ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS Membership of the SCAR Group of Specialists (EAMREA) Preface Preface to 1977 unpublished report of the SCAR Group of Specialists (EAMREA) 1. Introduction 1.1 Terms of reference 1.2 Environmental impact statements 2. Assessment of mineral resource potential in Antarctica 3. Present knowledge of mineral occurrences and mineral resources of Antarctica 3.1 Assessment of onshore mineral resource potential 3.2 Estimation of regional mineral potential Geological factors Logistic factors Economic factors 3.3 Commodity classification Local consumption Metallic minerals Non-metallic minerals Fossil fuels (excluding petroleum) Geothermal energy Minerals for export Non-metallic minerals and fossil fuels Metallic minerals 3.4 Probable areas of Antarctica for onshore mineral exploration and exploitation 3.5 Offshore mineral potential of Antarctica 3.6 The continental shelf of Antarctica as a source of hydrocarbons 3.7 Problems of exploration and exploitation for hydrocarbons in the southern oceans 3.8 Economic feasibility of extracting hydrocarbons 3.9 Non-fuel mineral resource potential of the southern oceans Manganese nodules Icebergs as a fresh water resource 4. Possible environmental effects 4.1 Special features of the Antarctic environment Temperatures Winds Inversion layers The southern oceans The continental shelf Ice features Beaches Pack ice Forecasting the weather 4.2 Environmental threats to exploitable living resources Economic factors Threats to economically important species Threats to survival of species Threats to special ecosystems, habitats and communities Special habitats and communities Unique sites Summary 4.3 Impacts on the environment Oil extraction Oil extraction problems Ore mining Construction effects Terrestrial installations Sea floor installations Treatment of ores and oil Beneficiation processes Local energy sources Consequences of increased human activity Introduction of biological materials Towing of icebergs 4.4 Extent of effects Spatial effects Local effects Large-scale effects Scale of environmental effects: potential inputs Scale of environmental effects: potential consequences Temporal effects Transient effects Persistent effects 4.5 Communities and systems needing special protection Soils Abiotic soils Dry soils Maritime Antarctic soils Frozen soils Lakes and streams Terrestrial vegetation Terrestrial fauna 4.6 Impacts beyond the Antarctic Climatic change from industrial activities Air borne pollution from Antarctica Water borne pollution from Antarctica 5. Further research activities 5.1 Gaps in knowledge Environment Soils Terrestrial biota Climate Meteorology Oceanography Marine biology 5.2 Research needs Biodegradability of oil Controlled oil spills Chemical effects Experimental perturbations Controlled ecosystem experiments Surveys 5.3 Special protective measures Industrial controls Improved weather forecasting Legislative controls Routine monitoring Appendices A Recommendation VIII-14 of the Eighth Antarctic Treaty Meeting B SCAR Reponse to Recommendation VIII-14, including terms of reference of the EAMREA Group of Specialists References

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Autorenverzeichnis Vorwort Gol'dštejn, R. V.; Osipenko, N. M.: Formirovanie struktur pri razrušenii gornych porod i vozmožnyj mechanizm očaga zemletrijasenija Klima, K.; Ruprechtová, L.: Cross-Correlation Approach to the Estimation of Reliability of Focal Mechanism Determination for Some Friuli Aftershocks Kol'cov, A. V.; Stachovskaja, Z. I.: Issledovanie predvestnikov makrorazrušenija vysokoplaetičnych materialov pri složnom naprijazennom Mikaeljan, A. O.: Nekotorye osobennosti vlijanija vnutriporovogo davlenija na skorosti uprugich voln i elektrosoprotivlenie izvestnjakov v uslovijach gidrostatičeskogo sžatija Plomerová, J.; Babuška, V.: Influence of Subduction Zones on P-Wave Magnitude Corrections Poppitz, R.; Grosser, H.; Knoll, P.: Zum Problem des Herdmechanismus seismischer Ereignisse in Bergbaugebieten Procházková, D.: Determination of Source Parameters using Spectra of Earthquake Sources Savarenskij, E. F.; Fedorov, S. A.; El' chašab, Ch.; Kalinin, N. I.: Model'nye issledovanija releevskich voln v neodnorodnom sloe na poluprostranstve Šamina, O. G.: Metod sejsmičeskogo prosvečivanija v laboratornych issledovanijach fiziki očaga Schenk, V.; Schenkova, Z.: Ocenka periodičnosti pojavlenija zemletrijasenij s pomošč'ju avtokorreljacionnych funkcij vremennych rjadov Schön, J.: Bemerkungen zum Verhalten von Geschwindigkeiten seismischer Wellen und elektrischem Widerstand bei Bruchvorgängen Škljar, G. P.: Svjaz' mechanizma očagov s geologičeskimi osobennostjami rajona Sobolev, G. A.: Izučenie obrazovanija i predvestnikov razryva sdvigovogo tipa v laboratornych uslovijach Teisseyre, R.: Some Remarks on Physical Processes in an Earthquake Source Wolter, J.: Zur Entwicklung eines mobilen digitalen seismischen Registriersystems Zacharova, A. I.,. Starovojt, O. E., Čepkunas, L. S.: Sejsmičeskij moment i razmery očagov sil'nych zemletrjasenij , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer und teilweise in russischer Sprache , Text überwiegend in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In engl., span. und franz. Sprache

Note: Enthaltene Kapitel sind: Chapter 1 Laminar and turbulent flows Chapter 3 Reynolds equations and the semiempirical theories of turbulence Chapter 4 Turbulence in a thermally stratified medium

Note: Contents 1. An Introduction to Mountain Effects 2. The Flow over Hills and the Generation of Mountain Waves 2.1 Buoyancy Forces 2.2 The Theory of Two- Dimensional Mountain Waves 2.3 Observations of Mountain Waves 2.4 The Three-Dimensional Flow over Isolated Hills 2.5 Large-Amplitude Mountains and Blocking 2.6 The Observed Barrier Effect of Mountains-The Fohn and Bora 2. 7 The Influence of the Boundary Layer on Mountain Flows 2.8 Slope Winds and Mountain and Valley Winds 3. The Flow near Mesoscale and Synoptic-Scale Mountains 3.1 Quasi-geostrophic Flow over a Mountain 3.2 The Effect of Inertia on the Flow over Mesoscale Mountains 3.3 Theories of Lee Cyclogenesis 4. Orographic Control of Precipitation 4.1 Observations of Rainfall Distribution 4.2 The Mechanism of Upslope Rain 4.3 The Redistribution of Rainfall by Small Hills 4.4 Orographic-Convective Precipitation 5. Planetary-Scale Mountain Waves 5.1 A Vertically Integrated Model of Topographically Forced Planetary Waves 5.2 The Vertical Structure of Planetary Waves on a ,8-Plane between Bounding Latitudes 5.3 Models of Stationary Planetary Waves Allowing Meridional Propagation and Lateral Variation in the Background Wind References

Note: Contents 1 Introduction I Definition of geocryology and periglacial II Objectives III Processes IV Environments V References 2 Environmental factors I Introduction II Basic factors Ill Dependent factors 3 Frozen ground I Introduction II Seasonally frozen ground Ill Permafrost 4 General frost-action processes I Introduction II Freezing process Ill Estimates of freezing and thawing IV Frost wedging V Frost heaving and frost thrusting VI Mass displacement VII Frost cracking VIII Sorting by frost action 5 Some periglacial forms I Introduction II Patterned ground Ill Periglacial involutions IV Stone pavements V String bogs VI Palsas VII Pingos 6 Mass-wasting processes and forms I Introduction lI Avalanching Ill Slushflow IV Thaw slumping V Frost creep VI Gelifluction VII Frost-creep and gelifluction deposits VIII Rock glaciers IX Taluses X Protalus ramparts 7 Nivation I Introduction II Nivation benches and hollows Ill Cryoplanation terraces and cryopediments 8 Slopewash I Introduction II Grèzes litées 9 Fluvial action I Introduction II Icings Ill Break-up phenomena IV Flat-floored valleys V Asymmetric valleys VI Dry valleys and dells 10 Lacustrine and marine action I Introduction II Lacustrine action Ill Marine action 11 Wind action I Introduction II Loess Ill Dunes IV Niveo-eolian deposits and forms V Deflation VI Ventifacts 12 Thermokarst I Introduction II Collapsed pingos Ill Thaw slumps IV Linear and polygonal troughs V Beaded drainage VI Thaw lakes VII Alases 13 Environmental overview 14 Environmental reconstructions I Introduction II Britain Ill Continental Europe IV USSR V Japan VI North America VII Southern Hemisphere VIII Some estimated temperature changes References Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Some terminology 1.3 Electrical analogues 1.4 State determined systems 1.5 Simulation languages 2 Exponential growth 2.1 Analytical and numerical integration 2.2 Simulation 2.3 Time constant and time interval of integration 2.4 Integration method and time interval 3 The growth of yeast 3.1 Description of the system 3.2 Relational diagrams 3.3 Simulation 3.4 Logistic growth 4 Interference of plants 4.1 Replacement series 4.2 Density of sowing 4.3 Simulation of plant interference 4.4 Further modelling aspects 4.4.1 The INDEX and MACRO feature 4.4.2 The INITIAL and DYNAMIC section 5 Growth and competition of Paramecium 5.1 Description of the system 5.2 A simulation program 5.3 Preliminary estimation of parameters 5.4 Final determination of parameters 5.5 Stochastic aspects 5.6 The programming of probability functions 6 Modelling of development, dispersion and diffusion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physiological age and development stage 6.3 Demographic models 6.3.1 Age-classes 6.3.2 Errors of approximation 6.3.3 The matrix method 6.4 Germination models 6.4.1 Boxcar train without dispersion 6.4.2 Boxcar train with constant relative dispersion 6.4.3 Boxcar train with controlled dispersion 6.4.4 Refinements 6.5 The flow of heat in soils 7 Growth and development of Helminthosporium maydis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The weather 7.3 Appearance and growth of lesions 7.4 Sporophore or stalk formation 7.5 Sporulation of green stalks 7.6 Sporulation of dried stalks 7.7 Dispersal of spores 7.8 Germination of spores and penetration of germtubes 7.9 Timing, initialization and output organization 7.10 Results and sensitivity analyses 8 Population models for fruit-tree red spider miteand predatory mites 8.1 Fruit-tree red spider mite 8.2 Predatory mite, Amblyseius potentillae 8.3 Relations between predator and prey 8.4 Preference as a competitive process 8.5 Verification 9 Solutions of the exercises References Appendix A Appendix B Index

