ALBERT

Note: Contents Foreword by UNEP Foreword by WGMS Summary 1 Introduction 2 Glaciers and climate 3 Global distribution of glaciers and ice caps 4 Glacier fluctuation series 5 Global glacier changes 6 Regional glacier changes 6.1 New Guinea 6.2 Africa 6.3 New Zealand 6.4 Scandinavia 6.5 Central Europe 6.6 South America 6.7 Northern Asia 6.8 Antarctica 6.9 Central Asia 6.10 North America 6.11 Arctic Islands 7 Conclusions References Appendix 1 - National Correspondents of the WGMS Appendix 2 - Meta-data on available fluctuation data

Note: Contents Manual 2.2 The relative measurement of aktivity Lectures 1.3 Statistics / H. Baumbach 2.2 Sealed sources / K. Vormum 2.4 Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis / H.-K. Bothe 3.1 The use of carriers / H. Koch 4.3 Autoradiography / K. Freyer 6.1 Radiometric methods in environmental control / H.-J. Große

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Observations on the Nuna ramp Sample collection Distribution of the cryoconite holes Observations in the Thule ramp Physical analyses of the cryoconite Biological assay of the cryoconite References Appendix: A study of the bacteria and fungus content of the cryoconite of the Thule area

Note: CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. AIMS AND SCOPE 3. NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC ACIDIFICATION AND ITS ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 3.1. The role of water pH 3.2. Description of natural and anthropogenic acid sources 3.3. Anthropogenic acidification and its ecological consequences 3.4. Diatoms as indicators of water acidity and related factors 4. MATERIAL AND METHODS 4.1. Field samples 4.2. Laboratory methods 4.3. Data analysis 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS 6. RESULTS 6.1. Diatom community patterns vs. water chemistry in relation to different water types 6.2. Diatom community patterns in relation to altitude 6.3. Diatom community patterns in relation to dijf'erent geographical regions in Poland and Finland 6.4. Diatoms as indicators of pH, alkalinity and TOC 6.5. Restoration and recovery of acidified aquatic ecosystems 6.5.1. Diatoms as indicators of restoration: effect of water neutralization 6.5.2. Diatoms as indicators of lake recovery 7. DISCUSSION 8. NOTES ON AUTECOLOGY OF SELECTED DIATOM TAXA 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES APPENDIX (Codes of diatom taxa used in the graphs and tables) PLATES

Note: Contents Foreword, by Professor Dr. Martin Bopp Preface Acknowledgements 1. EXPERIMENTS ON SPORES AND GEMMAE Spore Germination in Liverwort - Jungermanniales, Marchantiales, Anthocerotales, Sphaerocarpales; Types of Spore Germination in Mosses - Sphagnales, Andreaeales, Tetraphidales, Bryales Factors Affecting Spore Germination - Light, Temperature, Sugars, Minerals, Growth Regulators, Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), OtheT Factors Mechanism of Spore Germination Experiments on Gemmae - light, Temperature, Humidity and other Physical Factors, Growth Regulators, Nitrogenous Substances, Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), Other Chemical Factors References 2. PROTONEMAL DIFFERENTIATION AND BUD FORMATION IN MOSSES Protonemal Differentiation Bud Formation Factors Affecting Bud Formation - Light, Temperature, Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate, Adenine and Amino Acids, Minerals and Chelates Vitamins, Abscisic Acid, Sugars, pH, Influence of Other Organisms References. 3. REGENERATION Potentialities of Various Organs for Regeneration - Regeneration from Leaves, Regeneration from Setae Morphology of Régénérants Factors Affecting Regeneration - Light. Radiation, pH, Season, Humidity. Wounding, Temperature, Size of the Fragment Reserve Food Material. Location in the Plant, Age, Correlative Inhibition. Polarity and Apical Dominance Changes Occurring in Regenerating Cells References 4. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY Factors Affecting Gametangial Induction - Light Duration, Light Level, Light Quality. Temperature, Temperature-Photoperiod Interaction. Humidity. Hydration. Carbohydrates. Nitrogenous Substances, Growth Regulators, Chelating Agents, pH and Other Factors References 5. ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS IN LIFE CYCLE Apogamy - Occurrence of Apogamy in Diplophase and Haplophase, Spore Production in Apogamous Sporophytes, Differentiation of Apogamous Sporophytes from Callus, Factors Controlling Differentiation of Apogamous Sporophytes: Exogenous Factors, Endogenous Factors, Differentiation of Sporophyte and Gametophyte, Role of Calyptra in Sporogon Development Apospory Callus Formation and its Differentiation - Formation of Callus. Differentiation in Callus Controls in Differentiation Alternation of Generations References 6. PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS Spore Germination - Liverworts, Mosses Growth - Liverworts, Mosses Vegetative Propagation - Liverworts, Mosses Metabolism - Liverworts. Mosses; Senescence Bud Induction in Mosses Tropic Responses - Liverworts, Mosses References. 7. ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES Spore Protonema Stem Leaf Gametangia - Antheridium Gametogenesis - Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis Sporogenesis - Spore Sac or Tapetum. Fluctuation in Plastid Number, Structural Changes in Plastids, Cytoplasm, and Other Organelles. Meiosis. Spore Wall Formation Sporophyte-Ganietophyte Junction Seta Histoenzymological Studies - Localization of Enzymes in the Haustorial Foot References 8. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BRYOPHYTES Antibiotics Growth Substances - Specified Growth Substances, Non-specified Growth Substances Lipids - Alkanes, Fatty Acids, Cuticular Components Terpenoids - Monoterpenoids, Sesquiterpenoids, Ditetpenoids, Triterpenoids and Sterols Flavonoids - Flavones, Isoflavones, Flavonols, Dihydrofiavonoids and Biflavonyls, Aurones and Chalcones, Acylated Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins, Sphagnorubins Lignins; Other Constitutents - Carotenoids, Carbohydrates, Organic Acids, Dihydrostilbenes, Enzymes, Amino Acids and Quinones, Inorganic Compounds, Miscellaneous, Antitumour Activities, Allergenic Activities References 9. BRYOPHYTES AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION Heavy Metals - Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Mercury, Arsenates, Chromium, Nickel. Vanadium Stability Pattern of Metal Ions Metal Tolerance - Copper Mosses, Peat Mosses Gaseous Pollutants - Sulphur dioxide. Fluorides, Ozone Radionuclides (Radio Isotopes) - Cesium. Strontium, Uranium; Radiations References. 10. PROTOPLAST CULTURE Isolation of Protoplasts - Mechanical Method, Enzymatic Method, Source Material for Protoplasts, Factors Affecting Protoplast Isolation: Culture of Protoplasts—Liquid Culture Agar Plating of Protoplasts: Regeneration of Protoplasts - Factors Affecting Regeneration Protoplast Fusion and Somatic Hybrids Induction and Isolation of Mutants References. 11. CONDUCTION IN BRYOPHYTES External Conduction - Gametophyte. Sporophyte, Significance of External Conduction Internal Conduction - Cells Involved in Conduction, Anatomy of the Horizontal Axis, Midribs and Leaf Traces. Conducting Strand in Seta and Capsule, Development and Structure of Mature Conducting Tissues. The Interphase, Internal Conduction of Water, Conduction of Organic Compounds; Evolutionary Trends in the Conducting Strands References. 12. WATER RELATIONS Absorption and Conduction of Water - Endohydric.' Ectohydric, Myxohydric Water Holding Capacity and Growth Rate Desiccation and Rehydration Mechanism of Damage Growth-Forms References SUBJECT INDEX PLANT INDEX AUTHOR INDEX

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION II SUMMARY OF METHODS OF GROUND WATER DETECTION A. Geophysical Methods Gravimetric Method Magnetic Method Seismic Method Electrical Resistivity Method Electrical, Radioactive and Temperature Logging Methods B. Tracer Methods Dyes as Ground Water Tracers Tracers Detected by Chemical Determinations Radioactive Tracers III LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES OF GROUND WATER TRACERS Ion Exchange in Soils Lysimeter Studies of Fluorescein, Chloride and Iodine-131 Comparison of Stable and Radioactive Calcium Tritium Studies Injection Well Studies of Fluorescein, Dextrose, and Iodine-131 IV CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Geophysical Methods B. Tracer Methods V ABSTRACT OF LITERATURE PERTAINING TO GROUND WATER DETECTION A. Geophysical Methods B . Tracer Methods

Note: Contents Preface 1 The evidence for cryospheric change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The geomorphic and hydrologic effects of cryospheric change 1.3 Sub-arctic and alpine hydrology 1.4 Glacier loss and mountain permafrost 1.5 Permafrost 1.6 The carbon balance of the cryosphere 1.7 River and lake ice break-up and freeze-up 1.8 Ocean circulation 1.9 The mass balance of the polar ice sheets 1.10 Sea level 1.11 Importance of sea ice. 1.12 Ecological impacts 1.13 Socio-economic effects 1.14 Conclusions (Text word count-including figure captions and tables but excluding references- 9,015) 2 The monitoring of cryospheric change 2.1 Introduction 2.2 In situ measurements 2.2.1 Land surface air temperature 2.2.2 Terrestrial snow and snow on sea ice 2.2.3 Sea ice 2.2.4 Ice sheets and alpine glaciers 2.2.5 Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground 2.2.6 River runoff 2.2.7 River and lake ice freeze-up and break-up 2.3 Conclusions 3 Processes of cryospheric change 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Snow and ice as energy regulators 3.2.1 The energetics of the snow surface 3.2.2 The energetics of the snowpack 3.2.3 The energetics of glaciers 3.2.4 The energetics of sea ice and various terrain types 3.2.5 Permafrost 3.3 Snow and ice reservoir functions 3.3.1 Mass budget for snow 3.3.2 Mass balance for glacier ice 3.3.3 The mass balance of an ice sheet 3.3.4 Mass balance of sea ice 3.4 Snowfall 3.4.1 Interception by vegetation 3.4.2 Snow accumulation 3.4.3 Snow cover structure 3.5 Snow avalanches 3.6 Snow melt, runoff and streamflow generation 3.7 Snow chemistry 3.8 Snow ecology 3.9 Glacier melt 3.10 Formation of an ice cover 3.11 River and lake ice 3.12 Sediment budgets 4 Patterns of the contemporary cryosphere at local to global scales 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Remote sensing observations 4.3 Land and sea surface temperature 4.3.1 Terrestrial snow and snow on sea ice 4.3.2 Sea ice 4.3.3 Ice sheets & glaciers: estimation of volume 4.3.4 Ice sheets & glaciers: mass balance components 4.3.5 Permafrost 4.3.6 River runoff 4.3.7 River and lake ice freeze-up/break-up 4.4 Numerical Models 4.5 Conclusions: validation, coordinated projects and climate data records 5 The evidence for past cryospheric changes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The uniqueness of the Quaternary Period 5.3. Initiation of glacial ages 5.4 Reconstructing extent of glacial environments 5.5 Extreme events 5.6 Ice sheet modelling 5.6.1 The Antarctic Ice Sheet 5.6.2 Greenland 5.6.3 North America: Innuitian, Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets 5.6.4 British Isles, Scandinavian and Barents ice sheets 5.6.5 The Patagonian and New Zealand ice caps 5.7 Non-glacial Quaternary environments 5.7.1 Late Quaternary permafrost in North America and Europe 5.7.2 Treeline variations 5.7.3 Climatic snowline 5.7.4 Glacier fluctuations 5.7.5 Paraglaciation 6 The transience of the cryosphere and transitional landscapes 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 The landscape as palimpsest 6.2 Glacial landscapes: macro scale 6.2.1 Cirque landscapes 6.2.2 Fjord and strandflat landscapes 6.3 Periglacial landscapes: macro-scale 6.4 Paraglacial landscapes: macro-scale 6.5 Glacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.5.1 The transition from glacial to fluvial dominance 6.6 Proglacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.6.1 Glacifluvial landforms 6.6.2 The Channeled Scablands 6.6.3 Sub-glacial channels 6.6.4 Sub-glacial, ice-marginal and supraglacial sediment-landform associations 6.7 Periglacial landscapes: medium scale 6.7.1 The transition from periglacial to fluvial dominance 6.8 Paraglacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.9 Glacial landscapes: local-scale 6.9.1 Primary glacigenic deposits 6.9.2 Small scale erosional forms 6.10 Proglacial landscapes: local-scale 6.11 Periglacial landscapes: local scale 6.13 Paraglacial landscapes: local-scale 6.13 Landscape resistance, collapse and recovery 6.14 Transitional landscapes at Quaternary, Holocene and Anthropocene timescales 7 Cryospheric change and vulnerability at Quaternary, Holocene and Anthropocene time scales 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Panarchy 7.2.1 Panarchy, sustainability and transformability 7.2.2 Collapse and the vulnerability of socio-economic systems 7.3 Changing ice cover and biomes since the Last Glacial Maximum 7.3.1 The Last Glacial Maximum 7.3.2 The Holocene Optimum 7.4 The first explorers in North America 7.5 Implications of cryospheric change/collapse 7.5.1 Snow quantity 7.5.2 Snow quality 7.5.3 River and lake ice 7.5.4 Permafrost 7.5.5 Glaciers 7.5.6 River basins 7.5.7 Sea ice 7.5.8 Ice sheets 7.5.9 Sea level change 7.5.10 Carbon sequestration 7.5.11 Vegetation 7.5.12 Polar bears 7.5.13 Human health 7.5.14 Persistent organic pollutants 7.5.15 Socio-cultural conditions and health status 7.5.16 Livelihoods and socio-economic conditions 7.5.17 Governance 7.6 Concluding thoughts References Index

Note: Contents: I The mechanical properties of rocks. - II The theory of elastic waves. - III Observational seismology. - IV The theory of the figures of the earth and moon. - V The figures of the earth and moon. Discussion of observations. - VI Stress-differences in the earth. - VII The variation of latitude and the bodily tide. - VIII Tidal friction. - IX The age of the earth. - X The thermal history of the earth. - XI The origin of the earth's surface features. - XII Special problems. - Appendices. - A Critical stress-difference. - B The straining of a uniform sphere. - C Castigliano's principle. - D Cooling of a sphere. - E Long-period tides. - Notes. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Scripting versus Traditional Programming 1.1.1 Why Scripting is Useful in Computational Science 1.1.2 Classification of Programming Languages 1.1.3 Productive Pairs of Programming Languages 1.1.4 Gluing Existing Applications 1.1.5 Scripting Yields Shorter Code 1.1.6 Efficiency 1.1.7 Type-Specification (Declaration) of Variables 1.1.8 Flexible Function Interfaces 1.1.9 Interactive Computing 1.1.10 Creating Code at Run Time 1.1.11 Nested Heterogeneous Data Structures 1.1.12 GUI Programming 1.1.13 Mixed Language Programming 1.1.14 When to Choose a Dynamically Typed Language 1.1.15 Why Python? 1.1.16 Script or Program? 1.2 Preparations for Working with This Book 2 Getting Started with Python Scripting 2.1 A Scientific Hello World Script 2.1.1 Executing Python Scripts 2.1.2 Dissection of the Scientific Hello World Script 2.2 Working with Files and Data 2.2.1 Problem Specification 2.2.2 The Complete Code 2.2.3 Dissection 2.2.4 Working with Files in Memory 2.2.5 Array Computing 2.2.6 Interactive Computing and Debugging 2. 2.7 Efficiency Measurements 2.2.8 Exercises 2.3 Gluing Stand-Alone Applications 2.3.1 The Simulation Code 2.3.2 Using Gnuplot to Visualize Curves 2.3.3 Functionality of the Script 2.3.4 The Complete Code 2.3.5 Dissection 2.3.6 Exercises 2.4 Conducting Numerical Experiments 2.4.1 Wrapping a Loop Around Another Script 2.4.2 Generating an HTML Report 2.4.3 Making Animations 2.4.4 Varying Any Parameter 2.5 File Format Conversion 2.5.1 A Simple Read/Write Script 2.5.2 Storing Data in Dictionaries and Lists 2.5.3 Making a Module with Functions 2.5.4 Exercises 3 Basic Python 3.1 Introductory Topics 3.1.1 Recommended Python Documentation 3.1.2 Control Statements 3.1.3 Running Applications 3.1.4 File Reading and Writing 3.1.5 Output Formatting 3.2 Variables of Different Types 3.2.1 Boolean Types 3.2.2 The None Variable 3.2.3 Numbers and Numerical Expressions 3.2.4 Lists and Tuples 3.2.5 Dictionaries 3.2.6 Splitting and Joining Text 3.2.7 String Operations 3.2.8 Text Processing 3.2.9 The Basics of a Python Class 3.2.10 Copy and Assignment 3.2.11 Determining a Variable's Type 3.2.12 Exercises 3.3 Functions 3.3.1 Keyword Arguments 3.3.2 Doc Strings 3.3.3 Variable Number of Arguments 3.3.4 Call by Reference 3.3.5 Treatment of Input and Output Arguments 3.3.6 Function Objects 3.4 Working with Files and Directories 3.4.1 Listing Files in a Directory 3.4.2 Testing File Types 3.4.3 Removing Files and Directories 3.4.4 Copying and Renaming Files 3.4.5 Splitting Pathnames 3.4.6 Creating and Moving to Directories 3.4.7 Traversing Directory Trees 3.4.8 Exercises 4 Numerical Computing in Python 4.1 A Quick NumPy Primer 4.1.1 Creating Arrays 4.1.2 Array Indexing 4.1.3 Loops over Arrays 4.1.4 Array Computations 4.1.5 More Array Functionality 4.1.6 Type Testing 4.1.7 Matrix Objects 4.1.8 Exercises 4.2 Vectorized Algorithms 4.2.1 From Scalar to Array in Function Arguments 4.2.2 Slicing 4.2.3 Exercises 4.3 More Advanced Array Computing 4.3.1 Random Numbers 4.3.2 Linear Algebra 4.3.3 Plotting 4.3.4 Example: Curve Fitting 4.3.5 Arrays on Structured Grids 4.3.6 File I/O with NumPy Arrays 4.3.7 Functionality in the Numpyutils Module 4.3.8 Exercises 4.4 Other Tools for Numerical Computations 4.4.1 The ScientificPython Package 4.4.2 The SciPy Package 4.4.3 The Python- Matlab Interface 3 4.4.4 Symbolic Computing in Python 4.4.5 Some Useful Python Modules 5 Combining Python with Fortran, C, and C++ 5.1 About Mixed Language Programming 5.1.1 Applications of Mixed Language Programming 5.1.2 Calling C from Python 5.1.3 Automatic Generation of Wrapper Code 5.2 Scientific Hello World Examples 5.2.1 Combining Python and Fortran 5.2.2 Combining Python and C 5.2.3 Combining Python and C++ Functions 5.2.4 Combining Python and C++ Classes 5.2.5 Exercises 5.3 A Simple Computational Steering Example 5.3.1 Modified Time Loop for Repeated Simulations 5.3.2 Creating a P ython Interface 5.3.3 The Steering Python Script 5.3.4 Equipping the Steering Script with a GUI 5.4 Scripting Interfaces to Large Libraries 6 Introduction to GUI Programming 6.1 Scientific Hello World GUI 6.1.1 Introductory Topics 6.1.2 The First Python/Tkinter Encounter 6.1.3 Binding Events 6.1.4 Changing the Layout 6.1.5 The Final Scientific Hello World GUI 6.1.6 An Alternative to Tkinter Variables 6.1.7 About the Pack Command 6.1.8 An Introduction to the Grid Geometry Manager 6.1.9 Implementing a GUI as a Class 6.1.10 A Simple Graphical Function Evaluator 6.1.11 Exercises 6.2 Adding GUis to Scripts 6.2.1 A Simulation and Visualization Script with a GUI 6.2.2 Improving the Layout 6.2.3 Exercises 6.3 A List of Common Widget Operations 6.3.1 Frame 6.3.2 Label 6.3.3 Button 6.3.4 Text Entry 6.3.5 Balloon Help 6.3.6 Option Menu 6.3.7 Slider 6.3.8 Check Button 6.3.9 Making a Simple Megawidget 6.3.10 Menu Bar 6.3.11 List Data 6.3.12 Listbox 6.3.13 Radio Button 6.3.14 Combo Box 6.3.15 Message Box 6.3.16 User-Defined Dialogs 6.3.17 Color-Picker Dialogs 6.3.18 File Selection Dialogs 6.3.19 Toplevel 6.3.20 Some Other Types of Widgets 6.3.21 Adapting Widgets to the User's Resize Actions 6.3.22 Customizing Fonts and Colors 6.3.23 Widget Overview 6.3.24 Exercises 7 Web Interfaces and CGI Programming 7.1 Introductory CGI Scripts 7.1.1 Web Forms and CGI Scripts 7.1.2 Generating Forms in CGI Scripts 7.1.3 Debugging CGI Scripts 7.1.4 A General Shell Script Wrapper for CGI Scripts 7.1.5 Security Issues 7.2 Adding Web Interfaces to Scripts 7.2.1 A Class for Form Parameters 7.2.2 Calling Other Programs 7.2.3 Running Simulations 7.2.4 Getting a CGI Script to Work 7.2.5 Using Web Applications from Scripts 7.2.6 Exercises 8 Advanced Python 8.1 Miscellaneous Topics 8.1.1 Parsing Command-Line Arguments 8.1.2 Platform-Dependent Operations 8.1.3 Run-Time Generation of Code 8.1.4 Exercises 8.2 Regular Expressions and Text Processing 8.2.1 Motivation 8.2.2 Special Characters 8.2.3 Regular Expressions for Real Numbers 8.2.4 Using Groups to Extract Parts of a Text 8.2.5 Extracting Interval Limits 8.2.6 Extracting Multiple Matches 8.2.7 Splitting Text 8.2.8 Pattern-Matching Modifiers 8.2.9 Substitution and Backreferences 8.2.10 Example: Swapping Arguments in Function Calls 8.2.11 A General Substitution Script 8.2.12 Debugging Regular Expressions 8.2.13 Exercises 8.3 Tools for Handling Data in Files 8.3.1 Writing and Reading Python Data Structures 8.3.2 Pickling Objects 8.3.3 Shelving Objects 8.3.4 Writing and Reading Zip and Tar Archive Files 8.3.5 Downloading Internet Files 8.3.6 Binary Input/Output 8.3.7 Exercises 8.4 A Database for NumPy Arrays 8.4.1 The Structure of the Database 8.4.2 Pickling 8.4.3 Formatted ASCII Storage 8.4.4 Shelving 8.4.5 Comparing the Various Techniques 8.5 Scripts Involving Local and Remote Hosts 8.5.1 Secure Shell Commands 8.5.2 Distributed Simulation and Visualization 8.5.3 Client/Server Programming 8.5.4 Threads 8.6 Classes 8.6.1 Class Programming 8.6.2 Checking the Class Type 8.6.3 Private Data 8.6.4 Static Data 8.6.5 Special Attributes 8.6.6 Special Methods 8.6.7 Multiple Inheritance 8.6.8 Using a Class as a C-like Structure 8.6.9 Attribute Access via String Names 8.6.10 New-Style Classes 8.6.11 Implementing Get/Set Functions via Properties 8.6.12 Subclassing Built-in Types 8.6.13 Building Class Interfaces at Run Time 8.6.14 Building Flexible Class Interfaces 8.6.15 Exercises 8.7 Scope of Variables 8.7.1 Global, Local, and Class Variables 8.7.2 Nested Functions 8.7.3 Dictionaries of Variables in Namespaces 8.8 Exceptions 8.8.1 Handling Exceptions 8.8.2 Raising Exceptions 8.9 Iterators 8.9.1 Constructing an Iterator 8.9.2 A Pointwise Grid Iterator 8.9.3 A Vectorized Grid Iterator 8.9.4 Generators 8.

