2500 m contour and the -18°C isotherm; mean annual temperature at 2700 is estimated as -20.9°C. In North Greenland, the mean annual temperature at 1700 m is estimated at -22°C. The presence of ice glands in the snow and daily max summer temperatures, estimated from records of coastal stations, indicate a potentially high incidence of melting at about 1300 m elevation and some melting at 1700 m in North Greenland, and melting up to 2700 m in the South. Annual accumulation is 2-3 times as great at 2500 m on the west side of the ice cap as at the crest. South of 66°N, precipitation may be about twice as great on the east side of the crest as in the west.
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    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 43
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2762
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Derivation of mean annual air temperature data Annual accumulation References
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    Visco-elastic properties of snow and ice in the Greenland ice cap (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-46
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 46
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of studies in the summer of 1957 on ice samples taken from the ice tunnel at TUTO, core samples obtained by drilling in the ice cap at Site 2, and snow samples, using the transverse vibration method and a new portable meter, are reported. Young's modulus was determined from the resonance frequency of flexural vibrations of samples cut in the form of rectangular bars; the loss factor was measured from damping; and the coefficient of viscosity calculated using the Maxwell model. The modulus of elasticity of samples of a density from 0.917 - 0.90 g/cm^3 (tunnel ice) decreased sharply with slight deviations of the density from that of pure ice. At densities from 0.90 - 0.50 g/cm^3 (deep-pit and drill-core samples) the relation between the modulus of elasticity and density was linear, while in the density range from 0.50-0.25 g/cm^3 (surface snow) the modulus of elasticity decreased exponentially. The viscosity-density relation of the samples was similar to that of elasticity vs density. Young's modulus increased slightly with decreasing temperature, while viscosity increased exponentially. The activation energy was calculated as 18.7 kcal/mol for old ice-cap ice, 13.9 kcal/mol for tunnel ice with elongated bubbles, and 13.5 kcal/mol for super-imposed ice.
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    Pages: v, 29, A4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 46
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2726
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Principle of measuring the visco-elastic nature of snow and ice by the vibration method Experimental method for determination of visco-elastic properties of snow and ice Visco-elastic properties of tunnel ice Elastic properties of snow samples from the deep pit Elastic properties of core samples obtained by drilling Elastic properties of snow near the ice-cap surface Vertical variation of Young's modulus near the surface Wind-packed snow Peter snow Relation between Young's modulus and density of snow Relation between Young's modulus and density over the range from surface snow to ice Supplementary experiments on the elastic nature of snow and ice at Site 2 Anisotropy of Peter snow Age hardening Temperature dependence of Young's modulus of core ice Viscosity measurement of snow and ice in Greenland Further experiments on the elastic nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of Young's modulus Frequency dependence of Young's modulus Further experiments on the viscous nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of loss factor Activation energy Frequency dependence of loss factor and viscosity Relation between viscosity and density Conclusions References Appendix: Experimental data
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  • 52
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    Studies of the age hardening of processed snow (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-99
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 99
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A study of how age hardening affects the various mechanical properties of processed snow was made. A description of how the age hardening process is affected by the variables of density, temperature, grain size, and shape is given. An empirical equation relating creep rate to stress, age, and density was obtained. The study also shows that the various mechanical properties are related to age by an exponential function.
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    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 99
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5900
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental facilities Experimental in-place measurements Density and homogeneity of processed snow Ram hardness Temperature measurements Mechanical properties Unconfined compressive strength Stress-strain relationships in unconfined compress ion Creep in unconfined compression Tensile strength Discussion of results References
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  • 53
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    Experimental formation of sorted patterns in gravel overlying a melting ice surface (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-55
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 55
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Experiments were performed to investigate the processes involved in the formation of sorted patterns which occur naturally in unconsolidated sandy gravel deposits covering the edge of the ice cap southeast of Thule, northwest Greenland. Four different glacier ice surfaces were covered with various thicknesses of sandy gravel in order to observe the effect of differential melting on the formation of sorted patterns. The different stages of pattern formation were recorded by photographs taken at 7-day intervals. A thin gravel cover of 2 in. allowed more rapid melting than did a cover of 6 in., with the result that depressions and mounds were formed. Coarse particles were segregated in the depressions by natural sorting of the various particle sizes when set in motion by differential melting and resulting uneven collapse of the gravel cover. The sorting produced well-developed stone rings in three of the areas, caused directly by the differential insulation provided by the gravel cover. In the fourth area a uniform gravel cover over a smooth ice surface produced no sorted nets, although a poorly developed stone stripe was formed in a melt-stream channel. A stone stripe was also formed in a stream channel cut into the ice along the edge of the test area. This stripe was composed of coarse particles which rolled down from the better insulated heights of the test area. It is therefore possible that sorted nets and stripes occurring naturally in the moraine deposits on the edge of the ice cap could have been formed by mechanical sorting induced by differential melting of the ice under a non-uniform layer of sandy gravel.
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    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 55
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2702
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Procedure Preparation of test plots Measurements of ice and gravel surfaces Composition of the gravel covering Results Sorting in a smooth layer of sandy gravel over an uneven ice surface Sorting in a uniform layer of sandy gravel over depressions in the ice surface Sorting in a uniform layer of sandy gravel over a uniform ice surface Sorting in a non-uniform layer of sandy gravel over a uniform ice surface Discussion and recommendations Conclusions References
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  • 54
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    Plastic deformation of hollow ice cylinders under hydrostatic pressure (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-51
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 51
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The study was made in order to simulate the deformation of a tunnel in glacier ice and compare the results with the theoretical value derived from compression or tension tests. The plastic deformation of commercial polycrystalline ice and manufactured snow-ice was determined by measuring the discharge of oil from the cavity of closed hollow ice cylinders subjected to high external pressure in an oil-filled pressure chamber. The deformation vs time curves were similar to those obtained in compression or tension tests. The relationships between minimum strain rate and applied pressure, or between minimum strain rate and the circumferential stress at the surface of the inner cavity, were found to differ from the power law ϵ ̇= ασⁿ, the value of n being an increasing function of stress. Analysis of time deformation curves indicates that viscoelastic models proposed by former investigators do not apply to the mechanism of the plastic deformation of ice.
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    Pages: iv, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 51
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2746
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus Specimens Experimental procedures and results Analysis of the data Discussion References
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  • 55
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    Climatological means and extremes on the Greenland ice sheet (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-78
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 78
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: This climatological study makes use of the temperature, wind, and precipitation records from 12 stations on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Many of these stations were not in operation for concurrent periods and records for a year or more were available from only a few of them. The mean, mean maximum, mean minimum, absolute maximum, and absolute minimum temperatures were computed from the records. The highest absolute maximum temperature reported was 44°F at Mint Julep in southwestern Greenland. The lowest absolute minimum was -94°F at Northice in northern Greenland. This study shows that the prevailing wind usually was from the direction of the high central area of the ice sheet. Stations on the west slope had prevailing winds with an easterly component whereas stations on the east slope had prevailing winds with a westerly component. The wind speed varied from 0 to approximately 60 kt, but was predominantly in the 0 to 20 kt range. At some of the stations on the ice sheet, precipitation was measured in precipitation gages, at others it was measured as surface accumulation. At many locations the annual accumulation was determined from stratigraphic studies of the snow profile. The number of days on which snow occurred, expressed as percent of total days of observation, was used as an index to the amount of snowfall. The mean annual accumulation shows precipitation to be heavier on the west slope of the ice sheet than in other areas. The precipitation records at Northice indicate that the annual precipitation in that part of northern Greenland may be very light. The means for the various climatological parameters covered in this study are presented in tables and on a climatological map which presents a cartographic picture of the overall climatology of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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    Pages: iv, 13, A5, B4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 78
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5885
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data
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  • 56
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    Structures in the upper snow layers of the Southern Dome, Greenland Ice Sheet (1964)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-115
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 115
    Description / Table of Contents: SUMMARY Between 1 July and 7 August 1960, the U.S. Army Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, supported a £our-man glaciological expedition on the southern dome of the Greenland ice sheet. Measurements of snow temperature, density, ram hardness, and grain size were made at seven pit ~tudies along 191 mileS of over-snow traverse. In addition to the pit studies, 38 Rammsonde profiles were measured and 166 shallow pits were dug to measure temperature in the first meter of snow. The annual accumulation of snow was found to decrease westward, from 97 em water equivalent 50 miles from tP.e east coast, to 40 em 80 miles from the western margin. A possible precipitation shadow was encountered immediately west of the crest line of the ice sheet. The precipitation shadow and the decrease in accumulation westward indicate that the source area for the precipitation lies to the east of the southern dome, in the. Greenland Sea. Temperature profiles in the firn indicated that summer warming was still in progress. During August, melting at an elevation of 2000 m above se~ level was intense (OC in the top 75 em} •. According to the facies classification of glaciers (Benson, 1959, 1960}, most of the study area is in tfie percolation facies, with the possible exception of the westernmost· s.tation (mile l-138) which is at or near the saturation line. The daily heat exchange in the first meter of snow, near the time of maximum melt conditions, is between 20 and '35 cal/cinZ. This is approxi-mately 25o/o of the heat necessary to raise the temperature of a column of firn of unit cross Section and 1 m deep to the melting point. Effective values of thermal conductivity and diffusivity as determined from the temperature curves with no attempt made to isolate radiation and con-vection are, respectively, 4-6 x 10-3 cgs and 20-30 x 10-3 cgs. Radiation and convection in the first meter of firn cause "effective conductivity" values to be 4 to 7 times greater than the value k = 0. 0068pZ given by Abel's (1892), which is the conductivity at greater depths.