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. Design of the existing base. - 3. Why a new concept. - 4. Considerations for a new base. - 5. Building alternatives for a floating ice shelf. - 6. Design criteria. - 7. Concept adopted. - 8. Technical data. - 9. Services. - 9.1. Electrical. - 9.2. Mechanical. - 9.3. Fire Protection. - 9.4. Toilets. - 10. Stores. - 11. External buildings. - 12. Conclusion.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Preface List of Contributors Section I. Floristics, Vegetation, and Primary Production Ia. Vascular Plants Ib. Nonvascular Plants 1. Introduction / LARRY L. TIESZEN Background Research Design and Site Selections Overview of the Barrow Ecological System References 2. Vegetation, Floristics, and Phytogeography of Northern Alaska / D. F. MURRAY Tundra Landscapes and Vegetation Floristics and Phytogeography Acknowledgments References 3. Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Vegetation and its Productivity / P. J. WEBBER Introduction and Site Overview Methods Results Discussion Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 4. Seasonal Dynamics of Above- and Belowground Production of Vascular Plants at Barrow, Alaska / J. G. DENNIS , L. L. TIESZEN and M. A. VETTER Introduction Methods and Materials Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 5. Floristics, Phytogeography and Ecology of Arctic Alaskan Bryophytes / W. C. STEERE The Bryophyte Flora and its Floristic Elements Ecology and Physical Factors of the Environment Acknowledgments References 6. Composition and Bryomass of the Moss Layers of Two Wet-Tundra-Meadow Communities near Barrow, Alaska / J. R. RASTORFER Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 7. The Role of Lichens in the Structure, Productivity, and Mineral Cycling of the Wet Coastal Alaskan Tundra / M. E. WILLIAMS , E. D. RUDOLPH , E. A. SCHOFIELD , and D. C. PRASHER Introduction Environmental Setting Lichen Occurrence Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8. The Role of Algae in Tundra Soil / R. E. CAMERON , A. D. KNOX , and F. A. MORELLI Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 9. Ecto- and Endomycorrhizae of Arctic Plants at Barrow, Alaska / O. K. MILLER, JR. and G. A. LAURSEN Introduction Distribution of Ectomycorrhizae Distribution of Endomycorrhizae Distribution of Mycorrhizal Fungi Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Conclusions and Discussion Acknowledgments References Section II. Photosynthesis, Respiration and Water Relations. IIa. Plant and Community Photosynthesis IIb. Photosynthesis and Water Relations 10. Photosynthesis in the Principal Barrow, Alaska Species: A Summary of Field and Laboratory Responses / L. L. TlESZEN Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 11. Primary Production Processes in Arctic Bryophytes at Barrow, Alaska / W. C. OECHEL and B. SVEINBJÖRNSSON Introduction Field Research Site Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 12. Meteorological Assessment of CO2 Exchange Over an Alaskan Arctic Tundra / P. I. COYNE and J. J. KELLEY Introduction Theory Experimental Procedure Data Analysis Results Contents Discussion Acknowledgments References 13. Constraints on Tundra Productivity: Photosynthetic Capacity in Relation to Solar Radiation Utilization and Water Stress in Arctic and Alpine Tundras / M. M. CALDWELL, D. A. JOHNSON and M. FAREED Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References 14. Some Aspects of Water Relations of Arctic and Alpine Regions / P. C. MILLER, W. A. STONER, and J. R. EHLERINGER Introduction Conceptual Framework Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 15. Radio-Tracer Measurement of Transpiration in Tundra Vegetation, Barrow, Alaska / J. J. KORANDA , B. CLEGG, and M. STUART Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 16. Simulation of the Effect of the Tundra Vascular Plant Canopy on the Productivity of Four Moss Species / W. A. STONER, P. C. MILLER, and W. C. OECHEL Introduction Simulation Models and Methods Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References Section III. Growth and the Allocation and Use of Mineral and Organic Nutrients IIIa. Growth and Organic Nutrient Allocation IIIb. Inorganic Nutrient Utilization, Response to Fertilization, and Nitrogen Fixation IIIc. Growth, Nutrient and Population Modeling 17. Translocation and Allocation of 14C-Photoassimilate by Dupontia fisheri / M. L. ALLESSIO and L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 18. Growth, Turnover, and Respiration Rates of Roots and Tillers in Tundra Graminoids / W. D. BILLINGS, K. M. PETERSON, and G. R. SHAVER Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Acknowledgments References 19. The Interactions of Organic Nutrients, Soil Nitrogen, and Soil Temperature and Plant Growth and Survival in the Arctic Environment / B. H. MCCOWN Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 20. Plant Nutrient Limitations of Tundra Plant Growth / A. ULRICH and P. L. GERSPER Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 21. Phosphate Uptake and Nutrient Utilization by Barrow Tundra Vegetation / F. S. CHAPIN, III Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 22. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Carbohydrate and Nutrient Levels in Dupontia fisheri and Arctagrostis latifolia / J. D. MCKENDRICK, V. J. OTT , and G. A. MITCHELL Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 23. Nitrogen Fixation in Arctic and Alpine Tundra / V. ALEXANDER, M. BILLINGTON, and D. M. SCHELL Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 24. A Model of Plant Growth and Phosphorus Allocation for Dupontia fisheri in Coastal, Wet-Meadow Tundra / W. A. STONER, P. C. MILLER, and L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Description of the Model Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 25. A Model of Carbohydrate, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Allocation and Growth in Tundra Production / P. C. MILLER, W. A. STONER, L. L. TIESZEN , M. ALLESSIO, B. MCCOWN , F. S. CHAPIN, and G. SHAVER Introduction Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References 26. A Simulation Model of Population Processes of Arctic Tundra Graminoids / B. A. LAWRENCE , M. C. LEWIS , and P. C. MILLER Introduction The Model Methods of Simulations Validation Simulation Experiments Summary Acknowledgments References 27. Summary / L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Historical and Floristic Relationships Abiotic Relationships Spatial and Temporal Relationships Summary References Appendix: Checklists of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Lichens for the Alaskan U.S. IBP Tundra Biome Study Areas - Barrow, Prudhoe Bay, Eagle Summit / BARBARA M. MURRAY AND DAVID F. MURRAY Introduction Checklists References Index