Note: Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTERNAL CYCLING AND THROUGHPUT : Pathways from River Mouth to Sea Floor Depth Profiles of Sea Salt Composition Constituent Classification The Chemical Composition of Marine Organic Matter Composition of Particulate Matter Caught in Sediment Traps A Simple Model for Biologically Utilized CDnstituents The Distributions of Biointermediate Constituents Estimation of Input Rates Horizontal Segregation of CDnstituents in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 2 THE SEDIMENTARY SINK Factors Influencing the Distribution of Sedimentary Constituents Introduction Sediment Types Distribution of Opal Production Opal Solution on the Sea Floor Distribution of Calcite in Marine Sediments Degree of Calcite Saturation Variation in the Carbonate Ion Content of Sea Water Spacial Variations in the CaC0 3 Saturation of Sea Water Factors Controlling the Rate of Calcite Solution Thickness and Shape of the Sublysocline Transition Zone Variation of Sediment Type with Time Manganese Nodules Summary CHAPTER 3 THE ATMOSPHERIC IMPRINT : The Cycles of Gases within the Sea Introduction Solubilities of Gases in Sea Water The Rate of Gas Exchange Stagnant Film Thickness Derived from Natural Radiocarbon Stagnant Film Thicknesses Determined by the Radon Method Oxygen Concentrations in Surface Ocean Water Oxygen Deficiencies in the Deep Sea The Marine N2O Cycle Excess Helium The Carbon Dioxide Content of Surface Ocean Water Origin of the Equatorial Pacific CO2 Anomaly Summary CHAPTER 4 REACTIVE METALS AND THE GREAT PARTICULATE SWEEP : The Cycle of Metals in the Sea Introduction Products of Uranium and Thorium Decay Thorium Isotopes in the Sea Protactinium-231 to Thorium-230 Activity Ratios The Distribution of Lead-210 The Distribution of Polonium-210 The Distribution of Radium-226 Anthropogenic Plutonium in the Sea Toward a Model of Metal Transport Distributions of Stable Metals in the Sea Stable Isotope Ratios in Reactive Metals Transport of Iron and Manganese in the Sea Lessons from Controlled Ecosystem Studies Distribution Coefficients Summary CHAPTER 5 HOW FAST DOES THE MILL GRIND? : Rates of Vertical Mixing and Sediment Accumulation Introduction Rate of Vertical Mixing Implication to the Distribution of Radium-226 Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Ocean Rate of Continental Runoff Sediment Accumulation Rates Radiocarbon Dating Uranium Series Dating Beryllium Dating Potassium-Argon Dating Agreement Among Dating Methods Comparison of Model and Observed Rates of CaC0 3 Solution Summary CHAPTER 6 WHAT KEEPS THE SYSTEM IN WHACK? : Control Mechanisms Operating in the Sea Introduction Phosphate Controls Silicate Controls Carbon Controls Interactions between the Phosphate and Carbon Controls Nitrate Controls Dissolved Oxygen Controls Major Anion Controls Major Cation Controls Possible Causes for Perturbations Recorders of Paleoocean Chemistry The Marine Geochemistry of Carbon-13 The Uranium Content of Coral Factors Influencing Nutrient Gradients in the Deep Sea Summary CBAPTER 7 FREIGHT TRAINS AND FICKIAN CONFUSION : The Movement of Water Through the Deep Sea Introduction Types of Motion One Dimensional Advection - Diffusion Model Tracers for Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Mixing Rates Based on Radon-222 and Radium-228 The Distribution of Helium-3 in the Deep Pacific Sources of Deep Water Northern Component Water Conservative Properties of NCW Initial Radiocarbon to Carbon Ratio in NCW Feed for NCW Production Southern Component Water Ventilation of the Deep Atlantic Ocean Ventilation of the Deep Pacific and Indian Oceans The Grand Cycle of Radiocarbon in the Deep Ocean Biological Short-Circuiting Temporal Variations in Radiocarbon Production Argon-39 Summary CHAPTER 8 THE ANTHROPOGENIC INVASION : The Movement of Water Through the Oceanic Thermocline Introduction Input Functions Hydrology of the Main Thermocline Tritium Distribution within the Thermocline Temporal Trends in Tritium Tritium as a Guide to Deep Water Formation Supplementary Information from Strontium-90 Bomb Carbon-14 Distribution within the Thermocline Explanations for Low Equatorial Bomb Carbon-14 Inventories Implications of Equatorial Upwelling to the Tritium Budget An Upwelling Rate Based on the Equatorial CO2 Anomaly Helium-3 Distribution in the Main Oceanic Thermocline Purposeful Tracers Summary CHAPTER 9 ICE SHEETS AND OCEAN PHOSPHATE : Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Chemistry Introduction Temperature and Salinity Changes Formation and Destruction of Organic Materials Changes in CaCO3 Storage Evidence for an Early Post-Glacial Lysocline Change Changes in Phosphate Concentration The Combined Evidence from Deep Sea Cores Cause of the Oceanic Phosphate Change An Alternate Scenario Wrap Up of the CO2 Record The Oxygen Record Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Mixing Rate Glacial to Interglacial Lysocline Changes Changes in the Distribution of Nutrients in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 10 CAN MAN OVERRIDE THE CONTROLS? : The Buildup of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Atmosphere and Oceans Introduction CO2 Production in the Past CO2 Production in the Future Capacity of the Sea for Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake Utilizable Capacity - Simplified Calculation Utilizable Capacity - Rigorous Calculation Kinetics of Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake by the Sea Numerical Model crosschecks on the Validity of the Numerical Model Prediction of Future CO2 Levels Solution of Sea Floor Calcite Summary REFERENCES, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND INDEX Introduction to the References Subject Outline for the References Annotated Reference List Frequently Used Constants Definitions of Isotope Notations Abbreviations Index Foldout Caption

Note: Contents: Conference Programme. - Session 1: Contamination / Chairman: D. Hunkeler. - Compound-specific isotope methods in contaminant hydrogeology: State-of-the-art and challenges / D. Hunkeler, Y. Abe. - Stable isotope study of a volatile hydrocarbons contaminated landfill site, Bortfol, Switzerland / Thierry R. Oppikofer, Torsten W. Vennemann, Jorge E. Spangenberg, Markus Bill. - Application of compound-specific stable carbon and hydrogen isotope analysis to characterize organic contamination of groundwater / Jeroen Verhack, Jan Bronders, Ilse Van Keer, Rudy Swennen, Jan Schwarzbauer, Tom N.P. Bosma. - Evidences for in situ natural attenuation of Monochlorobenzene in an anaerobic contaminated aquifer / Ivonne Nijenhuis, Sylvia Uhlig, Arno Kaschl, Marcell Nikolausz, Matthias Kastner, Hans-Hermann Richnow. - Stable isotopes as expert witness in traffic accidents: assessing the likelihood between forensic samples of motor oils / Jorge E. Spangenberg, Georges Pierrini, Christophe Champod, Franco Taroni. - Isotopic investigation of dissolved and sedimentary sulfur compounds for assessing in-situ biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a sulfate rich urban aquifer / Kay Knoeller, Michael Schubert. - Tracing the impact of river bank filtration on the transport of xenobiotica in urban groundwater by stable isotopes / Karsten Osenbrück, Rolf Trettin, Kay Knoller, Gerhard Strauch, Hans-Reinhard Glaser, Monika Möder. - Effects of covering spoil piles on its water budget determined by environmental isotopes / Stephan M. Weise, Jutta Parnieske-Pasterkamp, Rene Vogt, Franziska Rudolph. - Session 2: Geochemistry & Water / Chairman: J. Hoefs. - Isotope fingerprints in the earth sciences: a critical discussion / Jochen Hoefs. - Stable isotope ratio measurements using the Finnigan NEPTUNE multi collector ICPMS using high mass resolution / Johannes Schwieters, Claudia Bouman. - The mineral isotope composition of two Precambrian carbotiatitc complexes from the Karelian - Kola region / Marion Tichomirowa, Gerhard Grosche, Boris Belyatski, Elena Savva, Jörg Keller, Jens Gotze, Wolfgang Todi. - Development of methods for recovery of water from fluid inclusions for stable isotope analysis / Yuri Dublyansky. - Determination of δD and δ18O in brackish and saline natural waters. Part I: The question of distillation of water samples prior to isotopic analysis / Adam Porowski, Peter Kowski. - Isotopic evidences for a new type of groundwater in the Kinnerct basin, Israel / C. Siebert, S. Geyer, P. Möller. - Geochemical and isotopic investigations of a fractured rock aquifer including embedded lakes / Elke Bozau, Gerhard Strauch. - High spatial resolution sulfur isotope analysis of sulfide minerals from the Kupferschiefer deposits of Lubin area, SW Poland / H. Roy Krouse, Jan Parafiniuk, Jaroslaw Nowak, Stan Halas. - Stable isotope composition of daily and monthly precipitation in Zagreb / Jadranka Barešic, Nada Horvatincic, Ines Krajcar Bronic, Bogomil Obelic. - Geochemical investigations of the dissolved gases in the Boom Clay pore water / Sándor Kele, Hugo Moors, Maarten Van Geet, Mieke De Craen, Staf Valkiers, Mihai Variant. - The water isotopes use for determination of water origin in karstic areas: case study / Victor Feurdean, Lucia Feurdean, Ion Stefanescu, Carmen Varlam, Mihai Gligan. - Concentration and separation of uranium and thorium from sediment in north Algerian Sahara using organophosphorus extractant and ions exchange resin / A. W. Badreddine, H. Brahimi, F. Boucheneb. - Session 3: Ecology / Chairman: L. Waasenaar. - Global application of stable hydrogen isotopes to wildlife forensics / Leonard l. Wassenaar, Keith A. Hobson, Gabriel J. Bowen. - Nitrogen isotope ratios as indicator of organic production / Hilmar Forstel, Angelika Basu, Markus Boner. - Effects of clear cutting and soil preparation on natural 15N abundance and N concentration in the needle and soil of two boreal conifer tree species / S. P. Sah, H. llvesniemi. - Carbon isotopes distribution along pine needles (Pinus nigra) / Lidia Barszczowska, Mariusz-Orion Jedrysek. - Potential of natural fouling communities for assimilation offish farm derived particulate nitrogen: a case study in Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) / Sonja Lojen, Timor Katz, Anat Tsemel, Ehud Spanier, Dror L. Angel. - CO2 concentration and δ13C through time in sets of monthly air samples from downtown Parma and from the Parma and Taro river valleys, Italy / Antonio Longinelli. - Carbon isotope discrimination affected by atmospheric pollutants / Ralf Wagner. - Turnover of soil organic carbon - The microbial perspective / Christiane Kramer & Gerd Gleixner. - C and O isotope working standards from C3 and C4 photosynthates / Jorge E. Spangenberg. - Use of 15N tracer technique to understand chronic responses of Daphnia magna after shortterm expose to the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate / Sebastian Reynaldi, Matthias Liess, Klaus Jung. - Anthropogenic lakes - negligible sources for climate relevant gases? / Horst-Michael Nitzsche, Frank W. Junge. - Effects of environmental factors on δ13C of lichens / Stela Maria Cuna, Gabriela Balas, Elza Hauer. - Online measurement of N2-fluxes from soil cores by using the zeolite KÖSTROLITH SX6® coupled to a GC-ConFlow-IRMS / O. Spott, B. Apelt, R. Russow, C. F. Stange. - Deuterium content in plants with short lifetime: preliminary results / Victor Feurdean, Lucia Feurdean, Silviu Apahidean, Maria Apahidean, Augusta Lujerdean, Mihai Gligan. - Session 4: Sedimentology / Chairman: M. E. Böttcher. - Authigenic sulfur phases as recorders for black shale-triggered anaerobic oxidation of methane: Results from ODP Leg 207 / M.E. Böttcher, H.-J. Brumsack, A. Hetzel, A. Schipper. - Microbially-derived methane in coalbed gases: compound-specific carbon-isotopic study of coalbed gases from the Illinois Basin, USA / D. Strapoc, A. Schimmelmann, M. Mastalerz. - Early diagenesis of sulphur in recent estuarine sediments (Authie Bay, N France) / Sonja Lojen, Nevenka Mikac, Cedric Gabelle, Michel Wartel. - Sulfur and oxygen isotopes of Lower Miocene nonmarine evaporites in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin / S. Halas, T.M. Peryt, I. Pluta. - Ordovician and Silurian carbon isotope trend: a state of art report based on the East Baltic data / Tonu Martma, Dimitri Kaljo. - Variations of δ13 CTOC values of clastic sediments from Thuringia related to biogeochemical carbon cycle / Karin Bräuer, Knut Hahne, Birgit Mingram, Ulrich Wand. - Basin-Scale changes in Upper Cretaceous paleosols: paleoenvironmentai implication for the Maastricht deposits, South Carpathians / Ana-Voica Bojar, Dan Grigorescu, Franz Ottner, Zoltan Csiki. - Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen isotope fractionation during experimental formation of pirssonite / M. E. Böttcher, S.M. Bernasconi, K. Simon. - Carbon isotope fractionation of methane and CO2 during coalbed gas desorption from coal, Illinois Basin, USA / D. Strapoc, A. Schimmelmann, M Mastahrz. - Carbon istopic preliminary studies on paleoenvironmentai variations recorded in the Lower Carboniferous deposits from the Bardzkie Mountains (Sudetes, SW Poland) / Monika Majewska-Bill, Mariusz Orion Jedrysek. - Session 5: Paleoclimatology / Chairman: G. H. Schleser. - Stable isotopes as proxies for the reconstruction of past climates / G.H. Schleser. - A stable isotope record of an ice core from Akadumii Nauk ice cap, Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic / Diedrich Fritzsche, Rainer Schütt, Hanno Meyer, Heinrich Miller, Frank Wilhelms, Lev M. Savatyugin. - Stable isotope investigations on tree-ring cellulose of Late Glacial pine chronology of Reichwakie (Lusatia). Effects caused by destruction of fossil woods / M. Haupt, R. Wagner, T. Boettger. - Effect of river regulation on the isotopic characteristics of river water and molluscs / István Fórizs. - Stable isotope study on the carbonate phases of the Basahare toess-paleosol profile (Hungary) / Bernadett Bajnó

Note: Contents Foreword Introduction / Charles Cockell, Gerda Horneck 1. Mars Simulations - Past Studies on the Biological Response to Simulated Martian Conditions / Aviaja Anna Hansen 2. Possible Atmospheric and UV Conditions on Mars in the Past - Biological Implications / H. Lammer, Yu. N. Kulikov 3. The Microbial Case for Mars and its Implication for Human Expeditions to Mars / Gerda Horneck 4. Response of Organics to Simulated Martian Conditions / J.R.C. Garry, I.L. ten Kate, P. Ehrenfreund, B.H. Foing 5. Mars Simulation Experiments with Complex Microbial Soil Communities / Kai Finster, Aviaja A. Hansen, Lars Liengaard, Karina Mikkelsen, Tommy Kristoffersen, Jonathan Merrison, Per Nornberg, Bente Aa.Lomstein 6. Fungi From Antarctic Desert Rocks as Analogues for Martian Life / S. Onofri, L. Zucconi, L. Selbmann, G. S. de Hoog, D. Barreca, S. Ruisi, M. Grube 7. The Response of Bacillus Subtilis to Simulated Martian Conditions and to the Space Environment / Petra Rettberg 8. Photosynthetic Organisms on Mars - Prospects and Limitations / Charles S. Cockell, Andrew C. Schuerger, Daniela Billi, E. Imre Friedmann, Corinna Panitz 9. Viable Haloarchaea from Ancient Salt Sediments and their Response to Simulated Mars Conditions / Helga Stan-Lotter, Sergiu Fendrihan 10. Response of Methanogenic Archaea from Siberian Permafrost to Martian Thermophysical Conditions / Daria Morozova, Diedrich Mohlmann, Dirk Wagner 11. Adaptation of the Lichen Rhizocarpon Geographicum to Harsh High-Altitude Conditions: Relevance to a Habitable Mars / Rosa de la Torre, Leopoldo Garcia-Sancho, Gerda Horneck 12. Photosynthetic Life Support Systems in the Martian Conditions / Kirsi Lehto, Eira Kanervo, Kurt Stahle, Harry Lehto, Milja Tammi, Joni Virtanen 13. Photo-Catalytic Redox-Processes and Adsorption Water on Mars / Chr. Jung, D. Mohlmann, Chr. Sattler, R. Staudt, M. Weeks 14. Design, Building and Applications of a Portable Martian UV Simulator / C. Kolb, R. Abart, A. Berces, J.R.C. Garry, A. A. Hansen, W. Hohenau, G. Kargl, H. Lammer, MR. Patel, P. Rettberg, H. Stan-Lotter 15. Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Extremophilic Organisms Under Martian Conditions / Howell G. M. Edwards

Note: CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 BASIC INFORMATION 2.1 SUMMARY TABLE (NET BALANCE, ELA, ELA0, AAR, AAR0) 2.2 CUMULATIVE SPECIFIC NET BALANCE GRAPHS 3 DETAILED INFORMATION 3.1 GLACIAR BAHIA DEL DIABLO (ANTARCTICA) 3.1.1 Topography and observational network 3.1.2 Net balance maps 2001/02 and 2002/03 3.1.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.1.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.2 MARTIAL ESTE (ARGENTINA) 3.2.1 Topography and observational network 3.2.2 Net balance maps 2001/02 and 2002/03 3.2.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.2.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.3 VERNAGTFERNER (AUSTRIA) 3.3.1 Topography and observational network 3.3.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.3.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.3.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.4 ZONGO (BOLIVIA) 3.4.1 Topography and observational network 3.4.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.4.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.4.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.5 WHITE (CANADA) 3.5.1 Topography and observational network 3.5.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.5.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.5.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.6 URUMQIHE S. NO. 1 (CHINA) 3.6.1 Topography and observational network 3.6.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.6.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.6.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.7 FONTANA BIANCA (ITALY) 3.7.1 Topography and observational network 3.7.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.7.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.7.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.8 TSENTRALNIY TUYUKSUYSKIY (KAZAKHSTAN) 3.8.1 Topography and observational network 3.8.2 Net balance map (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.8.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.8.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.9 NIGARDSBREEN (NORWAY) 3.9.1 Topography and observational network 3.9.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.9.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.9.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.10 WALDEMARBREEN (NORWAY) 3.10.1 Topography and observational network 3.10.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.10.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.10.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.11 DJANKUAT (RUSSIA) 3.11.1 Topography and observational network 3.11.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.11.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.11.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.12 MALIY AKTRU (RUSSIA) 3.12.1 Topography and observational network 3.12.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.12.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.12.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.13 STORGLACIÄREN (SWEDEN) 3.13.1 Topography and observational network 3.13.2 Net balance maps (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.13.3 Net balance versus altitude (2001/02 and 2002/03) 3.13.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 4 FINAL REMARKS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND NATIONAL CORRESPONDENTS 5.1 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS 5.2 NATIONAL CORRESPONDENTS OF WGMS

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2008 , Table of contents Kurzfassung Abstract Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Arctic environmental dynamics 1.1.2 Freshwater ostracods and their use in palaeoenvironmental studies 1.1.3 Permafrost and periglacial environment 1.2 Aims and approaches 1.3 Study region 1.3.1 Study sites 1.3.2 Geological characteristics 1.3.3 Climate 1.3.4 Periglacial freshwaters 1.4 Synopsis Chapter 2: Arctic freshwater ostracods from modern periglacial environments in the Lena River Delta (Siberian Arctic, Russia): geochemical applications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study area and types of water bodies 2.4 Materials and methods 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the ostracod habitats 2.5.2 Ostracod taxonomy and environmental ranges of their habitats 2.5.3 Ostracod geochemistry 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 Taxonomy and ecology of ostracods 2.6.2 Element ratios in ostracods and ambient waters 2.6.3 Stable isotopes in ostracods and ambient waters 2.7 Conclusions Chapter 3: Evaporation effects as reflected in freshwaters and ostracod calcite from modern environments in Central and Northeast Yakutia (East Siberia, Russia) 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study area 3.4 Material and methods 3.4.1 Field work 3.4.2 Water analyses 3.4.3 Ostracod analyses 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the lakes and ponds 3.5.2 Ostracod taxonomy and environmental ranges 3.5.3 Stable isotopes in host waters and ostracod calcite 3.5.4 Element ratios in host waters and ostracod calcite 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the lakes and ponds 3.6.2 Ostracod taxonomy, biogeography, and environmental ranges 3.6.3 Stable isotopes in ostracod calcite 3.6.4 Element ratios in ostracod calcite 3.7 Conclusions Chapter 4: Eemian and Late Glacial/Holocene palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences at the Dimitri Laptev Strait (NE Siberia, Russia) 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Regional setting 4.4 Material and methods 4.4.1 Field methods and cryolithology 4.4.2 Geochronology 4.4.3 Sedimentology and stable isotopes 4.4.4 Palaeoecological proxies 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Geochronology, lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, and cryolithology 4.5.1.1 Eemian sequences 4.4.1.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 4.5.2 Stable isotope ground ice records 4.5.3 Pollen studies 4.5.3.1 Eemian sequences 4.5.3.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 4.5.4 Ostracod studies 4.5.4.1 Eemian sequences 4.5.4.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 4.6 Discussion and Interpretation 4.6.1 Local palaeoenvironmental changes during the Eemian 4.6.2 Local palaeoenvironmental changes during the Late Glacial/Holocene 4.6.3 Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of ostracod calcite δ18O data 4.7 Conclusions Chapter 5: Synthesis 5.1 Taxonomy and ecology of ostracods 5.2 Geochemistry of ostracods 5.3 Indicator potential of freshwater ostracods in late Quaternary permafrost deposits 5.4 Outlook Appendix I: Freshwater ostracodes in Quaternary permafrost deposits in the Siberian Arctic I.1 Abstract I.2 Introduction I.3 Study area and geological background I.4 Materials and methods I.5 Results and interpretations I.5.1 Ostracode zone I I.5.2 Ostracode zone II I.5.3 Ostracode zone III I.5.4 Ostracode zone IV I.5.5 Ostracode zone V I.5.6 Ostracode zone VI I.6 Conclusions 125 Appendix II: Palaeoenvironmental dynamics inferred from late Quaternary permafrost deposits on Kurungnakh Island, Lena Delta, Northeast Siberia, Russia II.1 Abstract II.2 Introduction II.3 Regional setting II.4 Material and methods II.4.1 Sedimentology and cryolithology II.4.2 Geochronology II.4.3 Stable isotopes II.3.4 Palaeoecological proxies II.5 Results II.5.1 Lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, and cryolithology II.5.1.1 Unit I II.5.1.2 Unit II II.5.1.3 Unit III II.5.1.4 Unit IV II.5.1.5 Unit V II.5.2 Geochronology II.5.3 Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes of ground ice II.5.4 Palynological studies II.5.5 Plant macrofossils II.5.6 Ostracod remains II.5.7 Insect remains II.5.8 Mammal remains II.6 Discussion II.6.1 Local stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental interpretation II.6.2 Beringian palaeoenvironmental context II.7 Conclusions Supplementary data A Supplementary data B Supplementary data C Appendix III: Data tables from Chapters 2 and 3 Appendix IV: References Acknowledgements