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    Pages: v, 22, A4, B1 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 115
    URL: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/bitstream/11681/5839/1/CRREL-Research-Report-115.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method of investigation Location Pit studies Temperature Hardness Density Stratigraphic measurements Thermal studies Stratigraphic features Grain size Grain shape Crusts Discussion of results Temperature Altitude gradient Latitude gradient Depth-density relationship Depth-load relationship Densification Stratigraphic analysis Facies relationship Climatological aspects 1960 meteorological observations Temperature Wind Barometric pressure Radiation Cloudiness Visibility Thermal studies Summary and conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B
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  • 57
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    The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept; Part II: horizontal sorting (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-85,2
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 85,2
    In: The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept, Part II
    Description / Table of Contents: Laboratory experiments were performed with a specil closed-system side-freezing cabinet in which completely saturated soil samples were subjected to alternate freeze-thaw cycles without surcharge. A vertical or nearly vertical freezethaw plane was obtained in the side-freezing cabinet. The soil used was a straight graded noncohesive material with 14 finer than the No. 200 0.074 mm mesh sieve. According to frost criterion based only on gradation, the soil would be classified as a never frost-heaving moraine soil or non-frost-susceptible. All experiments were run for 20 and 22 cycles. Freezing rates used were as follows 30.0 mmhr 33.0 mmhr and 4 .0 mmhr. The initial dry density was approximately constant for each test at 1.8 gcm3 or 112.4 lbft3, and complete saturation was maintained in the tests.
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    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 85,2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0288295
    Language: English
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  • 58
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    Analysis of data from a snow profile (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-90
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 90
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A new method is presented for extracting more meaningful information from snow profile data which will simplify the study of the permeability of snow. Earlier analyses normally employed statistical methods to determine property variations with depth, with the line of mean values established by the method of least squares. The mean curves derived in this manner may not represent properly the true nature of the snow pack, or aid in understanding the dynamic processes which are in action. The new graphical methods described distinguish the separate effects of densification and thermal metamorphism on permeability, permitting future advances in the analysis. Profile data obtained in 1954 and 1960 are reanalyzed using the new techniques. For a natural polar pack under conditions when no melting occurs and the accumulation is assumed continuous, the following conclusions may be made: permeability for a given density of snow increases with depth and time except possibly near the surface or at depths below 30 m; the rate of permeability change with depth for given densities decreases in a calculable way relative to the density; and, mean permeability changes with depth in a complex manner.
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    Pages: iv, 14, A3, B2, C2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 90
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5875
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Standard methods of data presentation- A class interval method of data presentation Interpretation of the numerical data Interpretation of thin sections Conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C
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  • 59
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    Relationship between four ground patterns, structure of the active layer, and type and distribution of ice in the permafrost (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-88
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 88
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Four ground patterns were investigated by means of trenches cut in the outwash near Thule, Greenland: circular and linear depressions in unsorted material, polygonal troughs in unsorted material, sorted circles, and irregular mounds and depressions of low relief formed in unsorted finer grained material. Correlation is made between surface pattern, grain size and structure of the active layer, and type and distribution of ground ice for the patterns investigated. Classification of the active layer as disturbed, slightly disturbed, and undisturbed is based on the condition of primary depositional bedding and the presence or absence of vertical sorting. Other features of the active layer, depending upon its type, are an accumulation of fines at the bottom of the active layer and on top of stones, and a siliceous calcareous evaporite on the under surface and clean washed coarser particles beneath the larger stones. Fabric analysis of four kinds of ground ice is presented: ice wedge, relict ice, ice mass, and ice lens, as well as analysis of the contact of ice wedges with relict and mass ice. Practical applications, based on the conclusions, are given for the selection of foundation sites and the location of non-frost-susceptible building materials. NOTE: This is a very large file. Please give your browser several minutes to download the file.
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    Pages: viii, 79 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 88
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5867
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Glossary Part 1 : Surface pattern, structure of the active layer, and type and distribution of ground ice in the permafrost Pattern type 1: Circular and linear depressions in unsorted outwash Circular depressions, area 1 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Linear depressions, area 5 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Pattern t ype 2 and 3: Polygonal troughs in unsorted outwash and sorted circles or centers of fines Area 3 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Area 4 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relat ion to surface morphology Pattern type 4: Mounds and depressions of low relief in unsorted outwash Area 4a Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relatiop. to surface morphology Part 2: Ground ice studies Area 1 Lens ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Wedge ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Relict ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Contact between ice wedge and relict ice Ice sockets Area 5 Wedge ice Fabric analysis Relict ice Fabric analysis Area 3 Ice mass History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Ice wedge Fabric analysis Contact between ice mass and wedge Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Summary and conclusions Pattern type 1: Linear and circular depressions in. unsorted outwash Pattern type 2: Polygonal troughs formed in unsorted outwash Pattern type 3: Sorted circles or centers of fines Pattern type 4: Mounds and depressions of low relief in fine-grained unsorted outwash Engineering applications References Appendix A: Associated studies Appendix B : Recommendations for further field and laboratory work Appendix C: Recommendations for field and laboratory techniques
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  • 60
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    Mechanism for the formation of inner moraines found near the edge of cold ice caps (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-94
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 94
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A new mechanism is described which explains the formation of moraines in the ablation areas of cold ice caps. The mechanism involves the freezing of water onto the bottom surface of an ice cap. This water comes from regions of the bottom surface where the combination of the geothermal heat and the heat produced by sliding of ice over the bed is sufficient to melt ice. A number of criticisms are made of the shear hypothesis, which has been advanced to explain moraines occurring on Baffin Island and near Thule, Greenland. It is concluded that this older hypothesis may be inadequate to account for these moraines. Although in theory the mechanism proposed here undoubtedly would lead to the formation of moraines, the existing field data are insufficient to prove conclusively that actual moraines have originated in this way.
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    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 94
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5876
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Comments on the shear hypothesis Appearance of the debris layers The possibility of cold ice scraping up debris The shear across a debris layer The geometry of the debris layers Freezing model Theory Discussion Conclusion References
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  • 61
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    Experimental research on desiccation cracks in soil (1960)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-66
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 66
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A simple theory is proposed for crack formation and development by soil desiccation on the basis of laboratory experiments utilizing soil samples (Bloomington till) with max particle size of 1 mm diam. held in flat wooden containers. The crack pattern is more dependent on the thickness of the soil sample than on temperature or humidity. Some effect is caused also by differences in the bottom material of the containers. The area of cells made by crack patterns has a log normal size distribution. Total length of cracks decreases with increase in sample thickness. The number of sides of cells also depends on the thickness. Cracking was found to begin from the center of the soil layer and to propagate to the surface or bottom with non-uniform speed.