Note: CONTENTS Preface CONFERENCE SUMMARY / A. L. Fymat TEMPERATURE SOUNDING INVERSION METHODS AND THE OBSOLESCENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR SPECIFYING PHYSICAL OBSERVABLES / J. I. F. King SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF REMOTE SOUNDING TEMPERATURES UPON WEATHER FORECASTING / M. Halem, M. Ghil and R. Atlas NONLINEAR INVERSION: THEORY AND PRAXIS / J. I. F. King A NEW TREATMENT OF THE BOUNDARY TERM IN THE INVERSION OF THE RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION / H. E. Fleming and D. S. Crosby EVALUATION OF ERRORS IN DERIVED CLEAR COLUMN RADIANCES / L. McMillin RECURSIVE FILTERING OF RADIANCE DATA FROM NIMBUS-E SATELLITE / I. A. Ismail DEPENDENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE DEVIATION OF THE OCEAN SURFACE AS MEASURED BY SATELLITE ON THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF AEROSOLS / T. Takashima THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES FROM INFRARED INTERFEROMETER MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD OF METEOR-25 / V. A. Golovko and D. Spänkuch COMPOSITION SOUNDING GLOBAL TOTAL OZONE DETERMINATION FROM NIMBUS 4 BUV SPACECRAFT DATA / A. J. Fleig, R. S. Fraser, B. W. Guenther, D. F. Heath, E. Hilsenrath, L. V. Novak, V. G. Kaveeshwar, R. D. McPeters, C. L. Mateer and A. G. Miller INFORMATION CONTENT AND RESULTS OF NON-LINEAR INVERSION OF NIMBUS 6 LIMB RADIANCE INVERSION RADIOMETER DATA / J. C. Gille and P. L. Bailey AN APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR NONLINEAR INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE OBSERVATIONS / P. L. Bailey and J. C. Gille A NONLINEAR TECHNIQUE FOR INVERTING LIMB ABSORPTION PROFILES / J. D. Mill and S. R. Drayson SENSITIVITY OF THE INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE 6.3μm WATER VAPOR BAND / H. Fischer AN ANALYSIS OF NIMBUS-V THIR 6-7 μm OBSERVATIONS OVER THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA / M. Roulleau MICROWAVE GROUND-BASED DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TOTAL WATER CONTENT / G. G. Shchukin and L. P. Bobylev A SOLAR HETERODYNE RADIOMETER FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ALTITUDINAL PROFILES OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES / V. I. Astakhov, N. V. Vanin, V. V. Galaktionov, V. M. Dorokhov, V. M. Zakharovand V. U. Khattatov PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING IN THE PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING: A NUMERICAL INVERSION METHOD / B. R. Barkstrom PARTICULATE SOUNDING RECONSTRUCTING THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES FROM ANGULAR FORWARD SCATTERING DATA / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS: A SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEPENDENT RETRIEVAL APPROACH USING MULTISPECTRAL TRANSMISSION RATIOS / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease THE METHOD OF MULTIFREQUENCY LASER SOUNDING OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL MICROSTRUCTURE / V. E. Zuev and I. E. Naats LASER SOUNDING OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING AEROSOL SCATTERING / V. E. Zuev STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL LAYERS MONITORED BY LIDAR / R. Reiter, H. Jaeger, W. Carnuth and M. Littfass LIDAR DETECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS BY RAMAN SCATTERING AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA / V. M. Zakharov and V. A. Torgovichev REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD PROPERTIES FROM NIMBUS 5 / D. J. McCleese THE ATMOSPHERIC BLURRING EFFECT OF REMOTELY SENSED EARTH IMAGERY / S. Ueno, Y. Haba, Y. Kawata, T. Kusaka and Y. Terashita Author Index Subject Index

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Topography and hydrography. - Climate, glaciation, permafrost. - Notes on the scientific exploration of the area. - Sea level changes. - C-14 dates on shell material, corrections and errors. - Marine limits. - Emergence curves. - Marine faunas. - Glaciation history. - Pleistocene glaciation. - The Milne Land Moraines. - Glacial retreat, the Rødefjord stages. - Glacial readvance. - Climatic implications. - Comparison with other areas. - Pollen analytical investigations. - Field methods. - Lake sediments. - C-14 dates of lake sediments and rates of sedimentation. - Pollen preparation and calculation procedures. - Pollen identification. - Description of sites and pollen diagrams. - Notes on the present vegetation. - Discussion and reconstruction of vegetation types. - Plant immigration and climatic change. - Summary of the vegetation history. - Comparison with other areas. - General notes on the climatic development. - Acknowledgements. - References.

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols Commonly Used in the Text. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Properties of Sea Water Relevant to Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Density. - Measurement of density, temperature and salinity. - Relative density, sigma-t and specific volume. - Tables for density and specific volume as functions of temperature, salinity and pressure. - Sources of data. - 3 The Basic Physical Laws Used in Oceanography and Classifications of Forces and Motions in the Sea. - Basic laws. - Classification of forces and motion. - 4 The Equation of Continuity of Volume. - The concept of continuity of volume. - The derivation of the equation of continuity of volume. - An application of the equation of continuity. - 5 Stability and Double Diffusion. - Static stabiIity. - Criterion for static stability (E). - Numerical values for stability. - Double diffusion. - Dynamic stability. - 6 The Equation of Motion in Oceanography. - The form of the equation of motion. - Obtaining solutions to the equations, including boundary conditions. - The derivation of the terms in the equation of motion. - The pressure term. - Transforming from axes fixed in space to axes fixed in the rotating earth. - Gravitation and gravity. - The Coriolis terms. - Other accelerations. - Coordinate systems. - 7 The Role of the Non-Linear Terms in the Equations of Motion. - The non-linear terms in the equation of motion. - The friction term for the instantaneous velocity. - What is the source of the difficulty?. - Scaling and the Reynolds Number. - Reynolds stresses. - Equations for the mean or average motion. - Reynolds stresses and eddy viscosity. - Scaling the equations of motion. - Dynamic stabiIity. - The effect of density variations on dynamic stability. - Effects of rotation. - 8 Currents Without Friction: Geostrophic Flow. - Hydrostatic equiIibrium. - Inertial flow. - GeopotentiaI. - Geopotential surfaces and isobaric surfaces. - The geostrophic equation. - Why worry about the geostrophic equation?. - The geostrophic method for calculating relative velocities. - An example of the calculation of a geostrophic velocity profile. - An alternative derivation of the geostrophic equation. - The 'thermal wind' equations. - Absolute velocities. - Relations between isobaric and level surfaces. - Relations between isobaric and isopycnal surfaces. - Comments on the geostrophic equation. - Justification for using the geostrophic approach to obtain the speeds of strong currents. - 9 Currents With Friction. - Wind-driven circulations - introduction. - Nansen's qualitative argument. - The equations of motion with friction included. - Ekman's solution to the equations of motion with friction present. - Comments on the above experimental observations. - Transport and upwelling. - Upwelling or downwelling away from boundaries. - Bottom friction and shallow water effects. - Limitations of the Ekman theory. - Sverdrup's solution for the wind-driven circulation. - Orders of magnitude of the terms. - Application of the Sverdrup equation. - The general form of the Sverdrup equation. - The mass transport stream function. - Westward intensification - Stommel's contribution. - The planetary wind field. - Munk's solution. - Comments on Munk's solution. - Vorticity. - Relative vorticity. - Planetary vorticity. - Absolute vorticity. - Potential vorticity. - Westward intensification of ocean currents explained using conservation of potential vorticity. - Equatorial undercurrents. - The boundary layer approach. - The use of the boundary layer approach to obtain a solution to Munk's equation. - A simple inertial theory by Stommel. - 10 Thermohaline Effects. - The deep circulation. - Equations for salt and temperature (heat) conservation. - Equations for the average salinity and temperature. - Reynolds fluxes and eddy diffusivity. - Thermoclines and the thermohaline circulation. - The mixed layer of the ocean. - 11 Numerical Models. - Introduction. - Numerical methods. - General approach to numerical modelling of ocean circulations. - Descriptions of some models of individual oceans. - O'Brien's two-dimensional wind-driven model of the North Pacific. - Cox's model of the Indian Ocean. - Holland and Hirschmann's model of the Atlantic Ocean. - Two models of the circulation of the world ocean. - Models of mesoscale eddies. - Comments on the numerical model solutions. - 12 Waves. - Introduction. - Some general characteristics of waves. - Small amplitude waves. - Orbital motion of the water particles. - Refraction and breaking in shallow water; diffraction. - The generation of waves. - Measurement of waves. - ReaI waves. - Wave generation by the wind; semi-empirical relations. - Energy of waves. - Tsunamis or seismic sea waves. - Internal waves. - Effects of rotation. - Modified gravity waves. - Kelvin waves. - Planetary or Rossby waves. - Topographic effects. - 13 Tides. - Introduction. - Tide-producing forces. - Components of the tide-producing forces. - Ocean responses to the tide-producing forces - tidaI theories. - The practical approach to tide prediction. - The measurement of tides. - Types of tides. - Tidal currents. - Tides in bays-resonance. - Storm surges. - 14 Some Presently Active and Future Work. - APPENDIX I Mathematical Review with Some Elementary Fluid Mechanics. - Introduction. - Scalars and vectors. - Derivatives. - The individual or total derivative. - Integrals. - Fields. - Descriptions of fluid flow. - Convergences and divergences. - Hydrostatic pressure. - Slope effects. - CompressibiIity. - Centripetal and centrifugal forces. - APPENDIX 2 Units Used in Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Base units. - Derived and temporary units. - Units used in dynamic oceanography and some numerical values. - SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING AND FOR REFERENCE. - INDEX.