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Sources of information Acknowledgments Physical setting of the Fairbanks area Topography and geology Climate Selected references Frozen ground Seasonally frozen ground Definition The problem Cause of frost heaving Frost action in the Fairbanks area Frost action on pile construction Highway bridges The Alaska Railroad Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Other frost-heave problems Loss of bearing strength Solutions to the frost-action problem Permafrost Definition The problem Origin and thermal regime Distribution and thickness Permafrost in the Fairbanks area Permafrost of the flood plain Permafrost of alluvial fans, colluvial slopes, and silt lowlands Boundaries between permafrost and non permafrost areas Character of ground ice Principles of land use in permafrost areas Ground subsidence caused by thawing of ice-rich permafrost Preliminary statement Thermokarst phenomena General features Therrnokarst mounds Therrnokarst pits Effects on agricultural development Effects on railroads Effects on roads and highways Effects on airfields Effects on heated buildings Effects on natural-gas and oil pipelines General statement Gas pipelines Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Effects on buried utility lines Indicators of permafrost Recognition of the problem Vegetation Small landforms and natural surface patterns Selected references Ground water Preliminary statement Ground water in the Fairbanks area Preliminary statement Tanana and Chena River flood plains Upland hills Lower hillslopes and creek-valley bottoms Geologic hazards associated with ground-water movement in permafrost regions Preliminary statement Artesian wells Icings Seepage icings Stream icings Summary of icings Pingos Selected references Earthquakes Introduction Causes and locations of earthquakes Classification and terminology of earthquakes Earthquake hazards in the Fairbanks area Summary of the earthquake hazard Selected references Landslides Landslides in the Fairbanks area Selected references Hillside erosion in loess Preliminary statement Examples of loess erosion Selected references Flooding Introduction History of flooding in the Fairbanks area Frequency of flooding in the Fairbanks area Solution to the problem of flooding Introduction Structural measures Nonstructural measures Flood proofing Flood warning and evacuation Flood insurance Selected references , Englisch

Note: Contents Contributors Part I. Alaska's Past and Present Environment 1. The Conceptual Basis of LTER Studies in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, john Yarie, Keith Van Cleve, and Leslie A. Viereck 2. Regional Overview of Interior Alaska / James E. Beget, David Stone, and David L Verbyla 3. State Factor Control of Soil Formation in Interior Alaska / Chien-Lu Ping, Richard D. Boone, Marcus H. Clark, Edmond C. Packee, and David K. Swanson 4. Climate and Permafrost Dynamics of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Larry D. Hinzman, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, and Kenji Yoshikawa 5. Holocene Development of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Andrea H. Lloyd, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Jason A. Lynch, Valerie Barber, and Nancy H. Bigelow Part II. Forest Dynamics 6. Floristic Diversity and Vegetation Distribution in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Teresa Hollingsworth, David F. Murray, Leslie A. Viereck, and Marilyn D. Walker 7. Successional Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Keith Van Cleve, Christopher L. Fastie, Robert A. Ott, Daniel Mann, and Jill F. Johnstone 8. Mammalian Herbivore Population Dynamics in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric Rexstad and Knut Kielland 9. Dynamics of Phytophagous Insects and Their Pathogens in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Richard A. Werner, Kenneth F. Raffa, and Barbara L. Illman 10. Running Waters of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Mark W. Oswood, Nicholas F. Hughes, and Alexander M. Milner Part III. Ecosystem Dynamics 11. Controls over Forest Production in Interior Alaska / John Yarie and Keith Van Cleve 12. The Role of Fine Roots in the Functioning of Alaskan Boreal Forests / Roger W. Ruess, Ronald L. Hendrick, Jason C. Vogel, and Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson 13. Mammalian Herbivory, Ecosystem Engineering, and Ecological Cascades in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Knut Kielland, John P. Bryant, and Roger W. Ruess 14. Microbial Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Joshua P. Schimel and F. Stuart Chapin III 15. Patterns of Biogeochemistry in Alaskan Boreal Forests / David W. Valentine, Knut Kielland, F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, and Keith Van Cleve Part IV. Changing Regional Processes 16. Watershed Hydrology and Chemistry in the Alaskan Boreal Forest: The Central Role of Permafrost / Larry D. Hinzman, W. Robert Bolton, Kevin C. Petrone, Jeremy B. Jones, and Phyllis C. Adams 17. Fire Trends in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric S. Kasischke, T. Scott Rupp, and David L. Verbyla 18. Timber Harvest in Interior Alaska / Tricia L. Wurtz, Robert A. Ott, and John C. Maisch 19. Climate Feedbacks in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / A. David McCuire and F. Stuart Chapin III 20. Communication of Alaskan Boreal Science with Broader Communities / Elena B. Sparrow, Janice C. Dawe, and F. Stuart Chapin III 21. Summary and Synthesis: Past and Future Changes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, Roger W. Ruess, Marilyn W. Walker, Richard D. Boone, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Larry D. Hinzman, Jeremy B. Jones, Clenn P. Juday, Eric S. Kasischke, Knut Kielland, Andrea H. Lloyd, Mark W. Oswood, Chien-Lu Ping, Eric Rexstad, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, Joshua P. Schimel, Elena B. Sparrow, Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson, David W. Valentine, Keith Van Cleve, David L. Verbyla, Leslie A. Viereck, Richard A. Werner, Tricia L. Wurtz, and John Yarie Index

Note: Contents: Introduction. - List of abbreviations. - 1. Balance of energy as a contemporary challenge. - 1.1. Energy resources and needs. - 1.2. Natural gas balance at the beginning of 21st century. - 1.3. Economic and political conditions at the European gas market. - 1.4. European Union facing the problem of energy supplies. - 2. Energy security - Norden - Basic issues. - 2.1. Subject and scope of national energy security. - 2.2. Nordic countries in international life. - 2.3. Norden and the energy issues of the Baltic states. - 2.4. Nordic countries - European Union in the context of energy security. - 3. Basic elements of the energy balance in Norden states. - 3.1. The Republic of Iceland. - 3.2. The Kingdom of Denmark. - 3.3. The Kingdom of Sweden. - 3.4. The Republic of Finland. - 4. Position of the Kingdom of Norway. - 4.1. Norway as an oil and gas producer. - 4.2. Norway in the energy balance of the region. - 4.3. High North - strategy vision and plan of Norway. - 4.4. High North - relations with the Russian Federation in the field of energy. - 5. Energy and climate - directions of activities of countries from Nordic region. - 5.1. Activities concerning energy and environmental protection and climate changes. - 5.2. Research and development - overcoming negative relations between progress and environment degradation. - 5.3. Nordic states versus contemporary energy security challenges. - Conclusion. - Literature. - List of figures and tables.

Note: Table of Contents: Introduction. - Contact information. - List of participants. - Guidelines for presenters. - Registration. - Workshop program. - Hotel and workshop venues. - Travel information. - Abstracts. - Public lecture.

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - International co-operation. - Intergovernmental co-operation. - Non-governmental co-operation. - I. Scientific Programme. - 1. Astronomy. - 2. Biological Sciences. - 2.1 The marine ecosystem and its living resources. - 2.1.1 Food resources, phytoplankton production and zooplankton. - 2.1.2 The role of the benthos. - 2.1.3 The role of micro-organisms. - 2.1.4 Distribution and incidence of seals in the pack-ice of the Weddell Sea. - 2.1.5 Distribution and life history of fishes. - 2.1.6 Large-scaie distribution and drift of krill. - 2.1.7 Composition and behaviour of krill shoals. - 2.1.8 Preservation and processing of krill. - 2.2 The adaptation of antarctic marine organisms to their environment. - 2.2.1 Experiments and marine studies on .the ecophysiology of krill. - 2.2.2 Temperature regulation and food requirements of warm-blooded antarctic animals. - 2.2.3 Growth, digestive system and food economy of antarctic fishes. - 2.2.4 Freezing resistance of sea animals. - 2.2.5 Taxonomy of antarctic marine organisms. - 2.3 Terrestrial biology in Antarctica. - 2.3.1 Temperature adjustments in the reproductive biology of antarctic birds. - 2.3.2 Biochemical bases of growth processes in poikilothermic organisms at very low temperatures. - 2.3.3 Nutritional biology of poikilothermic herbivora. - 2.3.4 Study of lichens, fungi and bacteria in Antarctica and on offshore islands. - 2.3.5 Photosynthesis and heterotrophic life cycle of plants at very low temperatures. - 2.4 Environmental protection in Antarctica. - 2.5 Human biology and medicine in polar regions. - 3. Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing. - 3.1 Satellite geodesy. - 3.2 Doppler satellite positioning. - 3.3 Geodetic mapping of ice-free areas. - 3.4 Remote-sensing by satellite. - 4. Geology and Geophysics. - 4.1 Study of drift processes as a contribution to the geological history of Antarctica. - 4.1.1 Study of magnetic structures by means of aeromagnetic photography. - 4.1.2 Paleomagnetic studies of drift evolution. - 4.1.3 Micro-earthquakes as indicators of tectonic activity. - 4.1.4 Earth tides and natural oscillations of the earth. - 4.2 Studies of the structure of crust and mantle. - 4.2.1 Structure of the basement complex of the transantarctic mountain chain in the area east of the Filchner Ice Shelf. - 4.2.2 Structure of the basement of the Weddell Sea, the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf, and the peripheral area. - 4.2.3 Oldest and highly metamorphous rocks of the East Antarctic. - 4.3 Stratigraphy, tectonics and magmatism in the mobile areas. - 4.3.1 Mobile fringe areas of the East Antarctic. - 4.3.2 Paleozoic and mesozoic mountains(Beacon upper group) in the transantarctic mountains. - 4.3.3 Early paleozoic to cainozoic orogenes in the area around the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf. - 4.4 Study of exogenous processes under extremely cold conditions. - 4.4.1 Glacial geology and geomorphology. - 4.4.2 Weathering and detrital formation. - 4.5 Geoscientific marine research. - 5. Glaciology. - 5.1 Volume and dynamics of the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf. - 5.2 Determining the extent and thickness of the ice and its temporal variation in the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf sector and peripheral areas. - 5.3 Determining the composition and inner structure of the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf on the basis of geophysical surface measurements. - 5.4 Studies of the dynamics of the pack-ice in the Weddell Gyre. - 5.5 Physical characteristics of ocean ice. - 5.6 Glaciological drillings. - 5.7 Chemical composition and accumulation genesis of antarctic background aerosol; global transport of trace gases and aerosols. - 5.8 Study of the elastic and rheological characteristics of ice, its heat conductability and texture affected by deformation. - 6. Upper Atmosphere and Extraterrestrial Physics. - 6.1 Investigation of whistlers and VLF radio emissions (chorus, hiss, etc) at conjugated points. - 6.2 Study of terresterial magnetic pulsations at conjugated points. - 6.3 Study of atmospherics to obtain more precise data on worldwide thunderstorms. - 6.4 Measurements of the aero-electric field. - 6.5 Balloon-based study of the ionosphere in the light of Mg t resonance lines. - 6.6 Measurement of the vertical distribution of ozone, steam and aerosol up to an altitude of 30 km. - 6.7 Measurements of emission in the infrared 9.6 µ ozone band from the ground. - 6.8 Other projects which may be carried out simultaneously with the above or later. - 6.9 Proposed basic terrestrial magnetic equipment for the Antarctic Station. - 6.10 Meteorite search expedition. - 6.11 Study of micrometeorites and cosmic dust. - 7. Meteorology and Oceanography. - 7.1 Meteorology. - 7.1.1 Atmospheric boundary stratum. - 7.1.2 Study of stratospheric circulation. - 7.1.3 Measurement of trace gases over long periods. - 7.1.4 Other research projects. - 7.1.5 Weather service observations and consultations. - 7.1.6 Basic meteorological equipment for the Antarctic Station. - 7.2 Physical oceanography. - 7.2.1 Formation and extent of bottom water in the Atlantic sector of the circumantarctic ocean. - 7.2.2 Numeric simulation of the vertical flows of material, energy and impulses. - 7 2.3 Time scales of transportation in deep water with the aid of radioactive trace elements. - 7.2.4 Detection of heavy metals in the Antarctic Ocean. - 7.2.5 Fishery oceanography in circumantarctic waters. - 7.2.6 Other research projects. - 8. Engineering Sciences. - 8.1 Shipbuilding technology. - 8.1.1 Measuring and testing programme regarding the performance of vessels in ice and technical developments in the construction of ice-going vessels. - 8.2 Iceberg location and navigation. - 8.2.1 Iceberg location. - 8.2.2 Development of precision positioning systems (also for dynamic positioning) to ensure noninterference with signals transmitted through ice and water masses of different thicknesses. - 8.3 Construction techniques. - 8.4 Exploration techniques. - 8.5 Other topics. - The Antarctic Research Station. - The Polar Research and Supply Ship. - The Polar Research Institute. - Institutions contributing to the Programme.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Distribution List. - List of acronyms and abbreviations used. - Record of Amendments. - Foreword to 1st Edition. - Foreword to 2nd Edition. - HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS OF ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - CONSIDERATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS BY SCAR AND ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE PARTIES. - OPERATION OF INDIVIDUAL NATIONS' NETWORKS. - Australia's Antarctic Communications. - Japan's Antarctic communications. - UK Antarctic communications. - US Antarctic communications. - ANTARCTIC TREATY RESOLUTIONS ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - WMO RESOLUTIONS AND PRINCIPLES ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - Introduction. - Engineering principles of the GTS. - Functions and responsibilities of Meteorological Telecommunications Centres. - Characteristics of the networks of the GTS. - Operational principles of the GTS. - The transmission of meteorological data an the GTS. - Collection and transmission of meteorological data. - Data processing. - Telecommunications system. - Weather reporting by traverse parties. - Automatic weather station in the Antarctic. - AIREP reports. - Mobile ship stations. - OTHER RELEVANT RECOMMENDATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS. - APPENDIXES. - APPENDIX I. - Manual an the Global Data Processing System, Regional Aspects, the Antarctic. - APPENDIX II. - Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Antarctic. - APPENDIX III. - Results of the monitoring of Antarctic data reception carried out during the period 12-15 March 1982. - APPENDIX IV. - Existing links for the daily international exchange of meteorological data within the Antarctic. - APPENDIX V. - Principal routes by which Antarctic meteorological data enters the GTS. - APPENDIX VI. - List of Antarctic stations and the routing of their meteorological data to the GTS.

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2006

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Planet Earth and Earth systems 1.1 Comparative planetology 1.2 Unique Earth 1.3 Earth systems snapshots 1.4 Measuring Earth 1.5 Whole Earth 1.6 Subtle, interactive Earth Further reading Chapter 2 Matters of state and motion 2.1 Matters of state 2.2 Thermal matters 2.3 Quantity of matter 2.4 Motion matters: kinematics 2.5 Continuity: mass conservation of fluids Further reading Chapter 3 Forces and dynamics 3.1 Quantity of motion: momentum 3.2 Acceleration 3.3 Force, work, energy, and power 3.4 Thermal energy and mechanical work 3.5 Hydrostatic pressure 3.6 Buoyancy force 3.7 Inward acceleration 3.8 Rotation, vorticity, and Coriolis force 3.9 Viscosity 3.10 Viscous force 3.11 Turbulent force 3.12 Overall forces of fluid motion 3.13 Solid stress 3.14 Solid strain 3.15 Rheology Further reading Chapter 4 Flow, deformation, and transport 4.1 The origin of large-scale fluid flow 4.2 Fluid flow types 4.3 Fluid boundary layers 4.4 Laminar flow 4.5 Turbulent flow 4.6 Stratified flow 4.7 Particle settling 4.8 Particle transport by flows 4.9 Waves and liquids 4.10 Transport by waves 4.11 Granular gravity flow 4.12 Turbidity flows 4.13 Flow through porous and granular solids 4.14 Fractures 4.15 Faults 4.16 Solid bending, buckling, and folds 4.17 Seismic waves 4.18 Molecules in motion: kinetic theory, heat conduction, and diffusion 4.19 Heat transport by radiation 4.20 Heat transport by convection Further reading Chapter 5 Inner Earth processes and systems 5.1 Melting, magmas, and volcanoes 5.2 Plate tectonics Further reading Chapter 6 Outer Earth processes and systems 6.1 Atmosphere 6.2 Atmosphere-ocean interface 6.3 Atmosphere-land interface 6.4 Deep ocean 6.5 Shallow ocean 6.6 Ocean-land interface: coasts 6.7 Land surface Further reading Appendix Brief mathematical refresher or study guide Cookies Index

Note: Contents Contributors 1 Introduction 1.1 Part 1: Applied statistical theory 1.2 Part 2: The case studies 1.3 Data, software and flowcharts 2 Data management and software 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data management 2.3 Data preparation 2.4 Statistical software 3 Advice for teachers 3.1 Introduction 4 Exploration 4.1 The first steps 4.2 Outliers, transformations and standardisations 4.3 A final thought on data exploration 5 Linear regression 5.1 Bivariate linear regression 5.2 Multiple linear regression 5.3 Partial linear regression 6 Generalised linear modelling 6.1 Poisson regression 6.2 Logistic regression 7 Additive and generalised additive modelling 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The additive model 7.3 Example of an additive model 7.4 Estimate the smoother and amount of smoothing 7.5 Additive models with multiple explanatory variables 7.6 Choosing the amount of smoothing 7.7 Model selection and validation 7.8 Generalised additive modelling 7.9 Where to go from here 8 Introduction to mixed modelling 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The random intercept and slope model 8.3 Model selection and validation 8.4 A bit of theory 8.5 Another mixed modelling example 8.6 Additive mixed modelling 9 Univariate tree models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pruning the tree 9.3 Classification trees 9.4 A detailed example: Ditch data 10 Measures of association 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Association between sites: Q analysis 10.3 Association among species: R analysis 10.4 Q and R analysis: Concluding remarks 10.5 Hypothesis testing with measures of association 11 Ordination — First encounter 11.1 Bray-Curtis ordination 12 Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis 12.1 The underlying principle of PCA 12.2 PCA: Two easy explanations 12.3 PCA: Two technical explanations 12.4 Example of PCA 12.5 The biplot 12.6 General remarks 12.7 Chord and Hellinger transformations 12.8 Explanatory variables 12.9 Redundancy analysis 12.10 Partial RDA and variance partitioning 12.11 PCA regression to deal with collinearity 13 Correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis 13.1 Gaussian regression and extensions 13.2 Three rationales for correspondence analysis 13.3 From RGR to CCA13.4 Understanding the CCA triplot 13.5 When to use PCA, CA, RDA or CCA 13.6 Problems with CA and CCA 14 Introduction to discriminant analysis 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Assumptions 14.3 Example 14.4 The mathematics 14.5 The numerical output for the sparrow data 15 Principal coordinate analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling 15.1 Principal coordinate analysis 15.2 Non-metric multidimensional scaling 16 Time series analysis — Introduction 16.1 Using what we have already seen before 16.2 Auto-regressive integrated moving average models with exogenous variables 17 Common trends and sudden changes 17.1 Repeated LOESS smoothing 17.2 Identifying the seasonal component 17.3 Common trends: MAFA 17.4 Common trends: Dynamic factor analysis 17.5 Sudden changes: Chronological clustering 18 Analysis and modelling of lattice data 18.1 Lattice data 18.2 Numerical representation of the lattice structure 18.3 Spatial correlation 18.4 Modelling lattice data 18.5 More exotic models 18.6 Summary 19 Spatially continuous data analysis and modelling 19.1 Spatially continuous data 19.2 Geostatistical functions and assumptions 19.3 Exploratory variography analysis 19.4 Geostatistical modelling: Kriging 19.5 A full spatial analysis of the bird radar data 20 Univariate methods to analyse abundance of decapod larvae 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The data 20.3 Data exploration 20.4 Linear regression results 20.5 Additive modelling results 20.6 How many samples to take? 20.7 Discussion 21 Analysing presence and absence data for flatfish distribution in the Tagus estuary, Portugal 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Data and materials 21.3 Data exploration 21.4 Classification trees 21.5 Generalised additive modelling 21.6 Generalised linear modelling 21.7 Discussion 22 Crop pollination by honeybees in Argentina using additive mixed modelling 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Experimental setup 22.3 Abstracting the information 22.4 First steps of the analyses: Data exploration 22.5 Additive mixed modelling 22.6 Discussion and conclusions 23 Investigating the effects of rice farming on aquatic birds with mixed modelling 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The data 23.3 Getting familiar with the data: Exploration 23.4 Building a mixed model 23.5 The optimal model in terms of random components 23.6 Validating the optimal linear mixed model 23.7 More numerical output for the optimal model 23.8 Discussion 24 Classification trees and radar detection of birds for North Sea wind farms 24.1 Introduction 24.2 From radars to data 24.3 Classification trees 24.4 A tree for the birds 24.5 A tree for birds, clutter and more clutter 24.6 Discussion and conclusions 25 Fish stock identification through neural network analysis of parasite fauna 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Horse mackerel in the northeast Atlantic 25.3 Neural networks 25.4 Collection of data 25.5 Data exploration 25.6 Neural network results 25.7 Discussion 26 Monitoring for change: Using generalised least squares, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and the Mantel test on western Montana grasslands 26.1 Introduction 26.2 The data 26.3 Data exploration 26.4 Linear regression results 26.5 Generalised least squares results 26.6 Multivariate analysis results 26.7 Discussion 27 Univariate and multivariate analysis applied on a Dutch sandy beach community 27.1 Introduction 27.2 The variables 27.3 Analysing the data using univariate methods 27.4 Analysing the data using multivariate methods 27.5 Discussion and conclusions 28 Multivariate analyses of South-American zoobenthic species — spoilt for choice 28.1 Introduction and the underlying questions 28.2 Study site and sample collection 28.3 Data exploration 28.4 The Mantel test approach 28.5 The transformation plus RDA approach 28.6 Discussion and conclusions 29 Principal component analysis applied to harbour porpoise fatty acid data 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The data 29.3 Principal component analysis 29.4 Data exploration 29.5 Principal component analysis results 29.6 Simpler alternatives to PCA 29.7 Discussion 30 Multivariate analyses of morphometric turtle data — size and shape 30.1 Introduction 30.2 The turtle data 30.3 Data exploration 30.4 Overview of classic approaches related to PCA 30.5 Applying PCA to the original turtle data 30.6 Classic morphometric data analysis approaches 30.7 A geometric morphometric approach 31 Redundancy analysis and additive modelling applied on savanna tree data 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Study area 31.3 Methods 31.4 Results 31.5 Discussion 32 Canonical correspondence analysis of lowland pasture vegetation in the humid tropics of Mexico 32.1 Introduction 32.2 The study area 32.3 The data 32.4 Data exploration 32.5 Canonical correspondence analysis results 32.6 African star grass 32.7 Discussion and conclusion 33 Estimating common trends in Portuguese fisheries landings 33.1 Introduction 33.2 The time series data 33.3 MAFA and DFA 33.4 MAFA results 33.5 DFA results 33.6 Discussion 34 Common trends in demersal communities on the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Data 34.3 Time series analysis 34.4 Discussion 35 Sea level change and salt marshes in the Wadden Sea: A time series analysis 35.1 Interaction between hydrodynamical and biological factors 35.2 The data 35.3 Data exploration 35.4 Additive mixed modelling 35.5 Additive mixed modelling results 35.6 Discussion 36 Time series analysis of Hawaiian waterbirds 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Endangered Hawaiian waterbirds 36.3 Data exploration 36.4 Three ways to estimate trends 36.5 Additive mixed modelling 36.6 Sudden breakpoints 36.7 Discussion 37 Spatial modelling of forest community features in the Volzhsko-Kamsky reserve 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Study area 37.3 Data exploration 37.4 Models of boreality without spatial auto-correlation 37.5 Models of boreality with spatial auto-correlation 37.6 Conclusion References Index

Note: Contents Executive summary Overview Arctic climate change Key findings of this assessment 1. Atmospheric circulation feedbacks 2. Ocean circulation feedbacks 3. Ice sheets and sea-level rise feedbacks 4. Marine carbon cycle feedbacks 5. Land carbon cycle feedbacks 6. Methane hydrate feedbacks Author team