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    Pages: vi, 48, A4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 66
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2755
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Soil material Soil Preparation of the soil material Containers Temperature and humidity of the air Moisture content and dry density of the soil Experimental procedures and results General procedures Definition of the characteristics of cracking of soil Cracking moisture content Size of cells made by cracking of the soil Length of cracks Number of sides of cells Development of cracks Additional experiments Interfacial fracture markings Method of auxilliary tests on physical properties of the soil Elastic constants of the soil Shrinkage of soil due to desiccation Tests of the adhesion between the soil and the bottom material Results of auxiliary tests Elastic constants of the soil Free shrinkage process of the soil due to desiccation Adhesion between the soil and glass or wood Mechanism of crack formation due to the desiccation of soil Geometric interpretation Mechanical interpretation Conclusions References Appendix: Table of experiments
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  • 62
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    Contact angles between water and some polymeric materials (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-36
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 36
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Measurements were made with 22 more or less hydrophobic polymers and lacquers at intervals of 5 or 10 min for periods up to 1 hr. All surfaces were carefully cleaned, and some surfaces were baked. Highest initial (time 0) average contact angles ( 106° - 106.6°) were measured for Foster Snell rain repellant wax, Barrett 25-218 water repellant varnish (air-dried), and Cardolite NRL-7241. After 40 min, contact angles for these substances were 95.6°, 90.9°, and 91.0°. The measurement apparatus is illustrated, and data are tabulated.
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    Pages: ii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 36
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2712
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Apparatus Materials Procedure Experimental results References
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  • 63
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    Creep of snow under combined stress (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-41
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 41
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the creep of sifted snow under uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses are described, and the results are discussed on the basis of an additive theory for combined stresses. Stress (4-40 psi) and temperature (-3.6°C to -13.6°C) dependence was investigated for 35 samples (initial density = 0.4 g/cm^3) subjected to uniaxial and hydrostatic stress for 200-sec time increments. Another series of 104 samples (initial densities 0.36-0.63) was subjected to uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses until an arbitrary change in density was reached. In all cases the applied stress ultimately became a shear stress acting between grains, the open structure reacting differently to combined stresses and separate uniaxial stresses. An activation energy of 13,400 cal/mol was obtained from the first group of tests.
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    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 41
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2733
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental General Apparatus Procedure Theoretical relations Additive theory Relationship between tests run for constant change in density and tests for constant time Results and discussion Group I experiments Group II experiments Stress dependence for group II tests Variability Time dependence Activation energy Relations between creep rates under different stress conditions Density dependence Lateral stress for confined-side tests Conclusions References
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  • 64
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    Thermodynamic studies of a snow cover in northern Michigan : analysis of micrometeorological and related snow and soil data from the Keweenaw Field Station (1961)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-74
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 74
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The heat exchange of a snow cover was studied with respect to the effects of heat transfer processes on metamorphic action within the snow cover and the prediction of heat fluxes and the resulting changes in snow cover characteristics from standard meteorological information. Data collected at the USA SIPRE Keweenaw Field Station, Houghton, Michigan, were used to determine heat transfer by thermal radiation, convection, and conduction. The percent of daily incident solar radiation at the outer limits of the earth's atmosphere which reaches the snow surface ranged from 94 with clear skies to less than 20 with an overcast less than 1000 ft high and precipitation. Average diurnal patterns of total solar radiation may be estimated for various cloudiness. Total solar radiation with overcast clouds less than 5000 ft high averaged about 70% of the clear-sky radiation. Atmospheric radiation related to temperatures during clear nights gave a curve paralleling the black body radiation curve, although about 7 ly/hr lower in absolute values. Atmospheric radiation during clear skies was about 9 ly/hr less than that with low overcast conditions with no snow falling. In the presence of falling snow, total hemispherical radiation was about 5 ly/hr greater than with no snow falling but with' similar low overcast cloudiness. With low overcast cloudiness, the net long-wave exchange averaged about -17 ly/day in January and -8 ly/day in February. With clear skies the net long-wave exchange averaged about -128 ly/day in January and -120 ly/day in February. The net radiation exchange with clear skies during midday remained slightly negative in January and became increasingly positive through February. The highest positive values of net radiation occurred during the day with low overcast or broken cloudiness and precipitation. The largest net radiational loss of 9 ly/hr occurred at night with clear skies and nearly calm winds. The average magnitude of surface temperature inversions over snow was related to observations of cloudiness and wind speeds for both day and night. With winds of 12 knots or greater, the temperature difference in the first 10m was usually near adiabatic even with clear skies at night. During the day inversions seldom exceeded 1-2°C, and a slight lapse commonly occurred during low overcast conditions and moderate winds. The Liljequist method for computing turbulent heat transfer and conductive heat transfer in snow was used. Average air temperature is shown to exert a pronounced effect upon snow heat conduction, cold content and temperature profile. Average temperature differences through the snow, responsible for metamorphic action leading to the formation of depth hoar, can be estimated by a knowledge of the previous 20-hr average temperature. Snow hardness distributions, indicators of supporting capacity of snow, can be estimated graphically from snow density and depth observations.
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    Pages: v, 73 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 74
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2699
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Part 1. Data analysis Introduction Estimating snow temperature distributions from meteorological information Radiative heat transfer Short-wave radiation Long-wave radiation Net radiation exchange Convective heat transfer Liljequist method Monin-Obukhov method Conductive heat transfer Heat transfer in soil Heat transfer in snow Direct relationships Measurement of snow properties Cold content of snow Vertical temperature gradient in snow and its effects Snow hardness Summary of the analysis Thermal radiative heat transfer Convective heat transfer Heat transfer processes in soil and snow Part II. Tabulated data for Keweenaw Field Station Description of data Location and periods of measurement Instrumentation Data processing Explanation of tables Thermal radiation data, Keweenaw Field Station References
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  • 65
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    Operator variance in the determination of the plastic limit (1963)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-117
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 117
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An experiment was designed to investigate operator-variance in the determination of the plastic limit of cohesive soils, independent of sample preparation and hydration time. A standard sample was prepared by dry-mixing commercial clay, "Grundite", with a pure silt. After the sample was hydrated for 3 weeks, five random samples were taken and five replicates performed on each sample. Analysis of variance (AOV) shows that there is no reason to doubt that the sample is homogeneous at the 0.05 level of significance. Random samples were then distributed to five zones of operators, where a zone is defined as a group of operators with similar backgrounds and engineering interests. Two operators from each group performed five replicates. The AOV model used in the analysis is mixed with the upper level fixed and the two lower levels random. The estimated "within" and "between" operator variances are 0. 45 and 4. 18 respectively. The estimated "between zones" contribution to the total sum of squares is negative. No correlation was found between an operator's internal variance and his deviation from the grand mean. On the basis of this experiment, no reason-exists to doubt that an "untrained" operator can obtain results comparable to those of professional operators. The major factor contributing to the total sample variance is the inconsistency between the individual operators who, although able to duplicate their own determinations, do not call the same end point. To minimize between operator variance, a readily prepared standard sample is suggested with which any operator can calibrate his plastic limit determinations against the expected national average.
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    Pages: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 117
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5857
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary ­Introduction Sample preparation Sample homogeneity Distribution of samples Analysis Conclusions and suggested standardization References
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    Die Erfassung des Schwerefeldes und der mittleren Geländehöhen vom Gebiet Ostdeutschlands : ausführliche Dokumentation (2004)
    Frankfurt / Main : Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie
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    Call number: MR 24.95723 ; NBM 24.95723
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 299 Seiten , CD-ROM
    Language: German
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 67
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    Stratigraphic studies in the snow and firn of the Greenland ice sheet (1962)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-70
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 70
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 93 Seiten , Karten
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 70
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a337542.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Summary. - Chapter I. Introduction. - Operations and logistics. - Chapter II. Methods of investigation. - Region of investigation. - Pit studies. - Elevation measurements. - Chapter Ill. Stratigraphy and accumulation. - Introduction. - Diagenesis without melt. - Diagenesis with melt. - Diagenetic facies defined on glaciers. - Grain size. - Description of three stratigraphic features. - Principles of stratigraphic interpretation. - Selection of a reference datum in the annual stratigraphic sequence. - Stratigraphic correlation. - Distribution of annual accumulation. - Independent checks on the stratigraphic interpretations. - Chapter IV. Temperature distribution. - Seasonal temperature variation on the snow surface. - Seasonal temperature variation below the snow surface. - Distribution of mean annual temperature on the ice sheet. - Chapter V. Diagenetic facies- a classification of glaciers. - Temperature. - Hardness. - Density. - Glacier facies - a classification of glaciers. - Chapter VI. Densification of snow and firn. - Load-volume relationship. - Depth-density relationship. - Chapter VII. Climatological implications. - Introduction. - Katabatic winds and accumulation. - Annual heat exchange. - The balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet. - References. - Appendix A: Stratigraphy, meteorology and glaciology. - Appendix B: Mean annual temperature. - Appendix C: The data sheets.