Note: Contents: Preface / G. A. Llano. - Welcoming Remarks / W. S. Benninghoff. - The Third Symposium in Historical Perspective / G. A. Knox. - Sir George E. R. Deacon: An Appreciation / K. J. Bertrand. - The Southern Ocean: History of Exploration / Sir George E. R. Deacon. - The Symposium. - Part I: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Ecosystems. - The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Primary Production and the Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean / O. Holm-Hansen, S. Z. El-Sayed, G. A. Franceschini, and R. L. Cuhel. - Phytoplankton Biomass and Productivity in the Subtropical Convergence Area and Shelves of the Western Indian Subantarctic Islands / Jacqueline Plancke. - Sea Ice Habitats of Signy Island (South Orkneys) and Their Primary Productivity / Terence M. Whitaker. - Dissolved Oxygen and pH Increases by Primary Production in the Surface Water of Arthur Harbor, Antarctica, 1970-1971 / S. V. Shabica, J. W. Hedgpeth, and P. K. Park. - Heterotrophic Activity of Microorganisms in Antarctic Waters / R. Y. Morita, R. P. Griffiths, and S. S. Hayasaka. - Vitamins in the South Polar Seas: Distribution and Significance of Dissolved and Particulate Vitamin B12, Thiamine, and Biotin in the Southern Indian Ocean / A. F. Caducei and R. L. Cuhel. - Discussion. - Part II: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystems. - Adaptations within the Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystem / Patrick M. Arnaud. - Bacterial Sulfur and Nitrogen Cycles in Sedimentary Deposits of "Fjord Bossière" (Kerguelen Archipelago) / D. Delille. - Antarctic Soft-Bottom, Macrobenthic Community Adaptations to a Cold, Stable, Highly Productive, Glacially Affected Environment / Michael D. Richardson and Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Ecological Adaptations by Antarctic Poikilotherms to the Polar Marine Environment / Martin G. White. - Scoloplos marginatus mcleani: Life Cycle and Adaptations to the Antarctic Benthic Environment / P. Hardy. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Archipelago, Macrofauna 2, Diversity of Benthic Annelid Population in a Fjord Close to the Morbihan Gulf / D. Desbruyeres. - Seasonal Variations in the Structure of Populations of Antarctic Polynoids and the Part Played by Polychaetes in the Biocenoses of the Arctic and Antarctic / V. G. Averincev. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Islands: Quantitative Data on the Echinoderms of the Morbihan Gulf / Alain Guille. - Seasonal Alterations in Coastal Communities in the Davis Sea / E. N. Gruzov. - First Investigations on the Density of Soft Bottom Meiofauna in Morbihan Bay (Kerguelen Islands) / J. Soyer and F. de Bovee. - Foods and Feeding Characteristics of Antarctic Asteroids and Ophiuroids / John H. Dearborn. - Analysis of the Gigantism and Dwarfness of Antarctic and Subantarctic Gammaridean Amphipoda / Claude De Broyer. - The Breeding Biology of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) and Notocrangon antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and Its Bearing on the Problems of the Impoverished Antarctic Decapod Fauna / J. Garrey H. Maxwell. - A Preliminary Investigation of the Lipids of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) at South Georgia / Andrew Clarke. - Some Additions to Schemes of the Vertical Zonation of Marine Bottom Fauna / A. P. Andriashev. - Quantitative Studies on the Soft-Bottom Macrobenthic Animal Communities of Shallow Antarctic Bays / V. A. Gallardo, J. G. Castillo, M. A. Retamal, A. Yáñez, H. l. Moyano, and J. G. Hermosilla. - Discussion. - Part Ill: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Physiology). - Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Animals / Bruce L. Umminger. - The Significance of Vertebrates in the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Richard M. Laws. - The Role of Glycoprotein Antifreezes in the Survival of Antarctic Fishes / Arthur L. DeVries and Yuan Lin. - New Cytological, Biochemical, and Physiological Data on the Colorless Blood of the Channichthyidae (Pisces, Teleosteans, Perciformes) / J. C. Hureau, J. M. Fine, M. Marneux, and D. Petit. - Respiratory and Circulatory Adaptations to the Absence of Hemoglobin in Chaenichthyid Fishes / Edvard A. Hemmingsen and Everett L. Douglas. - Thermo- and Osmoregulatory Responses Induced by Heating and Cooling the Rostral Brainstem of the Adelie Penguin / H. T. Hammel, J. E. Maggert, E. Simon, L. Crawshaw, and R. Kaul. - Body Temperature Regulation of the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri G.) During Physiological Fasting / Yvon Le Maho, Philippe Delclitte, and René Groscolas. - Cardiovascular Adaptations of the Giant Petrel, Macronectes giganteus, to the Antarctic Environment / David E. Murrish and Charles L. Guard. - Temperature Regulation in the Newborn Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli / R. Elsner, D. D. Hammond, D. M. Denison, and R. Wyburn. - Discussion. - Part IV: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Ecology). - Evolution Within Pelagic Ecosystems: Aspects of the Distribution and Evolution of the Family Myctophidae / Richard F. McGinnis. - Aspects of the Diet of the Antarctic Silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum / H. H. DeWitt and T. L. Hopkins. - The Bacterial Microflora in the Digestive Tracts of Penguins and Fishes from the Kerguelen Islands / R. Lesel and J. P. Menet. - The Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi), of Saint Paul and New Amsterdam Islands / T. Duroselle and B. Tollu. - Adaptive Significance of the Reoccupation Period of the Adelie Penguin / E. B. Spurr. - Interactions Between South Polar Skuas and Adelie Penguins / Dietland Müller-Schwarze and Christine Müller-Schwarze. - Comparative Feeding Ecology of the Giant Petrels Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin) and M. halli (Mathews) / G. W. Johnstone. - Feeding Methods in Seabirds: A Comparison of Polar and Tropical Nesting Communities in the Eastern Pacific Ocean / David G. Ainley. - Adaptations of Arctic Terns and Antarctic Terns Within Antarctic Ecosystems / D. F. Parmelee. - Distribution and Abundance of Seals in the Pack Ice of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean / James R. Gilbert and Albert W. Erickson. - Adaptations of Weddell and Ringed Seals to Exploit the Polar Fast Ice Habitat in the Absence or Presence of Surface Predators / Ian Stirling. - Food Consumption of Seals in the Antarctic Pack Ice / Torger Øritsland. - The Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Palmer Station, Antarctica / R. J. Hofman, R. A. Reichle, D. B. Siniff, and D. Müller-Schwarze. - Distribution of Toothed Whales in the Antarctic Ocean / Masaharu Nishiwaki. - Discussion. - Part V: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems. - Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems: Review and Synthesis / Ronald B. Heywood. - Production and Periodicity of Antarctic Freshwater Phytoplankton / J. J. Light. - Studies on Some Saline Lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica / K. R. Kerry, D. R. Grace, R. Williams, and H. R. Burton. - Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability to Plankton: and Benthic Communities in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Robert C. Hoehn, Bruce C. Parker, Richard D. Fortner, Barron L. Weand, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., and Jeffrey T. Whitehurst. - Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter, Photosynthetic Production, and Microbial Community Composition in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Bruce C. Parker, Robert C. Hoehn, Robert A. Paterson, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., Jeffrey T. Whitehurst, Richard D. Fortner, and Barron L. Weand. - Discussion. - Part VI: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. - Climatic Relationships in Antarctic and Northern Hemisphere Populations of a Cosmopolitan Moss, Bryum argenteum Hedw. / R. E. Longton and Marjorie A. Maclver. - The Growth of Mosses in Two Contrasting Communities in the Maritime Antarctic: Measurement and Pre , Includes some contributions in French