Note: CONTENTS: Summary for Policy-Makers. - 1 Climate protection: Swift action is essential. - The scientific evidence is clear. - Compliance with the 2 °C guard rail is worthwhile. - 2 Transforming the world‘s energy systems: The cornerstone of climate protection. - The energy portfolio for the future. - A new generation of energy technologies . - Mobilizing untapped efficiency potential. - Financing the transformation of energy systems. - A new climate policy dynamic. - 3 Implementing and developing the Climate Change Convention. - Making the 2 °C guard rail an international standard. - Gearing the Kyoto Protocol towards the long term. - Agreeing ambitious reduction targets for industrialized countries. - Integrating newly industrializing countries on a differentiated basis. - Giving adaptation high priority. - 4 Agreeing an innovation pact with Road Atlas at the G8 summit. - Agreeing parameters for climate-compatible technologies. - Developing a joint Road Atlas. - Offering technological cooperation as an incentive. - Harnessing impetus for the Climate Change Convention. - 5 Strengthening the EU‘s leading role. - Triggering an efficiency revolution. - Expanding renewables. - Fostering international cooperation in the energy sector. - Making the Emission Trading Scheme efficient and effective . - Strengthening the function of the public sector as a role model. - Implementing the programme of action on ‘sustainable consumption‘. - Redirecting energy subsidies. - Boosting adaptation within the framework of development cooperation. , Deutsche Ausgabe unter dem Titel: Neue Impulse für die Klimapolitik

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , In russischer und englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Manual 1.1 Beta measurements 1.2 Measurement of the energy spectrum and range of α-radiation with semiconductor detectors 1.3 Error and statistical tests 1.4 Basic experiments of gamma spectroscopy 2.1 Determination of certain elements in sedimental atmospheric dust by x-ray fluorescence analysis 2.2 Calibration and efficiencies (see Supplement) 2.3 Thin-layer chromatographic separation and test of the purity of labelled compounds 2.4 Separation of Thorium-234 from Uranium-238 2.5 Separation of 137Ca/137mBa by precipitation and sorption 3.1 Determination of phosphate by simple isotope dilution analysis and determination of Zn in MgSO4 by substoichiometric isotope dilution analysis 3.2 The Szilard-Chalmers effect 3.3 Determination of the Ag content in slags by instrumental neutron activation analysis 4.1 Isotope exchange of Ethyl Iodide and Sodium Iodide 4.2 Liquid scintillation counting of Carbon-14 and Tritium 4.3 Autoradiography - Demonstration of Autoradiographic techniques Lectures 1.1 Fundamentals of radioactivity / G. K. Vormum 1.2 Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter / G. K. Vormum 1.4 Equations of radioactive decay / G. K. Vormum 1.5 Radiation detectors / M. Geisler 2.1 Radiation spectroscopy / M. Geisler 2.5 Handling of radioisotopes / G. K. Vormum 2.7 Behaviour of radionuclides in very low concentrations / H. Koch 3.6 Particle sources / J. W. Leonhardt 4.2 Tracers in chemical kinetics / J. Dermietzel 4.4 Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) / R. Trettin 5.1 Isotopic tracers in biology / H. Hübner 5.2 Low-level counting / R. Trettin 5.4 Basic concepts of radioimmunoassay (RIA) / G. K. Vormum 6.2 Radionuclide generators / R. Otto

Note: Erscheint alle 2 Jahre , Text in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Part 1: Introduction and Background Chapter 1. Introduction to the Arctic: Significance and History 1.1 The Arctic Ocean and Its Significance for the Earth's Climate System 1.2 History of Arctic Ocean Research 1.3 Plate Tectonic Evolution and Palaeogeography 1.4 Glaciations in Earth's History Chapter 2. Modern Physiography, Hydrology, Climate, and Sediment Input 2.1 Bathymetry and Physiography 2.2 Oceanic Circulation Pattern and Water-Mass Characteristics 2.3 Sea-Ice Cover: Extent, Thickness, and Variability 2.4 Primary Production and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Arctic Ocean 2.5 River Discharge 2.6 Permafrost 2.7 Coastal Erosion 2.8 Aeolian Input 2.9 Modern Sediment Input: A Summary Part 2: Processes and Proxies Chapter 3. Glacio-Marine Sedimentary Processes 3.1 Sea-Ice Processes: Sediment Entrainment and Transport 3.2 Ice Sheet- and Iceberg-Related Processes 3.3 Sediment Mass-Wasting Processes 3.4 Turbidite Sedimentation in the Central Arctic Ocean Chapter 4. Proxies Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions in the Arctic Ocean 4.1 Lithofacies Concept 4.2 Grain-Size Distribution 4.3 Proxies for Sources and Transport Processes of Terrigenous Sediments 4.4 Trace Elements Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction 4.5 Micropalaeontological Proxies and Their (Palaeo-) Environmental and Stratigraphical Significance 4.6 Stable Isotopes of Foraminifers 4.7 Organic-Geochemical Proxies for Organic-Carbon Source and Palaeoenvironment Part 3: The Marine-Geological Record 5 Modern Environment and its record in surface sediments 5.1 Terrigenous (non-biogenic) components in Arctic Ocean surface sediments: Implications for provenance and modern transport processes 5.2 Organic-Carbon Content: Terrigenous Supply versus Primary Production Chapter 6. Quaternary Variability of Palaeoenvironment and Its Sedimentary Record 6.1 The Stratigraphic Framework of Arctic Ocean Sediment Cores: Background, Problems, and Perspectives 6.2 Variability of Quaternary Ice Sheets and Palaeoceanographic Characteristics: Terrestrial, Model, and Eurasian Continental Margin Records 6.3 Circum-Arctic Glacial History, Sea-Ice Cover, and Surface-Water Characteristics: Quaternary Records from the Central Arctic Ocean 6.4 Accumulation of Particulate Organic Carbon at the Arctic Continental Margin and Deep-Sea Areas During Late Quaternary Times Chapter 7. Mesozoic to Cenozoic Palaeoenvironmental Records of High Northern Latitudes 7.1 Mesozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment 7.2 Cenozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment Chapter 8. Open Questions and Future Geoscientific Arctic Ocean Research 8.1 Quaternary and Neogene Climate Variability on Sub-Millennial to Milankovich Time Scales 8.2 The Mesozoic-Cenozoic History of the Arctic Ocean References Index

Note: CONTENTS Foreword 1. Introduction (Krystyna Wasylikowa) 2. History of research (Herbert E. Wright, Jr) 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The 1963 campaign 2.3. The 1970 campaign 2.4. Post-1970 analytical work 3. Geologie and climatic setting of the sites (Herbert E. Wright, Jr) 4. Outline of the Vegetation of western Iran (Willem van Zeist) 4.1. Introduction 4.2. The regional Vegetation 4.3. Zeribar marsh Vegetation 5. Coring and sampling methods (Herbert E. Wright, Jr and Krystyna Wasylikowa) 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Lake Zeribar 5.3. Lalabad and Nilofar 5.4. Mirabad landslide lakes 5.5. Sub-sampling 6. Description of Sediments (Krystyna Wasylikowa and Herbert E. Wright, Jr) 7. Lake Zeribar: dating and Sedimentation rate (Adam Walanus and Krystyna Wasylikowa) 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Age-depth curves 7.3. Sedimentation rate 8. Late Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation at Zeribar (Willem van Zeist) 8.1. Introduction 8.2. The surface-sample study 8.3. Late Pleistocene 8.4. Holocene 8.5. Comparison with other pollen sites 9. Paleoecology of Lake Zeribar in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene reconstrueted from the flora of aquatic and marsh plants (Krystyna Wasylikowa) 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Methods 9.3. Principles of palaeoecological interpretation of plant-macrofossil assemblages from Lake Zeribar 9.4. Pleniglacial lake Vegetation 9.5. Lake Vegetation during the decline of the Pleniglacial and in the Lateglacial 9.6. Lake Vegetation in the Holocene 9.7. Summary of plant-macrofossil stratigraphy 9.8. Notes on the identification of plant macrofossils from Lake Zeribar (Krystyna Wasylikowa and Felix Yu. Velichkevich) 10. Diatom paleolimnology of Lake Zeribar, Iran, in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene (Andrzej Witkowski, Kazimierz Wasylik, Horst Lange-Bertalot, Malgorzata Bak and Karolina Derwich) 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Material and methods 10.3. Results 10.4. Discussion 10.5. Conclusions (Plates) 11. Oospores of Charales in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Sediments of Lake Zeribar, Iran (Andrzej Hutorowicz) 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Materials and methods 11.3. Systematic description of the charophyte species identified 11.4. Palaeoparameters of water in Lake Zeribar 11.5. Charophyte Vegetation at the decline of the Pleniglacial and in the Lateglacial 11.6. Charophyte Vegetation at the decline of the Lateglacial and the beginning of the Holocene 11.7. Charophyte Vegetation in the Holocene 11.8. Summary of charophyte Vegetation stratigraphy 12. Molluscs of Late Quaternary lacustrine Sediments of Lake Zeribar (Iran) (Stefan W. Alexandrowicz) 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Material and methods 12.3. Species of molluscs 12.4. Assemblages of molluscs 12.5. Interpretation 13. Charred plant macrofossils in Lake Zeribar Sediments (Jerzy J. Langer andKrystyna Wasylikowa) 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Charred remains in Lake Zeribar Sediments 13.3. Physico-chemical analyses 13.4. Conclusions of physico-chemical analyses 13.5. Palaeoecological interpretation 14. Variations in effective moisture at Lake Zeribar, Iran during the last glacial period and Holocene, inferred from the δ18O values of authigenic calcite (Lora R. Stevens, Emi Ito, and Herbert E. Wright, Jr) 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Climatic setting 14.3. Oxygen-isotope setting 14.4. δ18O values as proxies for hydrology and effective moisture 14.5. Methods 14.6. Results 14.7. Discussion 14.8. Conclusions 15. The Lake Zeribar palaeoecology: a synthesis (Krystyna Wasylikowa, Willem van Zeist, Herbert E. Wright, Jr, Lora R. Stevens, Andrzej Witkowski, Adam Walanus, Andrzej Hutorowicz, Stefan W. Alexandrowicz, and Jerzy J. Langer) 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Middle Pleniglacial (ca. 48,000-38,000 cal. yr BP) 15.3. Upper Pleniglacial (ca. 38,000-15,400 cal yr BP) 15.4. The Lateglacial (ca. 15,400-12,000 cal.yr BP) 15.5. Early Holocene (ca. 12,000-6900 cal. yr BP) 15.6. Middle and Late Holocene from 6900 to 1400 cal. yr BP 15.7. Summarizing remarks References Appendix 1 (Depth and age of samples used for various analyses) Appendix 2 (List of plant taxa identified on the basis of macrofossils found in sediment cores 63J, 70A, 63B, 70B, and 63C) Appendix 3 (List of diatom species identified in the sediment cores 63J, 70A, and 70B) PlatesI-XII

Note: CONTENTS Contributors Acknowledgements 1. Introduction / Harvey J. Marchant & Fiona J. Scott Systematic Arrangement of Taxa 2. Diatoms / Fiona J. Scott & David P. Thomas 3. Dinoflagellates / Andrew McMinn & Fiona J. Scott 4. Silicoflagellates / Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff 5. Haptophytes: Order Prymnesiales / Harvey J. Marchant & Fiona J. Scott & Andrew T. Davidson 6. Haptophytes: Order Coccolithophorales / Claire S. Findlay, Jeremy R. Young & Fiona J. Scott 7. Chrysophytes / Harvey J. Marchant & Fiona J. Scott 8. Prasinophytes / Harvey J. Marchant 9. Chlorophytes / Fiona J. Scott 10. Cryptophytes / Fiona J. Scott & John van den Hojf 11. Euglenoids / Fiona J. Scott 12. Cyanophytes / Harvey J. Marchant 13. Choanoflagellates / Harvey J. Marchant 14. Ciliates / Wolfgang Petz 15. Protista Incertae Sedis / Fiona J. Scott & Harvey J. Marchant Glossary Bibliography Copyright Permission Index

Note: CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments 1 Toward an Ecological Geography of the Sea The Progressive Exploration of Oceanic and Shelf Ecosystems The Availability of Timely Global Oceanographic Data from Satellites Internal Dynamics of Satellite-Observed Algal Blooms Our New Understanding of the Role of Very Small Organisms 2 Biogeographic Partition of the Ocean Taxonomic Diversity: The Shifting Baseline of Biogeography The Useful Results from 150 Years of Marine Biogeography Biogeographic Regions of the Pelagos Geographic Component of Benthic-Pelagic Coupling From Pristine to Modified Ecosystems 3 Fronts and Pycnoclines: Ecological Discontinuities Fronts and Frontal Systems Oceanic Fronts and Eddy Streets Shelf-Edge and Upwelling Fronts Tidal Fronts and River Plumes of the Shelf Seas The Ubiquitous "Horizontal Front" at the Shallow Pycnocline 4 Physical Control of Ecological Processes Ecological Consequences of Mesoscale Eddies and Planetary Waves Stratification and Irradiance: The Consequences of Latitude Regional and Latitudinal Resistance to Mixing in the Open Oceans Rule-Based Models of Ecological Response to External Forcing Case 1—Polar Irradiance-Mediated Production Peak Case 2—Nutrient-Limited Spring Production Peak Case 3—Winter-Spring Production with Nutrient Limitation Case 4—Small-Amplitude Response to Trade Wind Seasonality Case 5—Large-Amplitude Response to Monsoon-like Reversal of Trade Winds Case 6—Intermittent Production at Coastal Divergences Coastal Asymmetry, Geomorphology, and Tidal Forcing 5 Nutrient Limitation: The Example of Iron Nutrient Distribution and the Consequences of Differing Supply Ratios Regional Anomalies in Nutrient Limitation Models of Regional Nutrient Flux and Limitation 6 Biomes: The Primary Partition The Four Primary Biomes of the Upper Ocean Polar Biome Westerlies Biome Trades Biome Coastal Biome 7 Provinces: The Secondary Compartments Ecological Provinces in the Open Ocean Ways of Testing Static Province Boundaries in the Open Ocean A Statistical Test Analytical Tests Biogeographic Tests Practicable and Useful Partitions in Coastal Seas 8 Longer Term Responses: From Seasons to Centuries Scales of External Forcing Recurrent, ENSO-Scale Changes of State Multidecadal Trends and Changes Conclusion: Stable Partitions in a Varying Ocean? 9 The Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Polar Biome Boreal Polar Province (BPLR) Atlantic Arctic Province (ARCT) Atlantic Subarctic Province (SARC) Atlantic Westerly Winds Biome North Atlantic Drift Province (NADR) Gulf Stream Province (GFST) North Atlantic Subtropical Gyral Province (NAST-E, NAST-W) Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea Province (MEDI) Atlantic Trade Wind Biome North Atlantic Tropical Gyral Province (NATR) Caribbean Province (CARB) Western Tropical Atlantic Province (WTRA) Eastern Tropical Atlantic Province (ETRA) South Atlantic Gyral Province (SATL) Atlantic Coastal Biome Northeast Atlantic Shelves Province (NECS) Canary Current Coastal Province (CNRY) Guinea Current Coastal Province (GUIN) Benguela Current Coastal Province (BENG) Northwest Atlantic Shelves Province (NWCS) Guianas Coastal Province (GUIA) Brazil Current Coastal Province (BRAZ) Southwest Atlantic Shelves Province (FKLD) 10 The Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Trade Wind Biome Indian Monsoon Gyres Province (MONS) Indian South Subtropical Gyre Province (ISSG) Indian Ocean Coastal Biome Red Sea, Arabian Gulf Province (REDS) Northwest Arabian Sea Upwelling Province (ARAB) Western India Coastal Province (INDW) Eastern India Coastal Province (INDE) Eastern Africa Coastal Province (EAFR) Australia-Indonesia Coastal Province (AUSW) 11 The Pacific Ocean Pacific Polar Biome North Pacific Epicontinental Sea Province (BERS) Pacific Westerly Winds Biome Pacific Subarctic Gyres Province, East and West (PSAG) Kuroshio Current Province (KURO) North Pacific Subtropical and Polar Front Provinces (NPST and NPPF) Tasman Sea Province (TASM) Pacific Trade Winds Biome North Pacific Tropical Gyre Province (NPTG) North Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent Province (PNEC) Pacific Equatorial Divergence Province (PEQD) Western Pacific Warm Pool Province (WARM) Archipelagic Deep Basins Province (ARCH) South Pacific Subtropical Gyre Province, North and South (SPSG) Pacific Coastal Biome Alaska Coastal Downwelling Province (ALSK) California Current Province (CALC) Central American Coastal Province (CAMR) Humboldt Current Coastal Province (HUMB) China Sea Coastal Province (CHIN) Sunda-Arafura Shelves Province (SUND) East Australian Coastal Province (AUSE) New Zealand Coastal Province (NEWZ) 12 The Southern Ocean Antarctic Westerly Winds Biome South Subtropical Convergence Province (SSTC) Subantarctic Water Ring Province (SANT) Antarctic Polar Biome Antarctic Province (ANTA) Austral Polar Province (APLR) References Index

Note: CONTENTS Introduction History and development along the Elliott and Dalton Highways Elliott Highway Hickel Highway Dalton Highway Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Climate Temperature Precipitation Physiography Permafrost and ground ice Hydrology Icings Pingos Geology Bedrock geology Glacial geology of the Brooks Range Vegetation Bottomland spruce-poplar forest Upland spruce-hardwood forest Lowland spruce-hardwood forest High shrub Low shrub bogs Moist tundra Wet tundra Alpine tundra Disturbance patterns Flora Soils Road log Introduction Fox Fox - Livengood Livengood Livengood - Yukon River Yukon River region and crossing Yukon River - Atigun Pass Cirque glaciation and processes in the Atigun Pass area Slushflow activity in the Atigun Pass area Atigun Valley - Prudhoe Bay The Prudhoe Bay region Oil-field development Geology Geomorphology. soils, and vegetation Selected references Appendix A - Soil taxonomy Appendix B - List of plants

Note: Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Goals of this Book 1.2 Current Status of Resources 1.2.1 Ozone Hole 1.2.2 Water-Borne Soil Erosion 1.2.3 Loss of Biodiversity 1.3 Impact of Resource Degradation 1.4 Nature of Resource ;Degradation 1.5 Nature of Resource Management 1.5.1 Strategic Management 1.5.2 Process or Regional Management 1.5.3 Operational Management 1.5.4 Relationship between These Levels of Management 1.6 Nature of Regional Resource Management Information Systems 1.7 Geographic Information in Resource Management 1.8 Structure of this Book Reference Chapter2 Physical Principles of Remote Sensing 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 2.2.1 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation 2.2.2 Radiometric Terms and Definitions 2.2.3 Energy Radiated by the Sun and the Earth 2.2.4 Effects of the Atmosphere 2.2.5 Correction of Remotely Sensed Data for Attenuation through the Atmosphere 2.2.5 .1 Atmospheric Correction Using Field Data 2.2.5.2 Atmospheric Correction Using Numerical Atmospheric Models 2.2.6 Measurement of Radiance and Irradiance 2.2.6.1 Collecting Optics 2.2.6.2 Filter Unit 2.2.6.3 Detectors 2.2.6.4 Output Device 2.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 2.3.1 Nature of Reflectance 2.3.1.1 Reflectance within the Boundary Layer 2.3.2 Reflectance of Water Surfaces 2.3.3 Reflectance Characteristics of Soils 2.3.4 Reflectance of Vegetation 2.3.5 Reflectance Characteristics of Green Leaves 2.3.6 Reflectance Characteristics of Dead Leaves 2.3.7 Vegetative Canopy Reflectance 2.3.8 Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Function of Surfaces 2.4 Passive Sensing Systems 2.4.1 The Camera 2.4.1.1 Lens Cone 2.4.1.2 Magazine or Digital Back 2.4.1.3 Camera Body 2.4.1.4 Suspension Mount 2.4.1.5 Light Sensitive Cell Arrays 2.4.1.6 Measurement of Resolution in Image Data 2.4.2 Acquisition of Aerial Photography with a Framing Camera 2.4.2.1 Effects of Height Differences on an Aerial Photograph 2.4.2.2 Types of Lens Cones 2.4.3 The Scanner 2.4.4 The Moving Mirror Scanner 2.4.4.1 Resolution of Scanner Data 2.4.4.2 Thermal Scanner Data 2.4.4.3 Sources of Error in Oscillating Mirror Scanner Imagery 2.4.5 Push broom Scanners 2.5 Active Sensing Systems 2.5 .1 Introduction 2.5.2 The Geometry of Radar Systems 2.5 .2.1 Resolution of Radar Data 2.5.2.2 Effect of Height Displacements 2.5.3 The Attenuation and Scattering of Radar in the Atmosphere 2.5 .4 The Information Content of Radar Imagery 2.5.4.1 Surface Roughness and Slope 2.5.4.2 Inhomogeneity 2.5.4.3 Dielectric Properties 2.5.4.4 Resonance-Sized Objects 2.5.4.5 Wavelength 2.5.4.6 Polarisation 2.5.5 Radar Interferometry 2.5.6 Summary 2.6 Hyperspectral Image Data 2.6.1 Definition 2.6.2 Applications of Hyperspectral Image Data 2.7 Hypertemporal Image Data 2.7.1 Introduction 2.8 Platforms 2.8.1 Terrestrial Platforms 2.8.2 Balloon 2.8.3 Helicopter or Boat 2.8.4 Manned and Unmanned Aircraft 2.8.4.1 Hot Spots 2.8.5 Planning an Aerial Sortie 2.8.6 Satellite Platform 2.9 Satellite Sensor Systems Additional Reading References Chapter 3 Visual Interpretation and Map Reading 3.1 Overview 3.1.1 Remotely Sensed Data and Visual Interpretation 3.1.2 Effects of Height Differences on Remotely Sensed Images 3.2 Stereoscopy 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Monocular Vision 3.2.3 Binocular Vision 3.2.4 Binocular Perception of Colour 3.2.5 General Principles of Stereoscopic Vision 3.2.6 Methods of Stereoscopic Viewing 3.2.7 Physical Methods of Separation Using Stereoscopes 3.2.8 Viewing with a Stereoscope 3.2.9 Optical Methods of Separation 3.2.9.1 Coloured Anaglyph 3.2.9.2 Polarising Filters 3.2.10 Construction of a Stereo-Triplet 3.3 Measuring Height Differences in a Stereoscopic Pair of Photographs 3.3.1 Principle of the Floating Mark 3.3.2 Parallax Bar 3.3.3 Vertical Exaggeration 3.3.4 Displacements due to Height Differences man Aenal Photograph 3.3.5 Derivation of the Parallax Bar Formulae 3.3.6 Characteristics of the Parallax Bar Equation 3.4 Planimetric Measurements on Aerial Photographs 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Determination of Scale 3.4.3 Measurement of Distances 3.4.3.1 Graduated Rule or Scale 3.4.3.2 Paper Strip 3.4.3.3 Length of String 3.4.3.4 Odometer 3.4.4 Measurement of Areas 3.4.4.1 Dot Grid 3.4.4.2 Digitiser 3.4.5 Transfer of Planimetric Detail by the Use of the Anharmoruc Ratio 3.4.5.1 Paper Strip Method 3.4.5.2 Projective Nets 3.4.6 Proportional Dividers 3.5 Perception of Colour 3.6 Principles of Photographic Interpretation 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Levels of Interpretation 3.6.2.1 Image Reading 3.6.2.2 Image Analysis 3.6.2.3 Image Interpretation 3.6.3 Principles of Object Recognition 3.6.3.1 Size 3.6.3.2 Shape 3.6.3.3 Shadow 3.6.3.4 Colour or Tone 3.6.3 .5 Pattern and Texture 3.6.4 Interpretation Strategies 3.6.4.1 Location and Association 3.6.4.2 Temporal Change 3.6.4.3 Convergence of Evidence 3.6.5 Interpretation Procedure 3.7 Visual Interpretation of lmages 3.7.1 Visual Interpretation of Thermal Image Data 3.7.2 Visual Interpretation of Radar Image Data 3.8 Maps and Map Reading 3.8.1 Map Projections 3.8.1.1 Definition of the Mathematical Shape of the Portion of the Earth 3.8.1.2 Specify How the Curved Surface of the Earth is to be Unfolded onto a Flat Sheet 3.8.2 Mapping Systems and Map Types 3.8.3 Map Co-ordinates and Bearings 3.8.4 Establishing One's Location on a Map 3.8.5 Map Reading on a Topographic.Map 3.8.6 Terrain Classification Further Reading References Chapter4 Image Processing 4.1 Overview 4.1.1 Pre-Processing 4.1.2 Enhancement 4.1.3 Classification 4.1.4 Estimation 4.1.5 Temporal Analysis 4.2 Statistical Considerations 4.2.1 Probability Density Functions 4.2.1.1 Binomial Distribution 4.2.1.2 Normal Distribution 4.2.2 Correlation 4.2.3 Statistical Characteristics of Satellite Scanner Data 4.2.4 Measures of Distance 4.2.5 Shannon's Sampling Theorem 4.2.6 Autocorrelation and Variograms 4.2.7 Frequency Domain 4.2.7.1 Scaling 4.2.7.2 Shifting 4.2.7.3 Convolution 4.2.8 Least Squares Method of Fitting 4.3 Pre-Processing of Image Data 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Rectification 4.3.2.1 Theoretical Basis for Rectification 4.3.2.2 Correction for Systematic Errors 4.3.2.3 Fitting Image Data to Ground Control 4.3.2.4 Resampling the Image Data 4.3.2.5 Windowing and Mosaicing 4.3.2.6 Rectification in Practice 4.3 .3 Radiometric Calibration 4.3.4 Atmospheric Correction 4.3.4.1 Use of a Linear Model for Atmospheric Correction 4.3.4.2 Atmospheric Correction Using Atmospheric Models 4.4 The Enhancement of Image Data 4.4.1 Radiometric Enhancement 4.4.1.1 Display of an Image 4.4.1.2 Pseudo-Colour Density Slice 4.4.1.3 Linear Enhancement 4.4.1.4 Non-Linear Enhancements 4.4.1.5 Piecewise Linear Stretch 4.4.1.6 Histogram Equalisation 4.4.2 Spectral Enhancements 4.4.2.1 Ratioing 4.4.2.2 Orthogonal Transformations 4.4.2.3 Vegetation Indices 4.4.2.4 Fourier Transformation 4.4.3 Spatial Transformations of Image Data 4.4.3.1 Measurement of Texture 4.4.3.2 Edge Detection 4.4.3.3 Removal of Regular Noise in Image Data 4.4.3.4 Analysis of Spatial Correlation: The Variogram 4.4.3.5 Image Segmentation 4.4.3 .6 Object Patterns and Object Sizes: The ALV Function 4.4.4 Temporal Enhancements 4.4.4.1 Temporal Enhancement 4.4.4.2 Principal Components 4.4.4.3 Temporal Distance Images 4.4.4.4 Fourier Analysis of Hypertemporal Data 4.5 Analysis of Mixtures or End Member Analysis 4.5.1 Linear End Member Model 4.5.2 Characteristics of the Linear End Member Model 4.5.3 Identification of End Members 4.5.4 Implementation of the Linear End Member Algorithm 4.6 Image Classification 4.6.1 Principles of Classification 4.6.2 Discriminant Function Classifiers 4.6.2.1 Development of the Maximum Likelihood Classifier 4.6.2.2 Summary 4.6.2.3 Characteristics of the Discriminant Function Family of Classifiers 4.6.2.4 Implementation of the Maximum Likelihood Classifier 4.6.3 Fuzzy Classifiers 4.6.4 Neural Network Classifiers 4.6.5 Hierarchical Classifiers 4.6.6 Classification Strategies 4.6.6.1 Types of Classes 4.6.6.2 Selecting Classes and Classifiers 4.6.6.3 Im

