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  • Other Sources  (262)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (262)
  • Air Transportation and Safety  (182)
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  • 1
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    Cohesive ARMD Full UAS Integration Strategy (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-01
    Description: Introduction / Background; Current Landscape and Future Vision; UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System) Demand and Key Challenges; UAS Airspace Access Pillars and Enablers; Overarching UAS Community Strategy; Long Term Vision Considerations; Recommendations and Next Steps.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: DFRC-E-DAA-TN39927 , UAS in the NAS Group; 24 Mar. 2017; Edwards, CA; United States
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  • 2
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    The Way Forward for New and Current Users - Workshop Intro-Uncontrolled Airspace Commercial Space Traffic Management (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-15
    Description: We are discussing needs of current and future airspace users and identifying implications for architecture and services.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43857 , The Way Forward for New and Current Airspace Users; 20 Jun. 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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  • 3
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    Environmental Enrichment in the ISS Rodent Habitat Hardware System (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-07
    Description: Responses of animals exposed to microgravity during in-space experiments were observed via available video recording stored in the NASA Ames Life Sciences Data Archive. These documented observations of animal behavior, as well as the range and level of activities during spaceflight, demonstrate that weightlessness conditions and the extreme novelty of the surroundings may exert damaging psychological stresses on the inhabitants. In response to a recognized need for in-flight animals to improve their wellbeing we propose to reduce such stresses by shaping and interrelating structures and surroundings to satisfying vital physiological needs of inhabitants. A Rodent Habitat Hardware System (RHHS) based housing facility incorporating a tubing network system, to maintain and monitor rodent health environment with advanced accessories has been proposed. Placing mice in a tubing-configured environment creates more natural space-restricted nesting environment for rodents, thereby facilitating a more comfortable transition to living in microgravity. A sectional tubing structure of the RHHS environment will be more beneficial under microgravity conditions than the provision of a larger space area that is currently utilized. The new tubing configuration was found suitable for further incorporation of innovative monitoring technology and accessories in the animal holding habitat unit which allow to monitor in real-time monitoring of valuable health related biological parameters under weightlessness environment of spaceflight.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN50007
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  • 4
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    UTM Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-18
    Description: Conduct research, development and testing to identify airspace operations requirements to enable large-scale visual and beyond visual line of sight UAS operations in the low-altitude airspace. Use build-a-little-test-a-little strategy remote areas to urban areas Low density: No traffic management required but understanding of airspace constraints. Cooperative traffic management: Understanding of airspace constraints and other operations. Manned and unmanned traffic management: Scalable and heterogeneous operations. UTM construct consistent with FAAs risk-based strategy. UTM research platform is used for simulations and tests. UTM offers path towards scalability.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN38460 , Aerophilia 2017; 27-28 Jan. 2017; Manglore; India
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  • 5
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    Trajectory Based Operations Services Overview (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2017-11-29
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN46065
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  • 6
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    Synchronization of Human Autonomic Nervous System Rhythms with Geomagnetic Activity in Human Subjects (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-08
    Description: A coupling between geomagnetic activity and the human nervous system's function was identified by virtue of continuous monitoring of heart rate variability (HRV) and the time-varying geomagnetic field over a 31-day period in a group of 10 individuals who went about their normal day-to-day lives. A time series correlation analysis identified a response of the group's autonomic nervous systems to various dynamic changes in the solar, cosmic ray, and ambient magnetic field. Correlation coefficients and p values were calculated between the HRV variables and environmental measures during three distinct time periods of environmental activity. There were significant correlations between the group's HRV and solar wind speed, Kp, Ap, solar radio flux, cosmic ray counts, Schumann resonance power, and the total variations in the magnetic field. In addition, the time series data were time synchronized and normalized, after which all circadian rhythms were removed. It was found that the participants' HRV rhythms synchronized across the 31-day period at a period of approximately 2.5 days, even though all participants were in separate locations. Overall, this suggests that daily autonomic nervous system activity not only responds to changes in solar and geomagnetic activity, but is synchronized with the time-varying magnetic fields associated with geomagnetic field-line resonances and Schumann resonances.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN56494 , International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1661-7827) (e-ISSN 1660-4601); 14; 7; 770
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  • 7
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    The Underpinnings of Workload in Unmanned Vehicle Systems (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-03
    Description: This paper identifies and characterizes factors that contribute to operator workload in unmanned vehicle systems. Our objective is to provide a basis for developing models of workload for use in design and operation of complex human-machine systems. In 1986, Hart developed a foundational conceptual model of workload, which formed the basis for arguably the most widely used workload measurement techniquethe NASA Task Load Index. Since that time, however, there have been many advances in models and factor identification as well as workload control measures. Additionally, there is a need to further inventory and describe factors that contribute to human workload in light of technological advances, including automation and autonomy. Thus, we propose a conceptual framework for the workload construct and present a taxonomy of factors that can contribute to operator workload. These factors, referred to as workload drivers, are associated with a variety of system elements including the environment, task, equipment and operator. In addition, we discuss how workload moderators, such as automation and interface design, can be manipulated in order to influence operator workload. We contend that workload drivers, workload moderators, and the interactions among drivers and moderators all need to be accounted for when building complex, human-machine systems.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2017-219482 , ARC-E-DAA-TN40243
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  • 8
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    Bone and Cartilage Degeneration in Mice Following Long-Duration Spaceflight: The Role of Bone Marrow Stem Cells (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-26
    Description: The detrimental effects of mechanical unloading in microgravity, including the musculo-skeletal system, are well documented. However, the effects of mechanical unloading on joint health and the interaction between bone and cartilage specifically, are less well known. Our ongoing studies with the mouse bone model have identified the failure of normal stem cell-based tissue regeneration, in addition to tissue degeneration, as a significant concern for long-duration spaceflight, especially in the mesenchymal and hematopoietic tissue lineages. Furthermore, we have identified the cell cycle arrest molecule, CDKN1ap21, as specifically up-regulated during spaceflight exposure and localized to osteoprecursors on the bone surface and chondroprogenitors in articular cartilage that are both required for normal tissue regeneration. The 30-day BionM1 and 37-day Rodent Research 1 (RR1) missions enabled the possibility of studying these effects in long-duration microgravity experiments. We hypothesized that the inhibition of stem cell-based tissue regeneration in short-duration spaceflight would continue during long-duration spaceflight resulting in significant tissue alterations and we specifically studied the hip joint (pelvis and proximal femur) to elucidate these effects. To test this hypothesis we analyzed bone and bone marrow stem cells using techniques including high-resolution Microcomputed Tomography (MicroCT), in-vivo differentiation and migration assays, and whole transcriptome expression profiling. We found that exposure to spaceflight for 30 days results in a significant decrease in bone volume fraction (-31), trabecular thickness (-14) and trabecular number (-20). Similar decrements in bone volume fraction (-27), trabecular number (-13) and trabecular thickness (-17) were found in female mice exposed to 37 days spaceflight. Furthermore, high-resolution MicroCT and immunohistochemical analysis of spaceflight tissues revealed a severe disruption of the epiphyseal boundary, resulting in endochondral ossification of the femoral head and perforation of articular cartilage by bone. This suggests that spaceflight in microgravity may cause rapid induction of an aging-like phenotype with signs of osteoarthritic disease in the hip joint. Microarray analysis also revealed that the top pathways altered during spaceflight include activation of matrix metalloproteinases, oxidative stress signaling and inflammation in both whole bone tissue and isolated bone marrow stem cells. In conclusion, the observed inhibition of stem cell-based tissue regeneration persists during long-duration spaceflight. Furthermore, spaceflight mice exhibit disruption of the epiphyseal boundary and endochondral ossification of the femoral head, and an inhibition of stem cell based tissue regeneration, which, taken together, may indicate onset of an accelerated aging phenotype with signs of osteoarthritic disease.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43927 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 9
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    The Effects of CDKN1a/p21 on Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function During Long Duration Spaceflight (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-26
    Description: Broad tissue degeneration and the failure of normal tissue regenerative processes in microgravity because of mechanical unloading are increasing concerns for sustaining life in space as the duration of future flight missions increases. Work in our laboratory has identified normal adult stem cell-based tissue regenerative processes, such as the formation of new bone, cartilage, and immune cells, as being particularly sensitive to the stresses of mechanical unloading in microgravity. Our studies have also identified the inhibition of differentiation of marrow mesenchymal stem cells and activation of CDKN1ap21-mediated cell cycle arrest in proliferative osteoprecursor cells on the bone surface as potential mechanisms for spaceflight-induced skeletal changes. This finding, in combination with the role of CDKN1ap21 as a suppressor of mammalian tissue regeneration, suggests that this gene could be responsible for suppressing stem cell-based tissue regeneration in response to disuse. In this work, we hypothesized that CDKN1ap21 regulates regenerative bone formation in response to alterations in mechanical load and tested this hypothesis by studying the skeletal phenotype and stem cell regenerative ability of juvenile (4-11 weeks old) and adult (18 weeks-12 months old) p21 (--) knockout (KO) mice. Additionally, we analyzed bone micro-architectural properties, bone formation rates and differentiation capacity of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) from male and female KO mice exposed to hindlimb unloading (HU) for 15-30 days. We found that juvenile KO mice exhibited increased femoral trabecular and cortical bone formation, whilst three-point bending of the tibias from KO mice showed decreased bone stiffness. Conversely, adult KO mice exhibited no significant differences in micro-architectural properties compared to WT (wild-type) but woven bone structure was indicative of rapid bone remodeling. Furthermore, cortical bone properties showed similar characteristics to aged bone, including increased cross-sectional area and perimeter, whilst three-point bending showed increased stiffness and toughness. Interestingly, in-vitro, KO mice exhibited increased differentiation and mineralized nodule formation in osteoblastogenesis assays compared to WT. Preliminary results from CDKN1ap21 KO mice subjected to HU suggest altered sensitivity to mechanical unloading resulting in decreased cortical thickness compared to WT mice. However, KO mice subjected to short and long-duration HU show increased in-vitro differentiation potential of BMSCs to from form mature, mineral-forming osteoblasts, indicating maintenance of regenerative potential. Analysis of bone formation rates, cell proliferation rates and key genes of interest are currently underway. These results indicate a novel role for CDKN1ap21 in load-dependent osteoprogenitor proliferation and differentiation and that deletion of CDKN1ap21 results in an age-dependent release of osteoblast proliferation inhibition and increased bone formation and turnover.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43922 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 10
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    CO2 Capacity Sorbent Analysis using Volumetric Measurement Approach (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: In support of air revitalization system sorbent selection for future space missions, Ames Research Center (ARC) has performed CO2 capacity tests on various sorbents to complement structural strength tests from Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The materials of interest are: Grace Davison Grade 544 13x, Honeywell UOP APG III, VSA-10, BASF 13x, and Grace Davison Grade 522 5A. Each sorbents CO2 capacity was measured using a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 Physisorption Volumetric Analysis machine to produce 0C, 10C, 25C, 50C, and 75C isotherms. These datasets were then extrapolated using Langmuir 3-Site and Toth isotherm models to compare with previously measured capacity data from MSFC using a thermogravimetric analysis approach. The modeling and extrapolation from ARC data correlated well with data measured at MSFC.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN37094 , International Conference for Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 16, 2016 - Jul 20, 2016; Charleston, SC; United States
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  • 11
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    NASA ATD-1 Avionics Phase 2: Flight Test Plan (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The purpose of this flight test plan is to describe procedures for conducting FIM operations with the FIM Avionics Systems installed in two test aircraft.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/CR-2017-219595 , NF1676L-26806
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  • 12
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    Emergency Locator Transmitter Survivability and Reliability Study (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A comprehensive study of Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) performance was conducted over a three year period concluding in 2016 in support of the Search and Rescue (SAR) Mission Office at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The study began with a review of reported performance cited in a collection of works published as early as 1980 as well as analysis of a focused set of contemporary aviation crash reports. Based on initial research findings, a series of subscale and fullscale system tests were performed at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) with the goals of investigating ELT system failure modes and developing recommended improvements to the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) Minimum Operational Performance Specification (MOPS) that will result in improved system performance. Enhanced performance of ELT systems in aviation accidents will reduce unnecessary loss of human life and make SAR operations safer and less costly by reducing the amount of time required to locate accident sites.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2017-219584 , L-20788 , NF1676L-26456
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  • 13
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    Initial Concept of Operations for Full Management by Trajectory (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This document describes Management by Trajectory (MBT), a concept for future air traffic management (ATM) in which flights are assigned four-dimensional trajectories (4DTs) through a negotiation process between the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and flight operators that respects the flight operator's goals while complying with National Airspace System (NAS) constraints.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/CR-2017-219674 , NF1676L-28045