Note: Contents Preface Units and Numerical Values Chapter 1 A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE ATMOSPHERE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Origin and Composition of the Atmosphere 1.3 The Distribution of Atmospheric Mass and Gaseous Constituents 1.4 Charged Particles in the Atmosphere 1.5 The Temperature Distribution 1.6 Winds in the Earth's Atmosphere 1.7 Precipitation Problems Chapter 2 ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS 2.1 The Gas Laws 2.2 The Hydrostatic Equation and Its Applications 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.4 Latent Heats 2.5 Adiabatic Processes 2.6 Water Vapor in the Air 2.7 The Concept of Static Stability 2.8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 2.9 Thermodynamic Functions and Equilibrium Conditions Problems Chapter 3 EXTRATROPICAL SYNOPTIC-SCALE DISTURBANCES 3.1 The 500-mb Flow 3.2 Surface Weather Elements 3.3 Interpretation of Synoptic Surface Reports 3.4 Upper Level Structure 3.5 Thickness and Its Relationship to Vertical Structure Problems Chapter 4 ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES 4.1 Atmospheric Aerosol 4.2 Nucleation of Water Vapor Condensation 4.3 The Microstructure of Warm Clouds 4.4 Growth of Cloud Droplets in Warm Clouds 4.5 The Microphysics of Cold Clouds 4.6 Thunderstorms Problems Chapter 5 CLOUDS AND STORMS 5.1 Cloud Morphology 5.2 The Air-Mass Thunderstorm 5.3 Severe Storms 5.4 Hurricanes 5.5 Extratropical Cyclonic Storms 5.6 Artificial Modification of Clouds and Precipitation Problems Chapter 6 RADIATIVE TRANSFER 6.1 The Spectrum of Radiation 6.2 Absorption and Emission of Radiation by Molecules 6.3 Quantitative Description of Radiation 6.4 Blackbody Radiation 6.5 Absorptivity and Emissivity 6.6 Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Radiation 6.7 Atmospheric Absorption and Emission of lnfrared Radiation 6.8 Scattering of Solar Radiation 6.9 The Role of Radiative Transfer in the Global Energy Balance Problems Chapter 7 THE GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE 7.1 The Globally Averaged Atmospheric Energy Balance 7.2 The Energy Balance of the Upper Atmosphere 7.3 The Tropospheric Energy Balance 7.4 The Energy Balance at the Earth's Surface 7.5 Time Variations in the Energy Balance Problems Chapter 8 ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 8.1 Coordinate Systems 8.2 Apparent Forces in a Rotating Coordinate System 8.3 Real Forces 8.4 The Horizontal Equation of Motion 8.5 The Vertical Equation of Motion 8.6 The Thermal Wind 8.7 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation 8.8 The Continuity Equation 8.9 The Primitive Equations Problems Chapter 9 THE GENERAL CIR CU LA TION 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Absence of Rotation 9.3 The Influence of Planetary Rotation upon Thermally Driven Circulations 9.4 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Tropics 9.5 Baroclinic Disturbances 9.6 The Dissipation of Kinetic Energy 9.7 The Kinetic Energy Cycle 9.8 The Role of the Atmospheric General Circulation in the Hydrologic Cycle 9.9 The Atmospheric Transport of Energy 9.10 The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine Problems Index

Note: Preliminary remarks Papers of the Plenary Sessions Kautzleben, Heinz: Some Actual Problems in the Interpretation of Geodynamic Processes Massevitsch, A. G.: Results of Co-Operation in Section 6 of the Intercosmos Program Chovitz, Bernard H.: Monitoring Geodetic Networks by Space Techniques Mather, R. S.: Some Possibilities for Recovering Oceanographic Information from the SEASAT Missions Burša, Milan: Some Problems on the Dynamics of the Earth-Moon-System Treder, Hans-Jürgen: Nach-Newtonsche Korrekturen zur Dynamik des Systems Erde - Mond und ihre Bedeutung für die relativistischen Gravitationstheorien Eržanov, Z. S.: Secular Polar Motion of the Earth and its Parameters Computation from Artificial Satellites Observations Pellinen, L. P.: 1 Recent Possibilities for the Determination of the Geopotential from Terrestrial and Satellite Data Vyskočil, Pavel: Some Relationships between Vertical Recent Movements of the Earth's Surface and Deep Crustal Structure Bulygina, O. M.; Surnin, Ju. V.; Tatevjan, S. K.: Использование Метода "Коротких Дуг" для Опредения Координат Наземных Станций Montag, Horst; Gendt, Gerd: Coordinate Determination of Stations of the "Large Chords" Project by the Semidynamic Method Balmino, Georges; Reigber, Christoph; Moynot, Bernard: Further Evaluation of the GRIM 2 Earth Gravity Field Model

Note: Contents: Acknowledgements. - 1. Introduction. - Soviet climatological thought. - Content and organization of this volume. - References and further reading. - 2. General analysis of climatic controls. - Atmospheric circulation over the U.S.S.R. - Fronts, cyclones, and anticyclones. - Winter. - Summer. - Air masses and regionalization. - References and further reading. - 3. European U.S.S.R. and Western Siberia. - Definition of the region. - Circulation features. - Cyclogenesis and cyclone tracks. - Synoptic situations and associated air masses. - Air flows. - Air masses. - Moisture flux. - Subregions. - The south. - Nature of the region, Air masses, Cloudiness and precipitation, Wind, Weather types. - The central region. - Carpathians, Weather types. - The European northwest. - The European northeast. - The Urals. - Western Siberia. - The tundra zone, The forest zone, The steppe zone. - References and further reading. - 4. Eastern Siberia. - Definition of the region. - Pressure systems and weather. - Winter. - Spring. - Summer. - Autumn. - Regional description. - References and further reading. - 5. Far East. - Introduction. - Atmospheric circulation and precipitation processes. - Climatic regions. - The southwestern region. - The northeastern region. - References and further reading. - 6. Central Asia. - Definition of the region. - General atmospheric flow and synoptic processes. - Cyclonic storms. - Local winds. - Moisture conditions. - Precipitation regime. - Snow and ice. - Thunderstorms and hail. - Clouds and fog. - Thermal conditions. - References and further reading. - 7. The Caucasus. - Topography. - Atmospheric circulation. - Local circulations and associated weather. - Precipitation. - Sunshine, clouds, and precipitation frequencies. - Fog, snow, glaze, and thunderstorms. - Radiation and temperature. - Climatic regions of the Caucasus. - Northern Caucasus. - The high mountain zone of the Great Caucasus. - Western Transcaucasus. - Eastern Transcaucasus. - The Talysh region. - The Armenian Plateau and the Lesser Caucasus. - References and further reading. - 8. The thermal factor. - Radiation components. - Global radiation. - Direct and scattered radiation. - Reflectivity, absorption, and terrestrial radiation. - Heat balance at the earth's surface. - Radiation balance. - Heat expended on evaporation. - Turbulent heat exchange. - Heat advection. - Latent heat. - Sensible heat. - Temperature. - Temperature means. - Temperature anomalies. - Temperature variations. - Critical temperatures. - References and further reading. - 9. The moisture factor. - Atmospheric moisture content and moisture flux. - Moisture content and moisture flux over European U.S.S.R. - Humidity. - Clouds and fog. - Fog. - Precipitation. - Frequency, intensity, and duration. - Variability. - Precipitation type. - Thunderstorms and hail, Snow, Glaze and rime. - Water losses. - Evaporation. - Stream runoff. - Moisture balance, drought, and sukhovey. - References and further reading. - 10. Wind. - References and further reading. - 11. Climate distribution. - Classification schemes. - The Grigor'yev-Budyko scheme. - Moisture distribution. - Thermal distribution. - Climatic regions. - References and further reading. - Appendix - climatic tables. - Reference Index. - Geographical index. - Subject index.

Note: Use of Satellite Observations Sehnal, L., The Aerodynamic Lift in the Satellite Dynamics Ill, M., Über die Nord-Süd Asymmetrie der hohen Atmosphäre Иллеш-Алмар, Е. Анализ изменения плотности верхней атмосферы с 27-дневным циклом Кутаенко, Б.В., Оценка возможного повышения точности расчета положения ИСЗ при использовании прогнозируемых значений индексов геомагнитной возмущенности в солнечной активности Almár, L.; Horvath, A.; Illes-almár, E., New Results Concerning the Geomagnetic Effect in the Upper Atmosphere Vorbrich, K., Some Results of the Examination of the SBG Camera at Borowiec Георгиев, Н., Использование промежуточной орбиты ИЗС при решении геодезических задач Latka, Jan, The Determination of the Earth Gravity Field by use of Satellite Gradiometry Halme, Seppo J.; Paunonen, Matti; Sharma, A.B.R.; Kakkuri, Juhani; Kalliomäki, Kari (Presented by T.J. Kukkamäki), The Satellite Laser of Finland Neubert, Reinhart; Fischer, Harald, lmprovement of the Potsdam Laser Ranging Equipment Schillak, S.; Wnuk, E., Satellite Laser Ranging Station at Borowiec Hiršl, P.; Krajiček, V.; Pfeifer, M., Event Timer for the Second Generation Laser Radar Wilson, P.; Seeger, H.; Nottarp, K., The new Nd-YAG Laser-Ranging System for the Satellite Observation Station at Wettzell Hovorka, F.; Konrad, M., Utekal, J., Satellite Laser Ranging at Hradec Králové Mihaly, Sz., Possibilities in Improving Claseical Networks by Satellite Geodesy Батраков, Ю.В.; Никольская, Т.К., Об оптимальных условиях определения координат станций полудинамическим методом Stange, L.; Swiatek, K., On the Derivation of Long Terrestrial Distances from Laser Observations of Artificial Satellites Adam, J., Determination of Station Coordinates from Laser Observations Goral, Wladyslaw, Iterative Methods of Determination of Station Co-ordinates and Orbital Satellite Elements from DOPPLER Observations Halmos, F.; Szadeczky-Kardoss, Gy., Computation of Geodesics from Chord-Lengths Marek, K.-H.; Rehse, H., A Technology of Stellar Triangulation by Means of Balloon-Borne Beacons Кабелач, Йосеф, Триангуляция на высокие цели с помощью самолётов, если имеются направления и расстояния Хорват, А.; Хорват, П.; Петер, И., Дигитвизуальный телескоп для наблюдения ИСЗ Maase, E., Fernsehaufnahmesystem für die Ortung von Satelliten Stupak, T.; Vorbrich, K.; Wieckowski, J., Some Experiments with Satellite-Navigation Doppler Receivers Magnavox 'MX-902' and 'ITT-6001' Жагар, Ю.Х., Применение промежуточных орбит для прогнозирования движения ИСЗ Аксёнов, Е.П.; Вашковьяк, С.Н.; Емельянов, Н.В.; Определение орбит по по оптическим и лазерным наблюдениям Kostalecky, J., Tidal Movement of Satellite Stations Klokocnik, Jaroslaw, Determination of the Lumped Coefficients of 14th-Order from the Inclination Changes of the Interkosmos 9 and 10 Satellites Прилепин, М.Т., Заболотный, Н.С., Уточнение поправок на влтяегте атмосферы при изучении колебаний полюса Земли Swierkowska, Stanislawa, Stellar Testing Catalogue Kurzynska, Krystyna, The Influence of Refraction on Positional Observations of Earth's Artificial Satellites Касименко, Т.В.; Янковская, И.А., Исследование вариаций плотности атмосферы Земли по торможению спутника "Ореол" Adam, J., Accuracy Investigation of Simultaneous Photographic and Laser Observations of Artificial Satellites Hiršl, Petr, Retroreflector Shape - One of the Sources of Errors Gesamtinhaltsverzeichnis