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments NICOP Organizing Team Members NICOP Sponsors Associate Editors and Reviewers Volume 1 Initial Disturbance and Recovery Measurements from Military Vehicle Traffic on Seasonal and Permafrost Terrain / R.T. Affleck, S.A. Shoop, C.M. Collins, and E. Clark Erosion of the Barrow Environmental Observatory Coastline 2003–2007, Northern Alaska / A. Aguirre, C.E. Tweedie, J. Brown, and A. Gaylord Pore Water and Effective Pressure in the Frozen Fringe During Soil Freezing / S. Akagawa, S. Hiasa, S. Kanie, and S.L. Huang Coastal Processes and Their Influence Upon Discharge Characteristics of the Strokdammane Plain, West Spitsbergen, Svalbard / H.J. Akerman Forecasting Chemical Thawing of Frozen Soil as a Result of Interaction with Cryopegs / V.I. Aksenov, N.G. Bubnov, G.I. Klinova, A.V. Iospa, and S.G. Gevorkyan Permafrost and Cryopegs of the Anabar Shield / S.V. Alexeev, L.P. Alexeeva, and A.M. Kononov A First Estimate of Mountain Permafrost Distribution in the Mount Cook Region of New Zealand’s Southern Alps / S. Allen, I. Owens, and C. Huggel The Perennial Springs of Axel Heiberg Island as an Analogue for Groundwater Discharge on Mars / D.T. Andersen, W.H. Pollard, and C.P. McKay Geotechnical Considerations for Cut-Off Wall in Warm Permafrost / S.L. Anderson, T.G. Krzewinski, and J. Swendseid Water Chemistry of Hydrogenous Taliks in the Middle Lena / N.P. Anisimova and N.A. Pavlova A New Hypothesis on Ice Lens Formation in Frost-Susceptible Soils / L.U. Arenson, T.F. Azmatch, and D.C. Sego Impact of the August 2000 Storm on the Soil Thermal Regime, Alaska North Slope / D.E. Atkinson and L. Hinzman Global Simulation of Permafrost Distribution in the Past, Present, and Future Using the Frost Number Method / T. Aus der Beek and E. Teichert Remote Sensing Data for Monitoring Periglacial Processes in Permafrost Areas: Terrestrial Laser Scanning at the Hinteres Langtalkar Rock Glacier, Austria / M. Avian, A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer, and A. Bauer Permafrost Temperatures and Erosion Protection at Shishmaref, Alaska / M.T. Azelton and J.E. Zufelt Measuring Ice Lens Growth and Development of Soil Strains during Frost Penetration Using Particle Image Velocimetry (GeoPIV) / T.F. Azmatch, L.U. Arenson, D.C. Sego, and K.W. Biggar Evidence of Permafrost Formation Two Million Years Ago in Central Alaska / J.E. Beget, P. Layer, D. Stone, J. Benowitz, and J. Addison Recent Advances in Mapping Deep Permafrost and Gas Hydrate Occurrences Using Industry Seismic Data, Richards Island Area, Northwest Territories, Canada / G. Bellefleur, K. Ramachandran, M. Riedel, T. Brent, and S. Dallimore Massive Ground Ice on the Ural Coast of Baydaratskaya Bay, Kara Sea, Russia / N.G. Belova, V.I. Solomatin, and F.A. Romanenko A Direct Method for Obtaining Thermal Conductivity of Gravel Using TP02 Probes / H. Bing, P. He, N.I. Koemle, and W. Feng The Effect of Near-Freezing Temperatures on the Stability of an Underground Excavation in Permafrost / K.L. Bjella Distribution of Permafrost Types and Buried Ice in Ice-Free Areas of Antarctica / J.G. Bockheim, I.B. Campbell, M. Guglielmin, and J. López-Martínez Estimation of Ice Wedge Volume in the Big Lake Area, Mackenzie Delta, NWT, Canada / J.A. Bode, B.J. Moorman, C.W. Stevens, and S.M. Solomon High Resolution DEM Extraction from Terrestrial LIDAR Topometry and Surface Kinematics of the Creeping Alpine Permafrost: the Laurichard Rock Glacier Case Study (Southern French Alps) / X. Bodin, P. Schoeneich, and S. Jaillet Comparison of Exposure Ages and Spectral Properties of Rock Surfaces in Steep, High Alpine Rock Walls of Aiguille du Midi, France / R. Böhlert, S. Gruber, M. Egli, M. Maisch, D. Brandová, W. Haeberli, S. Ivy-Ochs, M. Christl, P.W. Kubik, and P. Deline Heat and Water Transfer Processes in Permafrost-Affected Soils: A Review of Field- and Modeling-Based Studies for the Arctic and Antarctic (Plenary Paper) / J. Boike, B. Hagedorn, and K. Roth Estimation of Hydraulic Properties in Permafrost-Affected Soils Using a Two-Directional Freeze-Thaw Algorithm / W.R. Bolton, J. Boike, and P.P. Overduin Engineering Solutions for Foundations and Anchors in Mountain Permafrost / C. Bommer, H.R. Keusen, and M. Phillips Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Interactions in the Hyporheic Zones of Arctic Streams that Drain Areas of Continuous Permafrost / W.B. Bowden, M.J. Greenwald, BM.N. Gooseff, BJ.P. Zarnetske, BJ.P. McNamara, J. Bradford, and T. Brosten Geomorphology and Gas Release from Pockmark Features in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada / R.G. Bowen, S.R. Dallimore, M.M. Côté, J.F. Wright, and T.D. Lorenson Current Capabilities in Soil Thermal Representations Within a Large-Scale Hydrology Model for Regions of Continuous Permafrost / L.C. Bowling, K.A. Cherkauer, and J.C. Adam Effects of Soil Cryostructure on the Long-Term Strength of Ice-Rich Permafrost Near Melting Temperatures /M.T. Bray Warming of Cold Permafrost in Northern Alaska During the Last Half-Century / M.C. Brewer and H. Jin Characterization and Classification of Topsoils as a Tool to Monitor Carbon Pools in Frost-Affected Soils / G. Broll and C. Tarnocai The International Permafrost Association: 1983–2008 / J. Brown, H. French, and C. Guodong Experimental Study of the Thermal Conductivity of Frozen Sediments Containing Gas Hydrates / B.A. Buhanov, E.M. Chuvilin, O.M. Guryeva, and P.I. Kotov Permafrost Dynamics Within an Upper Lena River Tributary: Modeled Impact of Infiltration on the Temperature Field Under a Plateau / S. Buldovich, N. Romanovskiy, G. Tipenko, D. Sergeev, and V. Romanovsky Permafrost Distributions on the Seward Peninsula: Past, Present, and Future / R.C. Busey, L.D. Hinzman, J.J. Cassano, and E. Cassano Soil and Permafrost Properties in the Vicinity of Scott Base, Antarctica / I.B. Campbell and G.G.G.Claridge Patterned Ground Features and Vegetation: Examples from Continental and Maritime Antarctica / N. Cannone and M. Guglielmin Rainfall-Runoff Hydrograph Characteristics in A Discontinuous Permafrost Watershed and Their Relation to Ground Thaw / S.K. Carey and C.M. DeBeer Innovative Designs of the Permafrost Roadbed for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Plenary Paper) / G. Cheng, Q. Wu, and W. Ma Does Permafrost Deserve Attention in Comprehensive Climate Models? / J.H. Christensen, M. Stendel, P. Kuhry, V. Romanovsky, and J. Walsh Trace Gas Budgets of High Arctic Permafrost Regions (Plenary Paper) / T.R. Christensen, T. Friborg, and M. Johansson Interannual Variations in Active Layer Thickness in Svalbard / H.H. Christiansen and O. Humlum Experimental Study of the Self-Preservation Effect of Gas Hydrates in Frozen Sediments / E.M. Chuvilin and O.M. Guryeva Effects of Recent Climate Change on High Mountains of Western North America / J.J. Clague A Model of Permafrost Distribution and Disturbance Sensitivity for Denali National Park, Using Soil-Ecological Site Inventory Information / M.H. Clark A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Assess the Impact of Global Climate Change on Infrastructure in Cold Regions / J. Clarke, C. Fenton, A. Gens, R. Jardine, C. Martin, D. Nethercot, S. Nishimura, S. Olivella, C. Reifen, P. Rutter, F. Strasser, and R. Toumi Freezeback of an Anthropogenic Talik Within Tailings at Nanisivik Mine, Canada / G. Claypool, J.W. Cassie, and R. Carreau Geologic Controls on the Occurrence of Permafrost-Associated Natural Gas Hydrates / T.S. Collett Laboratory Simulations of Martian Debris Flows / F. Costard, E. Védie, M. Font, and J.L. Lagarde Modeling the Erosion of Ice-Rich Deposits Along the Yukon Coastal Plain / N.J. Couture, M.A. Hoque, and W.H. Pollard Dynamics of Patterned Ground Evolution / J.G.A. Croll Legacy and Accomplishments of Frozen Ground Engineering Studies in Alaska 60 Years Ago / M. Cysewski and Y. Shur High-Resolution Surface and Subsurface Survey of a Non-Sorted Circle System / R. Daanen, V. Romanovsky, D. Walker, and M. LaDouceur Effect of Adsorbed Cations on Unfrozen Water in Silty Soil as Det

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments NICOP Organizing Team Members NICOP Sponsors Associate Editors and Reviewers Volume 2 Experimental Research on Frost and Salt Heaving of Highway Foundation Soils in Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions in Gansu Province, Northwestern China / G. Li, W. Yu, H. Jin, Y. Sheng, J. Qi, and L. Lü Effects of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps on Sediment Chemistry, Submerged Macrophyte Biomass, and Invertebrate Abundance of Upland Tundra Lakes / P.S. Mesquita, F.J. Wrona, and T.D. Prowse The Vault Creek Tunnel (Fairbanks Region, Alaska): A Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironmental Permafrost Record / H. Meyer, K. Yoshikawa, L. Schirrmeister, and A. Andreev Properties of Eroding Coastline Soils Along Elson Lagoon Barrow, Alaska / G.J. Michaelson, C.L Ping, L.A. Lynn, M.T. Jorgenson, and F. Dou The Application of Tritium in Permafrost Ground-Ice Studies / F.A. Michel Twenty Years of Permafrost Research on the Furggentälti Rock Glaciers, Western Alps, Switzerland / D. Mihajlovic, B. Staub, A. Nussbaum, B. Krummenacher, and H. Kienholz Convective Heat Exchange Between Rivers and Floodplain Taliks / V.M. Mikhailov Geophysical Study of Talik Zones, Western Yakutia / S. Milanovskiy, S. Velikin, and V. Istratov Seasonally Frozen Ground Effects on the Dynamic Response of High-Rise Buildings / R. Miranda, Z. Yang, and U. Dutta Seasonal Thermal Regime of a Mid-Latitude Ventilated Debris Accumulation / S. Morard, R. Delaloye, and J. Dorthe Genetic, Morphological, and Statistical Characterization of Lakes in the Permafrost-Dominated Lena Delta / A. Morgenstern, G. Grosse, and L. Schirrmeister Vegetation and Permafrost Changes in the Northern Taiga of West Siberia / N. Moskalenko Experimental Study of Thermal Properties for Frozen Pyroclastic Volcanic Deposits (Kamchatka, Kluchevskaya Volcano Group) / R.G. Motenko, E.P. Tikhonova, and A.A. Abramov Spatial Analysis of Glacial Geology, Surficial Geomorphology, and Vegetation in the Toolik Lake Region: Relevance to Past and Future Land-Cover Changes / C.A. Munger, D.A. Walker, H.A. Maier, and T.D. Hamilton Choosing Geotechnical Parameters for Slope Stability Assessments in Alpine Permafrost Soils / P. Nater, L.U. Arenson, and S.M. Springman A Permafrost Observatory at Barrow, Alaska: Long-Term Observations of Active-Layer Thickness and Permafrost Temperature / F. Nelson, N.I. Shiklomanov, D.A. Streletskiy, V.E. Romanovsky, K. Yoshikawa, K.M. Hinkel, and J. Brown Decadal Results from the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) Program (Plenary Paper) / F.E. Nelson, N.I. Shiklomanov, K.M. Hinkel, and J. Brown Modeling Observed Differential Frost Heave Within Non-Sorted Circles in Alaska / D.J. Nicolsky, V.E. Romanovsky, G.S. Tipenko, and D.A. Walker Engineering-Induced Environmental Hazards in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau / F. Niu, J. Xu, Z. Lin, and P. Wang Comparison of Simulated 2D Temperature Profiles with Time-Lapse Electrical Resistivity Data at the Schilthorn Crest, Switzerland / J. Noetzli, C. Hilbich, C. Hauck, M. Hoelzle, and S. Gruber The Effect of Fines Content and Quality on Frost Heave Susceptibility of Crushed Rock Aggregates Used in Railway Track Structure / A. Nurmikolu and P. Kolisoja Contemporary Permafrost Degradation of Northern European Russia / N. Oberman MAGST in Mountain Permafrost, Dovrefjell, Southern Norway, 2001–2006 / R.S. Ødegård, K. Isaksen, T. Eiken, and J.L. Sollid Effects of Changing Climate and Sea Ice Extent on Pechora and Kara Seas Coastal Dynamics / S.A. Ogorodov Solifluction Lobes in Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain): Morphometry and Palaeoenvironmental Changes / M. Oliva, L. Schulte, and A. Gómez Ortiz Cyanobacteria Within Cryptoendolithic Habitats: The Role of High pH in Biogenic Rock Weathering in the Canadian High Arctic / C.R. Omelon, W.H. Pollard, F.G. Ferris, and P.C. Bennett Thermal State of Permafrost in Alaska During the Fourth Quarter of the Twentieth Century (Plenary Paper) / T.E. Osterkamp Field Trials of Surface Insulation Materials for Permafrost Preservation / J.M. Oswell and J.R. Everts The State of Subsea Permafrost in the Western Laptev Nearshore Zone / P.P. Overduin, V. Rachold, and M.N. Grigoriev Sources of Discrepancy Between CCSM Simulated and Gridded Observation-Based Soil Temperature Over Siberia: The Influence of Site Density and Distribution / D. Pai Mazumder and N. Mölders Remote Sensing-Based Study of Vegetation Distribution and Its Relation to Permafrost in and Around the George Lake Area, Central Alaska / S.K. Panda, A. Prakash, and D.N. Solie Electrical Freezing Potentials During Permafrost Aggradation at the Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment, Western Arctic Coast, Canada / V.R. Parameswaran and C.R. Burn Managing Permafrost Data: Past Approaches and Future Directions / M.A. Parsons, S.L. Smith, V.E. Romanovsky, N.I. Shiklomanov, H.H. Christiansen, P.P. Overduin, T. Zhang, M.R. Balks, and J. Brown Regional Geocryological Dangers Associated with Contemporary Climate Change / A.V. Pavlov and G.V. Malkova Wedge Structures in Southernmost Argentina (Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego) / A. Perez-Alberti, A. Coronato, M.C. Casais, M. Valcarcel-Diaz, and J. Rabassa Modeling Interaction Between Filterable Solutions and Frozen Ground / G.Z. Perlshtein and G.S. Tipenko Russian Approaches to Permafrost Engineering (Plenary Paper) / G. Perlshtein Numerical Modeling of Differential Frost Heave / R.A. Peterson Energy Balance Response of a Shallow Subarctic Lake to Atmospheric Temperature and Advective Persistence / Richard M. Petrone, Wayne R. Rouse, and L. Dale Boudreau Numerical Analysis of Forced and Natural Convection in Waste-Rock Piles in Permafrost Environments / H.N. Pham, L.U. Arenson, and D.C. Sego Effects of Ground Temperature and Slope Deformation on the Service Life of Snow-Supporting Structures in Mountain Permafrost: Wisse Schijen, Randa, Swiss Alps / M. Phillips and S. Margreth Classification of Arctic Tundra Soils Along the Beaufort Sea Coast, Alaska / C.L Ping, L.A. Lynn, G.J. Michaelson, M.T. Jorgenson, Y.L. Shur, and M. Kanevskiy Thermal Diffusivity Variability in Alpine Permafrost Rock Walls / P. Pogliotti, E. Cremonese, U. Morra Di Cella, S. Gruber, and M. Giardino Massive Ground Ice in the Eureka Sound Lowlands, Canadian High Arctic / W.H. Pollard and N. Couture Long-Term Monitoring of Frost Heave and Thaw Settlement in the Northern Taiga of West Siberia / O. Ponomareva and Y. Shur The Permafrost of the Imuruk Lake Basaltic Field Area (Alaska) and Astrobiological Implications / O. Prieto-Ballesteros, D.C. Fernández-Remolar, J. Torres Redondo, M. Fernández-Sampedro, M.P. Martín Redondo, J.A. Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. Gómez-Elvira, D. Gómez-Ortiz, and F. Gómez What Dictates the Occurrence of Zero Curtain Effect? / J. Putkonen Definition of Warm Permafrost Based on Mechanical Properties of Frozen Soil / J. Qi and J. Zhang Active Layer Temperature Monitoring in Two Boreholes in Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctic: First Results for 2000–2006 / M. Ramos, G. Vieira, J.J. Blanco, S. Gruber, C. Hauck, M.A. Hidalgo, and D. Tomé Circumpolar Relationships Between Permafrost Characteristics, NDVI, and Arctic Vegetation Types / M.K. Raynolds and D.A. Walker Rock Glacier Distribution and the Lower Limit of Discontinuous Mountain Permafrost in the Nepal Himalaya / D. Regmi Frost-Protected Shallow Foundation Design Issues: A Case Study / C.H. Riddle, J.W. Rooney, and G.W. Carpenter Estimating Active Layer and Talik Thickness from Temperature Data: Implications from Modeling Results / D.W. Riseborough Mesoscale and Detailed Geocryological Mapping as a Basis for Carbon Budget Assessment (East European Russian Arctic, CARBO-North Project) / F.M. Rivkin, J.V. Vlasova, A.P. Popova, G. Mazhitova, P. Kuhry, I.S. Parmuzin, and I.V. Chehina Permafrost Degradation and Influx of Biogeogases into the Atmosphere / E. Rivkina and G. Kraev Observations and Considerations on Destabilizing Active Rock Glaciers in the European Alps / I. Roer, W. Haeber