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    Geografija i prirodnye resursy; 1/1997, Janvar' - Mart (1997)
    Novosibirsk : "Nauka"
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    Call number: ZSP-312-1997,1
    In: Geografija i prirodnye resursy, 1/1997
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 203 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0206-1619
    Series Statement: Geografija i prirodnye resursy 1/1997
    Language: Russian
    Note: Contents: Natural-resource regionalization of Russia / I. L. Savelyeva. - Ecological substantiation of land improvement in Russia / V. M. Ivonin. - Soil and geochemical mapping for purposes of environment conservation / A. D. Abalakov, E. G. Nechaeva, A. I. Schetnikov. - Equiplains and equiplainazation in the mountains of South Siberia / L. N. Ivanovsky. - Environmental control. - Changes of natural conditions under the influence of reservoirs / Yu. B. Trzhtsinsky, E. A. Kozyreva, O. A. Mazayeva. - Consequences of Severomuisky tunnel construction / L. L. Shabynin. - On heavy metals content in glaciers of Katunsky Ridge / A. A. Bondarovich. - Changes of mercury concentration in natural objects of the ecosystem of Kureiskoye Reservoir / L. M. Sorokovikova, L. D. Andrulaitis, V. M. Domysheva. - Nature management in the Baikal Basin. - Dam lakes of the East Siberia rifts' floor: the evidence from the past and likelyhood in the future / A. A. Kulchitsky, T. M. Skovitina, G. F. Ufimtsev. - Changes of state of the South Baikal Shelf under the influence of drainage waters from the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM) / E. I. Grosheva, R. P. Loseva, N. I. Kchotilovitch, G. N. Voronskaya, G. V. Belyavtseva, N. P. Melchakova, E. V. Shisiareva. - Patterns of structure and development of mountain landscapes of Pribaikalye (on the example of Baikal Ridge) / V. M. Plyusnin. - Geomorfological processes of the Priolkhonye in Holocene / S. A. Makarov. - Regional problems of nature studying and using the natural resources. - Special features of river bends in variuos natural environments (on the example of rivers Vychegda, Tchulym, Viluyi) / A. S. Zavadsky, L. N. Nikitina, R. S. Chalov. - The relief of and contemporary exogenic processes in the basins of Tsipa Branch (North-West of Zabaikalye) / V. B. Vyrkin. - Loose deposits and exogenic processes on the watershed of rivers Kaya and Irkut / D. D. Perevoznikov. - Quaternary volcanic ash in landscapes of Northern Priochotye / A. A. Galanin, O. P. Galanina. - Dynamics of landscape-climatic turns in the PriYenisei part of Kasskaya Plain in Holocene / A. D. Koshkarov, V. L. Koshkarova. - Consentration of microelements, and its season changes in conditions of PriokskoTerrasny biosphere nature reserve / S. V. Litkens. - Development and allocation of productive forces. - Restoration of sea bottom ecosystems (ecologic-economical aspect) / V. V. Zharikov, B. V. Preobrazhensky. - An assessment of territorial ecological balance in the Krasnoyarsk industrial-urban agglomeration / A. E. Miroshnikov, T. P. Strimzha, O. V. Antsiferova, N. A. Kochneva, S. V. Maksimova. - Traditional culture as base of sustainable development of indigenous people of the North / D. D. Mangataeva, G. Fondale. - Techniques of scientific studies. - Principles and methods of desighning ecologic-geographical maps using satellite imagery / B. L. Kochurov, N. N. Malakhova. - Nature-ecological assessment of urban environmental quality / T. I. Konovalova, I. E. Trofimova. - Some approaches to assessment of climate resources / L. B. Bashalkhanova. - An appraisement of thunderstorms and fire danger in forests of the left bank of River Yenisei / V. A. Ivanov, G. A. Ivanova. - Experimental creation of an artificial dune on the sandy shore of the Black Sea / Yu. D. Shuisky, G. V. Vykhovanets. - Geography abroad. - Heavy metals in bio-objects of fresh water ecosystems of Japan / P. V. Ivashov, S. E. Sirotsky. - Maunder minimum of solar activity in the evolution of natural environment of Eastern Mongolia / V. P. Chichagov. - Reviews. - Conception of sustainable development in the Irkutsk Region / Yu. P. Michailov. - Integrational potential of Geography / A. P. Chechel. - State of landscapes: the book on detailed researches in Priladozhie / V. A. Snytko. - Chronicles. - Geoinformation technologies in the environmental mapping: the International Conference in Irkutsk / A. R. Batuev, V. A. Chervyakov. - The simposium in Poland: eolian processes and shapes of the relief / T. Schipek, G. N. Martyanova, V. A. Snytko. - Geographical scientific conferences in Smolensk / V. B. Pozdeev. - Anniversaries. - On the 75-th anniversary of Aleksey Alexandrovitch Nedeshev. , In kyrillischer Schrift
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    Annual SCAR report on national scientific activities in the Antarctic 1 july 1998 - 30 june 1999 and planned new programmes : Argentina (1999)
    Buenos Aires : Direccion Nacional del Antartico, Instituto Antartico Argentino
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    Call number: AWI SCAR-AR-19-92813
    In: National report to SCAR on Antarctic scientific activities for the years ... and planned program for ... : progress report, 41
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 25 Seiten
    Series Statement: National report to SCAR on Antarctic scientific activities for the years ... and planned program for ... : progress report 41
    Language: English
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    Italy Antarctic research report to SCAR : June - 1999 ; 1. July 1, 1998 - June 30, 1999 record of activities ; 2. July 1, 1999 - June 30, 2000 planned activities ; ANT 99/10 (1999)
    Rome : Italian National Scientific Commission for Antarctic Research
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    Call number: AWI SCAR-IT-19-92821
    In: Italy antarctic research report to SCAR, June-1999
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 15, V Seiten
    Language: English
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  • 71
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    A literature review on decontaminating groundwater sampling devices : organic pollutants (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/14
    In: CRREL Report, 95-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Current protocols for decontaminating devices used to sample groundwater for organic contaminants are re­viewed. Most of the methods given by regulatory agencies provide little scientific evidence that justify the recommended protocols. In addition, only a few studies that actually compared various decontamination proto­cols could be found in the open literature, and those studies were limited in their scope. Various approaches for decontamination and criteria that are important in determining how effectively a surface could be decontami­nated are discussed.
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    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-14
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6067
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9194
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 72
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    Sealants and cold regions pavement seals : a review (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/11
    In: CRREL Report, 95-11
    Description / Table of Contents: A pavement joint seal prevents the passage of liquids into the pavement base and the intrusion of solids into the joint. The primary mechanical requirements of a pavement seal are that it respond elastically or viscoelastically to any movement of the joint without failure and that it withstand indentation of hard objects like rocks. Because pavement joint movements and seal deformations can be large, elastomeric sealants are often used to form seals. Winter conditions are recognized as the most critical for a seal because of the possibility that failure stresses will be reached as the joint opens to a maximum and the material stiffens in response to the temperature reduction. This report reviews the specific problems and requirements that cold climates create for the performance of elastomeric seals. Emphasis is placed on the material response behavior that can lead to failure of a seal. In an attempt to clarity the mechanics of sealant and seal performance associated with low-temperature pavement applications and to address the issue of low-temperature stiffening That should be a dominant factor in the selection of a sealant, this report presents background information on the formulation and mechanical properties of elastomeric seal materials and the structural behavior of field-molded joint and crack seals.