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  • 14
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    Flight Deck Interval Management Flight Test Final Report (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This document provides a summary of the avionics design, implementation, and evaluation activities conducted for the ATD-1 Avionics Phase 2. The flight test data collection and a subset of the analysis results are described. This report also documents lessons learned, conclusions, and recommendations to guide further development efforts.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA-CR-2017-219626 , NF1676L-27522
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  • 15
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    Microbial Standards of Commercially Available Produce (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Limits and guidelines are set on microbial counts in produce to protect the consumer. Different agencies make specifications, which constitute when a product becomes unsafe for human consumption. Producers design their procedures to comply with the limits, but they are responsible creating their own internal standards. The limits and guidelines are summarized here to be applied to assess the microbial safety of the NASA Veggie Program.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN42115
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  • 16
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    Advantage of Animal Models with Metabolic Flexibility for Space Research Beyond Low Earth Orbit (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: As the world's space agencies and commercial entities continue to expand beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO), novel approaches to carry out biomedical experiments with animals are required to address the challenge of adaptation to space flight and new planetary environments. The extended time and distance of space travel along with reduced involvement of Earth-based mission support increases the cumulative impact of the risks encountered in space. To respond to these challenges, it becomes increasingly important to develop the capability to manage an organism's self-regulatory control system, which would enable survival in extraterrestrial environments. To significantly reduce the risk to animals on future long duration space missions, we propose the use of metabolically flexible animal models as "pathfinders," which are capable of tolerating the environmental extremes exhibited in spaceflight, including altered gravity, exposure to space radiation, chemically reactive planetary environments and temperature extremes. In this report we survey several of the pivotal metabolic flexibility studies and discuss the importance of utilizing animal models with metabolic flexibility with particular attention given to the ability to suppress the organism's metabolism in spaceflight experiments beyond LEO. The presented analysis demonstrates the adjuvant benefits of these factors to minimize damage caused by exposure to spaceflight and extreme planetary environments. Examples of microorganisms and animal models with dormancy capabilities suitable for space research are considered in the context of their survivability under hostile or deadly environments outside of Earth. Potential steps toward implementation of metabolic control technology in spaceflight architecture and its benefits for animal experiments and manned space exploration missions are discussed.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN39143
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  • 17
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    The Generic Resolution Advisor and Conflict Evaluator (GRACE) for Unmanned Aircraft Detect-And-Avoid Systems (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The paper describes the Generic Resolution Advisor and Conflict Evaluator (GRACE), a novel alerting and guidance algorithm that combines flexibility, robustness, and computational efficiency. GRACE is generic since it was designed without any assumptions regarding temporal or spatial scales, aircraft performance, or its sensor and communication systems. Therefore, GRACE was adopted as a core component of the Java Architecture for Detect-And-Avoid (DAA) Extensibility and Modeling, developed by NASA as a research and modeling tool for Unmanned Aerial Systems Integration in the National Airspace System (NAS). GRACE has been used in a number of real-time and fast-time experiments supporting evolving requirements of DAA research, including parametric studies, NAS-wide simulations, human-in-the-loop experiments, and live flight tests.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2017-219507 , ARC-E-DAA-TN42014
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  • 18
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    New Frontiers in Synthetic Biology for Spaceflight (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Exploration of the solar system is constrained by the cost of moving mass off Earth. Producing materials in situ will reduce the mass that must be delivered from earth. CO2 is abundant on Mars and manned spacecraft. On the ISS, NASA reacts excess CO2 with H2 to generate CH4 and H2O using the Sabatier System. The resulting water is recovered into the ISS, but the methane is vented to space. Thus, there is a capability need for systems that convert methane into valuable materials. Methanotrophic bacteria consume methane but these are poor synthetic biology platforms. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in utilizing methane in a robust and flexible synthetic biology platform. The yeast Pichia pastoris is a refined microbial factory that is used widely by industry because it efficiently secretes products. Pichia could produce a variety of useful products in space. Pichia does not consume methane but robustly consumes methanol, which is one enzymatic step removed from methane. Our goal is to engineer Pichia to consume methane thereby creating a powerful methane-consuming microbial factory.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN46034
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    Comparison of Selected Weather Translation Products (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Weather is a primary contributor to the air traffic delays within the National Airspace System (NAS). At present, it is the individual decision makers who use weather information and assess its operational impact in creating effective air traffic management solutions. As a result, the estimation of the impact of forecast weather and the quality of ATM response relies on the skill and experience level of the decision maker. FAA Weather-ATM working groups have developed a Weather-ATM integration framework that consists of weather collection, weather translation, ATM impact conversion and ATM decision support. Some weather translation measures have been developed for hypothetical operations such as decentralized free flight, whereas others are meant to be relevant in current operations. This paper does comparative study of two different weather translation products relevant in current operations and finds that these products have strong correlation with each other. Given inaccuracies in prediction of weather, these differences would not be expected to be of significance in statistical study of a large number of decisions made with a look-ahead time of two hours or more.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2017-219711 , ARC-E-DAA-TN47662
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    Efficient Planning of Wind-Optimal Routes in North Atlantic Oceanic Airspace (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The North Atlantic oceanic airspace (NAT) is crossed daily by more than a thousand flights, which are greatly affected by strong jet stream air currents. Several studies devoted to generating wind-optimal (WO) aircraft trajectories in the NAT demonstrated great efficiency of such an approach for individual flights. However, because of the large separation norms imposed in the NAT, previously proposed WO trajectories induce a large number of potential conflicts. Much work has been done on strategic conflict detection and resolution (CDR) in the NAT. The work presented here extends previous methods and attempts to take advantage of the NAT traffic structure to simplify the problem and improve the results of CDR. Four approaches are studied in this work: 1) subdividing the existing CDR problem into sub-problems of smaller sizes, which are easier to handle; 2) more efficient data reorganization within the considered time period; 3) problem localization, i.e. concentrating the resolution effort in the most conflicted regions; 4) applying CDR to the pre-tactical decision horizon (a couple of hours in advance). Obtained results show that these methods efficiently resolve potential conflicts at the strategic and pre-tactical levels by keeping the resulting trajectories close to the initial WO ones.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2017-219727 , ARC-E-DAA-TN48091
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    Airspace Technology Demonstration 3 (ATD-3): Multi-Flight Common Route (MFCR) Technology Transfer Document Summary Version 1.0 (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This summary document and accompanying technology artifacts satisfy the second of three Research Transition Products (RTPs) defined in the ATD-3 Applied Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) Research Transition Team (RTT) Plan. This transfer consists of NASA's Multi-Flight Common Route (MFCR) research for efficient route corrections for en-route weather avoidance. The MFCR concept builds on the experience of the legacy Dynamic Weather Routes (DWR) and focuses on a better balance of potential savings with ATC acceptability, common route corrections options for multiple flights on similar routings, and better use of existing and/or modern automation for communication and coordination of route change options. All of these capabilities are expected to improve system performance significantly in terms of actual delay-reducing clearances issued to flights compared to that of the DWR tool and operating concept.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ATD3-2017-TN45628 , ARC-E-DAA-TN50239
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    Qualitative Future Safety Risk Identification an Update (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The purpose of this report is to document the results of a high-level qualitative study that was conducted to identify future aviation safety risks and to assess the potential impacts to the National Airspace System (NAS) of NASA Aviation Safety research on these risks. Multiple external sources (for example, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Flight Safety Foundation, the National Research Council, and the Joint Planning and Development Office) were used to develop a compilation of future safety issues risks, also referred to as future tall poles. The primary criterion used to identify the most critical future safety risk issues was that the issue must be cited in several of these sources as a safety area of concern. The tall poles in future safety risk, in no particular order of importance, are as follows: Runway Safety, Loss of Control In Flight, Icing Ice Detection, Loss of Separation, Near Midair Collision Human Fatigue, Increasing Complexity and Reliance on Automation, Vulnerability Discovery, Data Sharing and Dissemination, and Enhanced Survivability in the Event of an Accident.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/CR-2017-219491 , E-19359 , GRC-E-DAA-TN38560
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    Mitigating the Impact of Sensor Uncertainty on Unmanned Aircraft Operations (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Without a pilot onboard an aircraft, a Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) system, in conjunction with surveillance sensors, must be used to provide the remotely-located Pilot-in-Command sufficient situational awareness in order to keep the Unmanned Aircraft (UA) safely separated from other aircraft. To facilitate safe operations of UA within the U.S.' National Airspace System, the uncertainty associated with surveillance sensors must be accounted for. An approach to mitigating the impact of sensor uncertainty on achievable separation has been developed to support technical requirements for DAA systems.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA-CR-2017-219630 , NF1676L-26296
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    UTM Weather Presentation (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Presentation highlighting how weather affected UAS operations during the UTM field tests. Research to develop UAS weather translation models with a description of current and future work for UTM weather.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN39662 , NextGen Executive Weather Panel presentation; Mar 08, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    Things That Scientists Don't Understand About NASA Spaceflight Research (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: So you want to conduct human spaceflight research aboard the International Space Station (ISS)? Once your spaceflight research aboard the ISS is proposal is funded.... the real work begins. Because resources are so limited for ISS research, it is necessary to maximize the work being done, while at the same time, minimizing the resources spent. Astronauts may be presented with over 30 human research experiments and select, on average approximately 15 in which to participate. In order to conduct this many studies, ISSMP uses the study requirements provided by the principle investigator to integrate all of this work into the astronauts' complement. The most important thing for investigators to convey to the ISSMP team is their RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS. Requirements are captured in the Experiment document. This document is the official record of how, what, where and when data will be collected. One common mistake that investigators make is not taking this document seriously, but when push comes to shove, if a research requirement is not in this document....it will not get done. The research requirements are then integrated to form a complement of research for each astronaut. What do we mean by integration? Many experiments have overlapping requirements; blood draws, behavioral surveys, heart rate measurement. Where possible, these measures are combined to reduce redundancy and save crew time. Investigators can access these data via data sharing agreements. More examples of how ISS research is integrated will be presented. There are additional limitations commonly associated with human spaceflight research that will also be discussed. Large/heavy hardware, invasive procedures, and toxic reagents are extremely difficult to implement on the ISS. There are strict limits placed on the amount of blood that can be drawn from crew members during (and immediately after) spaceflight. These limits are based on 30-day rolling accumulations. We have recently had to start restricting studies due to this limit. The NASA Human Research Program (HRP) provides extensive support, via ISSMP, to help investigators cope with all of the intricacies of conducting human spaceflight research. This presentation will help you take the best advantage of that support.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-38021 , 2017 Human Research Program Investigators'' Workshop (HRP IWS 2017); Jan 23, 2017 - Jan 26, 2017; Galveston, TX; United States
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    The Effects of Severity of Losses of Well Clear on Minimum Operations Performance Standards End-To-End Verification and Validation Simulation Study for Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System Using Detect and Avoid Systems (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: As Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) make their way to mainstream aviation operations within the National Airspace System (NAS), research efforts are underway to develop a safe and effective environment for their integration into the NAS. Detect and Avoid (DAA) systems are required to account for the lack of eyes in the sky due to having no human on-board the aircraft. The technique, results, and lessons learned from a detailed End-to-End Verification and Validation (E2-V2) simulation study of a DAA system representative of RTCA Special Committee(SC)-228s proposed Phase I DAA Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS), based on specific test vectors and encounter cases, will be presented in this paper.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-27397 , AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition; Jan 08, 2018 - Jan 12, 2018; Kissimmee, FL; Afghanistan
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    Spectrum (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Spectrum is a multispectral fluorescence imager designed for capturing in vivo genetic expression in a variety of biological organisms, providing a capability that does not currently exist on the International Space Station (ISS). Researching organisms that have been transformed with in vivo reporter genes ligated with fluorescent proteins allows the scientific community to further understand the fundamental biological responses of these organisms when subjected to space environments. Model organisms that may utilize multispectral imaging on the ISS include unicellular organisms (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae), plants (e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana), and invertebrates (e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans).