Note: CONTENTS: PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE GLOBAL SYSTEM 1.1 THE PHYSICAL SETTING 1.2 THE ANTARCTIC CRYOSPHERE 1.3 THE ROLE OF THE ANTARCTIC IN THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM 1.4 OBSERVATIONS FOR STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE ANTARCTIC 1.5 THE CLIMATE OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ITS VARIABILITY 1.6 BIOTA OF THE ANTARCTIC 1.6.1 Terrestrial 1.6.2 Marine 2 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic 2.1.3 In-situ ocean observations 2.1.4 Sea ice observations 2.1.5 Observations of the ice sheet and permafrost 2.1.6 Sea level 2.1.7 Marine biology 2.1.8 Terrestrial biology 2.1.9 Models 2.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND RESEARCH NEEDS 3 ANTARCTIC CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT HISTORY IN THE PREINSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 DEEP TIME 3.2.1 The Greenhouse world: from Gondwana breakup to 34 million years 3.2.2 Into the Icehouse world: the last 34 million years 3.3 THE LAST MILLION YEARS 3.3.1 Glacial interglacial cycles: the ice core record 3.3.2 The transition to Holocene interglacial conditions: the ice core record 3.3.3 Deglaciation of the continental shelf, coastal margin and continental interior 3.3.4 Antarctic deglaciation and its impact on global sea level 3.3.5 Sea ice and climate 3.4 THE HOLOCENE 3.4.1 Holocene climate change: regional to hemispheric perspectives 3.4.2 Changes in sea ice extent through the Holocene 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.5 BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE 3.5.1 The terrestrial environment 3.5.2 The marine environment 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 4 THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION 4.2.1 Modes of variability ..? 4.2.2 Depression tracks 4.2.3 Teleconnections 4.3 TEMPERATURE 4.3.1 Surface temperature 4.3.2 Upper air temperature changes 4.3.3 Attribution 4.4 CHANGES IN ANTARCTIC SNOWFALL OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS 4.4.1 General spatial and temporal characteristics of Antarctic snowfall 4.4.2 Long-term Antarctic snowfall accumulation estimates 4.4.3 Recent trends in Antarctic snowfall 4.5 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 4.5.1 Antarctic stratospheric ozone in the instrumental period 4.5.2 Antarctic tropospheric chemistry 4.5.3 Aerosol, clouds and radiation 4.6 THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Australian sector 4.6.3 The Amundsen/Bellingshausen Seas 4.6.4 Variability and change in Ross Sea shelf waters 4.6.5 The Weddell Sea sector 4.6.6 Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean 4.6.7 Dynamics of the circulation and water masses of the ACC and the polar gyres from model results 4.7 . ANTARCTIC SEA ICE COVER DURING THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Sea ice cover in the pre-satellite era 4.7.3 Variability and trends in sea ice using satellite data 4.8 THE ICE SHEET AND PERMAFROST 4.8.1 Introduction 4.8.2 The Antarctic Peninsula 4.8.3 West Antarctica 4.8.4 East Antarctica 4.8.5 Calving 4.8.6 Sub-glacial water movement 4.8.7 Other changes in the ice sheet 4.8.8 Attribution of changes to the ice sheet 4.8.9 Conclusions regarding the ice sheet 4.8.10 Changes in Antarctic permafrost and active layer over the last 50 years 4.9 LONG TERM SEA LEVEL CHANGE 4.10 MARINE BIOLOGY 4.10.1 The open ocean system 4.10.2 Sea ice ecosystems 4.10.3 ENSO links and teleconnections to vertebrate life histories and population 4.10.4 Invertebrate physiology 4.10.5 Seasonality effect on the high Antarctic benthic shelf communities? 4.10.6 Macroalgal physiology and ecology 4.10.7 Marine/terrestrial pollution 4.11 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE RESPONSE TO HISTORICAL CLIMATE CHANGE 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean 4.11.3 Historical change - observed response 4.11.4 Historical change - simulated view 4.11.5 Changes in CO2 inventories 4.11.6 Concluding remarks 4.12 TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY 5 THE NEXT 100 YEARS 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 CLIMATE CHANGE 5.2.1 IPCC scenarios 5.2.2 Climate models 5.2.3 Atmospheric circulation 5.2.4 Temperature change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.5 Precipitation change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.6 Antarctic stratospheric ozone over the next 100 years 5.3 OCEAN CIRCULATION AND WATER MASSES 5.3.1 Simulation of present-day conditions in the Southern Hemisphere 5.3.2 Projections for the Twenty First Century 5.3.3 Long-term evolution of the Southern Ocean 5.3.4 Conclusions 5.4 SEA ICE CHANGE OVER THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY 5.5 THE TERRESTRIAL CRYOSPHERE 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 East Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.3 West Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.4 Antarctic Peninsula 5.5.5 Conclusions 5.5.6 Summary and needs for future research 5.6 EVOLUTION OF ANTARCTIC PERMAFROST 5.7 PROJECTIONS OF SEA LEVEL IN ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN WATERS BY 2100 5.7.1 Regional projections of mean sea-level rise 5.8 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - RESPONSE OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE TO FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE 5.8.1 Background 5.8.2 Future Southern Ocean carbon response 5.8.3 Response to increased CO2 uptake 5.8.4 Concluding remarks 5.9 BIOLOGY 5.9.1 Terrestrial Biology 5.9.2 Marine Biology 5.9.3 The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 7 REFERENCES.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - 1. Zielsetzung und Ablauf der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition 1978 / D. Barsch und L. King. - 2. Das Borup-Fjord-Gebiet in N-Ellesmere Island, N. W. T., Kanada: Entdeckung und Begehung des Gebietes, vorhandene Karten und offizielle Namen / L. King. - 3. Geodätische und photogrammetrische Arbeiten an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, im Rahmen der "Heidelberg-Ellesmere-Island-Expedition 1978" / G. Hell. - 4. Geologie, Tektonik und strukturelle Verzeichnung der geomorphologischen Großformen im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay - Neil Peninsula, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 5. Witterungsverlauf im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, vom 24. Juni bis zum 4. August 1978, ein statistischer Wertevergleich / W. A. Flügel. - 6. Das Sommerklima von N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - eine Beurteilung von Stationswerten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Sommers 1978 / L. King. - 7. Zur Geomorphologie des Expeditionsgebietes Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 8. Studien zur gegenwärtigen Geomorphodynamik im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 9. Terassen, Flußarbeit und das Modell der exzessiven Talbildungszone im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 10. Die Gletscher im Einzugsgebiet des Borup-Fjord, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 11. Gletschergeschichtliche Arbeiten im Gebiet zwischen Oobloyah Bay und Esayoo Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 12. Glaziologische Beobachtungen an der Stirn des Weber-Gletschers, Borup-Fjord-Gebiet, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch, L. King und R. Mäusbacher. - 13. Jungquartäre Delta- und Flußentwicklung im glazialisostatischen Hebungsraum der Oobloyah Bay auf N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 14. Hydrologische Studien zum Wasserhaushalt hocharktischer Einzugsgebiete im Bereich des Oobloyah-Tals, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 15. Hydrochemische Untersuchungen von Niederschlägen, Bodenwasser, Seen und Flüssen im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 16. Geomorphologische Kartierung im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 17. Gesteinstemperaturen und Insolationsverwitterung im hocharktischen Bereich, Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. Eichler. - 18. Kleinformen der hocharktischen Verwitterung im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - Formengenese und Prozesse / H. Eichler. - 19. Oberflächennahe Bodentemperaturmessungen in Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 20. Recent iron ore deposition and heavy metal accumulation in Access Lake, Oobloyah Valley, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und G. Müller. - 21. Die Meereisentwicklung im Inneren des östlichen kanadischen Arktisarchipels und ihre Bedeutung für die Arbeiten der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 22. Gefäßpflanzen von Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada; eine kommentierte Pflanzenliste und phänologische Beobachtungen / R. Mäusbacher. - 23. The mosses of peat mounds, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / L. King. - 24. Beobachtungen zu organischen Kleinformen im Oobloyah Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel und R. Mäusbacher. - 25. Faunal notes of the Heidelberg Ellesmere Island Expedition 1978, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und L. King. - Anlage 1: Orthophotokarte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 2: Geomorphologische Karte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 3: Radiocarbondaten. - Anlage 4: Planung, Einkauf und Lagerung der Nahrungsmittel. , Beiträge teilweise in deutsch, teilweise in englisch

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction / Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 1: Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems / Thomas F. Anderson and Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 2: Stable isotopes of sulfur, nitrogen and deuterium in recent marine environments / Ian R. Kaplan. - Chapter 3: Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique / Ján Veizer. - Chapter 4: The application of stable isotopes to studies of the origin of dolomite and to problems of diagenesis of clastic sediments / Lynton S. Land. - Bibliography.

Note: Contents: Preface. - New introduction. - I. Introductory. - II. From Hobart to South Victoria Land. - III. Life in South Victoria Land. - IV. Cut off from all the world. - V. The winter in Victoria Land. - VI. Sledge Journey in winter. - VII. Among the penguins. - VIII. Return of the Southern Cross. - IX. Farthest south. - X. Towards civilization. - Appendix I. Appendix II.

Note: Table of Contents: FOREWORD. - CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1. Definitions. - 1.2. Practical Scope. - a. The Water Budget. - b. The Energy Budget. - 1.3. Global Climatology. - 1.4. The Transfer of Other Admixtures at the Earth-Atmosphere Interface. - CHAPTER 2. HISTORY OF THE THEORIES OF EVAPORATION - A CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCH. - 2.1. Greek Antiquity. - 2.2. The Roman Period and the Middle Ages. - 2.3. The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Initial Measurements and Experimentation. - 2.4. Foundations of Present Theories in the Nineteenth Century. - CHAPTER 3. THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE. - 3.1. Moist Air. - a. Some Parameter Definitions. - b. Useful Forms of the First Law of Thermodynamics. - c. Saturation Vapor Pressure. - 3.2. Hydrostatic Stability of Partly Saturated Atmosphere. - a. Small Adiabatic Displacements. - b. Potential Temperature. - 3.3. Atmospheric Transport of Water Vapor. - a. Conservation of Water Vapor. - b. Other Conservation Equations. - c. Solution of the Transport Equations . - 3.4. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. - CHAPTER 4. MEAN PROFILES AND SIMILARITY IN A STATIONARY AND HORIZONTALLY UNIFORM ABL. - 4.1. The Dynamic Sublayer. - a. The Logarithmic Profile. - b. The Power Law Approximation. - 4.2. The Surface Sublayer. - a. The Mean Profiles. - b. Some Flux-Profile Functions. - 4.3. Bulk Parameterization of the Whole ABL. - a. Similarity for the Mean Profiles in the Outer Sublayer. - b. Bulk Transfer Equations for the ABL. - 4.4. The Interfacial Sublayers. - a. Similarity for the Mean Profiles. - b. Interfacial Bulk Transfer Equations for Scalar Admixtures. - c. Smooth Surfaces: The Viscous Sublayer. - d. Surfaces with Bluff Roughness Elements. - e. Surfaces with Permeable Roughnesses: The Canopy Sublayer. - CHAPTER 5. THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERIZATION. - 5.1. The Momentum Roughness. - a. Land Surfaces. - b. Water Surfaces. - 5.2. The Scalar Roughness. - a. Calculation from Interfacial Transfer Coefficients. - b. Values Over Water. - CHAPTER 6. ENERGY FLUXES AT THE EARTH'S SURFACE. - 6.1. Net Radiation. - a. Global Short Wave Radiation. - b. Albedo. - c. Long-Wave or Terrestrial Radiation. - 6.2. Energy Absorption by Photosynthesis. - 6.3. Energy Flux at Lower Boundary of the Layer. - a. Land Surfaces. - b. Whole Water Bodies. - c. Water Surfaces. - 6.4. Remaining Terms. - a. Energy Advection. - b. Rate of Change of Energy Stored in the Layer. - CHAPTER 7. ADVECTION EFFECTS NEAR CHANGES IN SURFACE CONDITIONS. - 7.1. The Internal Boundary Layer. - a. Equations for the Mean Field. - b. Methods of Closure for Disturbed Boundary Layers: A Brief Survey. - c. Some General Features of Local Momentum Advection. Fetch Requirement. - 7.2. Evaporation with Local Advection. - a. Analytical Solutions with Power Laws. - b. Numerical Studies. - CHAPTER 8. METHODS BASED ON TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS. - 8.1. Direct or Eddy-Correlation Method. - a. Instruments. - b. Requirements on Instrumentation. - 8.2. The Dissipation Method. - a. The Direct Variance Dissipation Method. - b. The Inertial Dissipation (or Spectral Density) Method. - CHAPTER 9. METHODS BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF MEAN PROFILES. - 9.1. Mean Profile Method With Similarity Formulations. - a. Measurements in the Surface Sublayer. - b. Measurements in the Dynamic Sublayer. - c. Upper-Air Measurements: The ABL Profile Method. - 9.2. Bulk Transfer Approach. - a. Over a Uniform Surface. - b. Evaporation From Lakes. - 9.3. Sampling Times. - CHAPTER 10. ENERGY BUDGET AND RELATED METHODS. - 10.1. Standard Application. - a. With Bowen Ratio (EBBR). - b. With Profiles of Mean Wind and of One Scalar (EBWSP). - 10.2. Simplified Methods for Wet Surfaces. - a. Some Comments on Potential Evaporation. - b. The EBWSP Method With Measurements at One Level. - c. Advection-Free Evaporation from Wet Surfaces. - 10.3. Simplified Methods for Actual Evapotranspiration. - a. Adjustment of Penman's Approach With Bulk Stomatal Resistance. - b. Complementary Relationships between Actual and Potential Evaporation. - c. Extensions of Equilibrium Evaporation Concept. - CHAPTER 11. MASS BUDGET METHODS. - 11.1 Terrestrial Water Budget a. Soil Water Depletion and Seepage. - b. River Basins and Other Hydrological Catchments. - c. Lakes and Open-water Reservoirs. - d. Water Budget-Related Instruments; Evaporimeters. - 11.2. Atmospheric Water Budget a. Concept and Formulation b. Application of the Method . - HISTORICAL REFERENCES (PRIOR TO 1900). - REFERENCES. - INDEX.

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Introduction. - SESSION I - ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS AND CLIMATE SIMULATIONS. - Large-scale climate modelling and small-scale physical processes / J. Smagorinsky. - Simulation of climate by general circulation models with hydrologic cycles / S. Manabe. - Current parameterizations of land-surface processes in atmospheric general circulation models / D. J. Carson. - The sensitivity of numerically simulated climates to land surface conditions / Y. Mintz. - SESSION II - THE MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES OF MOMENTUM, HEAT AND WATER TRANSFERS ACROSS AND NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE LAND. - Vertical flux of moisture and heat at a bare soil surface / W. H. Brutsaert. - The vertical fluxes of heat and moisture at a vegetated land surface / L. J. Fritschen. - Vertical flux of heat and moisture in snow and ice / M. Kuhn. - SESSION III - MESOSCALE PARAMETERIZATIONS OF THE TRANSFER PROCESSES. - Parameterization of hydrologic processes / J. C. I. Dooge. - Dynamic hydro-thermal balances at macroscale / P. S. Eagleson. - SESSION IV - LAND SURFACE GLOBAL DATA SETS. - Use of regional and global soils data for climate modelling/ M. J. Gardiner. - Land surface processes: Vegetation / A. Perrier. - Data on snow cover and glaciers for the global climatic models / V. M. Kotliakov and A. N. Krenke. - The shortwave albedo and the surface emissivity / K. Ya. Kondratyev, V. I. Korzov, V. V. Mukhenberg and L. N. Dyachenko. - Water balance / A. Baumgartner. - SESSION V - ACQUISITION OF LAND SURFACE DATA. - Possibilities for remote sensing of surface characteristics / K. I. Itten.

Note: Contents: Abbreviations. - Partial List of Symbols. - 1 THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS. - 1-1 Introduction. - 1-2 Equation of Motion. - 1-3 Continuity Equation. - 1-4. - Equation of State. - 1-5 First Law of Thermodynamics. - 1-6 The Complete System of Equations. - 1-7 Coordinate Systems. - 1-8 Map Projections. - 1-8-1 Polar Stereographic Projection. - 1-8-2 Mercator Projection. - 1-8-3 Lambert Conformal Projection. - 1-8-4 Additional Remarks. - 1-9 Alternate Vertical Coordinates. - 1-9-1 Pressure Vertical Coordinate. - 1-9-2 Isentropic Vertical Coordinate Θ. - 1-10 Some Energy Relations. - 1-10-1 Kinetic Energy. - 1-10-2 Potential Energy. - 1-11 Available Potential Energy. - 1-12 Vorticity and Divergence Equations. - 1-12-1 Divergence Equations. - 2 WAVE MOTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE: PART 1. - 2-1 Introduction. - 2-2 Linearized Equations. - 2-3 Pure Sound Waves. - 2-4 Sound Waves and Internal Gravity Waves. - 2-5 Surface Gravity Waves. - 2-6 Inertial Gravity Waves and Rossby Waves. - 2-7 Response to Initial Conditions. - 2-8 Geostrophic Adiustment. - 3 SCALE ANALYSIS. - 3-1 Introduction. - 3-2 Shallow-Water Equations. - 3-3 Baroclinic Equations. - 3-4 Midlatitude Analysis. - 3-5 Tropics. - 3-6 Planetary Scale. - 3-7 Balance System. - 4 ATMOSPHERIC WAVES: PART. - 4-1 Introduction. - 4-2 Rossby Waves. - 4-3 Conditions for Barotropic Instability. - 4-4 Some Unstable Profiles. - 4-5 Linear Shear. - 4-6 Barotropic Effects in the Atmosphere. - 4-7 Baroclinic Instability. - 4-8 Baroclinic Instability with Linear Shear. - 4-9 Two-Level Model. - 4-10 Wave Structure. - 4-11 Vertical Energy Propagation. - 4-12 Barotropic Equatorial Waves. - 4-13 Vertical Structure of Equatorial Waves. - 5 NUMERICAL METHODS. - 5-1 Introduction. - 5-2 Finite Difference Methods. - 5-3 The Advection Equation. - 5-4 Some Basic Concepts. - 5-5 Stability Analysis. - 5-5-1 The Matrix Method. - 5-5-2 Von Neumann Method. - 5-5-3 The Energy Method. - 5-6 Examples of the Von Neumann Method. - 5-6-1 Euler Scheme. - 5-6-2 Uncentered Differencing, Von Neumann Method. - 5-6-3 Trapezoidal Implicit Scheme. - 5-6-4 Euler Backward Scheme. - 5-6-5 Fourth-Order Space Differencing. - 5-6-6 Oscillation Equation. - 5-6-7 Two-Dimensional Advection Equation. - 5-6-8 External Gravity Waves, Leapfrog Scheme. - 5-6-9 Staggered Grid. - 5-7 Forward-Backward Scheme, Pressure Averaging, and Semi-Implicit Methods. - 5-7-1 Forward-Backward Scheme. - 5-7-2 Pressure Averaging. - 5-7-3 Time Averaging. - 5-7-4 Semi-Implicit Method. - 5-7-5 Lax Wendroff Scheme. - 5-8 A Summary of Some Difference Schemes. - 5-9 Parabolic Equations. - 5-10 Elliptic Equations. - 5-10-1 Relaxation Method. - 5-10-2 Direct Methods. - 5-10-3 Gaussian Elimination. - 5-10-4 Buneman Variant. - 5-10-5 Helmholtz Equation on a Sphere. - 5-10-6 Reduction of a Three-Dimensional Elliptic Equation to Two-Dimensional Equations. - 5-11 Nonlinear Instability and Aliasing. - 5-11-1 Discrete Mesh. - 5-11-2 Primitive Equations Considerations. - 6 GALERKIN METHODS. - 6-1 Introduction. - 6-2 Example with Spectral and Finite Element Methods. - 6-3 Time Dependence. - 6-4 Barotropic Vorticity Equation with Fourier Basis Functions. - 6-5 Transform Method. - 6-6 Spectral Model of Shallow-Water Equations. - 6-7 Advection Equation with Finite Elements. - 6-8 Barotropic Vorticity Equation with Finite Elements. - 7 NUMERICAL PREDICTION MODELS. - 7-1 Filtered Models. - 7-1-1 Quasi-Geostrophic Equivalent Barotropic Model. - 7-1-1-1 Energetics of the Barotropic Model. - 7-1-2 Quasi-Geostrophic Multilevel Baroclinic Model. - 7-1-3 Linear Balanced Model. - 7-1-4 Nonlinear Balanced Model. - 7-2 Primitive Equation Models. - 7-2-1 Constraints from Continuous Equations. - 7-2-2 Vertical Differencing. - 7-3 Staggered Grid Systems. - 7-4 Example of a Staggered Primitive Equation Model. - 7-4-1 Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates. - 7-4-2 Horizontal Differencing. - 7-4-3 Energy Conservation. - 7-5 Potential Enstrophy Conserving Scheme. - 7-5-1 Continuous Integral Constraints. - 7-5-2 Difference Equations. - 7-5-3 Constraints Enforced. - 7-6 Spherical Grids. - 7-7 Fine Mesh Modeling. - 7-7-1 One-Way Influence. - 7-7-2 Boundary Conditions. - 7-7-3 Two-Way Interaction. - 7-7-4 Initialization on a Bounded Region. - 7-8 Baroclinic Spectral Models. - 7-9 Isentropic Coordinate Models. - 7-10 Upper Boundary Conditions. - 7-11 Mountain Effects. - 8 BOUNDARY LAYER REPRESENTATIONS. - 8-1 Introduction. - 8-2 Reynolds Equations. - 8-3 Bulk Formulas. - 8-4 Eddy Viscosity, K-Theory. - 8-5 Combined Prandtl and Ekman Layers. - 8-5-1 Prandtl Layer (Neutral Stratification). - 8-5-2 Ekman Layer. - 8-6 Nonneutral Surface Layer. - 8-6-1 Matching Ekman Spiral. - 8-7 Similarity Solutions for the Entire PBL. - 8-7-1 Deardorff Mixed Layer Model. - 8-7-2 Surface Layer. - 8-7-3 Matching Solutions for the Surface and Mixed Layers. - 8-7-4 Surface Wind Direction. - 8-7-5 Modified Transfer Coefficients. - 8-8 A Prediction Equation for h. - 8-8-1 Further Comments on PBL Parameterization. - 8-9 High-Resolution Model. - 8-9-1 The Coefficient of Eddy Viscosity. - 8-9-2 Surface Temperature. - 8-9-3 Some Prediction Model Details. - 8-10 Mean Turbulent Field Closure Models (Second-Order Closure). - 9 INCLUSION OF MOISTURE. - 9-1 Moisture Conservation Equation. - 9-1-1 Modified Thermodynamic Equation. - 9-1-2 Equivalent Potential Temperature and Static Energy. - 9-2 Convective Adjustment. - 9-2-1 Case A. Dry Convection, q 〈 qs. - 9-2-2 Case B. Moist Adjustment q ≥ qs. - 9-3 Modeling Cloud Processes. - 9-3-1 Nonconvective Condensation. - 9-4 Cumulus Parameterization. - 9-4-1 Introduction. - 9-4-2 Kuo Method. - 9-5 Parameterizations Involving Cloud Models. - 9-6 Arakawa and Schubert Model. - 9-6-1 Large-Scale Budget Equations. - 9-6-2 Cloud Budget Equations. - 10 RADIATION PARAMETERIZATION. - 10-1 Terrestrial Radiation. - 10-2 Absorbing Substances. - 10-3 Simplified Transmission Functions. - 10-4 Discretization, Long-Wave Radiation. - 10-4-1 Clear Sky. - 10-4-2 Cloudy Sky. - 10-5 Solar Radiation. - 10-5-1 Clear Sky. - 10-5-2 Cloudy Sky, One Cloud Layer. - 10-5-3 Two Contiguous Cloud Layers. - 10-5-4 Two Separated Cloud Layers. - 10-6 Miscellany. - 11 OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS AND INITIALIZATION. - 11-1 Introduction. - 11-2 A Three-Dimensional Analysis. - 11-3 Statistical Methods, Multivariate Analysis. - 11-4 Initialization. - 11-4-1 Introduction. - 11-4-2 Damping Techniques. - 11-4-3 Static Initialization. - 11-4-4 Variational Method. - 11-4-5 Normal Mode Expansions. - 11-4-6 Variational Normal Mode Initialization. - 11-5 Dynamic Balancing. - 11-6 Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation. - 11-7 Newtonian Relaxation or "Nudging". - 11-8 Smoothing and Filtering. - 11-8-1 Two-Dimensional Smoothers. - 11-8-2 Bandpass Filters. - 11-8-3 Boundary Effects. - 12 OCEAN DYNAMICS AND MODELING. - 12-1 Introduction. - 12-2 Wind-Driven Barotropic Models. - 12-3 Nonlinear Effects. - 12-4 Barotropic Numerical Models. - 12-5 Simple Thermohaline Models. - 12-6 Baroclinic Numerical Models. - 12-7 Bottom Topography Effects. - 12-8 Synoptic Scale Eddies. - 12-9 Mixed Layer Models. - 12-10 Problems in Ocean Modeling. - 13 WEATHER AND CLIMATE PREDICTION. - 13-1 Introduction. - 13-2 Current Forecasting Skill. - 13-2-1 Short Range. - 13-2-2 Medium and Longer Ranges. - 13-2-3 Additional Comments on Forecasting. - 13-3 Predictability of the Atmosphere. - 13-4 Statistical-Dynamical Prediction. - 13-4-1 Simple Empirical Corrections. - 13-4-2 Stochastic-Dynamical Prediction. - 13-5 Climate and Climate Prediction. - Appendix Mathematical Relations. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Theme 1 History of Antarctic Research 1.1 The Road to Gondwana via the Early SCAR Symposia / A. B. Ford 1.2 Exploring the Unknown: History of the First German South Polar Expedition 1901–1903 / C. Lüdecke Theme 2 Antarctica – The Old Core 2.1 Characteristics of Metamorphosed Banded Iron Formation and Its Relation to the Magnetic Anomaly in the Mt. Riiser-Larsen Area, Amundsen Bay, Enderby Land, Antarctica / M. Funaki, P. Dolinsky, N. Ishikawa, A. Yamazaki 2.2 Experimental Constraints on the Decompressional P-T Paths of Rundvågshetta Granulites, Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica / T. Kawasaki, Y. Motoyoshi 2.3 Sapphirine – Orthopyroxene – Garnet Granulite from Schirmacher Hills, Central Dronning Maud Land / S. Baba, M. Owada, E. S. Grew, K. Shiraishi 2.4 Genesis of Ferropotassic A-Type Granitoids of Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / M. J. D’Souza, A. V. K. Prasad, R. Ravindra 2.5 Late Pan-African Fluid Infiltration in the Mühlig-Hofmann- and Filchnerfjella of Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / A. K. Engvik, S. Elvevold 2.6 Electron Microprobe (EMP) Dating on Monazite from Forefinger Point Granulites, East Antarctica: Implication for Pan-African Overprint / Y. Motoyoshi, T. Hokada, K. Shiraishi 2.7 Tectonic Subdivision of the Prince Charles Mountains: A Review of Geologic and Isotopic Data / E. V. Mikhalsky, A. A. Laiba, B. V. Beliatsky 2.8 Crustal Provinces of the Prince Charles Mountains Region and Surrounding Areas in the Light of Aeromagnetic Data / A. V. Golynsky, V. N. Masolov, V. S. Volnukhin, D. A. Golynsky 2.9 Magnetic Anomalies of the Grove Mountains Region and Their Geological Significance / A. V. Golynsky, D. A. Golynsky, V. N. Masolov, V. S. Volnukhin Theme 3 The Continent Beneath the Ice 3.1 ADMAP – A Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map of the Antarctic / A. V. Golynsky, M. Chiappini, D. Damaske, F. Ferraccioli, C. A. Finn, T. Ishihara, H. R. Kim, L. Kovacs, V. N. Masolov, P. Morris, R. von Frese 3.2 Identifying Major Sedimentary Basins Beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet from Aeromagnetic Data Analysis / R. E. Bell, M. Studinger, G. Karner, C. A. Finn, D. D. Blankenship 3.3 Bedrock Plateaus within the Ross Embayment and beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Formed by Marine Erosion in Late Tertiary Time / D. S. Wilson, B. P. Luyendyk 3.4 Inversion of Airborne Gravity Data Acquired over Subglacial Lakes in East Antarctica / I. Y. Filina, D. D. Blankenship, L. Roy, M. K. Sen, T. G. Richter, J. W. Holt 3.5 Russian Geophysical Studies of Lake Vostok, Central East Antarctica / V. N. Masolov, S. V. Popov, V. V. Lukin, A. N. Sheremetyev, A. M. Popkov 3.6 Morphology of the Subglacial Bed Relief of Lake Vostok Basin Area (Central East Antarctica) Based on RES and Seismic Data / S. V. Popov, A. N. Lastochkin, V. N. Masolov, A. M. Popkov 3.7 Deep Reflection Imaging beneath the Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica, by SEAL-2002 Seismic Experiment / M. Yamashita, H. Miyamachi, M. Kanao, T. Matsushima, S. Toda, M. Takada, A. Watanabe 3.8 Seismic Anisotropy beneath Northern Victoria Land from SKS Splitting Analysis / S. Pondrelli, L. Margheriti, S. Danesi Theme 4 Gondwana Margins in Antarctica 4.1 Scouting Craton’s Edge in Paleo-Pacific Gondwana / C. A. Finn, J. W. Goodge, D. Damaske, C. M. Fanning 4.2 The Matusevich Fracture Zone in Oates Land, East Antarctica / G. Kleinschmidt, A. L. Läufer 4.3 Tectonic Model for Development of the Byrd Glacier Discontinuity and Surrounding Regions of the Transantarctic Mountains during the Neoproterozoic – Early Paleozoic / E. Stump, B. Gootee, F. Talarico 4.4 Depositional Environments of the Byrd Group, Byrd Glacier Area: A Cambrian Record of Sedimentation, Tectonism, and Magmatism / B. Gootee, E. Stump 4.5 Late-Ross Structures in the Wilson Terrane in the Rennick Glacier Area (Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica) / A. L. Läufer, G. Kleinschmidt, F. Rossetti 4.6 Style of Uplift of Paleozoic Terranes in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Evidence from K-Ar Age Patterns / C. J. Adams Theme 5 Antarctic Peninsula Active Margin Tectonics 5.1 Patagonia – Antarctica Connections before Gondwana Break-Up / F. Hervé, H. Miller, C. Pimpirev 5.2 Moho Depth along the Antarctic Peninsula and Crustal Structure across the Landward Projection of the Hero Fracture Zone / T. Janik, P. Þroda, M. Grad, A. Guterch 5.3 Crustal Thinning and the Development of Deep Depressions at the Scotia- Antarctic Plate Boundary (Southern Margin of Discovery Bank, Antarctica) / J. Galindo-Zaldívar, J. C. Balanyá, F. Bohoyo, A. Jabaloy, A. Maldonado, J. M. Martínez-Martínez, J. Rodríguez-Fernández, E. Suriñach 5.4 Bransfield Basin Tectonic Evolution / J. Galindo-Zaldívar, L. Gamboa , A. Maldonado, S. Nakao, Y. Bochu 5.5 The Sedimentary Sequences of Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands: Part of the Late Jurassic–Cretaceous Depositional History of the Antarctic Peninsula / C. Pimpirev, K. Stoykova, M. Ivanov, D. Dimov 5.6 Regional Structures and Geodynamic Evolution of North Greenwich (Fort Williams Point) and Dee Islands, South Shetland Islands / J. F. Dumont, E. Santana, F. Hervé, C. Zapata 5.7 The Eocene Volcaniclastic Sejong Formation, Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica: Evolving Arc Volcanism from Precursory Fire Fountaining to Vulcanian Eruptions / S. B. Kim, Y. K. Sohn, M. Y. Choe 5.8 Elephant Island Recent Tectonics in the Framework of the Scotia-Antarctic-South Shetland Block Triple Junction (NE Antarctic Peninsula) / J. Galindo-Zaldívar, A. Maestro, J. López-Martínez, C. S. de Galdeano 5.9 Tectonics and Geomorphology of Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands / J. López-Martínez, R. A. J. Trouw, J. Galindo-Zaldívar, A. Maestro, L. S. A. Simões, F. F. Medeiros, C. C. Trouw 5.10 Geodynamical Studies on Deception Island: DECVOL and GEODEC Projects / M. Berrocoso, A. García-García, J. Martín-Dávila, M. Catalán-Morollón, M. Astiz, M. E. Ramírez, C. Torrecillas, J. M. E. de Salamanca Theme 6 Antarctic Rift Tectonics 6.1 Mawson Breccias Intrude Beacon Strata at Allan Hills, South Victoria Land: Regional Implications / D. H. Elliot, E. H. Fortner, C. B. Grimes 6.2 What Supports the Marie Byrd Land Dome? An Evaluation of Potential Uplift Mechanisms in a Continental Rift System / W. E. LeMasurier 6.3 A Multi-Phase Rifting Model for the Victoria Land Basin, Western Ross Sea / F. J. Davey, L. De Santis 6.4 Rift History of the Western Victoria Land Basin: A new Perspective Based on Integration of Cores with Seismic Reflection Data / C. R. Fielding, S. A. Henrys, T. J. Wilson 6.5 Constraints on the Timing of Extension in the Northern Basin, Ross Sea / S. C. Cande, J. M. Stock 6.6 The Structure of the Continental Margin off Wilkes Land and Terre Adélie Coast, East Antarctica / J. B. Colwell, H. M. J. Stagg, N. G. Direen, G. Bernardel, I. Borissova 6.7 Post-Rift Continental Slope and Rise Sediments from 38° E to 164° E, East Antarctica / P. E. O’Brien, S. Stanley, R. Parums Theme 7 Antarctic Neotectonics, Observatories and Data Bases 7.1 On Seismic Strain-Release within the Antarctic Plate / A. M. Reading 7.2 Vertical Crustal Deformation in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: Observation versus Model Prediction / M. Scheinert, E. Ivins, R. Dietrich, A. Rülke 7.3 Seismic Activity Associated with Surface Environmental Changes of the Earth System, around Syowa Station, East Antarctica / M. Kanao, K. Kaminuma 7.4 Geodynamic Features and Density Structure of the Earth’s Interior of the Antarctic and Surrounded Regions with the Gravimetric Tomography Method / R. Kh. Greku, V. P. Usenko, T. R. Greku 7.5 Some Recent Characteristics of Geomagnetic Secular Variations in Antarctica / A. Meloni, L. R. Gaya-Piqué, P. De Michelis, A. De Santis 7.6 Topographic and Geodetic Research by GPS, Echosounding and ERS Altimetric, and SAR Interferometric Surveys during Ukrainian Antarctic Expeditions in the West Antarctic / R. Greku, G. Milinevsky, Y. Ladanovsky, P. Bahmach, T. Greku 7.7 Geodetic Research o