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    Pages: iv, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA297360
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9185
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Introduction Elastomers and sealant formulations Mechanical behavior of sealants Phenomenological behavior of rubbers and elastomers Hyperelastic constitutive model Examples of sealant behavior Mechanical response of seals Basic structural geometry and loading configurations of seals Conventional performance testing for studying the load and deformation response of joint and crack seals Response of seals to joint movements Summary and recommendations Literature cited Abstract
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  • 73
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    Motion resistance of wheeled vehicles in snow (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/7
    In: CRREL Report, 95-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Before vehicle mobility in snow can be reliably predicted, a complete understanding of motion resistance in snow is required. This report examines several aspects of wheeled vehicle motion resistance using results obtained with the CRREL instrumented vehicle. Resistances of leading and trailing tires are examined. Limited data are presented for undercarriage drag, and third and fourth wheel passes in the same rut are initially analyzed, as is how snow deforms around a wheel. For the CRREL instrumented vehicle, a trailing tire has a resistance coefficient of about 0.017 for snow depths less than about 22cm. For deeper snow, the disruption of the snowpack caused by a preceding wheel causes snow to fall into the rut, resulting in higher trailing tire coefficients. For larger vehicles, which in some cases have trailing tires carrying larger loads than preceding tires, the trailing tire coefficients are on the order of 0.048 and 0.025 for second and third trailing wheels respectively. Since there are no trailing tire data available for these larger vehicles, these values are based on nonlinear regression analysis, which includes a prediction of the leading tire resistance. The results and observations of this study are applied in a reanalysis of the towed resistance data obtained during the U.S. Army's Wheels vs. Tracks study. An improved algorithm is presented for predicting wheeled vehicle motion resistance caused by snow.
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    Pages: v, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-7
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA294675
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9271
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Results and analysis Leading tire resistance Trailing tire resistance Deep snow Undercarriage drag Multiple passes Shallow snow resistance model Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Snow data Appendix B: Observations of snow deformation by a wheel Appendix C: Wheeled vehicle motion resistance data Abstract
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  • 74
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    Cold regions mobility models (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/1
    In: CRREL Report, 95-1
    Description / Table of Contents: This report annotates the cold regions mobility prediction routines included in the CAMMS/ALBE mobility models. It further explains the development of the algorithms that are used in these models to describe the interaction of a vehicle with terrain that has been affected by cold weather. The following terrain conditions are discussed: undisturbed snow (shallow and deep); disturbed snow (moderately trafficked and hard packed); ice; and thawing soils. Several combinations of substrates are also considered. A stand-alone computer model is included.
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    Pages: v, 72 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA293728
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9179
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Shallow snow Undisturbed snow on a firm substrate Undisturbed snow on a soft substrate Undisturbed snow over ice Disturbed, processed and packed snow Deep snow Ice Freezing or thawing ground conditions Bearing capacity of freezing ground Effect of thawing conditions on vehicle performance Speed made good Internal motion resistance Slopes Summary and recornmendations Literature cited Appendix A: Cold Regions Mobility Model CRM-1.F Appendix B: FORTRAN code using NRMM/CAMMS variables and format Appendix C: Traction coefficients on packed snow Appendix D: NRMM checkout data Abstract
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    On the deformation of excavations in the Greenland névé (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-30
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 30
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Deformations occurring in a tunnel, two trenches, and a 30 m deep pit excavated in the Greenland névé in the summer of 1954 have been measured over a period of 2 years. The experimental results indicate that closure rates increase with lateral distance from a restraining boundary up to distances of about 1 m. At larger distances, the effect of the boundary is not appreciable. Closure rates for deep excavations are not found to be strongly depth-dependent. This is due to a roughly parallel increase of viscosity and pressure with depth. Vertical compaction results from the pit agree well with those calculated from the depth-density relation using Sorge's Law. A theoretical calculation for the tunnel and pit closure, which is a modification of existing theories for the deformation of an elastic, compressible, thick-walled cylinder, is in fair agreement with the observed deformations. From this agreement it appears that the flow behavior of the névé can be described on the basis of a Newtonian viscosity. The trench closure is described as the-squeezing out of horizontal layers, fixed at some distance from the trench, and modified only slightly by the drag of neighboring layers. Measurements will be continued during future summers.
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    Pages: iv, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 30
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2693
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Measurements and results Tunnel North-south trench East-west trench Deep pit Theoretical development Sorge's Law Deformation of acylindrical tunnel in a viscous compressible medium Discussion Tunnel Trenches Deep pit References Appendix
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    Determination of the modulus of elasticity of artificial snow-ice in flexure (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-31
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 31
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Studies were conducted on 58 snow-ice beams (7.5 cm wide, 10.0 cm high, and 56.0 cm long) ranging in density from 0.621 - 0.719 g/cm^3 under varying loads, at uniform loading rates (except for 23 beams which were tested with repeated loading), and at a constant temperature of -5 ± 0.5°C. All beams were tested to failure. The modulus of elasticity of the beams increased with density and loading rate. The modulus of elasticity ranged from 1.35 x 10^4 to 2.22x 10^4 kg/cm^2 for densities of 0.621 - 719 g/cm^3 respectively. A variation in the relative time of deflection from 42 - 23 sec/0.0200 cm gave a variation in the modulus of elasticity from 1.22 x 10^4 to 1.42 x 10^4 kg/cm^2. The modulus of rupture was roughly a linear function of density, increasing from 7.79 - 11.54 kg/cm^2 with density. Failure of the beams was sudden, with a conchoidal fracture occurring in the middle third of the span, and appeared to be a combination of shear and flexure.
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    Pages: iv, 9, A4, B10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 31
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2704
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method Procedure Test results Tests conducted Data and calculations Discussion of results References Appendix A. Drawings of apparatus Appendix B. Load-deflection and time-deflection curves for snow beams of various densities
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    Effect of hydrostatic pressure on velocity of shear deformation of single crystals of ice (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-32
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 32
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Apparatus was built for deforming ice crystals under hydrostatic pressures up to 350 atmospheres. Single crystals were placed in the mounts in such a way that the deformation occurred by gliding on the basal glide plane. It was found that the shear strain rate increased as the pressure was increased at constant temperature, but that the rate is practically independent of hydrostatic pressure when the difference between the ice temperature and the melting point is kept constant.
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    Pages: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 32
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2725
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Test apparatus and experimental procedures Experimental results Conclusions References
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    Theory of densification of dry snow on high polar glaciers, II (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-108
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 108
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The theory of snow densification is further developed on the basis of an exponential relation between viscosity and density. A linear relation between load-stress and strain rate is not valid for high stresses, and is replaced by a hyperbolic sine function. An empirical function is given for the temperature cycle correction. Two equations are derived for calculating depth-density curves with computers, and a simplified one for use with desk calculators. Instructions are given for determination of function parameters from field data. Four depth-density curves for Greenland and Antarctic locations are computed and graphed to show that the theory is useful.
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    Pages: iv, 18, A3, B5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 108
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5846
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Notation Stress analysis Analysis of densification process Non-Newtonian densification Equation for hyperbolic sine densification law Determination of parameters Discussion Glaciological engineering aspects References Appendix A: Example of calculation Appendix B: Snow density profiles
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  • 79
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    Reflection and transmission coefficients at the interface ice-solid (1964)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-110
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 110
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Nafe's (1957) presentation of reflection and transmission coefficients at a solid-solid interface was used to compute tables for the case of ice in contact with another solid at a plane interface. Energy ratios of all the combinations of reflected and refracted plane P and S waves were computed for 30 different cases of the second solid. A compressional velocity of 3.6 km/sec, a density of 0.9 g/cm^3, and a value of 1/3 for Poisson's ratio were assumed for the ice. For the other solid, the velocity ranged from 1.2 to 6.0 km/sec, the density from 1.5 to 3.0 g/cm^3, and Poisson's ratio from 0 to 1/3. The computations were carried out with an electronic computer, and the results are presented graphically.
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    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 110
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5835
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definitions Computation Results
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  • 80
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    Visual resolution and optical scintillation over snow, ice, and frozen ground; Part I (1964)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-111,1
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 111,1
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Optical scintillation, visual resolution, and wind and temperature profiles were measured over snow, ice and frozen ground. The data were analyzed to determine relationships between (1) scintillation and visual resolution and (2) scintillation and meteorological and surface conditions. The experimental results included (1) estimates of the limit of visual resolution, (2) telephotometer measurements of the apparent fluctuations in brightness (scintillation) of an artificial light source, and (3) measurements of wind direction and of the vertical distributions of wind speed and temperature. The optical path was 543 m long and 1.5 m above uniform horizontal surfaces. All scintillation and meteorological data are given in an appendix. The principal results of the analysis showed that for turbulent flow in stable stratification over snow (1) visual resolution deteriorated systematically as scintillation increased in intensity and (2) scintilliation intensity increased with increase in vertical temperature gradient. Scintilliation was at a minimum in the absence of thermal stratification and at a maximum (in very stable thermal stratification) during the sudden transition from laminar to turbulent flow. For a given temperature gradient, scintilliation increased with increase in wind speed. When wind and temperature gradients were combined in terms of the Richardson number and related to scintilliation, the data obtained over snow indicated a critical Richardson number of about 0.35. Scintilliation power spectra for eight periods revealed characteristics that could be related to visual resolution, the Richardson number and the mean wind speed component normal to the optical path. NOTE: This file is large. Allow your browser several minutes to download the file.