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: NASA/SP-2017-10-1095-KSC , KSC-E-DAA-TN53022
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    Technical Capability Level 2 Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) Flight Demonstration: Description and Analysis (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: NASA's UAS Traffic Management (UTM) project concluded its second flight demonstration activity in late October 2016. This activity demonstrated the capabilities and functionality incorporated into its Technical Capability Level 2 (TCL2) concept, which envisions future operations that are low density, capable of being performed over sparsely populated areas, and allow for a concurrent mix of longer duration, beyond visual-line-of-sight flights and shorter flights within visual-line-of-sight (VLOS). To incorporate these features into a flight demonstration, a scenario-based approach was taken to address different aspects of the TCL2 environment and to meet defined objectives. This paper will describe elements of how the flight activity was conducted and present analyses regarding UTM operations, system messages, and alerting as they pertained to meeting the demonstration objectives and shedding light on research questions and lessons learned.NASA was able to successfully demonstrate complex UTMoperations in a TCL 2 environment in collaboration withindustry partners and the Reno-Stead Airport UAS test range.A scenario-based approach to the demonstration provided arelevant means through which the key elements and objectivesof the test could be captured. Although issues were identifiedthrough the testing and feedback of test participants, theoverall results were in line with the overall UTM objective ofsafely enabling large-scale UAS operations in low altitudeairspace.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN56558 , Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC2017); Sep 17, 2017 - Sep 21, 2017; St. Petersburg, FL; United States
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    Assessing Tactical Scheduling Options for Time-Based Surface Metering (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: This paper presents a parametric analysis of the most recent tactical scheduler design for NASAs Airspace Technology Demonstration 2 (ATD-2) sub-project, committed to demonstrating time-based surface metering at Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT). The tactical scheduler design is implemented in a fast-time simulation model of CLT using NASAs Surface Operations Simulator and Scheduler. The tactical scheduler is supported by three basic functions: trajectory prediction, runway scheduling, and advisory generation. A key parameter of the advisory generation function is the taxi time delay buffer used when calculating target gate pushback times from runway schedule. Multiple simulations that varied the amount of taxi time delay buffer were analyzed to determine the effect on tactical scheduler performance. The results show an improvement in tactical scheduler performance when the buffer is made sufficiently large to release departures from their gates early enough to maintain scheduler predicted runway throughput.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN45124 , Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC); Sep 17, 2017 - Sep 21, 2017; St. Petersburg, FL; United States
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    Ramp Traffic Console (RTC) Ramp Manager Traffic Console (RMTC) Observer Mode User Manual (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: This document serves as a user manual for the Observer Mode Ramp Traffic Console (RTC) in Charlotte Douglas International Airport Ramp Control Tower. It describes the elements of the full RTC interface and provides explanations for how to interact with the RTC while managing ramp traffic using one of the four RTC sector displays. The RTC provides digitally updated data for all flights including Earliest Off Block Times (EOBT) and Traffic Management Initiatives. Use of the RTC in observer mode allows only for observer and reading of data provided on RTC. In Observer Mode, the RTC may not be used to make data entries. This includes pushback, holds, and proceed inputs as well as updates to a flights data using the flight menu. However, using the RTC in Observer Mode allows for real time observation of ramp operations including pushback and hold entries made by the ramp sector controllers. The pushback advisories and Traffic Management Initiative information is also provided in Observer Mode. The RTC also provides notifications, runway departure counts and lists and near arrival flight lists as additional sources of information for management of ramp traffic. There are also detailed instructions for how to manage traffic with Surface Time Based Metering (STBM) advisories provided on RTC if in STBM mode. This document also provides instructions for use of the Ramp Manager Traffic Console (RMTC) while performing ramp manager functions such as managing the priority flight list, setting ramp status, and setting the metering mode. The RTC and RMTC ramp tool are one component of a suite of ATD-2 Tools.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN60611
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    Novel End-to-End Molecular Biology Approach for Direct Nanopore 1D cDNA Sequencing of Reverse Transcribed mRNAs Purified from Cell Cultures by the NASA ISS WetLab2 SPM (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Continued space bioscience research onboard the International Space Station (ISS) and future long-duration flight missions to the Moon or Mars will require the ability to conduct on-orbit molecular analysis of biological samples independently from Earth. In the last year two new molecular analytic technologies have been installed and the technologies demonstrated onboard the ISS: The Sample Prep Module (SPM) WetLab-2 (WL2) qRT-PCR toolbox and the Oxford Nanopore MinIon Biomolecule Sequencer. Here we describe protocol development and integration into existing ISS technology for end-to-end on-orbit biological sample processing and molecular analysis with real time results generated utilizing only field offline analytic software. For this experiment we isolated primary cells from bone marrow flushes of wild type B6129SF2 mice (Jackson Labs) long bones. The cell isolate was then processed using the SPM to produce total 147nanograms of RNA. The total RNA was purified to only messenger RNA (mRNA) and transferred to Smartcycler Thermocycle ISS kit consumable tube using Eppendorf gel loading pipette tips for further processing. Complementary first strand cDNA was synthesized using OLIGO dT priming followed by addition of SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase and thermal cycling as per manufacturers instruction. All thermal cycling was conducted using the ISS WetLab-2 Cephid Smarcycler real time thermal cycler. Our protocol takes advantage of mRNAs native poly(A) tail, synthesized in vivo to protect the mRNA from degradation by endonucleases, to eliminate end-prep for adapter ligation. The adapted library is purified using MyOne C1 Streptavidin beads before elution in buffer. The pre-sequencing library is diluted in the loading buffer and injected into the MinIon sample port, drawn into the nanopore window by capillary action, and sequenced using the MinKnown software with local basecalling. The sequencing read produced 34.5 million events and local basecalling produced 117,301 successful reads. NCBI Blast of the data for the mouse genome resulted in 2,462 successful nucleotide collection matches (gene sequences) exceeding 70 homology. These results demonstrate the viability of this novel flight ready end-to-end sample analytic methodology and provide a real time homolog for flight experimentation utilizing supply kits and technologies that have already been demonstrated on ISS.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43951 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Zeolite Degradation: An Investigation of CO2 Capacity Loss of 13x Sorbent (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: System testing of the Carbon Dioxide Removal and Compression System (CRCS) has revealed that sufficient CO2 removal capability was not achieved with the designed system. Subsystem component analysis of the zeolite bed revealed that the sorbent material suffered significant degradation and CO2 loading capacity loss. In an effort to find the root cause of this degradation, various factors were investigated to try to reproduce the observed performance loss. These factors included contamination by vacuum pump oil, o-ring vacuum grease, loadingunloading procedures, and operations. This paper details the experiments that were performed and their results.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN37174 , International Conference for Environmental Systems; Jul 16, 2017 - Jul 20, 2017; Charleston, SC; United States
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    The Role of CDKN1a/p21 in Cellular Senescence of Bone Marrow Stem Cells Under Spaceflight Stressors (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-26
    Description: Spaceflight environments and their associated conditions, such as microgravity and space radiation, cause many biological functions formerly considered to be standard to behave in nonstandard ways. Exposure to microgravity has shown to induce deleterious effects in stem cell-based tissue regeneration, leading to immune system and healing response impairments as well as muscle and bone density loss. Such risks must be mitigated in order for long-term human space exploration to proceed. Thus, our work seeks to explore mechanisms of stem cell-based tissue regeneration that experience changes in spaceflight environments. Cellular senescence is a process of inducing cell cycle arrest that can be initiated by various stimuli. This function is influenced by two major pathways, controlled by p53 and pRB tumor suppressor proteins. p53 activity targets the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p21Cdkn1a in osteogenic cell cycle arrest. Under conditions of mechanical unloading, stem cell-based tissue regeneration has shown to be decreased in both proliferation and differentiation, as many cells are arrested in progenitor states. p21 has shown upregulation in expression under conditions of microgravity, suggesting its role in regenerative bone formation arrest in space. p21 levels are found to be elevated independent of p53, suggesting a decrease in proliferation and regeneration without apoptosis, but rather through cell cycle arrest alone. Thus, we hypothesize that p21 is a mediator of cellular senescence in bone marrow stem cells. Culturing of bone marrow stem cells from wild type and p21 knockout mice under osteoblastogenic conditions will be completed to explore the role of p21Cdkn1a in stem cell proliferation and maturation. We believe that decreases in somatic stem cell differentiation may occur after spaceflight due to signal pathway alterations that result in downstream inhibition of genes involved in differentiation, preventing tissue from repairing and regenerating normally.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43925 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Novel Approach to Quantification of Telomere Length with Direct Nanopore Sequencing and PCR Amplification (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The ends of human chromosomes contain telomeres, or tandem arrays of repeating DNA sequences capped by multiple associated proteins that protect chromosomal ends from degradation. Telomeres function to preserve genomic stability by preventing natural chromosomal ends from being recognized as broken DNA double-strand breaks and triggering inappropriate DNA damage responses. Mounting evidence shows telomere length is an inherited trait that decreases with cellular division and normal aging. In addition, telomere length also appears to be influenced by other factors such as cellular oxidative stress, radiation and mechanical unloading of tissues as in microgravity. To measure these potential effects of the space environment on telomere lengths and cellular aging and regenerative potential we developed a novel telomere measurement approach based on nanopore sequencing of PCR amplified bar-coded chromosome termini. Specifically, telomeres can be directly enriched using barcode sequences ligated to the end of a free end- repaired telomere using the WetLab-2 facility SmartCycler on ISS. Prior to the ligation and amplification protocol a proteinase K digestion of capping proteins followed by a single 95-degree C heat denaturation of the protease is included. After digestion and bar-code ligation, PCR amplification will initiate with the ligated barcoded sequence, suppressing amplification of intra-genomic fragments and resulting in long read barcoded telomere amplicons including the nanopore motor protein sequences. Purified PCR amplicons are then used for nanopore sequencing library generation by simple addition of motor proteins and sequencing library is loaded into the MinION nanopore DNA-sequencer. Amplicon sequence reads from the nanopore device can be base-called quickly on ISS due to barcoding ligation and subsequent PCR amplification enhancing the telomere sequence resolution. If successfully implemented on ISS this technique will provide a novel means of measuring regenerative ability of somatic stem cells in astronauts, and of determining whether spaceflight in microgravity alters their telomere lengths and causes premature cellular aging.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN44002 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Analysis of Eye-Tracking Data During Conditions Conducive to Loss of Airplane State Awareness (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In the constant drive to further the safety and efficiency of air travel, the complexity of avionics-related systems and of the procedures for interacting with them appear to be on an ever-increasing trend. While this growing complexity often yields productive results with respect to system capabilities and flight efficiency, it typically places a larger burden on pilots to manage increasing amounts of information and to understand intricate system designs. This can be problematic as too much information and/or ineffective provisions of information can potentially overwhelm and/or confuse pilots, and as a result, increase the likelihood of loss of airplane state awareness (ASA). One way to gain more insight into this issue is through experimentation using more objective measures. This study summarizes an analysis of eye-tracking data obtained during a high-fidelity flight simulation study that included most of the complexities of current flight decks, as well as several planned for the next generation air transportation system. Multiple analyses were performed to understand how the 22 participating airline pilots were observing ASA-related information provided during different stages of flights and in response to specific events within these stages. Also, study findings are compared to data presented in similar previous studies to assess trends or common themes regarding how airline crews apply visual attention in complex flight deck and operational environments.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-27024 , AIAA Aviation and Aeronautics Forum and Exposition; Jun 05, 2017 - Jun 09, 2017; Denver, CO; United States
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    The Relationship Between Workload and Performance in Air Traffic Control: Exploring the Influence of Levels of Automation and Variation in Task Demand (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In an air traffic environment, task demand is dynamic. However, previous research has largely considered the association of task demand and controller performance using conditions of stable task demand. Further, there is a comparatively restricted understanding of the influence of task demand transitions on workload and performance in association with different types and levels of automation that are available to controllers. This study used an air traffic control simulation to investigate the influence of task demand transitions, and two conditions of automation, on workload and efficiency-related performance. Findings showed that both the direction of the task demand variation and the amount of automation influenced the relationship between workload and performance. Findings are discussed in relation to capacity and arousal theories. Further research is needed to enhance understanding of demand transition and workload history effects on operator experience and performance, in both air traffic control and other safety-critical domains.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN56592 , International Symposium on Human Mental Workload: Models and Applications (H-WORKLOAD 2017 ); Jun 28, 2017 - Jun 30, 2017; Dublin; Ireland
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    UAS Integration in the NAS Project: Detect and Avoid Display UNITED Demo (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This demo shows the UAS-NAS project's Vigilant Spirit Control Station developed in partnership with the U.S. Air Force Research Lab. Attendees will be able to view encounters and see how the DAA and TCAS II alerting and guidance displays are used to avoid simulated aircraft.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43282 , Annual AIAA Aviation Forum and Exposition 2017; Jun 05, 2017 - Jun 09, 2017; Denver, CO; United States