Note: Table of Contents: SESSION 1: DIELECTRIC PROPTERTIES OF AQUEOUS MATERIALS. - 1 Polymer Chains Linked by Water Molecules. A Dielectric Spectrometry Study. - 2 Accurate Determination of Debye Relaxation Data of Polar Liquids by a Multistep Retro-modelling Technique. - 3 Admittance Derivative Spectrometry of Conducting Liquids. - 4 Accurate Dielectric Properties of Liquid Water from -15 to +40 °C as Determined by Retromodelling of a Dual Resonant Applicator. - 5 Dielectric Study of Temperature-Dependent Behavior of Bound Water in Grain. - SESSION 2: DIELECTRIC PROPTERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES AND TISSUES. - 1 Computation of Electromagnetic Fields within a Stratified Structure of Human Head. - 2 Water Effects in Hydrogels Studied by Dielectric Techniques. - 3 Dielectric Relaxation Study on Water Structure Restricted in Rice Kernel. - 4 Dielectric Properties of Water Solutions with Small Content of Sugar and Glucose in the Millimeter Wave Band and the Determination of Glucose in Blood. - 5 Research of the Complex Spectrum Interaction with Surface of Biological Tissue. - 6 Dielectric Properties of Human Semen at Microwave Frequencies. - SESSION 3: APPLICATIONS OF MODEL SYSTEMS, MIXING RULES, CALIBRATION, AND RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM. - 1 The Relation between Fractal Dimension and Microwave Parameters. - 2 A Unified Moisture Algorithm for Improved RF Dielectric Grain Moisture Measurements. - 3 Development of TDR-Sensors for Moist Materials Using HFSS. - 4 Modelling of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation along Transmission Lines in Inhomogeneous Media. - 5 The Theoretical Model of the Microwave Complex Permittivity of Grain. - 6 Enhanced Integral Equation Modelling for Moisture Sensors. - 7 Spatial Time Domain Reflectometry with Rod Probes. - SESSION 4: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPGAGATION IN LOSSY DIELECTRICS RELATED TO SENSORS. - 1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Polarizable Wet Media. - 2 Radiofrequency Measurement of a Lossy Dielectric Liquid Content in Water. - 3 Measurement of Moisture Content in a Highly Electrical Lossy Material using Time Domain Reflectometry. - 4 Some Topics of Measurement of Complex Permittivity for Lossy Dielectric Materials with Wide-Range of tanδ. - 5 Material Parameter Measurement of Soils and Liquids with a Waveguide Setup. - SESSION 5: MEASUREMENT METHODS. - 1 High Moisture Content Measurement Using Microwave Free-Space Technique. - 2 Comparison of Free Space Reflection and Transmission Time-Domain Measurements for the Determination of the Moisture Content of Bulk Materials. - 3 Hydrous Profile Modeling in Porous Materials from Reflection Coefficient Measurements at 2.45 GHz. - 4 Combined Frequency and Time Domain Moisture Sensing by an Ultra Wideband IQ-M-Sequence Approach. - 5 A Compact Network Analyzer for Resonant Microwave Sensors. - SESSION 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSORS IN TIME- and FREQUENCY DOMAIN FOR MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION IN SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS. - 1 Universal Microwave Moisture Sensor. - 2 Dual Frequency Moisture Sensor Based on Circular Microstrip Antenna. - 3 Characterization and Comparative Evaluation of Novel Planar Electromagnetic Sensors. - 4 Trough Guide Ring Resonator for Precision Microwave Moisture and Density Measurements. - 5 Simple Soil Moisture Probe for Low-Cost Measurement Applications. - SESSION 7: APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, PHARMACEUTIAL INDUSTRY, OIL INDUSTRY AND QUALITY INSPECTIONS. - 1 Non-Contact Moisture Sensor for Fresh Concrete. - 2 Application of Microwave Impulse Method for Measuring Moisture Profiles in Building Materials. - 3 Microwave Scanning Technology for Dielectric Material Testing. - 4 Measurement of Continuous Drying out of Subterranean Concrete Walls. - 5 TDR Technique for Measuring the Moisture Content in Brick. - 6 Measuring Moisture Profiles in FGD Gypsum Using the TDR Method. - 7 Advanced Monitoring of Wetness in Pharmaceutical Powder Processes Using In-Situ Dielectric Probe Measurements. - 8 Non-Destructive Microstrip Resonator Technique for the Measurement of Moisture / Permittivity in Crude Oil. - 9 A Novel Application of Planar Electromagnetic Sensing Technique - Quality Inspection of Saxophone Reeds. - SESSION 8: APPLICATION OF METHODS AND SENSORS TO FOODSTUFFS AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. - 1 New Sensor for High Moist Leaves in Green Tea Production. - 2 Intangible but not Intractable: The Prediction of Food 'Quality' Variables Using Dielectric Spectroscopy. - 3 Microwave Sensing for Food Structure Evaluation. - 4 Effective Microwave Dielectric Properties of Food Materials Consisting of Large Particulates. - 5 RF Impedance Method for Nondestructive Moisture Content Determination in In-Shell Peanuts. - 6 Automatic Control of Moisture in Agricultural Products by Methods of Microwave Aquametry. - 7 High resolution, Non-destructive and In-process Time Domain Aquametry for FMCG and other products using Microstrip sensors. - 8 Frequency and Temperature Dependence of the Permittivity of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. - 9 A Theoretical Relationship Between the Fractal Dimension and Moisture Content in Grains. - SESSION 9: MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION IN SOIL, SNOW AND WASTE DISPOSALS. - 1 Development of a Sensor for In-situ Determination of Snow, Moisture and Density. - 2 Water Content Measurements in Soil Column Tests with a New Electromagnetic Moisture Sensor. - 3 Alternative Surface Covering of Landfill Using the TAUPE Sealing Control System. - 4 Measurement Method for Detection of Moisture Profiles in a Saline Environment. - SESSION 10: MULTI-PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS FOR DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES SUCH AS CONDUCTIVITY, MOISTURE, DENSITY, ETC. - 1 Density-independent Moisture Measurements in Polymer Powders Using Millimeter Wave Quasi-optical Resonator. - 2 Granular and Powdered Material Permittivity-density Relationships. - 3 Moisture and Ion Measurement Using Microstripline. - 4 Comparing Near-Field and Far-Field Dielectric Properties Measurements for Accuracy of Bulk Density and Moisture Content Determination in Grain. - POSTER SESSION. - P1 States of Water after the Ionising Radiation on Different Substituted Starches. - P2 Calibration Transfer for the Unified Grain Moisture Algorithm. - P3 Dielectric Properties of Bulk Materials and Restrictions to the Application of Two-Parameter Microwave Aquametry. - P4 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Short Thin Wire and Application to the Modeling of Composites. - P5 Temperature Corrections for a VHF Unified Grain Moisture Algorithm. - P6 Large-scale Sensing of Snow Pack Properties. - P7 Comparing Time Domain Reflectometry and Electrical Resistivity Tomography Measurements for Estimating Soil Water Distribution. - P8 Detecting and Monitoring Frozen Ground and Unfrozen Water Content Using Electric and Electromagnetic Techniques. - P9 Improved Process Control of the Water Content in Biological Filtration Plants. - P10 Experience with Detectors for Infrared Moisture Measuring. - P11 TAUPE Sealing Monitoring System (SMS) for Landfills. - Soil Moisture Group Karlsruhe - Current Work and Future Prospects of a New Research Group. - Applications and Developments of Measurement Methods - an Overview. - Author Index. - Exhibition.

Note: Contents: Preface. - NICOP Sponsors. - Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupin Mine: Hydrogeological and Geochemical Information for Nuclear Waste Disposal / L. Ahonen, T. Ruskeeniemi, R. Stotler, S. Frape, K. Lehto, I. Puigdomenech, M. Hobbs, and P. Degnan. - Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in Regions of Discontinuous Permafrost: A State of Change Following the Fires of 2004 and 2005? / G. Altmann, D. Verbyla, K. Yoshikawa, and J. Fox. - Cryological Status of Russian Soils: Cartographic Assessment / T.V. Ananko, D.E. Konyushkov, and E.M. Naumov. - Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plumes Using the Quantitative Echo Sounder in the Japan Sea / C. Aoyama, R. Matsumoto, M. Hiromatsu, and G. Snyder. - Permafrost Delineation Near Fairbanks, Alaska, Using Geophysical Techniques / B.N. Astley and A.J. Delaney. - Preparatory Work for a Permanent Geoelectrical Measurement Station for Permafrost Monitoring at the Hoher Sonnblick, Austria / M. Avian, A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A. Römer, and R. Supper. - A Provisional Soil Map of the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica / M.R. Balks, M. McLeod, and J.G. Bockheim. - Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbital Neutron and Temperature Measurements / J.L. Bandfield and W.C. Feldman. - Time Series Analyses of Active Microwave Satellite Data for Monitoring of Hydrology at High Latitudes / A. Bartsch. - Impact of Permafrost Degradation on Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks Related to Pedogenesis and Ecosystem Functioning / F. Baumann, J-S. He, P. Kühn, and T. Scholten. - DC Resistivity Soundings Across a Pebbly Rock Glacier, Kapp Linné, Svalbard / I. Berthling and H. Juliussen. - Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regimes of Permafrost with New Deep Soil Configuration in CLASS / J-P. Blanchette, L. Sushama, and R. Laprise. - A Provisional Permafrost Map of the Transantarctic Mountains / J.G. Bockheim, M. McLeod, and M.R. Balks. - Alpine Permafrost Distribution at Massif Scale: Assessment of Mean Surface Temperatures During the Winter Equilibrium Period Thanks to Topoclimatic and Geomorphological Data (Combeynot Massif, French Alps) / X. Bodin, P. Schoeneich, and M. Fort. - Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasus and the Significance of Their Impact on the Natural Phenomena of the Region / I.V. Bondyrev. - Modeling Potential Climatic Change Impacts on Mountain Permafrost Distribution, Wolf Creek, Yukon, Canada / P.P. Bonnaventure and A.G. Lewkowicz. - A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth of Thick Ice Wedges / A. Brouchkov. - Modeled Continual Surface Water Storage Change of the Yukon River Basin / R. Bryan, L.D. Hinzman, and R.C. Busey. - Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra Soils, with Applications to Trafficability on the North Slope, Alaska / C.F. Bryant, R.F. Paetzold, and M.R. Lilly. - Discontinuous Permafrost Distribution and Groundwater Flow at a Contaminated Site in Fairbanks, Alaska / A.E. Carlson and D.L. Barnes. - Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Waste Rock Pile: Observations and Implications / J.W. Cassie and L.U. Arenson. - Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Active Layer Development in Permafrost Wetland Systems / C.M. Chiu and L.C. Bowling. - Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data from Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland / H.H. Christiansen and C. Sigsgård. - Continued Permafrost Warming in Northwest Alaska as Detected by the DOI/GTN-P Borehole Array / G.D. Clow. - Landsliding Following Forest Fire on Permafrost Slopes, Klondike Area, Yukon, Canada / J. Coates and A.G. Lewkowicz. - A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dynamic Variable Soil Depth and Properties / R. Coppell and S. Venevsky. - Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiration from High Arctic Landscapes Dominated by Polar Stripes / C.I. Czimczik, S.E. Trumbore, and J. Welker. - Greenland Permafrost Temperature Simulations / R.P. Daanen, V.E. Romanovsky, S.S. Marchenko, J.H. Christensen, M. Stendel, and T. Ingeman-Nielsen. - The Importance of Snow Cover Evolution in Rock Glacier Temperature Modeling / M. DallAmico, S. Endrizzi, R. Rigon, and S. Gruber. - The Account of Long-Term Air Temperature Changes for Building Design in Permafrost / I.V. Davidova and L.N. Khroustalev. - The Combined Isotopic Analysis of Late Quaternary Ice Wedges and Texture Ice at the Lena-Anabar Lowland, Northern Siberia / A. Dereviagin, H. Meyer, A. Chizhov, and D. Magens. - Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s Transportation Infrastructure / G. Doré, A. Guimond, and G. Grondin. - Human Experience of Cryospheric Change in Nunavut, Canada: Preliminary Findings / N. Doubleday, S. Donaldson, T. Vlasova, A. Kushwaha, and M. Ip. - HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mounds in the Martian Mid-Latitudes / C.M. Dundas and A.S. McEwen. - A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through the Soil Water Characteristic Curve / S. Endrizzi, R. Rigon, and M. DallAmico. - Mapping and Modeling the Distribution of Permafrost in the Nordic Countries / B. Etzelmüller, H. Farbrot, O. Humlum, H. Christiansen, H. Juliussen, K. Isaksen, T.V. Schuler, R.S. Ødegård, and H. Ridefelt. - First Results of Ground Surface Temperature Modeling in Finnmark, Northern Norway / H. Farbrot, B. Etzelmüller, K. Isaksen, T.V. Schuler, O.E. Tveito, and H.H. Christiansen. - Historical Changes in the Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions of the Russian Arctic / O.W. Frauenfeld, T. Zhang, A.J. Etringer, R.G. Barry, and D. Gilichinsky. - Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area, Troms, Northern Norway / R. Frauenfelder, J. Tolgensbakk, H. Farbrot, and T.R. Lauknes. - Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, Non-Permafrost Soils, and Glaciers in the Monte Rosa Massif (Northwest Alps, Italy) / M. Freppaz, M. Maggioni, S. Gandino, and E. Zanini. - Climate Change in Permafrost Regions in North America / M.K.Gavrilova. - Maximizing Construction Season in a Subarctic Environment, Fort Wainwright, Alaska / Q. Gehring and F.J. Wuttig. - Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-Wedge, and Complex-Wedge Growth in Flanders, Belgium / G. Ghysels, I. Heyse, J.-P. Buylaert, A.S. Murray, D. Vandenberghe, F. De Corte, and P. Van den haute. - Response of Arctic and Subarctic Soils in a Changing Earth (RASCHER) – Project of IPY: Methodology, Activity, Results / S.V. Goryachkin, J.M. Kimble, N.B. Badmaev, M. Drewnik, D.G. Fedorov-Davydov, S.A. Iglovski, E.M. Lapteva, G.M., Mazhitova, N.S. Mergelov, V.E. Ostroumov, and E-M. Pfeiffer. - Monitoring of the Floodplain Talik Downstream from the Ust’-Srednekan Reservoir / S.A. Guly and V.M. Mikhailov. - Retrogressive Thaw Slump Impacts on Inconnu Spawning Habitat in the Selawik River, Alaska / R. Hander, K. Yoshikawa, and N. OlsonClimatic Change and Permafrost Stability in the Eastern Canadian Cordillera / S.A. Harris. - Idealized Modeling of the Impact of Atmospheric Forcing Variables on Mountain Permafrost Degradation / C. Hauck and N. Salzmann. - A Method for the Analysis of the Thermal Permafrost Dynamics / M.A. Hidalgo, J.J. Blanco, M. Ramos, D. Tomé, and G. Vieira. - Ground Truth Observations of the Interior of a Rock Glacier as Validation for Geophysical Monitoring Datasets / C. Hilbich, I. Roer, and C. Hauck. - Internal Structure of Rock Glacier Murtèl Delineated by Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Forward/Inverse Modeling / C. Hilbich. - Permafrost Degradation Beneath a Heat-Producing Coal Waste Rock Pile, Svalbard (78°N) / J. Hollesen and B. Elberling. - Patterns in Soil Carbon Distribution in the Usa Basin (Russia): Linking Soil Properties to Environmental Variables in Constrained Gradient Analysis / G. Hugelius and P. Kuhry. - Total Storage and Landscape Distribution of Soil Carbon in the Central Canadian Arctic Using Different Upscaling Tools / G. Hugelius, P. Kuhry, C. Tarnocai, and T. Virtanen. - Liquid Water Destabilizes Frozen Debris Slope at the Melting Point: A Case Study of a Rock Glacier in the Swiss Alps / A. Ikeda and N. Matsuoka. - TSP NORWAY – Thermal Monitoring of Mountain Permafrost in Northern Norway / K. Isaksen, H. Farbrot, B. Etzelmüller, H.H. Christiansen, L.H. Blikra, K. Midttømme, and J.S. Rønning. - Mapping the Mountain Permafrost in Areas Surrounding