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    Pages: iii, 32, A17, B44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 111,1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5837
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Page Summary Introduction The problem Previous work Plan of the investigation Conclusions Visual resolution and scintillation Visual resolution and wind, temperature, and surface conditions Visual resolution and height and length of optical path Results Measurements Analysis and discussion Visual resolution and scintillation relationships Scintillation and micrometeorological parameters Index of refraction fluctuations Scintillation and the temperature profile Scintillation and average wind speed Combined effects of wind speed and temperature gradient Scintillation and surface roughness Scintillation power spectra Scintillation and path length References Appendix A: Equipment and procedures Appendix B: Micrometeorological and scintillation data
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  • 81
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    Age hardening of snow at the South Pole (1964)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-112
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 112
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The age hardening of artificially and naturally compacted snow has been investigated at the South Pole. Results show that the age-hardening process is greatly retarded at low temperatures. Artificially compacted samples of density 0.55 g/cm^3 attained a compressive strength of less than 3.0 kg/cm^2 after one year's aging at -49°C. Exposure to solar radiation accelerated the age hardening. Irradiated samples attained a strength of 6.0 kg/cm^2 after 100 hr, increasing to a virtual maximum of 8.0 kg/cm^2 at 600 hr. Compressive strengths increased witha decrease in snow-particle size and with an increasing angularity of the particles. Below 3 m the strength of naturally compacted snow was found to increase rapidly with an increase in density. Naturally compacted snow of density 0.55 g/cm^3 possessed considerably greater strength than any of the age-hardened samples of artificially compacted snow of the same density. Thin-section studies show that age hardening can be correlated with the formation and growth of intergranular bonds, and that bond growth falls off rapidly with decreasing temperature. In view of the low strength found in both naturally and artificially compacted snow at the South Pole, "cut-and-cover" undersnow camp construction may not prove practical at the South Pole.
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    Pages: v, 19, A6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 112
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5841
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Experimental methods Experimental results Series A Series B Series C Series D Series E Discussion Conclusions References Appendix A
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  • 82
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    Circular plates on elastic, sealed foundations (1963)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-118
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 118
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The observation that newly frozen ice sheets, resulting from pools of -water freezing over,- support more than would be predicted by ordinary theory is assessed. A solution is presented for a circular plate on an elastic, sealed foundation. Graphical results are shown for supports at the circumference of the plate. Graphs to obtain moments in a circular plate on an elastic bearing surface, using a sealed or unsealed foundation, are compiled for fixed and simple supports. In reality the foundation may not be completely sealed, calling for discretion in selecting the actual moment. The ability of the refrozen ice sheet to support the extra load is explained by the fact that the water has been sealed between the surface and main sheet of ice and the volume occupied by the water cannot change.
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    Pages: iii, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 118
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5858
    Language: English
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  • 83
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    Dynamic response of snow to high rates of loading (1964)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-119
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 119
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An experimental investigation of stress-wave propagation in snow and ice is described. Seven types of Greenland snow were investigated to determine the extent to which the variation in dynamic response of the snow is a function of snow types, and were compared with results of similar Michigan snow experiments. A low-density explosive charge was detonated, sending a steep-fronted shock wave through a metal transfer plate and into the snow sample, compressing the snow and setting it in motion. Measurements were made on shock waves with amplitudes of less than 200 atm. Density and pressure behind the wave fronts were determined by simultaneous measurement of wave-propagation and particle velocity as limited by the fast elastic wave and the slow plastic wave of the two-front structure. Values calculated by the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions determined the points at which the material behaves plastically or hydrodynamically. The maximum stable pressure-volume states that snow can reach under shock loading are also shown. Sources of scatter in the results from variations in snow type and errors in data reduction and geometry changes are pointed out.
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    Pages: v, 25, A11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 119
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5952
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Test area description Experimental techniques Explosive initiation system Grid lines on snow Grid lines on driving plates The streak camera Synchronization of camera and event Synchronization of flash bulb and event Timing-light generator High-speed framing camera
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  • 84
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    Cooling of an undersnow camp (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-95
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 95
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An investigation was conducted at Camp Century, Greenland, to study the feasibility of using air wells to cool undersnow structures in the arctic during the summer months. From results obtained during the summers of 1959,and 1960 and late November, 1960, it was found that the air well is a practical and effective means of providing a -20°C air supply at volumetric flow rates of 1200 to 1700 ft^3/min. The extent and rate of warming of the snow beneath the trench floor by heat exchange between the air and the snow foundation was found to depend upon trench air temperature, fan capacity, fan arrangement, and casing length. For example, in a well cased to a depth of 17. 5 ft and equipped with a 5 hp fan drawing in air at a rate of 1700 ft^3/min, the maximum warming was found to be 12.5°C during a 42-day period. Snow temperature differences of about 7°C were found between similar trenches with and without a fan installation. The minimum permissible distance between two adjacent fans to eliminate, overlap in warming up the snow foundation is approximately 80 ft.
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    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 95
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5877
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Theoretical background Test method and equipment Test operations Effectiveness of the air well Estimation of fan capacity Natural cooling in winter Change of trench foundation temperature Trench wall warm-up Conclusions and recommendations
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  • 85
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    Strength studies of high-density snow (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-18
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 18
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Various strength properties of naturally compacted high-density snows, in the density range of from 0.40 to 0.75 g/cm^3, are reported. Test results are given for: unconfined compression; unconfined and confined double shear; ring, flexural, and centrifugal tensile strength; torsional shear; and work of disaggregation. The work of disaggregation per unit volume was related to crushing, tensile, and shear strength at various lateral pressures, using the same empirical relationship. The results of the various tests measuring the tensile strength of the snow compare favorably with each other. An attempt was made to use the direct shear strength results in Coulomb’s equation for the determination of Mohr’s envelope of rupture for snow. These tests yield higher values than those obtained in unconfined compression tests. However, angles of internal friction obtained considering Mohr’s envelope to be straight line seem to agree with measurements taken on an unconfined compression specimen.
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    Pages: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 18
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2713
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Temperature correction factors Crushing strength Tensile strength · Shear strength Torsional shear strength Work of disaggregation of snow Angle of internal friction and apparent unit cohesion Discussion of results References
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  • 86
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    Shear moraines in the Thule area, Northwest Greenland (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-17
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 17
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The ice-cored moraine which occurs on the margin of the Greenland Ice Cap, east of Thule Air Base, was investigated during the summers of 1954 and 1955. A synthesis of the field data gathered leads to the following conclusions: 1.) The outer zone of the ice margin is composed of stagnant ice which acts as a barrier to movement of mobile ice from the interior. 2.) The mobile ice overrides the barrier zone in a series of high angle imbricate shears. 3.) These shears carry old ground moraine from the subglacial floor toward the surface. 4.) Differential ablation on the surface results in the formation of ice-cored moraine ridges, parallel to the strike of the shear. 5.) Recent stagnation and recession of the ice margin in the Thule area has resulted in the formation of a belt of successive shear moraines. 6.) Geomorphic processes in addition to ablation (particularly wind action) control the surface expression of the shear moraines. 7.) Subglacial topography is the primary control on the trend of both ice edge and moraine ridges. 8.) The complex Thule Ramp shear moraine has resulted from a faster-moving ice mass to the north overriding the Thule Ramp ice. 9.) The prominent ice cliffs are manifestations of erosion by wind and water. 10.) The tunnel in the Thule Ramp ice cliff indicates a former development of shear moraine in the area. 11.) Structural and geomorphic features indicate glacial cycles in the area of both long and short duration. 12.) The shear moraines in the Thule area offer a possible explanation for the mode of ground moraine deposition in some areas of continental glaciation during the late Pleistocene. The work done in 1954 and 1955 was in the nature of a glacial geomorphologic reconnaissance. Intensive study remains to be done, particularly in the Thule Ramp area, on ice structure, movement, and ablation before a complete understanding of both present and past glacial regimes can be reached.