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    Developmental Research in Space: Predicting Adult Neurobehavioral Phenotypes via Metabolomic Imaging (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: As human habitation and eventual colonization of space becomes an inevitable reality, there is a necessity to understand how organisms develop over the life span in the space environment. Microgravity, altered CO2, radiation and psychological stress are some of the key factors that could affect mammalian reproduction and development in space, however there is a paucity of information on this topic. Here we combine early (neonatal) in vivo spectroscopic imaging with an adult emotionality assay following a common obstetric complication (prenatal asphyxia) likely to occur during gestation in space. The neural metabolome is sensitive to alteration by degenerative changes and developmental disorders, thus we hypothesized that that early neonatal neurometabolite profiles can predict adult response to novelty. Late gestation fetal rats were exposed to moderate asphyxia by occluding the blood supply feeding one of the rats pair uterine horns for 15min. Blood supply to the opposite horn was not occluded (within-litter cesarean control). Further comparisons were made with vaginal (natural) birth controls. In one-week old neonates, we measured neurometabolites in three brain areas (i.e., striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus). Adult perinatally-asphyxiated offspring exhibited greater anxiety-like behavioral phenotypes (as measured the composite neurobehavioral assay involving open field activity, responses to novel object, quantification of fecal droppings, and resident-intruder tests of social behavior). Further, early neurometabolite profiles predicted adult responses. Non-invasive MRS screening of mammalian offspring is likely to advance ground-based space analogue studies informing mammalian reproduction in space, and achieving high-priority.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48058 , American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    The Transcriptional Response of Diverse Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Strains to Simulated Microgravity (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Spaceflight imposes multiple stresses on biological systems resulting in genome-scale adaptations. Understanding these adaptations and their underlying molecular mechanisms is important to clarifying and reducing the risks associated with spaceflight. One such risk is infection by microbes present in spacecraft and their associated systems and inhabitants. This risk is compounded by results suggesting that some microbes may exhibit increased virulence after exposure to spaceflight conditions. The yeast, S. cerevisiae, is a powerful microbial model system, and it's response to spaceflight has been studied for decades. However, to date, these studies have utilized common lab strains. Yet studies on trait variation in S. cerevisiae demonstrate that these lab strains are not representative of wild yeast and instead respond to environmental stimuli in an atypical manner. Thus, it is not clear how transferable these results are to the wild S. cerevisiae strains likely to be encountered during spaceflight. To determine if diverse S. cerevisiae strains exhibit a conserved response to simulated microgravity, we will utilize a collection of 100 S. cerevisiae strains isolated from clinical, environmental and industrial settings. We will place selected S. cerevisiae strains in simulated microgravity using a high-aspect rotating vessel (HARV) and document their transcriptional response by RNA-sequencing and quantify similarities and differences between strains. Our research will have a strong impact on the understanding of how genetic diversity of microorganisms effects their response to spaceflight, and will serve as a platform for further studies.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48315 , Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research - ASGSR; Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Renton, WA; United States
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    Flight Test Evaluation of an Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) Concept for Multiple Beyond-Visual-Line-of-Sight (BVLOS) Operations (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This study evaluates a traffic management concept designed to enable simultaneous operations of multiple small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in the national airspace system (NAS). A five-day flight-test activity is described that examined the feasibility of operating multiple UAS beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) of their respective operators in the same airspace. Over the five-day campaign, three groups of five flight crews operated a total of eleven different aircraft. Each group participated in four flight scenarios involving five simultaneous missions. Each vehicle was operated BVLOS up to 1.5 miles from the pilot in command. Findings and recommendations are presented to support the feasibility and safety of routine BVLOS operations for small UAS.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN49880 , USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar (ATM2017); Jun 26, 2017 - Jun 30, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Enzymatic Activity Detection via Electrochemistry for Enceladus (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Electrochemical detection of biological molecules is a pertinent topic and application in many fields such as medicine, environmental spills, and life detection in space. Proteases, a class of molecules of interest in the search for life, catalyze the hydrolysis of peptides. Trypsin, a specific protease, was chosen to investigate an optimized enzyme detection system using electrochemistry. This study aims at providing the ideal functionalization of an electrode that can reliably detect a signal indicative of an enzymatic reaction from an Enceladus sample.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47161 , Ames Research and Technology Showcase; Sep 28, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    Towards Autonomous Airport Surface Operations: NextGen Flight Deck Implications (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Surface Trajectory-based Operations (STBO) is a potential concept candidate for flight deck autonomous operations. Existing research will be reviewed and possible architectures and research issues will be presented.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN41789 , SAE/NASA Autonomy and Next Generation Flight Deck; Apr 18, 2017 - Apr 19, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM) Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Overview of UAS Traffic Management and CN (Communications and Navigation) RTT (Research Transition Team) working group.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN41387 , Integrated Communications Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS 2017); Apr 18, 2017 - Apr 20, 2017; Herndon, VA; United States
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    Considerations for RTCA Phase 2 Low Size, Weight, and Power (SWAP) Surveillance Requirements (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: RTCA (Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) Special Committee 228 has initiated a second phase for the development of minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) for UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) detect and avoid (DAA) systems. Technologies to enable UAS with less available Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) will be considered. A white paper is in development for what topics and issues need to be addressed to develop DAA requirements for low SWAP surveillance systems. This briefing will document the issues to be investigated in SC-228. It will also serve as a review with the committee to get feedback so the white paper can be written and finalized. These topics and issues are not necessarily all the things that NASA will contribute to SC-228 during Phase 2, but what the overall committee needs to accomplish. A portion of the work will be in NASA's UAS in the NAS (National Airspace System) project plan.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN39303 , RTCA SC-228 Working Group 1 Meeting; Feb 14, 2017; Washington, DC; United States
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    Airspace Technology Demonstration 2 (ATD-2): ATD-2 CLT Pilot Community Engagement (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Airspace Technology Demonstration 2 (ATD-2) project conducted a pilot community workshop at Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) in Charlotte, North Carolina. The goal was to familiarize pilots with the ATD-2 project, with an emphasis on procedures that may affect pilots during the Phase 1 Field Demonstration (beginning September 30, 2017). At this workshop, the high-level goals and objectives of ATD-2, expected benefits for pilots, changes to procedures, training requirements, and data sharing elements were presented.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN39731 , ATD-2 Pilot Community Engagement; Mar 01, 2017; Charlotte, NC; United States
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    Growing Beyond Earth; Students Exploring Plant Varieties for Future Space Exploration (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Future space exploration and long duration space flight will pose an array of challenges to the health and wellbeing of astronauts. Since 2015, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (FTBG), in partnership with NASA's Veggie team, has been testing edible crops for space flight potential through a series of citizen science experiments. FTBG's interest in classroom-based science projects, along with NASA's successful operation of the Veggie system aboard the International Space Station (ISS), led to a NASA-FTBG partnership that gave rise to the Growing Beyond Earth STEM Initiative (GBE). Established in 2015, GBE now involves 131 middle and high school classrooms in South Florida, all conducting simultaneous plant science experiments. The results of those experiments (both numeric and visual) are directly shared with the space food production researchers at KSC. Through this session, we will explore the successful classroom implementation and integration into the curriculum, how the data is being used and the impact of the project on participating researchers, teachers, and students. Participating schools were supplied with specialized LED-lit growth chambers, mimicking the Veggie system on ISS, for growing edible plants under similar physical and environmental constraints. Research protocols were provided by KSC scientists, while edible plant varieties were selected mainly by the botanists at FTBG. In a jointly-led professional development workshop, participating teachers were trained to conduct GBE experiments in their classrooms. Teachers were instructed to not only teach basic botany concepts, but to also demonstrate practical applications of math, physics and chemistry. As experiments were underway, students shared data on plant germination, growth, and health in an online spreadsheet. Results from the students research show a promising selection of new plant candidates for possible further testing. Over a two year period, more than 5000 South Florida students, ages 11 to 18, participated in GBE. Evaluation of the program shows an increased knowledge of and interest in science and science careers among students. The program has also boosted the demand for summer high school internships at FTBG, further developing expertise in plant research and science related to space exploration. Supported by a grant from NASA (NNX16AM32G) to Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN47796 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Renton, WA; United States
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    Introduction to Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS) and its Risk to NASA Astronauts (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-40547 , Ohio State University 2017 Optometry Homecoming; Oct 06, 2017; Columbus, OH; United States
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    NASA Capabilities in Aircraft Icing (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN40057/SUPPL , Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute Bilateral Discussion (TsAGI and NASA aviation safety seminar); Apr 06, 2017 - Apr 07, 2017; Moscow; Russia
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    NASA Capabilities in Aircraft Icing (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN40057 , Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute Bilateral Discussion (TsAGI-NASA aviation safety seminar); Apr 06, 2017 - Apr 07, 2017; Moscow; Russia
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    The Six Streams of the Emerging Scientist (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: NASA invests in professional coaching as a way to accelerate the development of its staff. The speaker shares one foundational human development model in coaching - the Six Streams - and applies it to the challenges that new scientists face. The speaker also describes how a new scientist can develop greater capabilities in the Six Streams so that they can become a more effective scientist and feel more satisfaction with their work.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN46151 , NASA ARC Night of Science; Aug 10, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    Genetic Correlation with the DNA Repair Assay in Mice Exposed to High-LET (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We hypothesize that DNA damage induced by high local energy deposition, occurring when cells are traversed by high-LET (Linear Energy Transfer) particles, can be experimentally modeled by exposing cells to high doses of low-LET. In this work, we validate such hypothesis by characterizing and correlating the time dependence of 53BP1 radiation-induced foci (RIF) for various doses and LET across 72 primary skin fibroblast from mice. This genetically diverse population allows us to understand how genetic may modulate the dose and LET relationship. The cohort was made on average from 3 males and 3 females belonging to 15 different strains of mice with various genetic backgrounds, including the collaborative cross (CC) genetic model (10 strains) and 5 reference mice strains. Cells were exposed to two fluences of three HZE (High Atomic Energy) particles (Si 350 megaelectronvolts per nucleon, Ar 350 megaelectronvolts per nucleon and Fe 600 megaelectronvolts per nucleon) and to 0.1, 1 and 4 grays from a 160 kilovolt X-ray. Individual radiation sensitivity was investigated by high throughput measurements of DNA repair kinetics for different doses of each radiation type. The 53BP1 RIF dose response to high-LET particles showed a linear dependency that matched the expected number of tracks per cell, clearly illustrating the fact that close-by DNA double strand breaks along tracks cluster within one single RIF. By comparing the slope of the high-LET dose curve to the expected number of tracks per cell we computed the number of remaining unrepaired tracks as a function of time post-irradiation. Results show that the percentage of unrepaired track over a 48 hours follow-up is higher as the LET increases across all strains. We also observe a strong correlation between the high dose repair kinetics following exposure to 160 kilovolts X-ray and the repair kinetics of high-LET tracks, with higher correlation with higher LET. At the in-vivo level for the 10-CC strains, we observe that drops in the number of T-cells and B-cells found in the blood of mice 24 hours after exposure to 0.1 gray of 320 kilovolts X-ray correlate well with slower DNA repair kinetics in skin cells exposed to X-ray. Overall, our results suggest that repair kinetics found in skin is a surrogate marker for in-vivo radiation sensitivity in other tissue, such as blood cells, and that such response is modulated by genetic variability.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42188 , Annual International Meeting of the Radiation Research Society (RRS); Oct 15, 2017 - Oct 18, 2017; Cancun; Mexico
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    Real Time Safety Monitoring: Concept for Supporting Safe Flight Operations (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A number of organizations are working on processes, procedures, regulations, and technologies to maintain or improve the safety of the National Airspace System (NAS). In this paper, we describe a Real Time Safety Monitoring (RTSM) system that benefits from these efforts to define a set of safety metrics that are automatically monitored in real-time. In addition to providing information about current potentially adverse conditions to a variety of users, from those who need a broad overview of a day's flight operations to those who need to decide on a control tactic to employ in the next five minutes, the RTSM system predicts conditions within a specified prediction horizon. Its intelligent interface alerts the user, presenting the information as appropriate considering the current context and circumstances. We illustrate the system concept with five conceptual use cases, describing which safety metrics may be of the most interest to five user groups and suggesting a multi-modal display format. We posit that having access to information about adverse conditions in time to make efficient preemptive decisions without sacrificing safety will improve the already high level of safety and aid in the expansion planned for the NAS under the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen).