Note: Global and Planetary Dynamics of the Earth Grafarend, E.; Hauer, K., The Equlibrium Figure of the Earth Burša, Milan, Gravity Field of Mars Tscherning, C.C., Models for the Auto- and Cross Covariances between Maas Density Anomalies and First and Second Order Derivatives of the Anomalous Potential of the Earth Holota, Petr Determination of the Free Boundary in Potential Theory, the Boundary Problem of Physical Geodesy Cannon, W.H.; Langley, R.B.; Petrachenko, W.T., Transatlantic Geodesy by Long Baseline Interferometry Jochmann, H., The Determination of the Length of the Chandler-Wobble by Comparison of the Astronomie Determined Annual Period of Polar Motion with the Period Calculated from Air Maas Shifts Hristov, Wladimir K., Bemerkungen zur Ableitung der Bewegung des Poles und der Weltzeit 1 Groten, E.; Schaab, H., Alternative Determinations of Geodetic Datum Shifts Barta, György, The Surface Mass Distribution of the Earth and the Geoid Figure Groten, E., Über den deterministischen Anteil am Geoid in Zentraleuropa im Zusammenhang mit plattentektonischen Aspekten Dobaczewska, Weneda, The Geoid Problem in Nowadays Works Dufour, H.M., Formule de WHITTAKER pour le calcul du potentiel terrestre Lelgemann, D., On the Definition of the Listing-Geoid taking into Consideration Different Height Systems Бодри, Б.; Бодри Л., Динамические влияния жидкого ядра на суточные земные приливы Перцев, Б.П., Влияние морских приливов на гравиметрические земноприливные наблюдения в Восточной Европе Schneider, Martin Manfred; Simon Dietrich, Investigations of Earth Tides at Tiefenort Harwardt, Hans; Simon, Dietrich, Ein druckgekapseltes Drahtstrainmeter für präzise geophysikalische Messungen Altmann, W.; Dittfeld, H.-J., Results of Earth Tide Observations at the Gravimetric Observatory Potsdam Schmitz-Hübsch, Harald, Das Oberbayerische Testnetz für Erdgezeiten - Erstvermessung von 1970-1975 - Elstner, Cl.; Harnisch, G.; Altmann, W.; Conrad, W., Results of High Precision Gravity Measurements along W-E Gravity Profile in GDR Area, in the Period 1970-1975 Gerstenecker, C., Zur Messung des vertikalen Schweregradienten Völgyesi, L., Interpolation of Deflection of the Vertical from Horizontal Gradients of Gravity Galas, Roman, On Some Analysis of Filtered Latitude Variations Ponomarev, D.; Wächter, S., Analyse der Dresdner Breitenbeobachtungen auf systematische Deklinationskorrektionen Dittrich, Johannes; Felsmann, Eva, Untersuchungen zur Jahreswelle in den Breitenbestimmungen aua PZT-Beobachtungen in Potsdam Hurnik, Hieronim, Some Experience with the Electronic Level Kołaczek, B., Application ot the Lunar Laser Ranging Technique for Determinations of the Earth Rotation in View of Accuracy of Computed Topocentric Distances of Lunar Retroreflectors Thurm, H., Bestimmung regionaler horizontaler Krustendeformationen im Süden der DDR aus älteren Triangulationen Harnisch, G., Zur Autokorrelationsfunktion der rezenten vertikalen Krustenbewegungen im Gebiet der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Rother, K.; Wiegank, F., Zur Dynamik der Erdkruste in Europa anhand einer Interpretation paläomagnetischer Daten Meier, S., Rezente Eismassen-, Schwere- und Lotänderungen in der Ostantarktis und ihre möglichen Ursachen Anger, Gottfried, Uniquely Determined Mass Distributions in Inverse Problems Schwahn, W., Stochastic Source Models as the Base for the Statistical Treatment of Geophysical Potential Fields Arnold, K.; Schoeps, D., Lateral Inhomogeneities of the Density in the Upper Mantle of the Earth Ostrocsky, A.E., Long-Period Waves and Tilts of Earth Surtace Preceding Strong Earthquake Парийский, Н.Н; Перцев, Б.П., Учет сил инерции при анализе земнопрнливных наблюдений

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Mit Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Abstract. - Acknowledgments. - List of Figures. - List of Plates. - List of Tables. - Value of Microparticle Studies. - Reasons for Variations in Particle Concentration. - Laboratory Techniques. - Particle Concentration and Size Distribution. - Sample Preparation. - Contamination. - Particle Counters. - Laboratory Procedures. - Particle Composition. - Sample Preparation. - Types of Particles and Their Seasonal Variation. - Particle Types. - Variations of Particle Concentrations. - Antarctic Peninsula. - Marie Byrd Land. - Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. - Annual Layers in Deep Ice Cores. - Chronologies for the Byrd and Camp Century Deep Ice Cores. - The Byrd Station Deep Ice Core. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - The Camp Century Deep Ice Core. - Vertical Strain Rates. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - Morphology and Elemental Composition of Microparticles. - Data Analysis. - Results. - Discussion. - The Relationships Among Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Microparticle Variations Over Millennial Time Invervals. - Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Discussion. - Is There A Relationship Between Volcanic Activity and Climatic Change?. - General. - Theory. - Supportive Evidence. - Cycles. - Discussion. - Suggestions for Future Work. - Conclusions. - References. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - Appendix C. - Appendix D.