Note: Contents: PART I GEOLOGICAL AND PALEOECOLOGICAL EVENTS OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE IN NORTHERN EURASIA. - 1 Geological and Paleoecological Events of the Late Pleistocene along Eurasian Coastal Areas of the Arctic Ocean. - General Upper Pleistocene Stratigraphie Scheme for Northern Eurasia. - Duration of the Mikulino Interglaciation. - Correlation of the Natural Events Correlative with MIS 5d-5a in Northern West Europe and Northwestern Russia. - 2 Late Pleistocene Geologic-Paleoecological Events in the North of European Russia. - Relationship between Land and Sea Areas during the Mikulino Interglacial in Northern Eurasia. - Genetic Types of Continental Sediments. - Marine Sediments of the Boreal Transgression in the North of European Russia. - 3 Main Geologic-Paieoecoioglcal Events of the Late Pleistocene in the North of Western Siberia. - 4 Geologic-Paleoecological Events of the late Pleistocene in the Northern-Siberian Lowland and Taimyr Peninsula. - 5 The Late Glacial Time and Holocene of Northern Eurasia. - 6 Outlines of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene History of the East Arctic Seas. - 7 The Deglaciation Time and Holocene of Northern Eurasia. - PART II MARINE SEDIMENTATION IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN AND SUBARCTIC SEAS. - 8 The Seas of West Subarctic Region. - Geologic and Oceanographic Setting. - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation Rates. - History of Sedimentation on the Vøring Plateau During the Last 25 ka. - History of Sedimentation at the Continental Margin of Eastern and South-Eastern Greenland During the Last 130 ka. - 9 The Arctic Ocean. - Recent Environment. - Morphostructure, Oceanographic and Sea-Ice Setting, Recent Sediments and Their Mineral Composition. - Facies Variations of Holocene Sediments on the Yermak Plateau (According to Study Data of 〉 63 mkm Fraction). - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation Rates During the Last 130 ka. - History of Sedimentation on the Yermak Plateau During the Last 190 ka. - Organic-Geochemical Sediment Studies of the Eastern Part of the Central Arctic. - 10 The Western Arctic Seas. - Recent Sedimentation Environment. - The Barents Sea. - The Kara Sea. - Surface Sediments of the Pechora Sea. - Surface Sediments of St. Anna Trough. - Facies Zonality of Surface Sediments in the Eastern Kara Sea. - History of Sedimentation. - Late- and Post-Glacial History of Sedimentation in the Eastern Part of the Barents Sea. - Holocene Sedimentation History in the Southern Novaya Zemlya Trough. - History of Sedimentation in the Pechora Sea During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. - Light Fraction Mineralogy of the Upper Quaternary Sediments from the Saint Anna Trough and Its Paleoceanographic Interpretation. - Holocene History of Yenisei River Discharge. - Holocene History of Ob River Discharge. - 11 Eastern Arctic Seas. - Recent Sedimentation Environment. - The Laptev Sea. - The East Siberian Sea. - The Chukchi Sea. - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation in the Laptev Sea During the Late Weichselian to Holocene by Geophysical and Geochemical Data. - Holocene History of the Lena and Other Rivers Discharge in the Laptev Sea. - Organic Geochemical Data About Sedimentation History Along the Continental Slope of the East Siberian Sea During the Last Climatic Cycle. - Preliminary Data About Accumulation of Diatom-Bearing Clayey Silts at the Chukchi Sea Shelf. - 12 Seas of the Eastern Subarctic. - Recent Sedimentation Environment. - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation in the Deep-Water Part of the Shirshov Ridge (Bering Sea) During the Last Three Marine-Isotope Stages. - History of Sedimentation in the Northern Sea of Okhotsk During the Last 1.1 Ma. - PART III THE LATE PLEISTOCENE PALEOGEOGRAPHIC EVENTS OF NORTHERN EURASIA AND HISTORY OF SEDIMENTATION IN THE SUBARCTIC SEAS AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN IN RELATION TO THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE GLACIATION DURING THE LAST CLIMATIC CYCLE. - 13 Characteristic Features of the Mikulino Landscapes. - 14 Results of Paleoclimate Studies. - 15 Particularities of Sedimentation Processes Within the Continental Blocks and Marine Basins. - Deglaciation Peculiarities. - Facies Variability during Glaciations, Deglaciations, Interglacials. - Geological History of the Arctic Ocean Sea Ice during the Last 60 ka. - Intercoupling of Atmo-, Hydro-, Cryo-, Bio-, and Lithospheres. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Structure and function of contemporary food webs on Arctic shelves: an introduction / P. Wassmann. - Past glacial and interglacial conditions in the Arctic Ocean and marginal seas - a review / D. A. Darby, L. Polyak and H. A. Bauch. - Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves / E. Carmack, D. Barber, J. Christensen, R. Macdonald, B. Rudels and E. Sakshaug. - Physical and biological characteristics of the pelagic system across Fram Strait to Kongsfjorden / H. Hop, S. Falk-Petersen, H. Svendsen, S. Kwasniewski, V. Pavlov, O. Pavlova and J. E. Søreide. - Food webs and carbon flux in the Barents Sea / P. Wassmann, M. Reigstad, T. Haug, B. Rudels, M. L. Carroll, H. Hop, G. W. Gabrielsen, S. Falk-Petersen, S. G. Denisenko, E. Arashkevich, D. Slagstad and O. Pavlova.

Note: Contents = Soderžanie = Inhaltsverzeichnis: Foreword = Predislovie = Vorwort. - Meteorological research projects in the Antarctic from 1959 to 1984 = Meteorlogičeskie issledovanija v Antarktike v 1959 - 1984 gg. = Meteorologische Forschungsvorhaben in der Antarktis 1959 - 1984 / G. SKEIB. - Satellite observations over Antarctica = Nabljudenie Antarktiki s iskusstvennych sputnikov Zemli = Satellitenbeobachtungen über Antarktika / H. GERNANDT. - Geophysical investigations carried out by the GDR in Antarctica = Geofizičeskie issledovanija GDR v Antarktide = Geophysikalische Untersuchungen der DDR in Antarktika / M. M. SCHNEIDER, Cl. ELSTNER, V. AUSTER, U. SCHÄFER. - Studies of the upper layers of the Polar atmosphere = Issledovanie poljarnoj verchnej atmosfery = Beiträge zur Untersuchung der polaren Hochatmosphäre / H. GERNANDT, B. SCHÄNING. - Geological activities carried out by the GDR in Antarctica = Geologičeskie raboty GDR v Antarktide = Geologische Aktivitäten der DDR in Antarktika / J. HOFMANN, H.-J. PAECH. - Isotope research in Antarctica = Izotopnye issledovanija v Antarktide = Isotopenforschung in der Antarktis / H. SCHÜTZE, K. FRÖHLICH. - Geodetic-glaciological studies in the East Antarctic 1962-1978 = Geodezičesko-glaciologičeskie raboti v vostočnoj Antarktide v 1962-1978 gg. = Geodätisch-glaziologische Arbeiten in der Ostantarktis (1962-1978) / S. MEIER, R. DIETRICH. - Biological activities within the framework of the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions (25th-29th, 1979-1984) = Biologičeskie raboty vo vremja 25-oj - 29-oj SAĖ (1979-1984) = Biologische Arbeiten im Rahmen der 25.-29. SAE (1979-1984) / K. ODENING. - Abstract on medical research activities by the GDR in the Antarctic = Kratkij otčët medicinskich issledovanij v Antarktide = Kurzer Abriß zur medizinischen Antarktisforschung der DDR / G. SCHRADER, L. KLINKER. - 25 years Antarctic expeditions and their preparation = 25 let antarktičeskim ėkspedicijam i ich podgotovka = 25 Jahre Antarktisexpedition und ihre Vorbereitung / B. TRIPPHAHN. - Bibliography = Bibliografija = Bibliographie. , Text in deutscher, russischer und englischer Sprache , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS: Preface / Claude R. Duguay and Alain Pietroniro. - Introduction / Claude R. Duguay and Alain Pietroniro. - Remote Sensing of Snow Cover / Dieter Scherer, Dorothy K. Hall, Volker Hochschild, Max König, Jan-Gunnar Winther, Claude R. Duguay, Frédérique Pivot, Christian Mätzler, Frank Rau, Klaus Seidel, Rune Solberg, and Anne E. Walker. - Remote Sensing of Glaciers and Ice Sheets / Jan-Gunnar Winther, Robert Bindschadler, Max König, and Dieter Scherer. - Ice Characteristics and Processes, and Remote Sensing of Frozen Rivers and Lakes / Martin O. Jeffries, Kim Morris, and Nickolai Kozlenko. - Satellite Remote Sensing of Permafrost and Seasonally Frozen Ground / Claude R. Duguay, Tingjun Zhang, David W. Leverington, and Vladimir E. Romanovsky. - Remote Sensing of Surface Water and Soil Moisture / Alain Pietroniro, Jessika Töyrä, Robert Leconte, and Geoff Kite. - Evaporation/Evapotranspiration Estimates With Remote Sensing / Raoul Granger and Normand Bussières. - Appendix: Acronyms. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents Preface Interactions between glaciers and permafrost: an introduction / C. HARRIS & J.B. MURTON Glaciers and Permafrost Glacier-permafrost interaction in Arctic and alpine mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard / B. ETZELMÜLLER & J.O. HAGEN Investigating glacier-permafrost relationships in high-mountain areas: historical background, selected examples and research needs / W. HAEBERLI Glacier-permafrost interactions and glaciotectonic landform generation at the margin of the Leverett Glacier, West Greenland / R.I. WALLER & G.W. TUCKWELL The interaction of a surging glacier with a seasonally frozen foreland: Hagafellsjökull-Eystri, Iceland / M.R. BENNETT, D. HUDDART & R.I. WALLER Glacier-permafrost hydrological interconnectivity: Stagnation Glacier, Bylot Island, Canada / B.J. MOORMAN Glacier-rock glacier relationships as climatic indicators during the late Quaternary in the Cordillera Ampato, Western Cordillera of southern Peru / U. DORNBUSCH Proglacial and Ice Marginal Processes Cryological processes implied in Arctic proglacial stream sediment dynamics using principal components analysis and regression / T. D.L. IRVINE-FYNN, B.J. MOORMAN, D. B. SJOGREN, F.S.A. WALTER, I.C. WILLIS, A.J. HODSON, J.L.M. WILLIAMS & P.N. MUMFORD Melt rates at calving termini: a study at Glaciar Leon, Chilean Patagonia / E. HARESIGN & C.R. WARREN Actual paraglacial progradation of the coastal zone in the Kongsfjorden area, western Spitsbergen (Svalbard) / D. MERCIER & D. LAFFLY Permafrost and Frozen Ground Holocene permafrost aggradation in Svalbard / O. HUMLUM Experimental simulation of ice-wedge casting: processes, products and palaeoenvironmental significance / C. HARRIS & J.B. MURTON Late Holocene solifluction history reconstructed using tephrochronology / M.P. KIRKBRIDE & A.J. DUGMORE Index

Note: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Algen im Klimawandel: Neue Messmethoden zeigen den Gasaustausch der Zellen in Echtzeit = Algae and climate change: new methods show the gas exchange of cells in real time / Björn Rost, Klaus-Uwe Richter Arktische Klimaprozesse und globale atmo-sphärische Auswirkungen = Arctic climate processes and global atmo-spheric impacts / Klaus Dethloff, Annette Rinke, Elena Sokolova, Subodh Kumar Saha Das Klima der letzten 10 000 Jahre: Eine Verknüpfung aus Beobachtungsdaten, Umweltarchiven und Modellstudien = The climate of the last 10 000 years: Combining observational data with environ-mental archives and model studies / Gerrit Lohmann Chemische Ökologie mariner Protisten - Bedeutung für die Dynamik mariner Nahrungsketten = Chemical ecology of marine protists - implications for marine food web dynamics / Allan Cembella, Uwe John, Bernd Krock, Tilman Alpermann, Urban Tillmann Nährstoffbelastung des Wattenmeeres: Besserung in Sicht = Eutrophication of the Wadden Sea: Signs of improvement / J. E. E. van Beusekom, M. Loebl, K. Reise, A. Schanz Planktonregen im Südpolarmeer: Das europä-ische Eisendüngungsexperiment EIFEX (Euro-pean Iron Fertilization Experiment) = Plankton rain in the Southern Ocean: The Euro-pean Iron Fertilization Experiment EIFEX / Philipp Assmy, Boris Cisewski, Joachim Henjes, Christine Klaas, Oliver Sachs Sind Lebensgemeinschaften polarer Meere Verlierer der Klimaveränderung? = Does global warming pose a threat to polar ecosystems? / Gisela Lannig, Ute Jacob, Thomas Brey, Rainer Knust, Hans-O. Pörtner Marine Genomik – Von den Genen zur Evolution und Ökologie mariner Organismen = Marine Genomics – through genomes to evolution and ecology of marine organisms / Klaus Valentin Frostblumen: Salzige Kristalle auf dünnem Eis = Frost flowers: salty crystals on thin ice / Hans-Werner Jacobi, Sandra Lehmann Gemeinsam in den Hausgarten: Deutsch-französische Kooperation in der Tiefseeforschung = Together ‘en route‘ for HAUSGARTEN:Franco-German co-operation in deep-sea research / Thomas Soltwedel, Michael Klages Fernerkundung in arktischen Periglazial-landschaften – Auf den Spuren der Permafrost-dynamik = Remote sensing in Arctic periglacial landscapes – The tracing of permafrost dynamics / Guido Große, Dirk Wagner, Lutz Schirrmeister Frühling im Weddellmeer: Biologisch-physikalische Wechselwirkungen zwischen Atmosphäre, Eis und Ozean = Go with the floe: biological-physical interac-tions between atmosphere, ice and ocean in the Weddell Sea / Christian Haas, Gerhard Dieckmann, Hartmut Hellmer, Michael Schröder 3. Forschung = Research MARCOPOLI 3.1 MARINE 3.2 COAST 3.3 POLAR 3.4 Neue Themen = Additional funding 4. Entwicklungen in den Fachbereichen = Progresses in the Scientific Divisions 5. Neue Technologien = New technologies 6. Logistik und Forschungsplattformen = Logistics and research platforms 7. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 8. Mariner Umweltschutz = Marine environmental protection 9. Informationszentrum = Information centre 10. Bibliothek = Library 11. Technologietransfer = Technology transfer 12. Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 13. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 14. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Preface / R. Matzke-Karasz, M. Schudack, K. Martens. - REVIEW PAPER. - Ostracod recovery in the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic crisis: Palaeozoic-Mesozoic turnover / S. Crasquin-Soleau, T. Galfetti, H. Bucher, S. Kershaw, Q. Feng. - OSTRACOD TAXONOMY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY. - The influence of El Niño 1997-98 on pelagic ostracods in the Humboldt Current Ecosystem off Peru / R. Castillo, T. Antezana, P. Ayón. - A new, interstitial species of Terrestricythere (Crustacea: Ostracoda) and its microdistribution at Orito Beach, northeastern Sea of Japan / S. F. Hiruta, S.-i. Hiruta, S. F. Mawatari. - Non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea) of Banat district in Serbia / T. Karan-Žnidaršič, B. Petrov. - ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING OSTRACOD DISTRIBUTION. - A year round comparative study on the population structures of pelagic Ostracoda in Admiralty Bay (Southern Ocean) / K. Blachowiak-Samolyk, M.V. Angel. - Water quality and diversity of the Recent ostracod fauna in lowland springs from Lombardy (northern Italy) / V. Pieri, C. Caserini, S. Gomarasca, K. Martens, G. Rossetti. - Factors affecting spatial and temporal distribution of Ostracoda assemblages in different macrophyte habitats of a shallow lake (Lake Fehér, Hungary) / A. Kiss. - Groundwater Ostracods from the arid Pilbara region of northwestern Australia: distribution and water chemistry / J. M. Reeves, P. De Deckker, S. A. Halse. - Ecological requirements of Ostracoda (Crustacea) in a heavily polluted shallow lake, Lake Yeniçağa (Bolu, Turkey) / O. Külköylüoğlu, M. Dügel, M. Kılıç. - Food selection in Eucypris virens (Crustacea: Ostracoda) under experimental conditions / O. Schmit, G. Rossetti, J. Vandekerkhove, F. Mezquita. - EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF OSTRACOD MORPHOLOGY. - Extra-lobal and complex dimorphic features in Middle Devonian palaeocopine ostracods / G. Becker, W. K. Braun. - Evolutionary and taxonomic aspects within the species group Pseudocandona eremita (Vejdovský) (Ostracoda, Candonidae) / S. lepure, T. Namiotko, D. L. Danielopol. - On the origin of the putative furca of the Ostracoda (Crustacea) / C. Meisch. - Ultrastructure of the carapace margin in the Ostracoda (Arthropoda: Crustacea) / S. Yamada. - Ultrastructure of hepatopancreas and its possible role as a hematopoietic organ in non-marine cypridoidean ostracods (Crustacea) / R. Symonova. - OSTRACOD REPRODUCTION AND ONTOGENY. - Copulatory behaviour and sexual morphology of three Fabaeformiscandona Krstić, 1972 (Candoninae, Ostracoda, Crustacea) species from Japan, including descriptions of two new species / R. J. Smith, T. Kamiya. - Early release of eggs and embryos in a brooding ancient asexual ostracod: brood selection or a gambling strategy to increase fecundity? / R. L. Pinto, C. E. F. Rocha, K. Martens. - The ontogeny of appendages of Heterocypris salina (Brady, 1868) Ostracoda (Crustacea) / N. Kubanç, O. Özuluğ, C. Kubanç.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Introduction. - Gymnosperm. - Pinaceae. - Taxodiaceae. - Cupressaceae. - Podocarpaceae. - Ephedraceae. - Angiosperm. - Juglandaceae. - Myricaceae. - Bibliography. - Plates. - Gymnosperm. - Pinaceae: Plates 1-23. - Taxodiaceae: Plates 24-26. - Cupressaceae: Plates 27-39. - Podocarpaceae: Plates 40-46. - Ephedraceae: Plates 47-52. - Angiosperm. - Juglandaceae: Plates 53-64. - Myricaceae: Plates 64-68. - Pollen Sample List. - Index.

Note: Contents Introduction 1. Isotope hydrology: a historical perspective / P.K. Aggarwal, K. Froehlich, R. Gonfiantini, J.R. Gat ISOTOPIC AND NUCLEAR METHODOLOGIES 2. Isotopic tracers for obtaining hydrologic parameters / H. Moser, W. Rauert 3. Hydrologic process studies using radionuclides produced by cosmic rays / D.Lal 4. Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes / L.L. Gourcy, M. Groening, P.K. Aggarwal 5. Tritium in the hydrologic cycle / R.L. Michel 6. Assessing sources and transformations of sulphate and nitrate in the hydrosphere using isotope techniques / B. Mayer 7. Rare gases / H.H. Loosli, R. Purtschert 8. U and Th series nuclides in natural waters / A. Kaufman 9. Optical isotope ratio measurements in hydrology / E.R.Th. Kerstel, H.A.J. Meijer HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS 10. Some classical concepts of isotope hydrology / J.R. Gat 11. Istotopes in lake studies: a historical perspective / K.Froehlich, R. Gonfiantini, K. Rozanski 12. A review of isotope applications in catchment hydrology / T. Vitvar, P.K. Aggarwal, J.J. McDonnell 13. Contribution of isotopic and nuclear tracers to study of groundwaters / W.M. Edmunds 14. Dating of young groundwater / LN. Plummer 15. Dating of old groundwater - history, potential, limits and future / M.A. Geyh 16. Geotermal systems / Y.K. Kharaka, R.H. Mariner 17. Saline waters / J. Horita HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS 18. Isotopes in atmospheric moisture / K. Rozanski 19. How much climatic information do water isotopes contain? / G. Hoffmann, M. Cuntz, J. Jouzel, M. Werner 20. Stable isotopes through the holocene as recorded in low-latitude, high-altitude ice cores / L.G. Thompson, M.E. Davis 21. Groundwater as an archive of climatic and environmental change / W.M. Edmunds 22. Isotopic palaeolimnology / F. Gasse Appendices A. List of seminal papers on isotope hydrology (the isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen) B. List of papers presented at the 1st IAEA Symposium on Isotope Hydrology (Tokyo, 1963) C. Excerpts from report of 1st IAEA Panel on the Application of Isotope Techniques in Hydrology

Note: Zugl.: Zürich, Univ., Diss., 2007 , Contents: Abstract. - Zusammenfassung. - Acknowledgements. - Contents. - List of figures. - List of tables. - List of abbreviations. - List of symbols. - Latin symbols. - Greek symbols. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 State of research. - 1.1.1 Hydrothermal regime of the active layer in debris slopes. - 1.1.2 Slope stability of the active layer in debris slopes. - 1.2 Motivation. - 1.3 Hypothesis. - 1.4 Objectives. - 2 Field investigations. - 2.1 Study site. - 2.2 Field methods. - 2.2.1 Field research infrastructure. - 2.2.2 Field measuring array. - 2.2.3 Measurements in detail. - 2.3 Field results and interpretation. - 2.3.1 Meteorological conditions. - 2.3.2 Hydrological ground parameters. - 2.3.3 Thermal ground parameters. - 2.3.4 Geotechnical parameters. - 2.4 Discussion of field investigations. - 2.4.1 Water balance. - 2.4.2 Heat balance. - 2.4.3 Relation between water and heat balance. - 2.4.4. Suitability of measuring equipment and reliability of data. - 2.4.5 Relevance of results in context of climate change. - 2.5 Summary of field investigations. - 3 Laboratory experiments. - 3.1 Analysis of granular materials. - 3.2 Development of inclinable shear apparatus. - 3.2.1 Requirements. - 3.2.2 Solution. - 3.2.3 Construction. - 3.3 Systematic 4-factorial screening shear test series. - 3.3.1 Methods of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.2 Results and analysis of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.3 Discussion of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.4 Summary of systematic shear test series. - 3.4 Physical simulation of thaw-induced failure of the active layer. - 3.4.1 Methods for simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.2 Results of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.3 Discussion of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.4 Summary of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.5 Comparison of systematic shear tests and failure simulation. - 4 Integral discussion of field and laboratory investigations. - 4.1 Implications of the laboratory simulation for the field study site. - 4.2 Implications of the shear test series for the field in general. - 5 Conclusions. - 6 Outlook. - References. - Curriculum Vitae. , Zsfassung in dt. Sprache