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42318 , AIAA Aviation Forum; Jun 05, 2017 - Jun 09, 2017; Denver, CO; United States
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    Engineering of Methane Metabolism in Pichia Pastoris Through Methane Monooxygenase Expression (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Exploration of the solar system is constrained by the cost of moving mass off Earth. Producing materials in situ will reduce the mass that must be delivered from earth. CO2 is abundant on Mars and manned spacecraft. On the ISS, NASA reacts excess CO2 with H2 to generate CH4 and H2O using the Sabatier System. The resulting water is recovered into the ISS, but the methane is vented to space. Thus, there is a capability need for systems that convert methane into valuable materials. Methanotrophic bacteria consume methane but these are poor synthetic biology platforms. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in utilizing methane in a robust and flexible synthetic biology platform. The yeast Pichia pastoris is a refined microbial factory that is used widely by industry because it efficiently secretes products. Pichia could produce a variety of useful products in space. Pichia does not consume methane but robustly consumes methanol, which is one enzymatic step removed from methane. Our goal is to engineer Pichia to consume methane thereby creating a powerful methane-consuming microbial factory.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47267 , Ames Research and Technology Showcase (ARTS) Event; Sep 28, 2017; Moffatt Field, CA; United States
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    Biosentinel: Improving Desiccation Tolerance of Yeast Biosensors for Deep-Space Missions (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: BioSentinel is one of 13 secondary payloads to be deployed on Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2019. We will use the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biosensor to determine how deep-space radiation affects living organisms and to potentially quantify radiation levels through radiation damage analysis. Radiation can damage DNA through double strand breaks (DSBs), which can normally be repaired by homologous recombination. Two yeast strains will be air-dried and stored in microfluidic cards within the payload: a wild-type control strain and a radiation sensitive rad51 mutant that is deficient in DSB repairs. Throughout the mission, the microfluidic cards will be rehydrated with growth medium and an indicator dye. Growth rates of each strain will be measured through LED detection of the reduction of the indicator dye, which correlates with DNA repair and the amount of radiation damage accumulated. Results from BioSentinel will be compared to analog experiments on the ISS and on Earth. It is well known that desiccation can damage yeast cells and decrease viability over time. We performed a screen for desiccation-tolerant rad51 strains. We selected 20 re-isolates of rad51 and ran a weekly screen for desiccation-tolerant mutants for five weeks. Our data shows that viability decreases over time, confirming previous research findings. Isolates L2, L5 and L14 indicate desiccation tolerance and are candidates for whole-genome sequencing. More time is needed to determine whether a specific strain is truly desiccation tolerant. Furthermore, we conducted an intracellular trehalose assay to test how intracellular trehalose concentrations affect or protect the mutant strains against desiccation stress. S. cerevisiae cell and reagent concentrations from a previously established intracellular trehalose protocol did not yield significant absorbance measurements, so we tested varying cell and reagent concentrations and determined proper concentrations for successful protocol use.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47978 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research; Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Tissue Preservation Assessment Preliminary Results (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Pre-flight groundbased testing done to prepare for the first Rodent Research mission validation flight, RR1 (Choi et al, 2016 PlosOne). We purified RNA and measured RIN values to assess quality of the samples. For protein, we measured liver enzyme activities. We tested protocol and methods of preservation to date. Here we present an overview of results related to tissue preservation from the RR1 validation mission and a summary of findings to date from investigators who received RR1 teissues various Biospecimen Sharing Program.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48608 , Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    The Transcriptional Response of Diverse Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Strains to Simulated Microgravity (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Spaceflight imposes multiple stresses on biological systems resulting in genome-scale adaptations. Understanding these adaptations and their underlying molecular mechanisms is important to clarifying and reducing the risks associated with spaceflight. One such risk is infection by microbes present in spacecraft and their associated systems and inhabitants. This risk is compounded by results suggesting that some microbes may exhibit increased virulence after exposure to spaceflight conditions. The yeast, S. cerevisiae, is a powerful microbial model system, and its response to spaceflight has been studied for decades. However, to date, these studies have utilized common lab strains. Yet studies on trait variation in S. cerevisiae demonstrate that these lab strains are not representative of wild yeast and instead respond to environmental stimuli in an atypical manner. Thus, it is not clear how transferable these results are to the wild S. cerevisiae strains likely to be encountered during spaceflight. To determine if diverse S. cerevisiae strains exhibit a conserved response to simulated microgravity, we will utilize a collection of 100 S. cerevisiae strains isolated from clinical, environmental and industrial settings. We will place selected S. cerevisiae strains in simulated microgravity using a high-aspect rotating vessel (HARV) and document their transcriptional response by RNA-sequencing and quantify similarities and differences between strains. Our research will have a strong impact on the understanding of how genetic diversity of microorganisms effects their response to spaceflight, and will serve as a platform for further studies.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47871 , ARC-E-DAA-TN43859 , Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research - ASGSR; Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Renton, WA; United States
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    Results from an Interval Management (IM) Flight Test and Its Potential Benefit to Air Traffic Management Operations (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: NASA's first Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration (ATD-1) subproject successfully completed a 19-day flight test of an Interval Management (IM) avionics prototype. The prototype was built based on IM standards, integrated into two test aircraft, and then flown in real-world conditions to determine if the goals of improving aircraft efficiency and airport throughput during high-density arrival operations could be met. The ATD-1 concept of operation integrates advanced arrival scheduling, controller decision support tools, and the IM avionics to enable multiple time-based arrival streams into a high-density terminal airspace. IM contributes by calculating airspeeds that enable an aircraft to achieve a spacing interval behind the preceding aircraft. The IM avionics uses its data (route of flight, position, etc.) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) state data from the Target aircraft to calculate this airspeed. The flight test demonstrated that the IM avionics prototype met the spacing accuracy design goal for three of the four IM operation types tested. The primary issue requiring attention for future IM work is the high rate of IM speed commands and speed reversals. In total, during this flight test, the IM avionics prototype showed significant promise in contributing to the goals of improving aircraft efficiency and airport throughput.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: EN-040 , NF1676L-27012 , EIWAC 2017: ENRI International Workshop on Air Traffic Management/Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (ATM/CNS); Nov 14, 2017 - Nov 16, 2017; Tokyo; Japan
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    Trajectory Specification for Terminal Air Traffic: Pairwise Conflict Detection and Resolution (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Trajectory specification is the explicit bounding and control of aircraft trajectories such that the position at each point in time is constrained to a precisely defined volume of space. The bounding space is defined by cross-track, along-track, and vertical tolerances relative to a reference trajectory that specifies position as a function of time. The tolerances are dynamic and will be based on the aircraft navigation capabilities and the current traffic situation. A standard language will be developed to represent these specifications and to communicate them by datalink. Assuming conformance, trajectory specification can guarantee safe separation for an arbitrary period of time even in the event of an air traffic control (ATC) system or datalink failure, hence it can help to achieve the high level of safety and reliability needed for ATC automation. As a more proactive form of ATC, it can also maximize airspace capacity and reduce the reliance on tactical backup systems during normal operation. It applies to both enroute airspace and the terminal area around airports, but this paper focuses on the terminal area and presents algorithms and software for spacing arrivals and deconflicting both arrivals and departures.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43076 , AIAA Aviation 2017; Jun 05, 2017 - Jun 09, 2017; Denver, CO; United States
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    Optimization of Airport Surface Traffic: A Case-Study of Incheon International Airport (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This study aims to develop a controllers' decision support tool for departure and surface management of ICN. Airport surface traffic optimization for Incheon International Airport (ICN) in South Korea was studied based on the operational characteristics of ICN and airspace of Korea. For surface traffic optimization, a multiple runway scheduling problem and a taxi scheduling problem were formulated into two Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimization models. The Miles-In-Trail (MIT) separation constraint at the departure fix shared by the departure flights from multiple runways and the runway crossing constraints due to the taxi route configuration specific to ICN were incorporated into the runway scheduling and taxiway scheduling problems, respectively. Since the MILP-based optimization model for the multiple runway scheduling problem may be computationally intensive, computation times and delay costs of different solving methods were compared for a practical implementation. This research was a collaboration between Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43157 , AIAA Aviation Conference 2017; Jun 05, 2017 - Jun 09, 2017; Denver, CO; United States
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    Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM): Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This is a presentation for a Cisco Internet of Things (IoT) Systems Engineering Virtual Training (SEVT) event. The presentation provides an overview of the UTM concept, architecture, flight test events, and lessons learned. Networking hardware used in support of flight tests is also described.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42855 , Cisco Internet of Things (IoT) Systems Engineering Virtual Training (SEVT) Event; May 22, 2017; San Jose, CA; United States
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    Cell Science 2 (CS-02) Payload Overview (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This payload overview presentation will be presented at the POIWG on October 17th, 2017. It provides a high-level overview of Cell Science-02 operations.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47551 , Payload Operations Integration Working Group (POIWG); Oct 17, 2017 - Oct 19, 2017; Huntsville, AL; United States
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    Urban Air Mobility: Initial Reflections (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Panel talk focused on enabling urban air mobility related airspace considerations
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42084 , Uber Elevate Summit; Apr 25, 2017 - Apr 27, 2017; Dallas, TX; United States
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    Modeling Pilot Pulse Control (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In this study, behavioral models are developed that closely reproduced pulsive control response of two pilots from the experimental pool using markedly different control techniques (styles) while conducting a tracking task. An intriguing find was that the pilots appeared to: 1) produce a continuous, internally-generated stick signal that they integrated in time; 2) integrate the actual stick position; and 3) compare the two integrations to issue and cease pulse commands. This suggests that the pilots utilized kinesthetic feedback in order to perceive and integrate stick position, supporting the hypothesis that pilots can access and employ the proprioceptive inner feedback loop proposed by Hess' pilot Structural Model. The Pulse Models used in conjunction with the pilot Structural Model closely recreated the pilot data both in the frequency and time domains during closed-loop simulation. This indicates that for the range of tasks and control styles encountered, the models captured the fundamental mechanisms governing pulsive and control processes. The pilot Pulse Models give important insight for the amount of remnant (stick output uncorrelated with the forcing function) that arises from nonlinear pilot technique, and for the remaining remnant arising from different sources unrelated to tracking control (i.e. neuromuscular tremor, reallocation of cognitive resources, etc.).