Note: Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents 1. Introductory Remarks on Remote Sensing / E. SCHANDA 1.1 Application Areas of Remote Sensing 1.2 Sensing Systems 1.3 Remote Sensing and Spectral Constraints 2. Aerospace Photography / A. E. SALERNO 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Characteristics of Photographic Process 2.2.1 Sensitometry General 2.2.2 The Characteristic Curve 2.2.3 Development Control 2.2.4 Exposure Control 2.2.5 Film Speed 2.2.6 Reciprocity Law Anomalies 2.2.7 Density Measurement 2.2.8 Measurement of Color 2.2.9 Tone Reproduction Theory 2.2.10 Spectral Sensitivity 2.2.11 Resolution 2.2.12 Granularity 2.2.13 Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties 2.3 Cameras and Films 2.3.1 Cameras (General) 2.3.2 Aerial Cameras — Common Features 2.3.3 Optical System 2.3.4 Calibration 2.3.5 Image Motion 2.3.6 Hand Held Cameras 2.3.7 Special Cameras 2.3.8 Film (General) 2.3.9 Aerial Photographic Materials 2.3.10 Black-and-White Camera Films 2.3.11 Color Camera Films 2.4 Photographic Attributes of Earth Sciences 2.4.1 Agriculture 2.4.2 Geography and Geology 2.4.3 Hydrology and Oceanography 2.4.4 Anomalies, Atmospheric 2.4.5 Factors Affecting the Photo Image 2.4.6 Image Formation on Color Film 2.4.7 Processing of Color Film 2.4.8 Photo Systems, Choice 2.4.9 Image Enhancement Procedure Bibliography 3. Infrared Sensing Methods / P. W. SCHAPER 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Infrared Radiation Field 3.3 Fundamentals of Measurement 3.4 Methods of Measurement 3.4.1 The Single Element Radiometer 3.4.2 Imaging Radiometers 3.4.3 Multi Wavelength Channel Radiometers 3.4.4 Spectrometers 3.4.5 Interferometers 3.5 Applications 3.6 Data Interpretation Error Sources 3.7 Expectations of the Near Future References 4. Laser Applications in Remote Sensing / R.T.H. COLLIS and P. B. RUSSELL 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Scope and Definitions 4.1.2 Technical Approaches 4.2 Fundamentals of Physical Processes Involved 4.2.1 Specular Reflection and Elastic (Non-resonant) Scattering 4.2.2 Inelastic and Resonant Scattering 4.2.3 Resonant Absorption 4.2.4 Doppler Effects 4.2.5 Polarization 4.3 Instrumentation 4.3.1 System Concepts 4.3.2 System Configuration 4.3.3 Lasers 4.3.4 Photodetection 4.3.5 Eye Safety 4.3.6 Viewpoint of Remote Sensing 4.4 Applications 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Backscattering Techniques - Non-resonant Elastic Scattering 4.4.3 Inelastic and Resonant Backscattering 4.4.4 Resonant Absorption 4.4.5 Doppler Techniques 4.4.6 Polarization References 5. Radar Methods / G.P. DE LOOR 5.1 General Aspects 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Resolution 5.1.3 Image Build-up; Flight Procedure 5.1.4 Parallax 5.1.5 Image Correction 5.1.6 Registration of the Radar Signals 5.2 Backgrounds 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 The Radar Equation 5.2.3 Ground Returns 5.3 Applications 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Geography 5.3.3 Geology 5.3.4 Vegetation Studies 5.3.5 Sea, Coastal and Oceanographic Studies 5.4 Conclusion References 6. Passive Microwave Sensing / E. SCHANDA 6.1 Principles of Passive Microwave Remote Sensing 6.1.1 Physical Fundamentals of Microwave Radiometry 6.1.2 Semitransparent Media 6.1.3 The Effects of the Atmosphere 6.2 Instrumental Aspects of Microwave Radiometry 6.2.1 The Sensitivity of a Microwave Radiometer 6.2.2 Other Types of Radiometers 6.2.3 Angular Resolution and Range of Passive Microwave Sensing 6.2.4 Realisations of Microwave Radiometers 6.3 Emissive Properties of Materials on the Surface of the Earth 6.3.1 Plane Surfaces of Homogeneous Materials 6.3.2 Heterogeneous Media 6.3.3 Rough Surfaces 6.3.4 Various Investigations on Emissivities 6.4 Remote Determination of Atmospheric Constituents by Their Micro-wave Spectra 6.4.1 The Absorption Coefficients of the Line Spectra 6.4.2 Determinations of Height Profiles 6.5 Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Water, Ice and Snow 6.5.1 Investigations of Water Surfaces 6.5.2 Investigations of Ice and Snow 6.6 Investigations of the Soil, Vegetation and Geological Features 6.7 Investigations of the Atmosphere and of Meteorological Features 6.7.1 Sounding of Atmospheric Constituents from Molecular Line Radiation 6.7.2 Observation of Meteorological Features References 7. Applications of Gamma Radiation in Remote Sensing / R.L. GRASTY 7.1 The Natural Gamma-radiation Field 7.2 Gamma-ray Detector Systems 7.3 Operational Procedures 7.3.1 Background Radiation 7.3.2 Height Correction 7.3.3 Calibration and Spectral Stripping 7.4 Applications 7.4.1 Mineral Exploration 7.4.2 Geological Mapping 7.4.3 Water-equivalent Snow Measurements 7.4.4 Soil Moisture Measurement 7.4.5 Monitoring Nuclear Facilities 7.5 Future Prospects References 8. Sonar Methods / D.J. CREASEY 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Propagation of Acoustic Energy 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 Absorption Losses in Water 8.2.3 Beam Bending in Water 8.2.4 Propagation in Air 8.3 The Sonar Equation 8.3.1 Transducers and Arrays 8.3.2 Noise and Reverberation 8.3.3 Signal to Noise Ratio and Signal to Reverberation Ratio 8.3.4 Interference Signals in Air 8.4 Factors Affecting Resolution in a Sonar System 8.4.1 General 8.4.2 Range Resolution 8.4.3 Bearing Resolution 8.4.4 Doppler Effect in Sonar 8.5 Applications 8.5.1 Echo Sounding 8.5.2 Sonars with Fixed Beams 8.5.3 Mechanically Rotated Sonar Array Systems 8.5.4 Side-scan Sonars 8.5.5 Sub-bottom Profiling Systems 8.5.6 Sonars with Sectors Scanned Electronically 8.5.7 Remote Sensing Application of Sonar in Air References 9. Digital Picture Processing / PH. HARTL 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 General Remarks 9.1.2 Relation between Image and Real Scene 9.1.3 Enhancement and Filtering 9.2 The Elements of an Image Data Processing and Analysis System 9.2.1 Data Acquisition Subsystem 9.2.2 Data Handling Subsystem 9.2.3 Data Preprocessing Subsystem 9.2.4 Data Storage and Retrieval Subsystem 9.3 Geometric Corrections 9.3.1 Linear Transformations 9.3.2 Quadratic and Higher Order Transformations 9.3.3 Reference Marks 9.3.4 Image Gridding 9.3.5 Image Registration 9.3.6 Geometric Correction Concepts 9.4 Image Enhancement and Filtering Processes 9.4.1 Enhancement Processes 9.4.2 Image Smoothing 9.4.3 Image Sharpening 9.4.4 Matched Filters 9.4.5 Ratio Mapping and Generalization of Image Combination Procedures 9.4.6 Pseudocolor Transformation 9.5 Feature Extraction and Classification 9.5.1 Spectral Features 9.5.2 Spatial Features 9.5.3 The Decision Process 9.5.4 The Decision Criteria 9.5.5 Unsupervised Classification 9.5.6 Recognizing of Bridges, Rivers, Lakes, and Islands 9.6 Appendix 1: The Image Signal in Spatial and Frequency Domain 9.6.1 Signals in the Spatial Domain 9.6.2 Signals in the Frequency Domain 9.7 Appendix 2: Numerical Example for Texture-context Features References Subject Index Color Plates