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    Pages: vi, 46, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2743
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction I. Physiographic description of study area II. Structure of the marginal zone of the ice cap III. Geomorphologic processes IV. Recent glacial history of the ice margin
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  • 87
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    Strength studies of sea ice (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-20
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 20
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Investigations on sea ice at Hopedale, Labrador, March 1956, included: small beam tests and in-place cantilever beam tests for flexural strength; ring tensile-strength tests; unconfined compression tests, with stress-strain studies to determine "Young's modulus"; and double shear tests. The results exhibit a great deal of scatter, primarily due to the inhomogeneity of sea ice. Ring tensile strength values range between 3.3 kg/cm^2 and 22.3 kg/cm2 between -2.5°C and -19.1°C. The small beam tests give flexural strength values from 0.5 to 17.3 kg/cm^2 in a similar temperature range. The in-place pull-up cantilever beam tests give flexural strength values of 2.2 to 4.0 kg/cm^2, with much less scatter. Crushing strength values range from 26.3 to more than 107 kg/cm^2 in the range -4.9°C to -18.3°C. Values for Young's modulus obtained from the slope of the straight line portion of the stress-strain curves in compression ranged between 4520 and 10,225 kg/cm^2. There is a temperature dependence, explained by the effect of change in brine content, on sea-ice structure. The double shear tests give values of 7.8 to 34.2 kg/cm^2 in the range -5.5°C to -12.8°C. These are higher than the tensile-strength values. These failures occurred normal to the direction of growth, while the tensile strength was obtained with failure parallel to it.
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    Pages: 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 20
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2736
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Ring tensile strength Flexural strength of small beams Flexural strength of inplace beams Crushing strength Shear strength Discussion of results References
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  • 88
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    Radiation measurements on the Greenland ice cap (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-19
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 19
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Measurements were made of global and net radiation between 6 July and 7 August 1955 at a site on the Greenland Ice Cap located near 78°N latitude and at an elevation of 6800 ft. Snow-surface temperatures during this period were below 0°C and mean cloudiness was 0.7. Total incident global radiation measured during the 33-day period amounted to 20,628 ?? of which only 3059 ??, or about 15%, were absorbed by the snow cover. Most of the absorbed global radiation was re-emitted as long-wave radiation, so the net gain during the observation period amounted to not more than 7.6 ??/day. Diffuse sky radiation amounted to only 19% of all incoming global radiation measured at the ice-cap research site. In the temperate zone, diffuse sky radiation amounts to 30% or more of the incoming radiation. The small amount of diffuse sky radiation indicates low atmospheric turbidity in this polar climatic zone. Incident global radiation was reduced by 6% in the presence of a 0.5 cloud cover. Under full overcast conditions the snow surface received 65% of the global radiation measured on clear days. In the temperate zone as little as 30% of global radiation reaches the earth under full cloud cover. The large amount of global radiation received in the Arctic under full cloud cover is the primary cause of one form of arctic white-out. Accompanying the small decrease in global radiation caused by cloudiness is a large decrease in effective outgoing long-wave radiation, with an increase in the net radiation balance. This condition contributes to a greater potential ablation of the snow and ice cover during cloudy seasons. The long-wave radiation balance at this site on the ice cap was always negative during the period covered by this study. Errors associated with the measurement of solar radiation at the low sun angles which prevailed at the research site were found to be about -3%. No correction was applied to the basic data, however, since there were insufficient data to establish the consistency of this error over the period of observation. During periods of blowing and drifting snow, 6% more global radiation was measured at 1.25 m above the snow surface than at 5.7 m elevation. The increase may be due to multiple reflection within the layer of blowing snow. The atmospheric transmission coefficient at the ice-cap site was found to be 0.968. This high value was associated with the low atmospheric turbidity. The heat balance of the snow cover as computed from the radiation measurements and a temperature profile in the snow was found to be 7.6 ??/day at the ice-cap site. This is a negligible heat gain when compared with the 400 ??/day gain by a spring snow pack in the Sierra Nevada of California. For the entire season when the sun is above the horizon, the estimated net gain by the ice cap is 1000 ??, no more than a 2-1/2-day heat supply used in melting the snow of the High Sierra. Some measurements made with a silicon solar battery similar to those developed by the Bell Telephone Laboratories indicate that it may have a significantly higher efficiency on the ice cap than in the more temperate zone. Verification of this apparent increase in efficiency and the causes for it require further study of the performance of the p-n junction cells in the Arctic.
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    Pages: iv, 20, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2745
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Instrumentation Recording of data III. Results Global radiation Albedo of snow Diffuse sky radiation Effect of clouds on radiation Atmospheric and terrestrial radiation Effect of low sun angle on measured radiation Global radiation gradient Atmospheric transmission coefficient Heat balance of snow cover Applied use of solar energy References. Appendix
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  • 89
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    White-out in Greenland (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-21
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 21
    Description / Table of Contents: Limited studies of white-outs on the Greenland Ice Cap indicate that five major types of low visibility have been reported as white-out. They are: 1.) Overcast white-out, caused by a continuous cloud cover. 2.) Water-fog white-out, produced by supercooled water droplets in the air. 3.) Ice-fog white-out, produced by ice crystals suspended in the air. 4.) Blowing snow white-out, produced by wind-driven, wind-eroded snow. 5.) Precipitation white-out, produced by falling snow. The first three types are interrelated and appear to be produced by upslope, convective lifting of warm maritime air and the advective transport of the cooled saturated air over the cold snow field. Radiation heat losses from the snow surface may contribute to more rapid formation of the white-out. The fact that there is a shift in the prevailing wind direction prior to the development of a white-out indicates that certain changes in upper air circulation may be associated with white-out formation and duration. There is reason to believe that upper air and surface observations might make it possible to forecast white-outs on the Greenland Ice Cap with some degree of reliability.
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    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 21
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2758
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Results at Site 2 Discussion References
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  • 90
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    Physical investigations on the snow and firn of northwest Greenland 1952, 1953, and 1954 (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-26
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 26
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of temperature, density, ram-hardness and grain-size measurements at 118 test sites along a 300-mi. traverse, ranging in elevation from 2000 to 8000 ft, are reported in detail, and their meteorological and climatic implications are discussed. Four types of diagenetically produced facies were recognized: ablation facies, extending from the snout of the glacier to the firn line; soaked facies, extending from the firn line to the saturation line; percolation facies, extending from the saturation line to the dry-snow line; and dry-snow facies, extending across the glacier above the dry-snow line. The well defined saturation line shows marked discontinuities in temperature, density, and ram hardness, while the dry-snow line is a transition 1 zone 10-20 mi. wide. The recognition of facies allows greater resolution of glacier characteristics than Ahlmann's classification, permitting quantitative subdivision of all types of large glaciers. Regional precipitation (entirely from cyclonic storms) is about 5 times greater than at Thule; and the prevailing katabatic winds control the vertical component of the temperature gradient in the snow and firn. The depth density curve of the firn at elevations where melt is negligible is invariant with time, as in Sorge's law, so that the densification can be treated as a steady-state situation with load as the only significant variable.
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    Pages: vii, 62, A4, B2, C2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 26
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2724
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Chapter I. Introduction Greenland Glaciers and stratigraphy The Greenland ice sheet - a rock formation Region of investigation Chapter II. Methods of investigation Stratigraphy Accumulation measurements Work program at pit stations General description of pits Temperature Hardness Density, stratigraphy, and grain size Accuracy of density measurements Photography Core drilling Air permeability and mechanical tests Elevation measurements Barometric altimetry Transit leveling Chapter III. Basic concepts and definitions Summer melt Soaking Complete soaking Localized percolation Stability Diagenetic facies Chapter IV. Presentation and discussion of results Grain size and morphology Grain size Morphology Temperature Seasonal variation and mean annual temperature Thermal effect of an open pit Constancy of climate Facies in terms of temperature data Hardness Continuity of strata Effect of wind Increase in R with depth below snow surface Facies in terms of hardness data Density Depth vs density data Depth vs load data Attempts to formulate depth vs density Facies in terms of density data Glacier facies - a classification of glaciers Chapter V. Stratigraphy and accumulation Stratigraphy Stratigraphic interpretation at station 1-0 Correlation between stratigraphic and meteorological records Accumulation Integrated qepth-density curves Measurement of accumulation on surface marker plates Pole-marker measurements Stratigraphic correlation Selection of a reference datum in the annual stratigraphic sequence Correlation across the traverse Effects of topography Chapter VI. Meteorological and climatological implications Winds Precipitation Annual heat exchange References Appendix A: Stratigraphy, meteorology and glaciology Appendix B: Logistics and development of the research program Appendix C: Tables
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  • 91
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    Elastic plates with simply supported straight boundaries, resting on a liquid foundation (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-59
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 59
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The deflection expression of an infinite plate subjected to a concentrated force is used with the "method of images" to obtain solutions for 6 plates with simply supported edges. The semi-infinite plate, the wedge-shaped plate, and its special case, the rectangular corner plate, are solved in closed form; and the infinite strip, the semi-infinite strip, and the rectangular plate are solved as rapidly convergent series. Behavior under a concentrated force is studied in more detail for the semi-infinite plate and the rectangular corner plate. Relationships for obtaining bending moments, shear forces and reaction distributions as well as derivatives of the kei-function with respect to ? and ? are given in the appendices.