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN45857 , European Rotorcraft Forum; Sep 12, 2017 - Sep 15, 2017; Milan; Italy
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    Zeolite Degradation: An Investigation of CO2 Capacity Loss of 13x Sorbent (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: System testing of the Carbon Dioxide Removal and Compression System (CRCS) has revealed that sufficient CO2 removal capability was not achieved with the designed system. Subsystem component analysis of the zeolite bed revealed that the sorbent material suffered significant degradation and CO2 loading capacity loss. In an effort to find the root cause of this degradation, various factors were investigated to try to reproduce the observed performance loss. These factors included contamination by vacuum pump oil, o-ring vacuum grease, loading/unloading procedures, and operations. This paper details the experiments that were performed and their results.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ICES-2017-117 , ARC-E-DAA-TN40177 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 16, 2017 - Jul 20, 2017; Charleston, SC; United States
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    Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: NASA is developing a system to safely enable low altitude unmanned aerial system (UAS) operations. The system is referred to as UAS Traffic Management (UTM). The UTM will safely enable a variety of business models and multiple operations in the same airspace. The UTM will provide services such as airspace configuration and geo-fencing, weather and wind integration, demand-capacity imbalance management, and separation management, and contingency management. The UTM research and development has been conducted in collaboration with many in industry, academia, and government. The UTM system will evolve through four builds. Each build will be collaboratively tested with partners. The final prototype will be available for persistent daily use of UAS operations beyond line of sight.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN40652 , Sustainable Aviation Symposium 2017; Apr 21, 2017 - Apr 22, 2017; Redwood City, CA; United States
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    Evaluation of a Tactical Surface Metering Tool for Charlotte Douglas International Airport via Human-in-the-Loop Simulation (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: NASA has been working with the FAA and aviation industry partners to develop and demonstrate new concepts and technologies that integrate arrival, departure, and surface traffic management capabilities. In March 2017, NASA conducted a human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation for integrated surface and airspace operations, modeling Charlotte Douglas International Airport, to evaluate the operational procedures and information requirements for the tactical surface metering tool, and data exchange elements between the airline controlled ramp and ATC Tower. In this paper, we focus on the calibration of the tactical surface metering tool using various metrics measured from the HITL simulation results. Key performance metrics include gate hold times from pushback advisories, taxi-in-out times, runway throughput, and departure queue size. Subjective metrics presented in this paper include workload, situational awareness, and acceptability of the metering tool and its calibration.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN46874 , Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC); Sep 17, 2017 - Sep 21, 2017; Saint Petersburg, FL; United States
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    Validation of Minimum Display Requirements for a UAS Detect and Avoid System (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The full integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS), a prerequisite for enabling a broad range of public and commercial UAS operations, presents several technical challenges to UAS developers, operators and regulators. A primary barrier is the inability for UAS pilots (situated at a ground control station, or GCS) to comply with Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations sections 91.111 and 91.113, which require pilots to see and avoid other aircraft in order to maintain well clear. UAS pilots removal from the flight deck of the aircraft necessitates the development of a UAS-specific system for detecting nearby traffic and displaying traffic information to the pilot to support their ability to maintain an objectively defined DAA well clear threshold from other aircraft. This new UAS-specific function of remaining DAA well clear is called traffic avoidance. The resulting Detect and Avoid (DAA) system, however, will be subject to a collection of requirements that manufacturers will be obligated to meet in order to certify their equipment. RTCA Special Committee 228 (SC-228), a consortium of representatives from government, industry and academia, is responsible for developing and documenting the Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for UAS DAA systems. The present study is the final in a series of human-in-the-loop (HITL) experiments designed to explore and test the various display and alerting requirements being incorporated into the DAA MOPS. Whereas the prior DAA HITLs examined a wide variety of DAA display features and concepts, the current experiment aims to validate the latest minimum display requirements for Phase 1 of the DAA MOPS. Rather than test different display concepts, this study tests two configurations of a MOPS-compatible DAA display: a version that is integrated into the primary navigation and control display of the GCS and a version that is physically separated from the primary display. This manipulation tests the draft minimum requirement that allows the DAA traffic display to be a separate, or standalone, configuration. This type of configuration is a more achievable near-term technology solution since it does not stipulate additional certification or integration requirements on UAS manufacturers. However, a standalone display configuration has the potential to result in pilot performance issues resulting from the cognitive costs of switching between the primary DAA display and the primary navigation and control display. This configuration is also particularly susceptible to errors if the displays are in different orientations (e.g., north-up versus track-up). Both the integrated and standalone display configurations were presented to 16 active UAS pilots in a medium-fidelity simulation, which included confederate air traffic controllers and pseudo pilots operating simulated manned traffic. Pilots were tasked with navigating two different mission routes while maintaining DAA well clear with scripted conflicts. Pilot response times (i.e., measured response) and ability to remain DAA well clear are reported. Primary results indicate that both display configurations resulted in favorable response times and well clear rates. While there were clear trends of pilots objectively performing better in the integrated display condition, with several measured response metrics reaching statistical significance, the differences between the two displays were typically moderate. While the primary variable of DAA display location did not have an especially large impact on pilot performance on its own, when examined alongside the type of DAA threat the pilot was facing (a caution-level versus a warning-level alert), the response time benefits associated with the integrated display were amplified. The implications of these American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 results on the Phase 1 DAA MOPS and the connection of this data to previous studies is also discussed.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN37320 , 2017 AIAA Aviation Forum; Jun 05, 2017 - Jun 09, 2017; Denver, CO; United States
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    Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: OverviewArchitectureApproach and scheduleFAA-NASA Research Transition Team deliverablesTechnical Capability Level 1 (TCL1) Demonstration overview and resultsTCL2 Demonstration overview and results.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN50829 , Assessing the Risks of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration; Dec 13, 2017; Irvine, CA; United States
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    NASA Phase 2 DAA HITL Schedule (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This schedule discusses which HiTLs will be run and the timeframe for each event. This document also discusses system architecture and data flow. The simulation environments is also briefly addressed in the document including: the ground control station and the supported simulation software.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN46202 , SC 228 M&S Sub-Group Meeting; Aug 21, 2017; Washington, DC; United States
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    Ballooning for Biologists: Mission Essentials for Flying Experiments on Large NASA Balloons (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Despite centuries of scientific balloon flights, only a handful of experiments have produced biologically-relevant results. Yet unlike orbital spaceflight, it is much faster and cheaper to conduct biology research with balloons, sending specimens to the near space environment of Earths stratosphere. Samples can be loaded the morning of a launch and sometimes returned to the laboratory within one day after flying. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) flies large, unmanned scientific balloons from all over the globe, with missions ranging from hours to weeks in duration. A payload in the middle portion of the stratosphere (approx. 35 km above sea level) will be exposed to an environment similar to the surface of Mars: temperatures generally around -36 C, atmospheric pressure at a thin 1 kPa, relative humidity levels 〈1%, and a harsh illumination of ultraviolet (UV) and cosmic radiation levels (about 100 W/sq m and 0.1 mGy/d, respectively) that can be obtained nowhere else on the surface of the Earth, including environmental chambers and particle accelerator facilities attempting to simulate space radiation effects. Considering the operational advantages of ballooning and the fidelity of space-like stressors in the stratosphere, researchers in aerobiology, astrobiology, and space biology can benefit from balloon flight experiments as an intermediary step on the extraterrestrial continuum (ground, low Earth orbit, and deep space studies). Our presentation targets biologists with no background or experience in scientific ballooning. We will provide an overview of large balloon operations, biology topics that can be uniquely addressed in the stratosphere, and a roadmap for developing payloads to fly with NASA.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47874 , Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR 2017); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    NASA Research to Support the Airlines (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This presentation is an update on continued research and partnerships with airline and industry partners. In this presentation, several recent research efforts are discussed and illustrations are provided to bring greater awareness to the commercial aviation industry. By discussing projects like the Flight Awareness Collaboration Tool and dispatcher human factors studies, we can solicit additional feedback and participation.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48711 , Aviation Safety InforShare; Oct 19, 2017 - Oct 20, 2017; San Diego, CA; United States
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    Analysis of High-order Social Interaction of Female Mice on the International Space Station (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Social interactions are adaptive responses to environmental pressures that have evolved to facilitate the success of individual animals and their progeny. Quantifying social behavior in social animals is therefore one method of evaluating an animal's health, wellbeing and their adjustment to changes in their environment. The interaction between environment and animal can influence numerous other physiological and psychological responses that may enhance, deter or shift an animals social paradigm. For this study, we utilized flight video from the Rodent Research Hardware and Operations Validation mission (Rodent Research-1; RR1) on the International Space Station (ISS). Female mice spent 37 days in microgravity on the ISS and video was captured during the final 33 days. In a previous analysis of individual behavior, we also reported an observed spontaneous ambulatory behavior which we termed circling or 'race tracking,' and we anecdotally observed an increase in group organization around this behavior. In this analysis we further examined this behavior, and other social interactions, to determine if (1) animals joining in on this behavior were induced by other cohort members already participating in this circling behavior, (2) rates of joining varied by number already participating.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48034 , American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Meeting (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Fast Optimization for Aircraft Descent and Approach Trajectory (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We address problem of on-line scheduling of the aircraft descent and approach trajectory. We formulate a general multiphase optimal control problem for optimization of the descent trajectory and review available methods of its solution. We develop a fast algorithm for solution of this problem using two key components: (i) fast inference of the dynamical and control variables of the descending trajectory from the low dimensional flight profile data and (ii) efficient local search for the resulting reduced dimensionality non-linear optimization problem. We compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with numerical solution obtained using optimal control toolbox General Pseudospectral Optimal Control Software. We present results of the solution of the scheduling problem for aircraft descent using novel fast algorithm and discuss its future applications.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42862 , 2017 Annual Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society; Oct 02, 2017 - Oct 05, 2017; St. Petersburg, FL; United States
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    Predicting the Operational Acceptability of Route Advisories (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: NASA envisions a future Air Traffic Management system that allows safe, efficient growth in global operations, enabled by increasing levels of automation and autonomy. In a safety-critical system, the introduction of increasing automation and autonomy has to be done in stages, making human-system integrated concepts critical in the foreseeable future. One example where this is relevant is for tools that generate more efficient flight routings or reroute advisories. If these routes are not operationally acceptable, they will be rejected by human operators, and the associated benefits will not be realized. Operational acceptance is therefore required to enable the increased efficiency and reduced workload benefits associated with these tools. In this paper, the authors develop a predictor of operational acceptability for reroute advisories. Such a capability has applications in tools that identify more efficient routings around weather and congestion and that better meet airline preferences. The capability is based on applying data mining techniques to flight plan amendment data reported by the Federal Aviation Administration and data on requested reroutes collected from a field trial of the NASA developed Dynamic Weather Routes tool, which advised efficient route changes to American Airlines dispatchers in 2014. 10-Fold cross validation was used for feature, model and parameter selection, while nested cross validation was used to validate the model. The model performed well in predicting controller acceptance or rejection of a route change as indicated by chosen performance metrics. Features identified as relevant to controller acceptance included the historical usage of the advised route, the location of the maneuver start point relative to the boundaries of the airspace sector containing the maneuver start (the maneuver start sector), the reroute deviation from the original flight plan, and the demand level in the maneuver start sector. A random forest with forty trees was the best performing of the five models evaluated in this paper.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43072 , AIAA Aviation 2017; Jun 05, 2017 - Jun 09, 2017; Denver, CO; United States
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    NASA's Research to Support the Airlines (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: NASA's working with airlines and industry partners to introduce innovative concepts and new technology. This presentation will describe some of the research efforts at NASA Ames and NASA Langley and discuss future projects and research in aviation.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN41937 , FAA Aviation Safety InfoShare; Apr 18, 2017 - Apr 20, 2017; Pittsburgh, PA; United States
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    Understanding Human Autonomy Teaming Through Applications (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This presentation describes the development and demonstration of human autonomy teaming technologies for improving aviation safety and efficiency during nominal and off-nominal operations by developing and validating increasingly autonomous systems concepts, technologies, and procedures.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN39281 , NextGen Flight Deck and Human-Autonomy Teaming Symposium; Feb 15, 2017 - Feb 16, 2017; Hampton, VA; United States
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    Mild Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure for Human-Autonomy System Testing (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An experiment investigated the impact of normobaric hypoxia induction on aircraft pilot performance to specifically evaluate the use of hypoxia as a method to induce mild cognitive impairment to explore human-autonomous systems integration opportunities. Results of this exploratory study show that the effect of 15,000 feet simulated altitude did not induce cognitive deficits as indicated by performance on written, computer-based, or simulated flight tasks. However, the subjective data demonstrated increased effort by the human test subject pilots to maintain equivalent performance in a flight simulation task. This study represents current research intended to add to the current knowledge of performance decrement and pilot workload assessment to improve automation support and increase aviation safety.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: NF1676L-26926 , Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) International Annual Meeting 2017; Oct 09, 2017 - Oct 13, 2017; Austin, TX; United States
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    Characterization of Pilot Technique (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Skilled pilots often use pulse control when controlling higher order (i.e. acceleration-command) vehicle dynamics. Pulsing does not produce a stick response that resembles what the human Crossover Model predicts. The Crossover Model (CM) assumes the pilot provides compensation necessary (lead or lag) such that the suite of display-human-vehicle approximates an integrator in the region of crossover frequency. However, it is shown that the CM does appear to drive the pilots pulsing behavior in a very predictable manner. Roughly speaking, the pilot generates pulses such that the area under the pulse (pulse amplitude multiplied by pulse width) is approximately equal to area under the hypothetical CM output. This can allow a pilot to employ constant amplitude pulsing so that only the pulse duration (width) is modulated a drastic simplification over the demands of continuous tracking. A pilot pulse model is developed, with which the parameters of the pilots internally-generated CM can be computed in real time for pilot monitoring and display compensation. It is also demonstrated that pursuit tracking may be activated when pulse control is employed.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42264 , Annual Forum & Technology Display; May 09, 2017 - May 11, 2017; Fort Worth, TX; United States