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft : Antarktika Enderby-Land = Gory Nemecko-Sovetskoj Družby : Antarktika Zemlja Ėnderbi 〈1 : 10 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Rezjume Abstract Teil I: Allgemeiner Teil 1. Arbeitsprogramm und Arbeitsgebiet (S. MEIER) 1.1. Arbeitsprogramm 1.2. Meßmethoden 1.3. Hauptarbeitsgebiet Hays-Gletscher 1.4. Lokale Eiskappe von Molodežnaja 1.5. Vergleichsobjekt Campbell-Gletscher 2. Expeditionsverlauf (K. DRESZLER) 3. Ausrüstung (K. DRESZLER) 4. Klimatische Bedingungen (K. DRESZLER) Teil II: Meßverfahren und -ergebnisse 1. Geodätische und kartographische Grundlagen 1.1. Festpunkte (R. EGER) 1.2. Kartenunterlagen (K. DRESZLER) 2. Geodätisch-glaziologische Traverse 2.1. Erkundung und Signalisierung (S. MEIER} 2.1.1. Verlauf der Traverse 2.1.2. Erkundung, Punktabstand 2.1.3. Signalisierung 2.2. Lagemessung und trigonometrische Höhenübertragung 2.2.1. Streckenmessung 2.2.2. Winkelmessung 2.2.3. Technologischer Ablauf 2.2.4. Auswertung der Messungsergebnisse 2.3. Astronomische Beobachtungen (R. DIETRICH) 2.4. Deformationsraten (S. MEIER) 2.5. Barometrisches Höhenprofil (R. DIETRICH) 2.5.1. Zielstellung 2.5.2. Das Meßverfahren 2.5.3. Diskussion der Fehlereinflüsse 2.5.3.1. Fehler im angenommenen theoretischen Modell 2.5.3.2. Fehler bei der praktischen Messung 2.5.4. Ergebnisse 2.6. Oberflächenneigungen (S. MEIER) 2.7. Photogrammetrische Geländeaufnahmen (K. DRESZLER) 2.7.1. Zunge des Hays-Gletschers 2.7. 2. Einzugsgebiet des Hays-Gletschers 2.8. Glaziologische Arbeiten (S. MEIER) 2.8.1. Ziel der Feldarbeiten 2.8.2. Pegelablesungen 2.8.3. Überblick über Firnaufgrabungen. Firnschichtung 2.8.4. Dichtemessungen 2.8.5. Firntemperaturmessungen 2.8.6. Akkumulationsraten und -profile 2.8.7. Oberflächenbeobachtungen 3. Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 3.1. Photogrammetrjsche Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher (K. DRESZLER) 3.2. Auswertung photogrammetrischer Bewegungsmessungen (S. MEIER) 3.2.1. Auswerteziel 3.2.2. Auswertefolge 3.2.3. Besonderheiten 3.2.4. Ergebnisse 3.2.5. Meßfehler 3.3. Trigonometrische Bewegungsmessungen am Campbell-Gletscher (R. EGER) 4. Eisdickenmessungen und Meereslotungen 4.1. Ergebnisse von Radarsondierungen (Messung V. I. CUDAKOV) G. W. TREPOV, Bearbeitung S. MEIER) 4.2. Ergebnisse von Gravimetermessungen (Messung N.D. TRETJAKOV, Bearbeitung C. OELSRER) 4.3. Drahtlotung Spooner-Bucht (S. MEIER) 5. Sonderarbeiten 5.1. Results of meteorological Observations at Camp Abendberg and during the oversnow traverses (E. KAUP) 5.1.1. Meteorological observations at Camp Abendberg 5.1.2. Meteorological Observations during the oversnow traverses 5.2. Küstennahe Ablation und temperierte Firnschicht (S. MEIER) 5.3. Analyse der Sedimentprobe vom Boden der Spooner-Bucht (J. ELIDBERG, F. FALK) 5.4. Refraktionsbeobachtungen (R. EGER) 5.4.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 5.4.2. Beobachtungsergebnisse 5.5. Untersuchungen zur barometrischen Höhenbestimmung von Einzelpunkten (R. DIETRICH) 5.5.1. Einführung 5.5.2. Beobachtungsverfahren und -geräte 5.5.3. Auswertungsmethode 5.5.4. Ergebnisse 5.5.5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen 5.6. Topographische Aufnahme der Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft (K. DRESZLER) 5.6.1. Allgemeine Beschreibung 5.6.2. Topographische Aufnahme 5.6.3. Photogrammetrische Auswertung 5.6.4. Kartographische Arbeiten (H. BRUNNER) 5.6.5. Ergebnis Teil IIIa Glaziologische Ergebnisse der Feldarbeiten (S. MEIER) 1. Topographie und Orographie 1.1. Topographie der Eisoberfläche 1.2. Topographie des Felsuntergrundes. Eisdicken 1.3. Abflußgebiete. Gletschergrenzen 1.4. Frontlagen und -höhen 2. Eisbewegung und Deformation 2.1. Frühere Beobachtungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 2.2. Geschwindigkeitsfeld Hays-Gletscher 2.3. Querkontraktion und Längsdilatation 2.4. Zeitliche Bewegungsschwankungen 2.5. Bewegung der schwimmenden Zunge und Kalbungsrhythmus 2.6. Geschwindigkeit und Kalbungsrhythmus des Campbell-Gletschers 3. Eigenschaften des Oberflächenfirns 3.1. Temperaturen und Temperaturgradienten 3.2. Dichte, Härte, Schichtung 3.3. Vorherrschende Winde und Schneedrift 4. Komponenten des Massenhaushalts 4.1. Schneeakkumulation 1972 4.2. Schneeablation 1972/73 4.3. Eisausstoß 5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen Literatur Anlagen Kartenbeilage , Zusammenfassung in russischer Sprache , Text teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Preface. - ATLANTIC. - New transfer function for estimating past sea-surface conditions from sea-bed distribution of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages in the North Atlantic / Nilva G. Kipp. - Glacial North Atlantic 18,000 years ago: a CLIMAP reconstruction / Andrew Mclntyre and Nilva G. Kipp with Allen W. H. Bé, Thomas Crowley, Thomas Kellogg, James V. Gardner, Warren Prell, and William F. Ruddiman. - Late Quaternary climatic changes: Evidence from deep-sea cores of Norwegian and Greenland Seas / Thomas B. Kellogg. - Northeast Atlantic paleoclimatic changes over the past 600,000 years / W. F. Ruddiman and A. Mclntyre. - O18 record of the Atlantic Ocean for the entire Pleistocene Epoch / Jan van Donk. - Late Quaternary climatic record in western equatorial Atlantic sediment / Allan W. H. Bé, John E. Damuth, Leroy Lott, and Rosemary Free. - Late Pleistocene faunal and temperature patterns of the Colombia Basin, Caribbean Sea / Warren L. Prell and James D. Hays. - Responses of sea-surface temperature and circulation to global climatic change during the past 200,000 years in the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean / James V. Gardner and James D. Hays. - Equatorial Atlantic and Caribbean foraminiferal assemblages, temperatures, and circulation: Interglacial and glacial comparisons / Warren L. Prell, James V. Gardner, Allan W. H. Bé, and James D. Hays. - Corresponding patterns of contemporary pollen and vegetation in central North America / T. Webb III and J. H. McAndrews. - ANTARCTIC. - Relationship of radiolarian assemblages to sediment types and physical oceanography in the Atlantic and western Indian Ocean sectors of the Antarctic Ocean / Jose A. Lozano and James D. Hays. - Reconstruction of the Atlantic and western Indian Ocean sectors of the 18,000 B.P. Antarctic Ocean / James D. Hays, Jose A. Lozano, Nicholas Shackleton, and Grace Irving. - PACIFIC. - Late Quaternary sediment of the Panama Basin: Sedimentation rates, periodicities, and controls of carbonate and opal accumulation / Nicklas G. Pisias. - Late Quaternary accumulation rates of opal, quartz, organic carbon, and calcium carbonate in the Cascadia Basin area, northeast Pacific / G. Ross Heath, Ted C. Moore, Jr., and J. Paul Dauphin. - Glacial advance in the Gulf of Alaska area implied by ice-rafted material / Roland von Huene, Jim Crouch, and Edwin Larson. - Modern Pacific coccolith assemblages: Derivation and application to late Pleistocene paleotemperature analysis / Kurt R. Geitzenauer, Michael B. Roche, and Andrew Mclntyre. - Oxygen-isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Pacific core V28-239 late Pliocene to latest Pleistocene / N. J. Shackleton and N. D. Opdyke.

Note: Contents Preface CHAPTER 1. AIR TEMPERATURE AND SENSIBLE HEAT TRANSFER 1.1. Methods of temperature measurement 1.2. Sources of error in temperature measurement 1.3. Sensor thermal inertia Experiment I. Thermal inertia of a thermometer Experiment II. Measurement of the heat transfer coefficient for a plane surface 1.4. The effect of radiation on temperature sensors Experiment III. Effect of radiation on shielded thermometers 1.5. Electrical resistance thermometers Experiment IV. The dissipation of heat from a resistance thermometer 1.6, A ventilated shield for resistance thermometers CHAPTER 2. SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION 2.1. Specific intensity and radiant flux density 2.2. Radiation scales 2.3. The fluxes of solar and terrestrial radiation Experiment V. The measurement of radiation by a thermometric method 2.4. Radiation instruments Experiment VI. Calibration of a pyranometer against a pyrheliometer 2.5. Lambert's or the Cosine Law Experiment VII. Cosine response of a radiometer 2.6. Direct beam and diffuse calibrations for a radiometer Experiment VIII. Dependence of albedo on solar elevation 2. 7. Radiation measurements over finite plane surfaces Experiment IX. Measurement of the albedo over finite surfaces Experiment X. The measurement of long- and short-wave radiation fluxes Experiment XI. A basic pyrheliometer 2.8. The extra-terrestrial solar flux Experiment XII. Determination of the solar constant CHAPTER 3. AIR AND WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE 3.1. Atmospheric pressure 3.2. Liquid column barometers Experiment XIII. A short water barometer 3.3. Aneroid barometers Experiment XIV. The isothermal atmosphere 3.4. Atmospheric humidity 3.5. Parameters specifying humidity 3.6. The mEasurement of humidity Experiment XV. Observation of the dew point Experiment XVI. The hair hygrometer 3.7. Ory- and wet-bulb thermometry and the psychrometer Experiment XVII. The ventilated wet-bulb thermometer Experiment XVIII. Measurement of the Bowen ratio CHAPTER 4. WIND VELOCITY AND TURBULENT TRANSFER 4.1. Methods of wind speed measurement Experiment XIX. The comparison of anemometers 4.2. The wind velocity profile in the atmospheric boundary layer Experiment XX. Observation of the mean wind profile Experiment XXI. The effect of obstructions on the wind profile Experiment XXII. Determination of momentum transfer by the eddy correlation method 4.3. The scale of turbulence Experiment XXIII. The time scale of turbulent fluctuations 4.4. Turbulent transfer Experiment XXIV. Turbulent transfer of heat and water vapour CHAPTER 5. GROUND TEMPERATURE AND HEAT CONDUCTION 5.1. Methods of ground temperature measurement 5.2. Thermo-electric effects 5.3. The theory of ground heat conduction Experiment XXV. Determination of thermal diffusivity from temperature profile observation Experiment XXVI. Diurnal temperature and heat flux waves in the ground 5.4. Heat flux meters 5.5. Thermopiles Experiment XXVII. Calibration of a heat flux meter Experiment XXVIII. Comparison of temperature and heat flux waves CHAPTER 6. ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE MODELLING OF THERMAL PROCESSES 6.1. Steady state heat conduction 6.2. The performance of a heat flux meter Experiment XXIX. Analysis of the steady state response of a heat flux meter - using conducting paper 6.3. Thermal diffusion Experiment XXX. Modelling of temperature waves in the ground 6.4. Simulation of latent heat processes Experiment XXXI. The growth of ice floating on water 6.5. Sensible heat transfer in the atmospheric boundary layer 6.6. Long-wave radiation transfer simulation Experiment XXXII. A micro-meteorological model REFERENCES INDEX