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    Pages: iv, 12, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 59
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2738
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction and statement of the problem Solution of the boundary value problems for simply supported boundaries Semi-infinite plate Wedge-shaped plate Rectangular corner plate Infinite strip Semi-infinite strip Rectangular plate Remarks on the problem of arbitrary load distribution References Appendix A Appendix B
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  • 92
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    Analysis of a sub-ice heat sink for cooling power plants (1960)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-60
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 60
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: This report presents numerical results on the feasibility study of the use of in-ice cooling for a power plant. As a result of this type of arrangement, a water pond under ice is formed. The pond size as a function of time for various operating conditions has been computed. The associated problems such as water temperature, power consumption, etc., are also studied.
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    Pages: iv, 17, A6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 60
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2751
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Open-loop system Method of analysis Time dependence of pond size Temperature of water in the pond Effect of inlet water temperature Effect of convection duct Power consumption for circulation of cooling water Condlusions Closed-loop system Method of analysis Time dependence of pond size Flow conditions of glycol solutions inside coil Discussion and conclusions References Appendix: Examples of calculations
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  • 93
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    Bonding of flat ice surfaces : some preliminary results (1960)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-61
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 61
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of experiments on the bonding of polished and microtomed surfaces of bubble-free ice samples at -5°C with various loads are reported. Only a small part of the available surface area appeared to be bonded, this area increasing with the bonding load. Surfaces apposed immediately after preparation showed an appreciably higher force of separation than those joined after a time interval. The force of separation for surfaces placed together at 0% relative humidity was higher than that at 100% relative humidity. A simplified theory of bonding of irregular ice surfaces is formulated in the appendix. The calculations are based on the assumption of a distribution of small ice cylinders of equal cross sections but different heights located on a non-deformable plate. The cylinders are deformed by a constant force which is applied by another completely non-deformable flat plate. The deformation as a function of force and time and the force of separation as a function of load are derived, assuming that the distribution of heights is given by a box distribution (i.e., frequency of heights is constant).
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    Pages: iv, 6, A4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 61
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2700
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Materials Apparatus and procedure Results Discussion References Appendix: Compression of an assembly of cylinders
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  • 94
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    Adhesive properties of ice; Part II (1960)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-62
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 62
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Adhesive strength of ice for the systems ice/stainless steel and ice/optically flat fused quartz has been investigated as a function of surface roughness of steel surfaces and rates of shear for steel and quartz. The adhesive strength decreases with decreasing roughness of steel surfaces and the force vs time curves for smooth steel plates resemble those of two solids sliding over each other with a liquid layer sandwiched between them. This is particularly so in the case of quartz. The adhesive strength as a function of rate of shear is linear both for ice/stainless steel and ice/quartz; however, there are indications of yield values. The experimental results are in agreement with the assumption of a liquidlike layer on ice. Ratios of viscosity coefficient to the thickness of the layer have been evaluated for both systems and viscosity coefficients are estimated. The importance of interfacial free energy considerations is pointed out.
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    Pages: iii, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 62
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2722
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Ice/metal interface Ice/quartz interface Discussion References
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  • 95
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    Plastic deformation of thick-walled snow-ice cylinders under hydrostatic pressure (1960)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-63
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 63
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Experiments have been carried out on the plastic deformation of thick-walled snow-ice cylinders under hydrostatic pressure as a function of pressure and temperature. At constant circumferential stress and temperature the natural strain rate of closure is a constant. This constant varies with the circumferential stress according to a sine function and is exponentially dependent on temperature with an energy of activation of 14.1 kcal/mole at an average circumferential stress of 3.1 kg/cm^2. The mechanism of the plastic flow is in agreement with a mechanism proposed previously, that is, flow between grain boundaries takes place.
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    Pages: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 63
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2740
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Deformation under constant hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of temperature at constant pressure Discussion References
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  • 96
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    Temperature distribution of an idealized ice cap (1960)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-64
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 64
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The distribution of temperature throughout an idealized ice cap is studied. The idealized ice cap is considered as one with a constant growth rate, without internal movement, subject to a linear climatic change and to a constant geothermal influx. The problem is treated as a Stefan-type problem and the solution is obtained by the principle of superposition. The results indicate that the temperature at the base of the ice cap rises with time and eventually would reach the melting point of the ice. Under such conditions, it is concluded that the ice cap is not resting on a permafrost base as suggested by previous investigation.
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    Pages: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 64
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2739
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Mathematical development Method of solution Discussion of results Base temperature Minimum temperature Effect of rate of growth Effect of geothermal influx Comparison with observed results References
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  • 97
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    Temperature distribution of snow with gamma ray radiation (1960)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-67
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 67
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The temperature distribution in snow subjected to gamma radiation from an operating nuclear reactor is analyzed mathematically, assuming that the effect of radiation is equivalent to a continuous heat source, the intensity of which is a function of the radial distance from the reactor. Steady-state solutions are derived for two cases: when the radial distance is 13 ft and when it is 19.1 ft. The results indicate that the temperature of the snow in certain regions in the several feet immediately below the foundation will exceed the design limit of 20°F. Increasing the shielding of the reactor will reduce the intensity of the radiation and snow temperature. Other possible ways to reduce the snow temperature include the use of refrigeration coils and the forcing of the atmospheric air through the snow.
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    Pages: iii, 4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 67
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2709
    Language: English
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  • 98
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    Theory of densification of dry snow on high polar glaciers (1960)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-69
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 69
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The relations between rate of snow accumulation, snow density, snow age, and depth below the surface are formulated in terms of a compactive viscosity factor, which is assumed to be a function of only density and temperature, with parameters which will vary with the snow-type sequences of different climatic areas of high polar glaciers. The theory could be useful in an analysis of the data obtained from the large number of snow pits in Greenland, Ellesmere Island,and Antarctica.
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    Pages: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 69
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2720
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction The Sorge depth-density curve Generalization for time-variable rate of accumulation Path of a particle on the surface y=B(h,t) Effect of temperature Computational procedure Densification under high loads References
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  • 99
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    Some preliminary observations on the plasticity of Greenland glaciers (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-33
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 33
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A series of deformation measurements have been selected for preliminary studies on the plasticity of Greenland glacier ice. The measurements to be reported on were obtained in the Red Rock and TUTO tunnels in Northwest Greenland. Both tunnels were excavated during the summer of 1955 with some additional work done during the summer of 1956. Deformation measurements made up to the end of the 1956 summer season, therefore, are of limited reliability, but certain trends appearing in these data seem worth reporting. The topics discussed are (1) the shearing of an initially vertical peg system at Red Rock, (2) the deformation of core holes at TUTO, and (3) tunnel closure at both sites. These data are analyzed on the basis of laminar flow of the Nye type and certain conclusions are derived.
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    Pages: 6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 33
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2752
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental Analysis The shear of glaciers Tunnel closure Conclusions References
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  • 100
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    Compressive strength properties of snow (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-34
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 34
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The compressive strength of snow cylinders was investigated as a function of age of snow, snow-particle size, and age of the cylinders. The effect of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia on the strength of snow cylinders has also been studied. The experimental results show that the older the snow from which snow cylinders are made, the smaller the compressive strength. The compressive strength of cylinders decreases with the snow particle size. An equation describing the aging curves for snow cylinders is presented. Whereas carbon dioxide and methane in small quantities have no effect on the compressive strength, ammonia appreciably lowers the compressive strength of snow cylinders. All strength measurements were carried out at -10°C.
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    Pages: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 34
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2748
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus and technique Preparation of snow fractions Experimental results Aging of snow cylinders Compressive strength as a function of particle size Mixture of fractions Influence of gases on the compressive strength of snow Discussion References
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