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    Intrauterine Exposure to Maternal Stress Alters Bdnf IV DNA Methylation and Telomere Length in the Brain of Adult Rat Offspring (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: DNA methylation (addition of methyl groups to cytosines which normally represses gene transcription) and changes in telomere length (TTAGGG repeats on the ends of chromosomes) are two molecular modifications that result from stress and could contribute to the long-term effects of intrauterine exposure to maternal stress on offspring behavioral outcomes. Here, we measured methylation of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), a gene important in development and plasticity, and telomere length in the brains of adult rat male and female offspring whose mothers were exposed to unpredictable and variable stressors throughout gestation. Males exposed to prenatal stress had greater methylation (Bdnf IV) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) compared to non-stressed controls. Further, prenatally-stressed males had shorter telomeres than controls in the mPFC. This study provides the first evidence in a rodent model of an association between prenatal stress exposure and subsequent shorter brain telomere length. Together findings indicate a long-term impact of prenatal stress on DNA methylation and telomere biology with relevance for behavioral and health outcomes, and contribute to a growing literature linking stress to intergenerational epigenetic alterations and changes in telomere length.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN38841 , International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience (ISSN 0736-5748) (e-ISSN 1873-474X); 62; 56-62
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    Future ATM Concepts Evaluation Tool (FACET) Interface Control Document (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This Interface Control Document (ICD) documents the airspace adaptation and air traffic inputs of NASA's Future ATM Concepts and Evaluation Tool (FACET). Its intended audience is the project manager, project team, development team, and stakeholders interested in interfacing with the system. FACET equips Air Traffic Management (ATM) researchers and service providers with a way to explore, develop and evaluate advanced air transportation concepts before they are field-tested and eventually deployed. FACET is a flexible software tool that is capable of quickly generating and analyzing thousands of aircraft trajectories. It provides researchers with a simulation environment for preliminary testing of advanced ATM concepts. Using aircraft performance profiles, airspace models, weather data, and flight schedules, the tool models trajectories for the climb, cruise, and descent phases of flight for each type of aircraft. An advanced graphical interface displays traffic patterns in two and three dimensions, under various current and projected conditions for specific airspace regions or over the entire continental United States. The system is able to simulate a full day's dynamic national airspace system (NAS) operations, model system uncertainty, measure the impact of different decision-makers in the NAS, and provide analysis of the results in graphical form, including sector, airport, fix, and airway usage statistics. NASA researchers test and analyze the system-wide impact of new traffic flow management algorithms under anticipated air traffic growth projections on the nation's air traffic system. In addition to modeling the airspace system for NASA research, FACET has also successfully transitioned into a valuable tool for operational use. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) traffic flow managers and commercial airline dispatchers have used FACET technology for real-time operations planning. FACET integrates live air traffic data from FAA radar systems and weather data from the National Weather Service to summarize NAS performance. This information allows system operators to reroute flights around congested airspace and severe weather to maintain safety and minimize delay. FACET also supports the planning and post-operational evaluation of reroute strategies at the national level to maximize system efficiency. For the commercial airline passenger, strategic planning with FACET can result in fewer flight delays and cancellations. The performance capabilities of FACET are largely due to its architecture, which strikes a balance between flexibility and fidelity. FACET is capable of modeling the airspace operations for the continental United States, processing thousands of aircraft on a single computer. FACET was written in Java and C, enabling the portability of its software to a variety of operating systems. In addition, FACET was designed with a modular software architecture to facilitate rapid prototyping of diverse ATM concepts. Several advanced ATM concepts have already been implemented in FACET, including aircraft self-separation, prediction of aircraft demand and sector congestion, system-wide impact assessment of traffic flow management constraints, and wind-optimal routing.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN44633 , Chinese Aeronautical Establishment Meeting; Aug 07, 2017; Shanghai; China
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    Assessment of Air Traffic Controller Acceptability of Aircrew Route Change Requests (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: NASA developed the traffic aware strategic aircrew requests concept for a cockpit automation that identifies route improvements and advises the aircrew to request the change from the air traffic controller. In order to increase the chance of air traffic control approval, the automation ensures that the route is clear of known traffic, weather, and airspace restrictions. Hence the technology is anticipated to provide benefits in areas such as flight efficiency, flight schedule compliance, passenger comfort, and pilot and controller workload. In support of a field trial of a prototype of the technology, observations were conducted at the Atlanta and Jacksonville air traffic control centers to identify the main factors that affect the acceptability of aircrew requests by air traffic controllers. Observers shadowed air traffic controllers as the test flight pilot made pre-scripted requests to invoke acceptability issues and then they interviewed voluntarily fifty controllers with experience ranging from one to thirty-five years. The most common reason for rejecting requests is conflicting with traffic followed by violating air traffic procedures, increasing sector workload, and conflicting with major arrival and departure flows and flow restrictions. Quantitative parameters such as the distance that a route should maintain from sector boundaries and special use airspace were identified and recommended for inclusion in the automation.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN44116 , USA/Europe Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar; Jun 26, 2017 - Jun 30, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Ionizing Radiation Affects Gene Expression in Mouse Skin and Bone (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Future long-duration space exploration beyond low earth orbit will increase human exposure to space radiation and microgravity conditions as well as associated risks to skeletal health. In animal studies, radiation exposure (greater than 1 Gy) is associated with pathological changes in bone structure, enhanced bone resorption, reduced bone formation and decreased bone mineral density, which can lead to skeletal fragility. Definitive measurements and detection of bone loss typically require large and specialized equipment which can make their application to long duration space missions logistically challenging. Towards the goal of developing non-invasive and less complicated monitoring methods to predict astronauts' health during spaceflight, we examined whether radiation induced gene expression changes in skin may be predictive of the responses of skeletal tissue to radiation exposure. We examined oxidative stress and growth arrest pathways in mouse skin and long bones by measuring gene expression levels via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after exposure to total body irradiation (IR). To investigate the effects of irradiation on gene expression, we used skin and femora (cortical shaft) from the following treatment groups: control (normally loaded, sham-irradiated), and IR (0.5 Gy 56Fe 600 MeV/n and 0.5 Gy 1H 150 MeV/n), euthanized at one and 11 days post-irradiation (IR). To determine the extent of bone loss, tibiae were harvested and cancellous microarchitecture in the proximal tibia quantified ex vivo using microcomputed tomography (microCT). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. At one day post-IR, expression of FGF18 in skin was significantly greater (3.8X) than sham-irradiated controls, but did not differ at 11 days post IR. Expression levels of other genes associated with antioxidant response (Nfe2l2, FoxO3 and Sod1) and the cell cycle (Trp53, Cdkn1a, Gadd45g) did not significantly differ between the control and IR groups at either time point. Radiation exposure resulted in a 27.0% increase in FGF18-positive hair follicles at one day post-IR and returned to basal levels at 11 days post-IR. A similar trend was observed from FGF18 gene expression analysis of skin. In bone (femora), there was an increase in the expression of the pro-osteoclastogenic cytokine, MCP-1, one day after IR compared to non-irradiated controls. FGF18 expression in skin and MCP- 1 expression in bone were found to be positively correlated (P less than 0.002, r=0.8779). Further, microcomputed tomography analysis of tibia from these animals showed reduced cancellous bone volume (-9.9%) at 11 days post- IR. These results suggest that measurements of early radiation induced changes in FGF18 gene expression in skin may have value for predicting subsequent loss of cancellous bone mass. Further research may lead to the development of a relatively simple diagnostic tool for bone loss, with the advantage that hair follicles and skin are relatively easy to acquire from human subjects.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN44736 , 2017 ISSR&D (International Space Station Research and Development) Conference; Jul 17, 2017 - Jul 20, 2017; Washington, DC; United States
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    Integrated Demand Management: Minimizing Unanticipated Excessive Departure Delay while Ensuring Fairness from a Traffic Management Initiative (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper introduces NASA's Integrated Demand Management (IDM) concept and presents the results from an early proof-of-concept evaluation and an exploratory experiment. An initial development of the concept was focused on integrating two systems - i.e. the FAA's newly deployed Traffic Flow Management System (TFMS) tool called the Collaborative Trajectory Options Program (CTOP) and the Time-Based Flow Management (TBFM) system with Extended Metering (XM) capabilities to manage projected heavy traffic demand into a capacity-constrained airport. A human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation experiment was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the initial development of the concept by adapting it to an arrival traffic problem at Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) during clear weather conditions. In this study, the CTOP was utilized to strategically plan the arrival traffic demand by controlling take-off times of both short- and long-haul flights (long-hauls specify aircraft outside TBFM regions and short-hauls specify aircraft within TBFM regions) in a way that results in equitable delays among the groups. Such strategic planning allows less airborne delay to occur within TBFM by feeding manageable long-haul traffic demand while reserving sufficient slots in the overhead streams for the short-haul departures. The manageable traffic demand indicates the TBFM scheduler assigns no more airborne delay than its assigned airspace is capable of absorbing. TBFM then uses its time-based metering capabilities to deliver the desirable throughput by tactically rescheduling the TBFM entered long-haul flights and short-haul departures. Additional research was also performed to explore use of Required Time of Arrival (RTA) capabilities as a potential control mechanism for the airborne flights to improve arrival traffic delivery accuracy of scheduled long-haul traffic demand. The study results show that both short- and long-haul flights received similar ground delays. In addition, there was a noticeable reduction in the total amount of excessive unanticipated last-minute ground delays, i.e. delays that are frequently imposed on the short-haul flight in current day operations due to saturation in the overhead stream, commonly referred to as 'double penalty'. Furthermore, the concept achieved the target throughput while minimizing the expected cost associated with overall delays in arrival traffic. Assessment of the RTA capabilities showed that there was indeed improvement of the scheduled entry times into TBFM regions by using RTA capabilities. However, with respect to reduction in delays incurred within TBFM, there was no observable benefit of improving the precision of long-haul flights entry times.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42344 , Annual AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference 2017; Jun 05, 2017 - Jun 09, 2017; Denver, CO; United States
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    Chronic Hypergravity Induces Changes in the Dopaminergic Neuronal System in Drosophila Melanogaster (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Upon atmospheric exitre-entry and during training, astronauts are subjected to temporary periods of hypergravity, which has been implicated in the activation of oxidative stress pathways contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal degeneration. The pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease and other neurodegenerative disorders is associated with oxidative damage to neurons involved in dopamine systems of the brain. Our study aims to examine the effects of a hypergravitational developmental environment on the degeneration of dopaminergic systems in Drosophila melanogaster. Male and female flies (Gal4-UAS transgenic line) were hatched and raised to adulthood in centrifugal hypergravity (97rpm, 3g). The nuclear expression of the reporter, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is driven by the dopaminergic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, allowing for the targeted visualization of dopamine producing neurons. After being raised to adulthood and kept in hypergravity until 18 days of age, flies were dissected and the expression of TH was measured by fluorescence confocal microscopy. TH expression in the fly brains was used to obtain counts of healthy dopaminergic neurons for flies raised in chronic hypergravity and control groups. Dopaminergic neuron expression data were compared with those of previous studies that limited hypergravity exposure to late life in order to determine the flies adaptability to the gravitational environment when raised from hatching through adulthood. Overall, we observed a significant effect of chronic hypergravity exposure contributing to deficits in dopaminergic neuron expression (p 0.003). Flies raised in 3g had on average lower dopaminergic neuron counts (mean 97.7) when compared with flies raised in 1g (mean 122.8). We suspect these lower levels of TH expression are a result of oxidative dopaminergic cell loss in flies raised in hypergravity. In future studies, we hope to further elucidate the mechanism by which hypergravity-induced oxidative stress damages the dopaminergic neuronal system, as well as examining possible chemical countermeasures to the hypergravity-induced oxidative stress response in dopaminergic neurons in order to combat cell death and consequent mental and behavioral deficits.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48028 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); 2017 Oct 25-28; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Kits for Characterization of Chromosomal Inversions Using Probes (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-24
    Description: A kit for the characterization of chromosomal inversions using single-stranded probes that are either all identical or all complementary to a single-stranded chromatid is described. Reporter species are attached to oligonucleotide strands designed such that they may hybridize to portions of only one of a pair of single-stranded sister chromatids which may be prepared by the CO-FISH procedure. If an inversion has occurred, these marker probes will be detected on the second sister chromatid at the same location as the inversion on the first chromatid. The kit includes non-repetitive probes that are either all identical or all complementary to at least a portion of a target DNA sequence of only one DNA strand of only one chromatid and may in some embodiments include reagents suitable for performing CO-FISH and/or reagents for hybridizing the probes to the target DNA sequence.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
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    Candidate Nutritional Countermeasure to Mitigate Adverse Effects of Spaceflight (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Problem statement: During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to microgravity as well as radiation, both of which have adverse effects on bones, soft tissues and organs, possibly by shared mechanisms. For this reason there is a need to identify broad-spectrum countermeasures to protect multiple tissues from both insults.6.The spaceflight environment poses multiple challenges to homeostasis, including microgravity and ionizing radiation. Together, these factors contribute to cellular stress, and effects include increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative and DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and cell senescence. We have shown that a purified diet supplemented with dried plum (DP, 25) conferred full protection of cancellous structure from the rapid bone loss caused by exposure to ionizing radiation (Schreurs et al. 2016). Based on these promising results for a new countermeasure to prevent space radiation induced-tissue damage, we will conduct additional studies to advance the potential countermeasure to a higher CRL level. We will test the DP diet for its ability to prevent bone loss caused by simulated microgravity as well as exposure to radiation. This will be achieved by exposing mice to each factor (simulated microgravity and radiation) alone and in combination. We hypothesize that spaceflight conditions lead to oxidative damage and bone loss, and that DP, a dietary additive rich in antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds, is an effective countermeasure for multiple tissues, including bone. To test this hypothesis we will accomplish the following aims: Aim 1 Determine if the antioxidant rich diet DP prevents simulated microgravity-induced bone loss. Aim 2 Determine if DP prevents simulated spaceflight-induced bone loss (microgravity and radiation combined). Aim 3 Determine if DP is effective as a countermeasure for adverse effects of simulated microgravity and radiation on non-skeletal tissues (brain, eye).
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN37073 , Human Research Program Investigators'' Workshop; Jan 23, 2017 - Jan 26, 2017; Galveston, TX; United States
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    One Step Closer to Mars with Aquaponics: Cultivating Citizen Science in K12 Schools (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry Research Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center focuses primarily on the nutrient cycling and diversity of complex microbial communities. NASA is interested in the composition and functioning of microbial mat communities as these processes fundamentally shape the form and function of these analogs for the earliest forms of life on Earth (3.6 billion years ago), and likely will on other planets as well. Aquaponics systems are supported by microbial communities who perform many complex ecosystem services, including cycling nitrogen. Microbes are integral to the stability and productivity of aquaponics systems, which are analogous to microbial communities in food production systems that are essential for building efficient life support systems for long-distance space travel. Students at Meadow Park Middle School created 10 parallel aquaponics systems and took temporal microbial samples to characterize whether any macro-ecology variables impacted or changed the microbial diversity of these systems. Students additionally created a website so that other classrooms can pursue similar projects in their own schools (https://go.nasa.gov/2uJhxmF). Our lab at NASA Ames has sequenced water samples from each of the 10 tanks at 3 timepoints using a MinION sequencer. MPMS students will be involved in the analysis of the bioinformatics data generated through this collaboration. Our ongoing collaboration aims to collect and analyze data in the classroom setting that has utility for research scientists, while involving students as collaborators in the research process.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN50292 , Aquaponics Association Meeting; Nov 03, 2017 - Nov 05, 2017; Portland, OR; United States
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    UTM/ATM Research Considerations (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Overview of how airspace is changing and what aspects of the ATM will remain/change over the coming years.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN49823 , Systems Integration and Operationalization (SIO) Demonstration Industry; Nov 30, 2017; San Diego/CA; United States
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    Models of Weather Impact on Air Traffic (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Flight delays have been a serious problem in the national airspace system costing about $30B per year. About 70 of the delays are attributed to weather and upto two thirds of these are avoidable. Better decision support tools would reduce these delays and improve air traffic management tools. Such tools would benefit from models of weather impacts on the airspace operations. This presentation discusses use of machine learning methods to mine various types of weather and traffic data to develop such models.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN45300 , Machine Learning Workshop; Aug 29, 2017 - Aug 31, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN46861 , ARC-E-DAA-TN48402 , ARC-E-DAA-TN46861 , ARC-E-DAA-TN45964 , ARC-E-DAA-TN45967 , ARC-E-DAA-TN49825 , ARC-E-DAA-TN45961 , ARC-E-DAA-TN45962 , ARC-E-DAA-TN45963 , DARPA UAV+SDR Hackfest; 13-17 Nov. 2017; Mountain View, CA; United States|Annual Air Traffic Control Association (ACTA) Conference and Exposition; 15-18 Oct. 2017; National Harbor, MD; United States|InterDrone: The International Drone Conference and Exposition 2017; 6-8 Sep. 2017; Las Vegas, NV; United States|Commercial UAV Expo Americas; 24-26 Oct. 2017; Las Vegas, NV; United States|Countering Drones; 13-14 Dec. 2017; London; United Kingdom|DRONE ENABLE: ICAO's Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Industry Symposium ; 22-23 Sep. 2017; Montreal; Canada|International Council of Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS); 10 Sep. 2017; Switzerland|Global Air Navigation Industry Symposium (GANIS); 11-15 Dec. 2017; Montreal; Canada|Drone World Expo; 3-6 Oct. 2017; San Jose, CA; United States
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    Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: NASA is developing a system to safely enable low altitude unmanned aerial system (UAS) operations. The system is referred to as UAS Traffic Management (UTM). The UTM will safely enable a variety of business models and multiple operations in the same airspace. The UTM will provide services such as airspace configuration and geo-fencing, weather and wind integration, demand-capacity imbalance management, and separation management, and contingency management. The UTM research and development has been conducted in collaboration with many in industry, academia, and government. The UTM system will evolve through four builds. Each build will be collaboratively tested with partners. The final prototype will be available for persistent daily use of UAS operations beyond line of sight.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN41872 , SAE/NASA Autonomy and Next Generation Flight Deck Symposium; Apr 18, 2017 - Apr 19, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    Successful Validation of RNA Purification and Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Gene Expression on the International Space Station (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The NASA Ames WetLab-2 system was developed to offer new on-orbit gene expression analysis capabilities to ISS researchers and can be used to conduct on-orbit RNA isolation and quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of gene expression from a wide range of biological samples ranging from microbes to mammalian tissues. On orbit validation included three quantitative PCR (qPCR) runs using an E. coli genomic DNA template pre-loaded at three different concentrations. The flight Ct values for the DNA standards showed no statistically significant differences relative to ground controls although there was increased noise in Ct curves, likely due to microgravity-related bubble retention in the optical windows. RNA was successfully purified from both E. coli and mouse liver samples and successfully generated singleplex, duplex and triplex data although with higher standard deviations than ground controls, also likely due to bubbles. Using volunteer science activities, a potential bubble reduction strategy was tested and resulted in smooth amplification curves and tighter Cts between replicates. The WetLab-2 validation experiment demonstrates a novel molecular biology workbench on ISS which allows scientists to purify and stabilize RNA, and to conduct RT-qPCR analyses on-orbit with rapid results. This novel ability is an important step towards utilizing ISS as a National Laboratory facility with the capability to conduct and adjust science experiments in real time without sample return, and opens new possibilities for rapid medical diagnostics and biological environmental monitoring on ISS.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN38760 , 2017 NASA Human Research Program Investigators'' Workshop; Jan 23, 2017 - Jan 26, 2017; Galveston, TX; United States
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    FAA and NASA UTM Research Transition Team: Communications and Navigation (CN) Working Group (WCG) Kickoff Meeting (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: This is NASA FAA UTM Research Transition Team Communications and Navigation working group kick off meeting presentation that addresses the followings. Objectives overview Overall timeline and scope Outcomes and expectations Communication method and frequency of meetings Upcoming evaluation Next steps.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN38892 , FAA and NASA UTM Research Transition Team meeting; Jan 24, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    Quantifying Pilot Contribution to Flight Safety during Hydraulic Systems Failure (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Accident statistics cite the flight crew as a causal factor in over 60% of large transport aircraft fatal accidents. Yet, a well-trained and well-qualified pilot is acknowledged as the critical center point of aircraft systems safety and an integral safety component of the entire commercial aviation system. The latter statement, while generally accepted, cannot be verified because little or no quantitative data exists on how and how many accidents/incidents are averted by crew actions. A joint NASA/FAA high-fidelity motion-base human-in-the-loop test was conducted using a Level D certified Boeing 737-800 simulator to evaluate the pilot's contribution to safety-of-flight during routine air carrier flight operations and in response to aircraft system failures. To quantify the human's contribution, crew complement (two-crew, reduced crew, single pilot) was used as the independent variable in a between-subjects design. This paper details the crew's actions, including decision-making, and responses while dealing with a hydraulic systems leak - one of 6 total non-normal events that were simulated in this experiment.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-25650 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2017); Jul 17, 2017 - Jul 21, 2017; Los Angeles, CA; United States
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    Comparison of Taxi Time Prediction Performance Using Different Taxi Speed Decision Trees (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: In the STBO modeler and tactical surface scheduler for ATD-2 project, taxi speed decision trees are used to calculate the unimpeded taxi times of flights taxiing on the airport surface. The initial taxi speed values in these decision trees did not show good prediction accuracy of taxi times. Using the more recent, reliable surveillance data, new taxi speed values in ramp area and movement area were computed. Before integrating these values into the STBO system, we performed test runs using live data from Charlotte airport, with different taxi speed settings: 1) initial taxi speed values and 2) new ones. Taxi time prediction performance was evaluated by comparing various metrics. The results show that the new taxi speed decision trees can calculate the unimpeded taxi-out times more accurately.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42805 , Joint Workshop for KARI-NASA ATM Research Collaboration; May 23, 2017 - May 25, 2017; Daejeon; Korea, Republic of
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    Initial Data Analysis Results for ATD-2 ISAS HITL Simulation (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: To evaluate the operational procedures and information requirements for the core functional capabilities of the ATD-2 project, such as tactical surface metering tool, APREQ-CFR procedure, and data element exchanges between ramp and tower, human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulations were performed in March, 2017. This presentation shows the initial data analysis results from the HITL simulations. With respect to the different runway configurations and metering values in tactical surface scheduler, various airport performance metrics were analyzed and compared. These metrics include gate holding time, taxi-out in time, runway throughput, queue size and wait time in queue, and TMI flight compliance. In addition to the metering value, other factors affecting the airport performance in the HITL simulation, including run duration, runway changes, and TMI constraints, are also discussed.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42806 , Joint Workshop for KARI-NASA ATM Research Collaboration; May 23, 2017 - May 25, 2017; Daejeon; Korea, Republic of
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    Transcriptomics, DNA Damage and DNA Damage Response in Space (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-38983 , Marshall University Presentation; Mar 06, 2017; Huntington, WV; United States
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    Current Safety Nets Within the U.S. National Airspace System (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: There are over 70,000 flights managed per day in the National Airspace System, with approximately 7,000 aircraft in the air over the United States at any given time. Operators of each of these flights would prefer to fly a user-defined 4D trajectory (4DT), which includes arrival and departure times; preferred gates and runways at the airport; efficient, wind-optimal routes for departure, cruise and arrival phase of flight; and fuel efficient altitude profiles. To demonstrate the magnitude of this achievement a single flight from Los Angeles to Baltimore, accesses over 35 shared or constrained resources that are managed by roughly 30 air traffic controllers (at towers, approach control and en route sectors); along with traffic managers at 12 facilities, using over 22 different, independent automation system (including TBFM, ERAM, STARS, ASDE-X, FSM, TSD, GPWS, TCAS, etc.). In addition, dispatchers, ramp controllers and others utilize even more systems to manage each flights access to operator-managed resources. Flying an ideal 4DT requires successful coordination of all flight constraints among all flights, facilities, operators, pilots and controllers. Additionally, when conditions in the NAS change, the trajectories of one or more aircraft may need to be revised to avoid loss of flight efficiency, predictability, separation or system throughput. The Aviation Safety Network has released the 2016 airliner accident statistics showing a very low total of 19 fatal airliner accidents, resulting in 325 fatalities1. Despite several high profile accidents, the year 2016 turned out to be a very safe year for commercial aviation, Aviation Safety Network data show. Over the year 2016 the Aviation Safety Network recorded a total of 19 fatal airliner accidents [1], resulting in 325 fatalities. This makes 2016 the second safest year ever, both by number of fatal accidents as well as in terms of fatalities. In 2015 ASN recorded 16 accidents while in 2013 a total of 265 lives were lost. How can we keep it that way and not upset the apple cart by premature insertion of innovative technologies, functions, and procedures? In aviation, safety nets function as the last system defense against incidents and accidents. Current ground-based and airborne safety nets are well established and development to make them more efficient and reliable continues. Additionally, future air traffic control safety nets may emerge from new operational concepts.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2018-219750 , ARC-E-DAA-TN49109
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    Simulated Space Radiation and Weightlessness: Vascular-Bone Coupling Mechanisms to Preserve Skeletal Health (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: We examined experimentally the effects of radiation andor simulated weightlessness by hindlimb unloading on bone and blood vessel function either after a short period or at a later time after transient exposures in adult male, C57Bl6J mice. In sum, recent findings from our studies show that in the short term, ionizing radiation and simulate weightlessness cause greater deficits in blood vessels when combined compared to either challenge alone. In the long term, heavy ion radiation, but not unloading, can lead to persistent, adverse consequences for bone and vessel function, possibly due to oxidative stress-related pathways.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN37168 , 2017 NASA Human Research program (HRP) Investigator's Workshop; Jan 23, 2017 - Jan 26, 2017; Galveston, TX; United States
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    Ground Collision Avoidance System (Igcas) (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The present invention is a system and method for aircraft ground collision avoidance (iGCAS) comprising a modular array of software, including a sense own state module configured to gather data to compute trajectory, a sense terrain module including a digital terrain map (DTM) and map manger routine to store and retrieve terrain elevations, a predict collision threat module configured to generate an elevation profile corresponding to the terrain under the trajectory computed by said sense own state module, a predict avoidance trajectory module configured to simulate avoidance maneuvers ahead of the aircraft, a determine need to avoid module configured to determine which avoidance maneuver should be used, when it should be initiated, and when it should be terminated, a notify Module configured to display each maneuver's viability to the pilot by a colored GUI, a pilot controls module configured to turn the system on and off, and an avoid module configured to define how an aircraft will perform avoidance maneuvers through 3-dimensional space.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
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